Documents published in 2017 : Scipedia

Progress in Research on Homogenization of Climate Data
C. Li-Juan, Y. Zhong-Wei

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 59-67

Abstract
The observation data from ground surface meteorological stations is an important basis on which climate change research is carried out, while the homogenization of the data is necessary for improving the quality and homogeneity of the time series. This paper reviews recent advances in the techniques of identifying and adjusting inhomogeneity in climate series. We briefly introduce the results of applying two commonly accepted and well-developed methods (RHtest and MASH) to surface climate observations such as temperature and wind speed in China. We then summarize current progress and problems in this field, and propose ideas for future studies in China. Along with collecting more detailed metadata, more research on homogenization technology should be done in the future. On the basis of comparing and evaluating advantages and disadvantages of different homogenization methods, the homogenized climate data series of the last hundred years should be rebuilt. Cao, L.-J., and Z.-W. Yan, 2012: Progress in research on homogenization of climate data. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00059.
Abstract
The observation data from ground surface meteorological stations is an important basis on which climate change research is carried out, while the homogenization of the data [...]
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Probability Distribution and Projected Trends of Daily Precipitation in China
C. Li-Ge, Z. Jun, S. Bu-Da, Z. Jian-Qing, M. Gemmer

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 153-159

Abstract
Based on observed daily precipitation data of 540 stations and 3, 839 gridded data from the high-resolution regional climate model COSMO-Climate Limited-area Modeling (CCLM) for 1961–2000, the simulation ability of CCLM on daily precipitation in China is examined, and the variation of daily precipitation distribution pattern is revealed. By applying the probability distribution and extreme value theory to the projected daily precipitation (2011–2050) under SRES A1B scenario with CCLM, trends of daily precipitation series and daily precipitation extremes are analyzed. Results show that except for the western Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and South China, distribution patterns of the kurtosis and skewness calculated from the simulated and observed series are consistent with each other, their spatial correlation coefficients are above 0.75. The CCLM can well capture the distribution characteristics of daily precipitation over China. It is projected that in some parts of the Jianghuai region, central-eastern Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, the kurtosis and skewness will increase significantly, and precipitation extremes will increase during 2011–2050. The projected increase of maximum daily rainfall and longest non-precipitation period during flood season in the aforementioned regions, also show increasing trends of droughts and floods in the next 40 years. Cao, L.-G., J. Zhong, B.-D. Su, et al., 2013: Probability distribution and projected trends of daily precipitation in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.153.
Abstract
Based on observed daily precipitation data of 540 stations and 3, 839 gridded data from the high-resolution regional climate model COSMO-Climate Limited-area Modeling (CCLM) [...]
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The “Sino-India Monitor on INDCs Adequacy and Necessity” (SIMIAN) initiative
R. Pachauri

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016).
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Internalising solar radiation management technological externalities: An ethical review on the design of economic instruments
C. Lambini

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 109-112
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Approaches to low carbon development in China and India
S. Kedia

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 213-221

Abstract
Low carbon development has gained policy prominence and is a concern of both environment and development policy globally and in China and India. This paper discusses the role of China and India as important global actors in light of development imperatives in the two countries. The article then looks at emerging approaches in the two countries related to financing, science, technology & innovation policy, and sub-national actions. The objective is to review efforts in China and India for contributing to learning experiences for other countries. The final section discussed the ways forward in terms of examining the role of China and India in terms of national policy strengthening as well as in global agenda setting. Implementation of sub-national initiatives in both countries faces challenges due to lack of adequate financing as well as knowledge such as greenhouse gas inventories and disaggregated resource and socio-economic assessments. Both India and China are making efforts in technology and innovation domains to set foot on a trajectory of low carbon development with varying degrees of success. In finance, both China and India have experimented with various instruments—the key difference is that China has taken the support of regulation more while India has leaned on to market based instruments. Both China and India are moving on an encouraging track regarding low carbon development with fairly well-designed domestic policies and consistent international engagement.
Abstract
Low carbon development has gained policy prominence and is a concern of both environment and development policy globally and in China and India. This paper discusses the role [...]
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Atmospheric black carbon and its effects on cryosphere
S. Kang, Z. Cong

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 113-114
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Analysis on Impacts and Co-Abatement Effects of Implementing the Low Carbon Cement Standard
P. Jun, Y. Shi, X. Feng, W. Shi-Yu, S. Wen-Long

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 41-50

Abstract
Based on the MAP-CGE model, this paper simulated the impacts on the output, energy consumption and pollutant emissions of different cement production processes when implementing a low carbon cement standard in China. It also calculated the impacts on the marginal abatement cost and equilibrium price of the cement industry, and analyzed the co-abatement effects of different pollutants. The results showed that implementing the low carbon cement standard will be beneficial in promoting an upgrading of cement production processes, and strengthening the energy conservation and emission reduction in the cement industry. If there is no change in the existing technology, the cement industry will reduce SO2 emissions by 1.17 kg and NOx emissions by 4.44 kg per ton of CO2 emission reduction. Implementing low carbon cement standard can also promote NOx abatement in the cement industry. However, the cement industry will bear the abatement costs, and their equilibrium price will increase slightly. Pang, J., Y.-C. Shi, X.-Z. Feng, et al., 2014: Analysis on impacts and co-abatement effects of implementing the low carbon cement standard. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 5 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2014.041.
Abstract
Based on the MAP-CGE model, this paper simulated the impacts on the output, energy consumption and pollutant emissions of different cement production processes when implementing [...]
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Modeling black carbon and its potential radiative effects over the Tibetan Plateau
Z. Ji

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 139-144

Abstract
A regional climate model (RegCM4.3.4) coupled with an aerosol–snow/ice feedback module was used to simulate the deposition of anthropogenic light-absorbing impurities in snow/ice and the potential radiative feedback of black carbon (BC) on temperature and snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in 1990–2009. Two experiments driven by ERA-interim reanalysis were performed, i.e., with and without aerosol–snow/ice feedback. Results indicated that the total deposition BC and organic matter (OM) in snow/ice in the monsoon season (May–September) were much more than non-monsoon season (the remainder of the year). The great BC and OM deposition were simulated along the margin of the TP in the non-monsoon season, and the higher deposition values also occurred in the western TP than the other regions during the monsoon period. BC-in-snow/ice decreased surface albedo and caused positive surface radiative forcing (SRF) (3.0–4.5 W m-2 ) over the western TP in the monsoon season. The maximum SRF (5–6 W m-2 ) simulated in the Himalayas and southeastern TP in the non-monsoon season. The surface temperature increased by 0.1–1.5 °C and snow water equivalent decreased by 5–25 mm over the TP, which showed similar spatial distributions with the variations of SRF in each season. This study provided a useful tool to investigate the mechanisms involved in the effect of aerosols on climate change and the water cycle in the cryospheric environment of the TP.
Abstract
A regional climate model (RegCM4.3.4) coupled with an aerosol–snow/ice feedback module was used to simulate the deposition of anthropogenic light-absorbing impurities in [...]
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Representation of the Arctic Oscillation in the CMIP5 Models
Z. Jin-Qing, L. Wei-Jing, R. Hong-Li

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 242-249

Abstract
The temporal variability and spatial pattern of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) simulated in the historical experiment of 26 coupled climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) are evaluated. Spectral analysis of the monthly AO index indicates that 23 out of the 26 CMIP5 models exhibit no statistically significant spectral peak in the historical experiment, as seen in the observations. These models are able to reproduce the AO pattern in the sea level pressure anomaly field during boreal winter, but the intensity of the AO pattern tends to be overestimated in all the models. The zonal-mean zonal wind anomalies associated with the AO is dominated by a meridional dipole in the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during boreal winter, which is well reproduced by only a few models. Most models show significant biases in both strength and location of the dipole compared to the observation. In considering the temporal variability as well as spatial structures in both horizontal and vertical directions, the MPI-ESM-P model reproduces an AO pattern that resembles the observation the best. Zuo, J.-Q., W.-J. Li, and H.-L. Ren, 2013: Representation of the Arctic Oscillation in the CMIP5 models. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 4 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.242.
Abstract
The temporal variability and spatial pattern of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) simulated in the historical experiment of 26 coupled climate models participating in the Coupled [...]
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Climate change and anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems and countermeasures in China
N. Jiao, D. Chen, Y. Luo, X. Huang, R. Zhang, H. Zhang, Z. Jiang, F. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 118-125

Abstract
The ecosystems of China seas and coasts are undergoing rapid changes under the strong influences of both global climate change and anthropogenic activities. To understand the scope of these changes and the mechanisms behind them is of paramount importance for the sustainable development of China, and for the establishment of national policies on environment protection and climate change mitigation. Here we provide a brief review of the impacts of global climate change and human activities on the oceans in general, and on the ecosystems of China seas and coasts in particular. More importantly, we discuss the challenges we are facing and propose several research foci for China seas/coasts ecosystem studies, including long-term time series observations on multiple scales, facilities for simulation study, blue carbon, coastal ecological security, prediction of ecosystem evolution and ecosystem-based management. We also establish a link to the Future Earth program from the perspectives of two newly formed national alliances, the China Future Ocean Alliance and the Pan-China Ocean Carbon Alliance.
Abstract
The ecosystems of China seas and coasts are undergoing rapid changes under the strong influences of both global climate change and anthropogenic activities. To understand [...]
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Chinas low-carbon investment pathway under the 2 °C scenario
K. Jiang, X. Zhuang, C. He, J. Liu, X. Xu, S. Chen

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 229-234

Abstract
The generally adopted worldwide target is to keep the increase in the global mean temperature lower than 2 °C by 2100, which is comparable with that of the preindustrial era. It is feasible for China to realize an emission pathway that is consistent with this target, however, we need to understand the roadmap to do so. In this paper, the results of a modeling study by the Integrated Policy Assessment Model for China (IPAC) concerning the investment required to realize the 2 °C scenario by examining the penetration of low-carbon technologies including energy supply and energy efficiency improvement in end-use sectors is presented. It is found that the investment required in the energy supply sector to realize the 2 °C scenario could reach CN¥1.2 trillion by 2020, CN¥1.0 trillion by 2030, and CN¥1.4 trillion by 2050. The investment needed for energy saving could reach CN¥1.6 trillion by 2020, CN¥1.8 trillion by 2030, and CN¥1.5 trillion by 2050, which represents the additional investment as compared with the use of old technologies. If the investment required both in the energy supply sector and in energy saving in end-use sectors is considered, the total investment is estimated to be CN¥2.8 trillion by 2020, CN¥2.8 trillion by 2030, and CN¥2.9 trillion by 2050. These investments account for 2.5% of Chinas total GDP in 2020, 1.3% in 2030, and 0.6% by 2050, which represents quite a small investment percentage to realize the goal of low-carbon development.
Abstract
The generally adopted worldwide target is to keep the increase in the global mean temperature lower than 2 °C by 2100, which is comparable with that of the preindustrial [...]
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Nuclear Power Development for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in China
Z. Jiang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 75-78

Abstract
It is a consensus of international community to promote the development of low carbon economy in order to face the challenges of climate change. According to the features of nuclear energy, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of nuclear energy chain and other energy chain are compared and analyzed, and the results indicate that the GHG emission of nuclear power chain is the least in all types of power generation. The status of nuclear power development and the potential benefit in GHGs emission reduction by developing nuclear power in China are also analyzed. Active nuclear power development is a smart choice for constructing low-carbon energy structure and for addressing global climate changes in China. Jiang, Z., 2011: Nuclear power development for greenhouse gas emission reduction in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00075.
Abstract
It is a consensus of international community to promote the development of low carbon economy in order to face the challenges of climate change. According to the features [...]
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Debates on the Causes of Global Warming
H. Jian-Bin, W. Shao-Wu, L. Yong, Z. Zong-Ci, W. Xin-Yu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 38-44

Abstract
The controversy between the IPCC and Non-governmental IPCC (NIPCC) on the attribution of global warming are reviewed. IPCC holds that today’s global warming is mainly due to anthropogenic activities rather than natural variability, which is emphasized by NIPCC. The surface temperature observations since the mid-20th century support the hypothesis of anthropogenic impact, but for the last one hundred years or so, natural forcings such as solar activity, volcanic eruptions and thermohaline circulation variations also have had great influences on the Earth’s climate, especially on inter-decadal timescales. In addition, evidence suggests that the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA) are closely associated with the solar activity over the past 1 thousand years. Over the past 10 thousand years, the North Atlantic cold events and solar activity are closely correlated. Nevertheless, the physical mechanisms of the solar-climate variability and interrelation are not well understood, yet. Notably, a prevailing view recently indicates that galactic cosmic rays may result in climatic cooling through modulating global low cloud cover. However, its process and mechanism need to be further investigated. Huang, J.-B., S.-W. Wang, Y. Luo, et al., 2012: Debates on the causes of global warming. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3(1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00038.
Abstract
The controversy between the IPCC and Non-governmental IPCC (NIPCC) on the attribution of global warming are reviewed. IPCC holds that today’s global warming is mainly due [...]
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The Science of Global Warming
H. Jian-Bin, W. Shao-Wu, L. Yong, Z. Zong-Ci, W. Xin-Yu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 174-178
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Policy Implications for Carbon Trading Market Establishment in China in the 12th Five-Year Period
L. Ji-Feng, Z. Ya-Xiong, W. Xin, C. Song-Feng

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 163-173

Abstract
Based on the survey of international emissions trading system (ETS) and quantitative analysis, policy suggestions on establishing a carbon ETS in China are presented in this study. Sectors sensitive to carbon prices, e.g., the power generation sector and the iron and steel industry, are given priority to be covered by the ETS. Interregional carbon trading should be carried out as early as possible. The cap of the ETS should be based on China’s carbon intensity reduction target with the floor carbon price for the market being set in the beginning. Suggestions on the infrastructure of ETS are also proposed, including the national wide carbon account registration system and the legislation to national measuring, reporting, verification system building. Li, J.-F., Y.-X. Zhang, X. Wang, et al., 2012: Policy implications for carbon trading market establishment in China in the 12th Five-Year period. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 3 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00163.
Abstract
Based on the survey of international emissions trading system (ETS) and quantitative analysis, policy suggestions on establishing a carbon ETS in China are presented in this [...]
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Estimation of the Aircraft CO2 Emissions of China’s Civil Aviation during 1960–2009
H. Ji-Cheng, X. Yu-Qing

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 99-105

Abstract
Based on data collected by Chinese Civil Aviation Statistic Center, the annual CO2 emissions of aircrafts during 1960–2009 were calculated, and the emission intensity and its dynamic characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the total CO2 emissions of aircrafts in China increased from 120×103 t in 1960 to 41.44×10s t in 2009. The CO2 emission intensity decreased from 2.9 kg (converted t km)−1 in 1960 to 0.96 kg (converted t km)−1 in 2009 at an average rate of 0.04 kg (converted t km)−1 per year. The average share of CO2 emissions of aircrafts on the total CO2 emissions from the sector of transportation, storage and post was 6.6% during 1980–2005, and 0.25% on the total emissions from fossil fuel combustion during 1971–2008. He, J.-C., and Y.-Q. Xu, 2012: Estimation of the aircraft CO2 emissions of China’s civil aviation during 1960–2009. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 3 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00099.
Abstract
Based on data collected by Chinese Civil Aviation Statistic Center, the annual CO2 emissions of aircrafts during 1960–2009 were calculated, and the emission intensity and [...]
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Century-long variability and trends in daily precipitation characteristics at three Finnish stations
M. Irannezhad, H. Marttila, D. Chen, B. Kløve

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 54-69

Abstract
Long-term variations and trends in a wide range of statistics for daily precipitation characteristics in terms of intensity, frequency and duration in Finland were analysed using precipitation records during 1908–2008 from 3 meteorological stations in the south (Kaisaniemi), centre (Kajaani) and north (Sodankylä). Although precipitation days in northern part were more frequent than in central and southern parts, daily precipitation intensity in the south was generally higher than those in the centre and north of the country. Annual sum of very light precipitation (0 mm < daily precipitation ≤ long-term 50th percentile of daily precipitation more than 0 mm) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased over time, with the highest rate in northern Finland. These decreasing trends might be the result of significant increases in frequency of days with very light precipitation at all the stations, with the highest and lowest rates in northern and southern Finland, respectively. Ratio of annual total precipitation to number of precipitation days also declined in Finland over 1908–2008, with a decreasing north to south gradient. However, annual duration indices of daily precipitation revealed no statistically significant trends at any station. Daily precipitation characteristics showed significant relationships with various well-known atmospheric circulation patterns (ACPs). In particular, the East Atlantic/West Russia (EA/WR) pattern in summer was the most influential ACP negatively associated with different daily precipitation intensity, frequency and duration indices at all three stations studied.
Abstract
Long-term variations and trends in a wide range of statistics for daily precipitation characteristics in terms of intensity, frequency and duration in Finland were analysed [...]
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Forecast of Consumption and Emission of HFC-134a Used in the Mobile Air-conditioner Sector in China
J. Hu, D. Wan, C. Li, J. Zhang, X. Yi

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 20-26

Abstract
HFC-134a is the most important alternative to CFC-12 used in the mobile air-conditioner sector in China. The consumption of HFC-134a has been increasing rapidly in recent years. It becomes the most consumed HFC in the sector. Selecting 2005 as the base line year, future consumption and emission amounts of HFC-134a are estimated through an analysis of a combined scenario: 1) replacement by non-HFC-134a blends, 2) good practice in servicing, 3) technology promotion, and 4) government policies on control of HFC-134a emissions. The analysis shows that HFC-134a consumption and emissions will continue to increase in the next 10 years. The projected HFC-134a consumption will approach 20, 150 t and 34, 875 t in 2010 and 2015 respectively, while the estimated emission amounts will reach 16, 065 t and 30, 186 t (i.e., 21 Mt CO2 -eq and 39 Mt CO2 -eq emissions) correspondingly. Compared with the business-as-usual scenario, the expected emission reductions in 2010 and 2015 will range between 6.7 Mt CO2 -eq and 13.0 Mt CO2 -eq. Hu, J., D. Wan, C. Li, et al., 2010: Forecasting of consumption and emission of HFC-134a used in mobile air-conditioner sector in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00020.
Abstract
HFC-134a is the most important alternative to CFC-12 used in the mobile air-conditioner sector in China. The consumption of HFC-134a has been increasing rapidly in recent [...]
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The Five-Year Plan: A new tool for energy saving and emissions reduction in China
A. Hu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 222-228

Abstract
China has achieved economic growth while great carbon emissions reduction in recent years. Amid Chinas effort to reduce emissions, the Five-Year Plans have guided and motivated local and foreign forces from the government, industries, and society to work together. This paper showed that a medium–high economic growth gate, industry structure adjustment, and energy structure adjustment, which are guaranteed under the Five-Year Plan, all contribute to energy saving in China. The economy entered a stable growing phase during the 12th Five-Year Plan, while the economic growth rate declined to 7.8% from 11.2% in the 11th Five-Year Plan. Simultaneously, the CO2 emissions growth rate declined from 8.32% (2009–2012 mean) to 1.82% (2012–2014 mean). Industrial structure adjustment canceled out nearly one-third of the CO2 emissions caused by economic growth. Under the 13th Five-Year Plan, China will continue its energy saving efforts on the green development path, with greener quotas, a stricter implementation process, and more key projects.
Abstract
China has achieved economic growth while great carbon emissions reduction in recent years. Amid Chinas effort to reduce emissions, the Five-Year Plans have guided and motivated [...]
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Analysis of Potential for HFC-23 Emission Reduction in China’s Fluorine Chemical Industry
L. Hui, C. Yong-Li, Y. Li-Rong

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 260-266

Abstract
China is one of the major producers of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) in the world. A large amount of fluoroform (HFC-23) is emitted during the production of HCFC-22. Emission factors of HFC-23 were calculated in accordance with the monitoring reports of eleven HFC-23 clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in China and the HFC-23 emissions in 2000–2010 as well as that in 2011–2020 were estimated and projected, respectively. It is expected that, by the end of 2020, emissions of HFC-23 in China will be as much as 230 Mt CO2 -eq. If HCFC-22 producers voluntarily reduced HFC-23 emissions, it would contribute 3.2%–3.6% to the national CO2 emission reduction target for 2020. Lin, H., Y.-L. Cui, and L.-R. Yang, 2013: Analysis of potential for HFC-23 emission reduction in China’s fluorine chemical industry. Adv. Clim . Change Res ., 4(4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.260.
Abstract
China is one of the major producers of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) in the world. A large amount of fluoroform (HFC-23) is emitted during the production of HCFC-22. Emission [...]
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Effect of urban symbiosis development in China on GHG emissions reduction
W. Huang, Q. Gao, G. Cao, Z. Ma, W. Zhang, Q. Chao

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 247-252

Abstract
This paper analyzes current urban symbiosis development and application in China, and then conducts a statistical analysis of the emissions reduction of CO2 and CH4 in relation to recovery of iron and steel scraps, waste paper, and waste plastics from 2011 to 2014 using the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventory calculation method provided by the IPCC. Results indicate that the cumulative recovery of renewable resources during Chinas main urban symbiosis development in 2011–2014 was 803.275 Mt, and the amount of iron and steel scraps, waste paper, and waste plastic recovery was the largest, respectively accounting for 62.2%, 18.0%, and 8.2% of total recovery in 2014. In addition, the cumulative emissions reduction of GHGs in relation to recovery of iron and steel scraps, waste paper, and waste plastics in 2011–2014 was 27.962 Mt CO2 -eq, 954.695 Mt CO2 -eq, and 22.502 Mt CO2 -eq, respectively, thereby totaling 1005.159 Mt CO2 -eq. Results show a remarkable GHG emissions reduction during 2011–2014.
Abstract
This paper analyzes current urban symbiosis development and application in China, and then conducts a statistical analysis of the emissions reduction of CO2 and CH4 in relation [...]
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Testing a participatory integrated assessment (PIA) approach to select climate change adaptation actions to enhance wetland sustainability: The case of Poyang Lake region in China
L. Huang, Y. Yin, D. Du

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 141-150

Abstract
The necessity of mainstreaming climate adaptation strategies or policies into natural resource management plans has been recognized by the UNFCCC. The IPCC AR5 report suggests a growing demand for research to provide information for a deeper and more useful understanding of climate adaptation options, and indicates a lack of effective methods to meet this increasing demand of policymakers. In this respect, a participatory integrated assessment (PIA) approach is presented in this paper to provide an effective means to mainstream wetland climate change adaptation in rural sustainable development strategies, and thus to reduce climate vulnerability and to enhance rural community livelihood. The PIA approach includes a series of research activities required to assess climate impacts on wetland ecosystems, and to prioritize adaptation responses. A range of adaptation options that address key aspects of the wetland ecosystem resilience and concerns are evaluated against community based on sustainable development indicators. The PIA approach is able to identify desirable adaptation options which can then be implemented to improve wetland ecosystem health and to enhance regional sustainable development in a changing climate. For illustration purpose, the PIA was applied in a case study in Poyang Lake (PYL) region, a critical wetland and water ecosystem in central China with important international biodiversity linkages, and a locale for key policy experiments with ecosystem rehabilitation. The PIA was used to facilitate the integration of wetland climate change adaptation in rural sustainable development actions with multi-stakeholders participation. In particular, the case shows how the PIA can be designed and implemented to select effective and practical climate change adaptation options to enhance ecosystem services management and to reduce resource use conflicts and rural poverty. Worked in partnership with multi-stakeholders and assisted with a multi-criteria decision making tool, the case identified alternative desirable adaptation measures which could be used to deal with climate risks. Several desirable adaptation options were implemented as pilot projects to showcase the effectiveness of these measures which resulted in benefits to the well-being and productivity of all people living in the region. It should be noted that while the case study evaluated adaptation policies or options to climate change, it was not completed in terms of discussing in detail all the key components of the PIA approach. However, the case study represents the state-of-the-arts research in climate change impact assessment and adaptation option evaluation, particularly in linking with wetland ecosystem sustainability. Findings of the case study have indicated that the potential effects of climate change on wetland sustainability are quite significant. The case has also identified adaptation measures considered by stakeholders to be potentially effective for reducing vulnerability of wetland ecosystems. It is clear that wetland ecosystem sustainability goals will be unachievable without mainstreaming adaptation measures into wetland conservation and health programs under a changing climate.
Abstract
The necessity of mainstreaming climate adaptation strategies or policies into natural resource management plans has been recognized by the UNFCCC. The IPCC AR5 report suggests [...]
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Changes of Dry-wet Climate in the Dry Season in Yunnan (1961–2007)
Z. Huang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 49-54

Abstract
Factor analysis was used to investigate the changes of dry-wet climate in the dry season in Yunnan during 1961–2007 based on observed data from 15 stations. Three common factors were extracted from the 9 climatic factors. The results showed that the dry-wet climate has evidently changed since the early 1960s. The general trends in the changes of dry-wet climate were described as slight decrease in humidity and gradual enhancement in drought intensity. The climate during 1960s–1980s was under weak-medium drought. But since early 1990s, dry conditions have markedly strengthened and continued due to uneven temporal distribution of rainfall and climate warming. Huang, Z., 2011: Changes of dry-wet climate in the dry season in Yunnan (1961–2007). Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00049.
Abstract
Factor analysis was used to investigate the changes of dry-wet climate in the dry season in Yunnan during 1961–2007 based on observed data from 15 stations. Three common [...]
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Benefits Comparison Analysis of Different Rice and Wheat Cropping Patterns to Adapt to Climate Change
H. Huan-Ping, M. Shi-Ming, L. Er-Da, L. Ying-Chun, Z. Heng-Yang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 182-189

Abstract
Based on the input-output survey of farmers and experts in one of the Jiangsu GEF project areas, the Cost-Benefit analysis method and greenhouse gas estimation method recommended by IPCC were applied to evaluate and compare the social, economic and ecological benefits of artificial transplanting (ATR), mechanical transplanting (MTR) and direct seeding (DSR) rice under wheat-rice Double Late mode (late rice harvest and late wheat sowing). Results showed that the MTR and DSR rice achieved obvious social benefits. Farming measures resulted in excessive emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Through the use of ATR rice and wheat rotation mode it is possible to obtain most economic and ecological benefits. The Double Late mode of action had good application prospects, but the key to implementation was the timely exploitation of the recently increased availability of agricultural climate resources. The cropping pattern of combining the wheat-rice Double Late mode with the ATR was a better choice in mitigating and adapting to climate change. Huang, H.-P., S.-M. Ma, E.-D. Lin, et al., 2013: Benefits comparison analysis of different rice and wheat cropping patterns to adapt to climate change. Adv. Clim. Change Res ., 4 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.182.
Abstract
Based on the input-output survey of farmers and experts in one of the Jiangsu GEF project areas, the Cost-Benefit analysis method and greenhouse gas estimation method recommended [...]
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Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Estimations of Electrified Railways in China
J. He, Y. Xu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 211-217

Abstract
Based on the annual production data collected by the Statistic Center of the Ministry of Railways of the People’s Republic of China, we calculated the energy saving and direct emission reductions of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and Cn Hm of electrified railways, and analyzed their dynamic characteristics during the period of 1975–2007. The results show that during this period, the annual mean values of energy saving is 1.23×106 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and Cn Hm are 4.267×106 t, 20.5×103 t, 3.0×103 t, 9.6×103 t, 67.9×103 t, and 6.9×103 t per year, respectively. The annual average increasing rates of energy saving is 139×103 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and Cn Hm are 483×103 t, 2.3×103 t, 0.34×103 t, 1.1×103 t, 7.7×103 t and 0.78×103 t per year, respectively. The electrified railways have played an important role in decreasing the energy consumption and air pollutant emissions of China’s railway system. The results of this study could provide some reference knowledge for future reductions of energy consumption and waste gas emission in China’s railway transportation. He, J., and Y. Xu, 2011: Energy saving and emission reduction estimations of electrified railways in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (4), doi:10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00211.
Abstract
Based on the annual production data collected by the Statistic Center of the Ministry of Railways of the People’s Republic of China, we calculated the energy saving and [...]
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Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Locomotives in China (1975–2005)
J. He, Y. Li

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 40-45

Abstract
Based on annual statistical data collected by the Chinese Railway Statistic Center, the CO2 emissions of locomotives during 1975–2005 were calculated and the emission intensity and its dynamic characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the CO2 emissions of steam locomotives decreased while that of diesel locomotives increased with time, due to the continuous shift from steam to diesel and electric locomotives. The total CO2 emissions of steam and diesel locomotives in China decreased from 42.23 Mt in 1975 to 16.40 Mt in 2005. The emission intensity of CO2 from the two kinds of locomotives decreased at an average rate of 2.4 g (converted t km)- 1 per year. The percentage of the CO2 emissions of locomotives to the total CO2 emissions in the sector of transportation, storage and post in China also decreased persistently from 1980 to 2005. He, J., and Y. Li, 2010: Estimation of CO2 emissions of locomotives in China (1975–2005). Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00020.
Abstract
Based on annual statistical data collected by the Chinese Railway Statistic Center, the CO2 emissions of locomotives during 1975–2005 were calculated and the emission intensity [...]
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Coping with climate change and Chinas wind energy sustainable development
D. He

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 3-9

Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause of todays climate change. To address this problem, the world is in an era of new round energy transformation, and the existing energy structure is being reformed. In this paper, according to the Chinese governments action plan for coping with climate change, the Chinas wind energy sustainable development goals and development route are discussed, and the countermeasures and suggestions are put forward. Wind energy is currently a kind of important renewable energy with matured technology which can be scale-up developed and put into commercial application, and in this transformation, wind energy will play a key role with other non-fossil energy sources. The development and utilization of wind energy is a systematic project, which needs to be solved from the aspects of policy, technology and management. At present, China is in the stage of transferring from “large wind power country” to “strong wind power country”, opportunities and challenges coexist, and the advantages of Chinas socialist system could be fully used, which can concentrate power to do big things and make contribution in the process of realizing global energy transformation.
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause of todays climate change. To address this problem, the world is in an era of new round energy transformation, and the existing [...]
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Global low-carbon transition and Chinas response strategies
J. He

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 204-212

Abstract
The Paris Agreement establishes a new mechanism for post-2020 global climate governance, and sets long-term goals for global response to climate change, which will accelerate worldwide low-carbon transformation of economic development pattern, promote the revolutionary reform of energy system, boost a fundamental change in the mode of social production and consumption, and further the civilization of human society from industrial civilization to eco-civilization. The urgency of global low-carbon transition will reshape the competition situation of worlds economy, trade and technology. Taking the construction of eco-civilization as a guide, China explores green and low-carbon development paths, establishes ambitious intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) targets and action plans, advances energy production and consumption revolution, and speeds up the transformation of economic development pattern. These strategies and actions not only confirm to the trend of the world low-carbon transition, but also meet the intrinsic requirements for easing the domestic resources and environment constraints and realizing sustainable development. They are multi-win-win strategies for promotion of economic development and environmental protection and mitigation of carbon emissions. China should take the global long-term emission reduction targets as a guide, and formulate medium and long-term low-carbon development strategy, build the core competitiveness of low-carbon advanced technology and development pattern, and take an in-depth part in global governance so as to reflect the responsibility of China as a great power in constructing a community of common destiny for all mankind and addressing global ecological crisis.
Abstract
The Paris Agreement establishes a new mechanism for post-2020 global climate governance, and sets long-term goals for global response to climate change, which will accelerate [...]
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An analysis of Chinas CO2 emission peaking target and pathways
J. He

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 155-161

Abstract
China has set the goal for its CO2 emissions to peak around 2030, which is not only a strategic decision coordinating domestic sustainable development and global climate change mitigation but also an overarching target and a key point of action for Chinas resource conservation, environmental protection, shift in economic development patterns, and CO2 emission reduction to avoid climate change. The development stage where China maps out the CO2 emission peak target is earlier than that of the developed countries. It is a necessity that the non-fossil energy supplies be able to meet all the increased energy demand for achieving CO2 emission peaking. Given that Chinas potential GDP annual increasing rate will be more than 4%, and Chinas total energy demand will continue to increase by approximately 1.0%–1.5% annually around 2030, new and renewable energies will need to increase by 6%–8% annually to meet the desired CO2 emission peak. The share of new and renewable energies in Chinas total primary energy supply will be approximately 20% by 2030. At that time, the energy consumption elasticity will decrease to around 0.3, and the annual decrease in the rate of CO2 intensity will also be higher than 4% to ensure the sustained growth of GDP. To achieve the CO2 emission peaking target and substantially promote the low-carbon development transformation, China needs to actively promote an energy production and consumption revolution, the innovation of advanced energy technologies, the reform of the energy regulatory system and pricing mechanism, and especially the construction of a national carbon emission cap and trade system.
Abstract
China has set the goal for its CO2 emissions to peak around 2030, which is not only a strategic decision coordinating domestic sustainable development and global climate change [...]
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Chinas target for peaking CO2 emissions
J. He

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 153-154
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Objectives and strategies for energy revolution in the context of tackling climate change
J. He

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 101-107

Abstract
Global climate change mitigation and CO2 emission reduction have promoted the revolutionary transformation in energy system. The core content of energy system revolutionary transformation is to replace the high-carbon energy system dominated by fossil energy with low-carbon energy system dominated by new and renewable energy and finally realize the near-zero emission of CO2 . The new energy system transformation has also led to a reform in global economic and social development patterns. Developing low-carbon economy becomes the fundamental strategy of sustainable development under climate risk management and the only solution to getting on the road from industrial civilization to ecological civilization. China intends to achieve the peaking of CO2 emissions around 2030 and increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 20% by 2030. Guided by the targets, China directs its economy development to a low-carbon pattern. Therefore, new and renewable power capacity need to reach 1300 GW, and the electricity generated should be 4 times of that in 2013 with a continuous increase rate of 6%–8% around 2030. The pace of energy substitution need to be accelerated and efficient, safe, clean, and low-carbon energy supply and consumption systems should be established besides strengthened energy conservation and improved energy efficient. Therefore, reform need be deepened, favorable policy system and market mechanism for energy revolution and low-carbon development need be established, energy pricing mechanism should be reformed, and national carbon market should be formed to provide a favorable policy and market environment for low-carbon technology innovation and industry development.
Abstract
Global climate change mitigation and CO2 emission reduction have promoted the revolutionary transformation in energy system. The core content of energy system revolutionary [...]
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Sector Mitigation Policies and Methods in China: Measurable, Reportable, and Verifiable Mechanisms
A. Gu, F. Teng, Y. Wang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011).

Abstract
Based on a number of sector mitigation policies for domestic systems, this paper demonstrates how measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV) mechanisms are applied at the sector level in China. At the same time, these mitigation policies and methods are diverse in terms of the MRV approach and their mitigation effects. These characters should be regulated as part of case foundation in the international construction of MRV. Gu, A., F. Teng, and Y. Wang, 2011: Sector mitigation policies and methods in China: Measurable, reportable, and verifiable mechanisms. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2(3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00115.
Abstract
Based on a number of sector mitigation policies for domestic systems, this paper demonstrates how measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV) mechanisms are applied at the [...]
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Impact of ENSO events on the interannual variability of Hadley circulation extents in boreal winter
Y. Guo, J. Li

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 46-53

Abstract
The interannual variability of the boreal winter Hadley circulation extents during the period of 1979–2014 and its links to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated by using reanalysis datasets. Results showed that the El Niño (La Niña) events can induce the shrinking (expansion) of Hadley circulation extent in the Southern Hemisphere. For the Northern Hemisphere, El Niño (La Niña) mainly leads to shrinking (expansion) of the Hadley circulation extent in the middle and lower troposphere and expansion (shrinking) of the Hadley circulation extent in the upper troposphere. The ENSO associated meridional temperature gradients have close relationship with the Hadley circulation extents in both Hemispheres. But in the Northern Hemisphere, the ENSO associated eddy momentum flux divergence plays more important role in affecting the Hadley circulation extent than the meridional temperature gradient because of the small local Rossby number. In the Southern Hemisphere, as the ENSO induced eddy momentum flux divergence is small, the meridional temperature gradient dominates the change of the Hadley circulation extent.
Abstract
The interannual variability of the boreal winter Hadley circulation extents during the period of 1979–2014 and its links to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated [...]
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Climatology and interannual variability of the annual mean Hadley circulation in CMIP5 models
Y. Guo, J. Li, J. Feng

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 35-45

Abstract
Using 26 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), climatology and the interannual variability of the annual mean Hadley circulation are evaluated. The results show that most of 26 models perform well in simulating the spatial structure of the climatology of the annual mean Hadley circulation, but the results derived from these models are generally weaker than that derived from the reanalysis dataset. Eighteen models can properly simulate well the asymmetric mode and symmetric mode of the annual mean Hadley circulation variability. Two models can only simulate asymmetric mode or symmetric mode and the other two models simulate reversed sequences of asymmetric mode and symmetric mode. The possible reason why some models cannot properly simulate the asymmetric mode and symmetric mode is that these models do not properly simulate the structure of zonal mean sea surface temperature (SST). Especially, not properly simulating variances of symmetric and asymmetric components of the SSTA will lead to reversed sequence of symmetric mode and asymmetric mode. And not properly simulated either symmetric or asymmetric component of the SSTA will lead to inability in simulating symmetric mode or asymmetric mode. On the other hand, some models properly simulate the asymmetric mode and symmetric mode, but do not properly simulate the responses to SST change. These models can not reflect the air sea coupling processes in associated with the Hadley circulation, therefore they should be taken more care when classify the models into groups.
Abstract
Using 26 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), climatology and the interannual variability of the annual mean Hadley circulation are [...]
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Basic Features of Climate Change in North China during 1961–2010
W. Guo, S. Hong-Bo, M. Jing-Jin, Z. Ying-Juan, W. Ji, S. Wen-Jun, Z. Zi-Yin

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013).

Abstract
The spatial and temporal variations of some important near-surface climate parameters and extreme climate events in North China during 1961–2010 are analyzed by using 94 meteorological stations’ data in the study area. Results show that the annual mean surface air temperature in North China increased at the rate of 0.36°C per decade, higher than the national average in the same period. Increasing was particularly significant since the mid-1980s, with maximum increase in the middle and northeastern parts of Inner Mongolia. Increasing rate of the annual mean minimum temperature is much higher than that of the maximum temperature, which results in the decrease of the annual mean diurnal temperature range. Noticeable decrease is also observed in the frequency of cold wave. Annual precipitation shows a slight decreasing trend, with more pronounced decrease in southern Shanxi and eastern Hebei provinces, which is mainly represented as decreasing in contribution rates of rainstorm and heavy storm in flood-season (May to September). During 1961–2010, North China is characterized by a noticeable reduction in annual extreme precipitation, and an increase in high-temperature days over most parts, as well as more frequent droughts. There are remarkable reductions in annual sunshine duration and mean wind speed, associated with the most significant reduction of mean wind speed in midwestern and eastern parts of Inner Mongolia. Meanwhile, North China has experienced a noticeable decrease/increase in annual mean sanddust/haze days during the study period. However, there is no significant trend in fog days, except a pronounced decrease since the 1990s. Guo, W.-L., H.-B. Shi, J.-J. Ma, et al., 2013: Basic features of climate change in North China during 1961–2010. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.073.
Abstract
The spatial and temporal variations of some important near-surface climate parameters and extreme climate events in North China during 1961–2010 are analyzed by using 94 [...]
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Earth observation big data for climate change research
H. Guo, L. Zhang, L. Zhu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 108-117

Abstract
Earth observation technology has provided highly useful information in global climate change research over the past few decades and greatly promoted its development, especially through providing biological, physical, and chemical parameters on a global scale. Earth observation data has the 4V features (volume, variety, veracity, and velocity) of big data that are suitable for climate change research. Moreover, the large amount of data available from scientific satellites plays an important role. This study reviews the advances of climate change studies based on Earth observation big data and provides examples of case studies that utilize Earth observation big data in climate change research, such as synchronous satellite–aerial–ground observation experiments, which provide extremely large and abundant datasets, Earth observational sensitive factors (e.g., glaciers, lakes, vegetation, radiation, and urbanization), and global environmental change information and simulation systems. With the era of global environment change dawning, Earth observation big data will underpin the Future Earth program with a huge volume of various types of data and will play an important role in academia and decisionmaking. Inevitably, Earth observation big data will encounter opportunities and challenges brought about by global climate change.
Abstract
Earth observation technology has provided highly useful information in global climate change research over the past few decades and greatly promoted its development, especially [...]
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Governing Climate Change Adaptation in the EU and China: An Analysis of Formal Institutions
M. Gemmer, A. Wilkes, L. Vaucel

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 1-11

Abstract
Both the European Union (EU) and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while China is a unitary sovereign state and a developing economy with a strong government bureaucracy. Our hypothesis is that given their diverse political systems, the EU and China would develop different kinds of systems for the governance of adaptation to climate change. We test this hypothesis through a comparative analysis of policy documents from the two study areas, in which we examine framework policies, programmatic actions and specific actions that have been adopted to date in order to address climate change, with a specific focus on the water sector. We find that climate change adaptation began to be addressed through formal policy on a similar timeline in the two regions. The EU and China are also similar in that they use framework laws and existing sectoral policy, such as for the water sector. We find that the EU has primarily relied on integration of climate change adaptation concerns through legal instruments which set a framework for implementation of adaptation policy. In China, specific actions to be incorporated in socio-economic development plans under the existing legislation on adaptation have been the main mode for integrating adaptation into sectoral actions, though the future trend may be to develop more regulations. Gemmer, M., A. Wilkes, and L. M. Vaucel, 2011: Governing climate change adaptation in the EU and China: An analysis of formal institutions. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00001.
Abstract
Both the European Union (EU) and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically [...]
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Chinas response to climate change issues after Paris Climate Change Conference
Y. Gao

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 235-240

Abstract
The Paris Climate Change Conference was successfully concluded with the Paris Agreement, which is a milestone for the world in collectively combating climate change. By participating in IPCC assessments and conducting national climate change assessments, China has been increasing its understanding of the issue. For the first time, Chinas top leader attended the Conference of the Parties, which indicates the acknowledgement of the rationality and necessity of climate change response by China at different levels. Moreover, this participation reflects Chinas commitment to including climate change in its ecology improvement program and pursuing a low-carbon society and economy. In order to ensure the success of the Paris Conference, China has contributed significantly. Chinas constructive participation in global governance shows that China is a responsible power. These principles such as the creation of a future of win–win cooperation with each country contributing to the best of its ability, a future of the rule of law, fairness, and justice, and a future of inclusiveness, mutual learning, and common development will serve as Chinas guidelines in its efforts to facilitate the implementation of the Paris Agreement and participate in the design of international systems.
Abstract
The Paris Climate Change Conference was successfully concluded with the Paris Agreement, which is a milestone for the world in collectively combating climate change. By participating [...]
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Analysis of Surface Air Temperature Change in Macao During the Period 1901–2007
S. Fong, C. Wu, A. Wang, X. He, T. Wang, K. Leong, U. Lai, B. Leong

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010).

Abstract
Change related to climate in Macao was studied on the basis of daily temperature observations over the period 1901–2007. The result shows that annual mean surface air temperature in Macao as a whole rose with a warming rate of about 0.066 °C per 10 years in the recent 107 years. The most evident warming occurred in spring and winter. The interdecadal variations of the seasonal mean temperature in summer and winter appeared as a series of waves with a time scale of about 30 years and 60 years, respectively. The annual mean minimum temperature increased about twice as fast as the annual mean maximum temperature, resulting in a broad decline in the annual mean diurnal range. The interdecadal variations of annual mean maximum temperature are obviously different from those of annual mean minimum temperature. It appears that the increase in the annual mean maximum temperature in the recent 20 years may be part of slow climate fluctuations with a periodicity of about 60 years, whereas that in the annual mean minimum temperature appears to be the continuation of a long-term warming trend. Fong, S., C .Wu, A. Wang, et al., 2010: Analysis of surface air temperature change in Macao during the period 1901–2007. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00084.
Abstract
Change related to climate in Macao was studied on the basis of daily temperature observations over the period 1901–2007. The result shows that annual mean surface air temperature [...]
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Trends in Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in the Zhujiang River Basin, South China (1961–2007)
T. Fischer, M. Gemmer, L. Liu, B. Su

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010).

Abstract
Monthly temperature and precipitation time-series for the Zhujiang River Basin are analyzed in order to identify changes in climate extremes. Daily temperature and precipitation data from 1961 to 2007 of 192 meteorological stations are used. Two temperature indicators (monthly mean and monthly maximum mean) and three precipitation indicators (monthly total, monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation, and monthly dry days) are analyzed. Tendencies in all five indicators can be observed. Many stations show significant positive trends (above the 90% confidence level) for monthly mean temperatures and monthly maximum mean temperatures. For all months, a significant increase in temperature from 1961 to 2007 can be observed in the entire basin with the coastal area in particular. Positive trends of precipitation extremes can be observed from January to March. Negative trends are detected from September to November. The number of dry days in October increased significantly at 40% of all meteorological stations. Stations with changes of monthly precipitation extremes are scattered over the Zhujiang River Basin. An aggregation of heat waves and droughts can be detected which is accompanied by significant increases of temperature extremes and the negative tendencies in precipitation extremes. The detection of tendencies in climate extremes essentially relies on a good data quality and high station density. Fischer, T., M. Gemmer, L. Liu, et al., 2010: Trends in monthly temperature and precipitation extremes in the Zhujiang River Basin, South China (1961–2007). Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00063.
Abstract
Monthly temperature and precipitation time-series for the Zhujiang River Basin are analyzed in order to identify changes in climate extremes. Daily temperature and precipitation [...]
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Definition of Business as Usual and Its Impacts on Assessment of Mitigation Efforts
T. Fei, X. Shuang-Qing

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 212-219

Abstract
Business as Usual (BaU) scenario in developing countries has been a debated issue in climate change negotiations. This paper analyzes different definitions of BaU and points out that the major difference among these definitions is how to set the starting point of BaU projections, that is the so called base year. Some international institutions use current policy scenarios to project a BaU trajectory of developing countries. Such definition will lead to an underestimation of BaU emissions of developing countries and thus an underestimation of mitigation efforts. This paper concludes with a suggestion to use a without policy scenario with a clear base year as definition of BaU. Such a definition will set an objective benchmark to assess mitigation efforts of developing countries. Teng, F., and S.-Q. Xu, 2012: Definition of Business as Usual and its impacts on assessment of mitigation efforts. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00212.
Abstract
Business as Usual (BaU) scenario in developing countries has been a debated issue in climate change negotiations. This paper analyzes different definitions of BaU and points [...]
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Estimating the Macroeconomic Costs of CO2 Emission Reduction in China Based on Multi-objective Programming
Y. Fan, X. Zhang, L. Zhu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 27-33

Abstract
This paper estimates the macroeconomic costs of CO2 emission reduction in China employing the input-output analysis with the multi-objective programming approach. The results show that the effect of reducing CO2 emissions on China’s economy is significant. Under the present conditions, the estimated macroeconomic costs of CO2 emission reduction in 2010 for China are approximately 3, 100–4, 024 RMB t - 1 . The stronger the abatement actions, the higher the macroeconomic costs of per unit emission reduction would be. Excavation industry, oil industry, chemical industry, and metal smelting industry have high potential to abate their CO2 emissions. Fan, Y., X. Zhang, and L. Zhu, 2010: Estimating the macroeconomic costs of CO2 emission reduction in China based on multi-objective programming. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00027.
Abstract
This paper estimates the macroeconomic costs of CO2 emission reduction in China employing the input-output analysis with the multi-objective programming approach. The results [...]
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Analysis of Global CCS Technology, Regulations and Its Potential for Emission Reduction with Focus on China
Y. Fan, L. Zhu, X. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 57-66

Abstract
This paper introduces the development of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, the progress in CCS demonstration projects, and regulations and policies related to CCS. Barriers and limitations for the large-scale deployment of CCS are discussed. CCS and different technological solutions for emission reduction (e.g., energy conservation and renewable energy) are compared. The analysis shows that China should carefully evaluate the negative impacts of CCS deployment and needs to enhance the research and development input in CCS in order to master core technologies of CCS systems. Furthermore, CCS incentives should depend on actual CCS development. Based on the current situation, China may need to focus on retrofitting existing thermal power plants with CCS technology, so CCS can be promoted for future large-scale application. Fan, Y., L. Zhu, and X. Zhang, 2011: Analysis of global CCS technology, regulations and its potential for emission reduction with focus on China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00057.
Abstract
This paper introduces the development of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, the progress in CCS demonstration projects, and regulations and policies related to CCS. [...]
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A climatic environmental performance assessment method for ecological city construction: Application to Beijing Yanqi Lake
X. Fang, C. Cheng, Y. Liu, W. Du, -. Xiao, B. Dang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 23-35

Abstract
In contrast to the input perspective for evaluating planning metrics, this research takes the climatic environmental output effects as the starting point for assessing ecological city construction. Based on approaches such as observation data analysis, meteorological model simulation, and remote sensing, a set of climatic environmental performance assessment methods is developed and established. These methods mainly focus on surface ventilation assessment and urban thermal environment assessment. With the Yanqi Lake ecological development demonstration area located in Huairou district, Beijing as an example, the assessment of the local climatic environment before and after the construction are conducted, and relevant policy suggestions for urban planning and construction are presented. The results show that after development, the ventilation capacity will decrease overall and the ventilation potential index will decrease from 0.53 to 0.44. While this is not a large reduction, and is still at a favorable level, the ventilation potential in some local areas will markedly decrease. Furthermore, the thermal environment will become poorer to some extent, the urban heat island (UHI) area and intensity will increase compared with the current situation, continuous heat islands may occur in local areas, the UHI potential index of the core area will rise from 0.0878 to 0.1217 (still a favorable level). Therefore, urban surfaces should be carefully developed and arranged during planning. It is suggested that the negative impacts of large areas of urban construction on the local climatic environment in the Yanqi Lake could be mitigated by 1) strengthening the airflow by introducing fresh, cold, northwesterly air via constructed ventilation corridors, 2) increasing the number of ecological cold sources, particularly for water bodies and green belts to prevent the UHI in the southern region of Yanqi Lake from becoming linked with each other, and 3) considering a pre-program before sub-domain and building planning to obtain optimum building locations. Different construction standards should be developed for different ventilation potential and UHI intensity levels. For strong heat island areas, land areas should be reserved to serve as cold sources.
Abstract
In contrast to the input perspective for evaluating planning metrics, this research takes the climatic environmental output effects as the starting point for assessing ecological [...]
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Hydrodynamic analysis of a Semisubmersible Floating Wind Turbine. Numerical validation of a second order coupled analysis
B. Servan Camas, J. García-Espinosa, J. Gutiérrez Romero

Presentations to the VII International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering (Marine 2017).

Abstract
A finite element method for the solution of the up-to-second-order wave diffraction-radiation problem in the time-domain is proposed. The solver has been validated against experimental data available for the HiPRWind semisubmersible platform (designed for floating wind turbines). To perform the validation, the wave diffraction-radiation solver is coupled to a body dynamics and mooring solvers in the time-domain. The HiPRWind movements and mooring forces have been compared for a large number of test cases, including decay tests, bichromatic, and irregular waves. Good agreement has been found for both, body movements and mooring forces.
Abstract
A finite element method for the solution of the up-to-second-order wave diffraction-radiation problem in the time-domain is proposed. The solver has been validated against [...]
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Chinas low-carbon transition for addressing climate change
X. Du

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 105-108

Abstract
This study discusses high-carbon characteristics, the unsustainability of Chinas development, and the fact that China needs to transform its development mode. Chinas low-carbon transition must include industry structure adjustment, energy saving and efficiency increases, energy structure improvement, carbon sink development, adaptation capability, and low-carbon pilot schemes. Low-carbon urbanization is a key measure in Chinas low-carbon transition. Chinas urbanization faces high-carbon risks. Thus, this study presents a roadmap for transforming urbanization into a low-carbon one. The transition to low-carbon urbanization is a common trend in the developing world. There is a lot of room for international cooperation.
Abstract
This study discusses high-carbon characteristics, the unsustainability of Chinas development, and the fact that China needs to transform its development mode. Chinas low-carbon [...]
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Chinas goal to increase non-fossil energy sources
X. Du

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 1-2
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Essence and resolution of international climate negotiation
X. Du

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 149-152

Abstract
In essence, international climate negotiation is a serious and responsible global effort, despite various conflicts, to establish a rational international climate regime. In essence, tackling climate changes is leading the globe to actualize sustainable development of all humankind along the low-carbon, green, and cyclic-development path. Thus, climate negotiation should be driving all parties to achieve a global climate regime arrangement in a constructive way. Therefore, this paper suggests focusing on the following three major recommendations: early developed countries take the lead in committing positively to absolute emission reduction, the developing countries contribute according to their abilities and stages of development, the developed countries perform real deeds using their funds and technology. Based on substantial breakthrough that would be made, progressive supplement and improvement could be accomplished through the mechanism of review and adjustment under the Convention framework. This path represents a combination of bottom-up and top-down. The ultimate way out of international climate negotiation lies in win-win cooperation. Profound reasons for China to participate proactively and practically in international climate negotiation, based on its actual conditions, are the internal wants and needs of its scientific and sustainable development, as well as the undertaking of international responsibilities as a responsible, large, developing country.
Abstract
In essence, international climate negotiation is a serious and responsible global effort, despite various conflicts, to establish a rational international climate regime. [...]
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Chinese Public’s Willingness to Pay for CO2 Emissions Reductions: A Case Study from Four Provinces/Cities
H. Duan, L. Yan-Li, L. Yan

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 100-110

Abstract
Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to investigate the Chinese public’s willingness to pay (WTP) for a policy to reduce CO2 emissions. Face to face interviews were conducted to collect 1, 653 valid questionnaires from Beijing, Shanghai, Shandong province, and Fujian province. A model was constructed to understand the factors that influence WTP. The results indicate that the Chinese public is willing to pay CN¥201.86 annually to support the policy of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Participants from Beijing show the highest WTP, followed by participants from Fujian and Shandong, while those from Shanghai report the lowest WTP. The findings reveal that participants with higher income, higher satisfaction with their current life, and awareness of climate issues are willing to pay more for CO2 emissions reductions. In addition, those who are young, male and members of the Communist Party also indicate a higher WTP. The results imply that translating the public’s willingness to protect climate into actions should be taken into account in China’s low carbon policy. There is a need to consider the difference in degree of willingness, among different social groups, to pay for emissions reductions if the market-based mechanisms such as carbon tax were designed to facilitate emissions reductions. Duan, H.-X., Lü, Y.-L., Li, Y., 2014. Chinese public’s willingness to pay for CO2 emissions reductions: A case study from four provinces/cities. Adv. Clim. Change Res. 5(2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2014.100.
Abstract
Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to investigate the Chinese public’s willingness to pay (WTP) for a policy to reduce CO2 emissions. Face to face interviews were [...]
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An overview of black carbon deposition and its radiative forcing over the Arctic
T. Dou, C. Xiao

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 115-122

Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the current understanding of the observations of black carbon (BC) in snow and ice, and the estimates of BC deposition and its radiative forcing over the Arctic. Both of the observations and model results show that, in spring, the average BC concentration and the resulting radiative forcing in Russian Arctic > Canadian and Alaskan Arctic > Arctic Ocean and Greenland. The observed BC concentration presented a significant decrease trend from the Arctic coastal regions to the center of Arctic Ocean. In summer, due to the combined effects of BC accumulation and enlarged snow grain size, the averaged radiative forcing per unit area over the Arctic Ocean is larger than that over each sector of the Arctic in spring. However, because summer sea ice is always covered by a large fraction of melt ponds, the role of BC in sea ice albedo evolution during this period is secondary. Multi-model mean results indicate that the annual mean radiative forcing from all sources of BC in snow and ice over the Arctic was ∼0.17 W m−2 . Wet deposition is the dominant removal mechanism in the Arctic, which accounts for more than 90% of the total deposition. In the last part, we discuss the uncertainties in present modeling studies, and suggest potential approaches to reduce the uncertainties.
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the current understanding of the observations of black carbon (BC) in snow and ice, and the estimates of BC deposition and its radiative forcing [...]
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Spatial and Temporal Variations of Heat Waves in China from 1961 to 2010
Y. Dian-Xiu, Y. Ji-Fu, C. Zheng-Hong, Z. You-Fei, W. Rong-Jun

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). pp. 66-73

Abstract
Daily maximum temperatures from 753 stations across China and the heat wave indicators are used to study the temporal and spatial characteristics of heat wave intensity, frequency and heat wave days in China over the period of 1961–2010. The results show that high frequency, long duration and strong intensity of heat waves occurred in the Jianghuai area, Jiangnan area, and eastern Sichuan Basin. The highest frequency and the longest duration are located in northern Jiangxi and northern Zhejiang provinces, and the highest intensity in northern Zhejiang province is even more prominent. The frequency, heat wave days and intensity showed a general increasing trend in the past 50 years, while decadal characteristics are also observed with a decreasing trend from the 1960s to the early 1980s and increasing trend from the end of the 1980s to 2010. The regional variations demonstrate a significant increasing trend in the northern and western parts of North China, central-northern part of Northwest China, the central part of South China, the Yangtze River Delta and the southern Sichuan Basin, with an obvious decreasing trend in the southern Huanghuai area, northern Jianghuai area and Hanjiang River Basin. Ye, D.-X., Yin, J.-F., Chen, Z.-H., et al., 2014. Spatial and temporal variations of heat waves in China from 1961 to 2010. Adv. Clim. Change Res. 5(2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2014.066.
Abstract
Daily maximum temperatures from 753 stations across China and the heat wave indicators are used to study the temporal and spatial characteristics of heat wave intensity, frequency [...]
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Public Perceptions of Cryosphere Change and the Selection of Adaptation Measures in the Ürümqi River Basin
M. Deng, H. Zhang, W. Mao, Y. Wang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 149-158

Abstract
This study focuses on the characters of public perceptions on climate and cryosphere change, which are based on a questionnaire survey in the Ürümqi River Basin. In comparison with scientific observation results of climate and cryosphere change, this paper analyzes the possible impact of the change on water resources and agriculture production in the area. Perceptions of most respondents on climate and cryosphere changes confirm the main objective facts. For the selection of adaptation measures addressing the shortage of water resource, the results are as follows: most people preferred to choose the measures like “policy change” and “basic facility construction” which are mostly implemented by the government and the policy-making department, some people showed more preference to the measures of avoiding unfavorable natural environment, such as finding job in or migrating to other places. The urgency of personal participation in the adaptation measures is still inadequate. Some adaptation measures should be implemented in line with local conditions and require the organic combination of “resource-development” with “water-saving”. Deng, M., H. Zhang, W. Mao, et al., 2011: Public perceptions of cryosphere change and the selection of adaptation measures in the Ürümqi River Basin. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2(3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00149.
Abstract
This study focuses on the characters of public perceptions on climate and cryosphere change, which are based on a questionnaire survey in the Ürümqi River Basin. In comparison [...]
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Method for Calculating CO2 Emissions from the Power Sector at the Provincial Level in China
M. Cui-Mei, G. Quan-Sheng

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 92-99

Abstract
Based on the detailed origins of each province’s electricity consumption, a new method for calculating CO2 emissions from the power sector at the provincial level in China is proposed. With this so-called consumer responsibility method, the emissions embodied in imported electricity are calculated with source-specific emission factors. Using the new method, we estimate CO2 emissions in 2005 and 2010. Compared with those derived from the producer responsibility method, the power exporters’ emissions decreased sharply. The emissions from the power sector in Inner Mongolia, the largest power exporter of China, decreased by 109 Mt in 2010. The value is equivalent to those from Shaanxi’s power production and Canada’s power and heat production. In contrast, the importers’ emissions increased substantially. The emissions from the power sector in Hebei, the largest power importer of China, increased by 74 Mt. Emissions of Beijing, increased by 60 Mt (320%), in 2010. Thus, we suggest that the Chinese government should take the emissions, as calculated from the consumption perspective, into account when formulating and assessing local CO2 emission reduction targets. Ma, C.-M., Ge, Q.-S., 2014. Method for calculating CO2 emissions from the power sector at the provincial level in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res. 5(2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2014.092.
Abstract
Based on the detailed origins of each province’s electricity consumption, a new method for calculating CO2 emissions from the power sector at the provincial level in China [...]
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Changes in Lake Ice Cover on the Morskie Oko Lake in Poland (1971–2007)
A. Choiński, L. Kolendowicz, J. Pociask-Karteczka, L. Sobkowiak

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 71-75

Abstract
On the basis of data from the period 1971–2007, and by applying trend analysis, a study on formation, disappearance and duration of lake ice cover on the Morskie Oko Lake in the Tatra Mountains in southern Poland was carried out. The results show decreasing trends in the maximum thickness of winter lake ice cover and in duration of lake ice phenomena, while air temperature recorded at the same period at the foot of the Tatra Mountains shows increasing trend. There are strong relationships between the course of lake ice phenomena and air temperature. Choiński, A., L. Kolendowicz, J. Pociask-Karteczka, et al., 2010: Changes in lake ice cover on the Morskie Oko Lake in Poland (1971–2007). Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00071.
Abstract
On the basis of data from the period 1971–2007, and by applying trend analysis, a study on formation, disappearance and duration of lake ice cover on the Morskie Oko Lake [...]
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Moving past the rhetoric: Policy considerations that can make Sino-African relations to improve Africas climate change resilience and the attainment of the sustainable development goals
D. Chirambo

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 253-263

Abstract
Climate change is a threat to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa as its impacts can lead to increased incidences of poverty and inequality which can subsequently lead to a 12% decline in the Human Development Index (HDI) for sub-Saharan Africa. Emerging countries such as China have the potential to support Africa to achieve the SDGs by pioneering South–South Climate Finance (SSCF) modalities. In order to increase knowledge on climate informed development and the role of China in global climate governance, the paper examined various research articles, case studies, policy briefs and project reports. Sino-African aid, investments and trade were noted as essential in mitigating Africas climate change vulnerabilities which induce poverty traps and inequality. Some African countries were noted to have a comparative advantage in environmental standards over China but lacked the initiative to use this comparative advantage to enhance the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) and assist China to have a sustainable growth trajectory. The paper concludes that SSCF modalities can enhance climate risk management in Africa if they focus on improving financial inclusion and improving climate finance flows towards climate change adaptation activities in Africa. Additionally, to increase the effectiveness and impact of Chinese climate finance support to Africa, African policymakers should not allow political and market forces to decide how climate related support from China should be allocated as decisions based on political and market forces could potentially promote an inequitable distribution of funds and ignore the most vulnerable countries and regions.
Abstract
Climate change is a threat to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa as its impacts can lead to increased incidences of poverty and [...]
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Variation of Extreme Precipitation over Large River Basins in China
Y. Chen, X. Chen, G. Ren

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 108-114

Abstract
A new available dataset of daily observational precipitation is used to study the temporal and spatial variability of extreme precipitation events for 1956–2008 in the ten large river basins of China. The maximum daily rainfall and heavy precipitation days (≥ 50 mm d–1 ) are analyzed for the basins of the Songhua River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Yellow River, Northwest China Rivers, Huaihe River, Yangtze River, Pearl River, Southeast China Rivers, and Southwest China Rivers. The results indicate that the maximum daily rainfall was increasing in southern river basins, while it was decreasing in northern river basins, which leads to no discernible increasing or decreasing trend in the maximum daily rainfall of whole China, especially after 2001. The national averaged heavy precipitation days shows an insignificant increase. However, a rise in heavy precipitation days of southern river basins and a decline of northern river basins are observed. Chen, Y., X. Chen, and G. Ren, 2011: Variation of extreme precipitation over large river basins in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00108.
Abstract
A new available dataset of daily observational precipitation is used to study the temporal and spatial variability of extreme precipitation events for 1956–2008 in the ten [...]
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Urbanization effect on precipitation over the Pearl River Delta based on CMORPH data
S. Chen, W. Li, Y. Du, C. Mao, L. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 16-22

Abstract
Based on the satellite data from the Climate Prediction Center morphing (CMORPH) at very high spatial and temporal resolution, the effects of urbanization on precipitation were assessed over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) metropolitan regions of China. CMORPH data well estimates the precipitation features over the PRD. Compared to the surrounding rural areas, the PRD urban areas experience fewer and shorter precipitation events with a lower precipitation frequency (ratio of rainy hours, about 3 days per year less), however, short-duration heavy rain events play a more significant role over the PRD urban areas. Afternoon precipitation is much more pronounced over the PRD urban areas than the surrounding rural areas, which is probably because of the increase in short-duration heavy rain over urban areas.
Abstract
Based on the satellite data from the Climate Prediction Center morphing (CMORPH) at very high spatial and temporal resolution, the effects of urbanization on precipitation [...]
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Shares Differences of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculated with GTP and GWP for Major Countries
W. Chang-Ke, L. Xin-Zheng, Z. Hua

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 127-132

Abstract
The global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature potential (GTP) are two common metrics to calculate the CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gases (GHGs). If the country’s GHG emissions are calculated with GTP instead of GWP, the shares of the EU, USA, Japan, Canada and South Africa rise in the period 1990–2005, and those of Brazil, Australia, China, India, Mexico and Russia decrease. From 2015 to 2030, the projected shares of the EU, USA, Japan and China will increase, but those of Russia, Canada, Australia, India, Mexico and Brazil will decrease. The reduced shares of Brazil and Australia and increased share of the EU might be one of the important reasons that Brazil and Australia suggested to adopt GTP instead of GWP as early as possible, but the EU opposed it. Wang, C.-K., X.-Z. Luo, and H. Zhang, 2013: Shares differences of greenhouse gas emissions calculated with GTP and GWP for major countries. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.127.
Abstract
The global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature potential (GTP) are two common metrics to calculate the CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gases (GHGs). If the country’s [...]
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Modeling an emissions peak in China around 2030: Synergies or trade-offs between economy, energy and climate security
Q. Chai, H. Xu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 169-180

Abstract
China has achieved a political consensus around the need to transform the path of economic growth toward one that lowers carbon intensity and ultimately leads to reductions in carbon emissions, but there remain different views on pathways that could achieve such a transformation. The essential question is whether radical or incremental reforms are required in the coming decades. This study explores relevant pathways in China beyond 2020, particularly modeling the major target choices of carbon emission peaking in China around 2030 as China-US Joint Announcement by an integrated assessment model for climate change IAMC based on carbon factor theory. Here scenarios DGS-2020, LGS2025, LBS-2030 and DBS-2040 derived from the historical pathways of developed countries are developed to access the comprehensive impacts on the economy, energy and climate security for the greener development in China. The findings suggest that the period of 2025–2030 is the window of opportunity to achieve a peak in carbon emissions at a level below 12 Gt CO2 and 8.5 t per capita by reasonable trade-offs from economy growth, annually −0.2% in average and cumulatively −3% deviation to BAU in 2030. The oil and natural gas import dependence will exceed 70% and 45% respectively while the non-fossil energy and electricity share will rise to above 20% and 45%. Meantime, the electrification level in end use sectors will increase substantially and the electricity energy ratio approaching 50%, the labor and capital productivity should be double in improvements and the carbon intensity drop by 65% by 2030 compared to the 2005 level, and the cumulative emission reductions are estimated to be more than 20 Gt CO2 in 2015–2030.
Abstract
China has achieved a political consensus around the need to transform the path of economic growth toward one that lowers carbon intensity and ultimately leads to reductions [...]
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Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in Australia: Strategy and Research Developments
T. Booth

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 12-21

Abstract
Many countries are developing national strategies and action plans aimed at minimising the negative impacts of climate change on biodiversity. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview not only of strategies and plans that have been developed in Australia, but also of research that has been carried out in Australia by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Climate Adaptation Flagship to assist the development of future strategies and plans. Major points are summarised from key policy documents such as the National Biodiversity and Climate Change Action Plan 2004–2007, and Australia’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010–2030, as well as the 2009 report on “Australia’s Biodiversity and Climate Change”. Within the first three years of its existence, the Natural Ecosystems theme in CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship has carried out studies analysing impacts and identifying potential adaptations across the whole of Australia’s vast terrestrial and marine environments. Techniques used in these studies could be applied easily in other countries and could assist the development of more effective national strategies and adaptation action plans for the conservation of biodiversity under climate change. Booth, T. H., 2012: Biodiversity and climate change adaptation in Australia: Strategy and research developments. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3(1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00012.
Abstract
Many countries are developing national strategies and action plans aimed at minimising the negative impacts of climate change on biodiversity. The purpose of this paper is [...]
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Low Carbon Society in China: Research and Practice
C. Bo-Feng, W. Jin-Nan, Y. Wei-Shan, L. Lan-Cui, C. Dong

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 106-120

Abstract
This paper aims to provide an overall image in terms of low carbon society (LCS) and its development in China. It mainly introduced and analyzed low carbon development which was addressed as crucial initiative for implementation of LCS in China. A comparative analysis was carried out on concepts and experiences of LCS between China and developed countries. The trends and characteristics of CO2 emissions in China have also been analyzed. Because of large amount of CO2 emissions generated in the production process and relatively small amount of CO2 emissions in the consumption process, China is facing a severe challenge of imbalance in economic growth and CO2 emissions. If the consumption and production pattern of developed countries are duplicated, China is very likely to experience a development pattern of boosting economic growth and improving living standards significantly but meanwhile risking and suffering by large amount of resources consumption and CO2 emissions. Thus, a comprehensive, systematic and scientific scheme for implementing a low carbon society is urgently needed in China. Through literature research, mainstream perspectives of scholars with respect to development of LCS are concluded. In the meantime, CO2 emissions reduction target, carbon taxation and different debated issues are also presented. The achievements, China has made, consist of concrete actions taken by local governments, some new policies and regulations for carbon reduction at national level, in particular energy-saving and renewable energy policies proposed in the 11th Five-Year Plan (2005–2010). Carbon trading markets and carbon capture and starage technology have also made progress in China. There are still many limitations and barriers remaining and in need to be solved in the next steps. Cai, B.-F., J.-N. Wang, W.-S. Yang, et al., 2012: Low carbon society in China: Research and practice. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.000106.
Abstract
This paper aims to provide an overall image in terms of low carbon society (LCS) and its development in China. It mainly introduced and analyzed low carbon development which [...]
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Estimation of Methane Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills in China Based on Point Emission Sources
C. Bo-Feng, L. Jian-Guo, G. Qing-Xian, N. Xiao-Qin, C. Dong, L. Lan-Cui, Z. Ying, Z. Zhan-Sheng

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 81-91

Abstract
The methane (CH4 ) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in China in 2007 were estimated based on database of the three-dimensional emission factors matrix and point sources, by an IPCC recommended FOD (firstorder decay) model. The location, capacity and age of landfills constitute the three dimensions of the emission factors matrix, which were obtained by laboratory analysis and in situ investigation. Key parameters such as waste composition, degradable organic carbon ratio, CH4 correction factor, oxidation factor and recovery rate, were carefully analyzed in terms of these three dimensions. The point sources database consists of 2, 107 MSW landfills in cities and towns of China in 2007. The results show that the CH4 emissions from MSW landfills were 1.186 Mt in 2007. Compared with the CH4 emissions of 2.20 Mt in 2005, the significant discrepancy mainly comes from statistical data of landfills, e.g., number of landfills and amount of waste disposed in landfills. CH4 emissions were lower than 700 t for most of the landfills, whereas there were 279 landfills with emissions larger than 1, 000 t, and only 10 landfills with emissions larger than 10, 000 t. Jiangsu province ranks the largest emitter with 98, 700 t while Tibet is the smallest emitter with 2, 100 t. In general, the emissions from eastern provinces, such as Jiangsu, Guangdong and Zhejiang, were larger than those from western provinces, such as Ningxia, Tibet and Qinghai. Cai, B.-F., Liu, J.-G., Gao, Q.-X., et al., 2014. Estimation of methane emissions from municipal solid waste landfills in China based on point emission sources. Adv. Clim. Change Res. 5(2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2014.081.
Abstract
The methane (CH4 ) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in China in 2007 were estimated based on database of the three-dimensional emission factors matrix [...]
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Comparison of nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions calculations at a Swedish wastewater treatment plant based on water concentrations versus off-gas concentrations
C. Baresel, S. Andersson, J. Yang, M. Andersen

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 185-191

Abstract
Total nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions from a conventional active sludge process were calculated using a mathematical emission model and dissolved N2 O in the water phase by a N2 O water sensor. Calculated emissions showed good agreement with measured emissions based on concentrations and airflow in the off-gas ventilation system from the covered process. Various tests for a wide range of potentially affecting parameters indicated robust and reliable emission estimations by the model. Thus, common uncertainties in input data would still provide good emission estimations. Measurements of dissolved N2 O required low maintenance and N2 O emission monitoring based on such measurements might therefore be considered as a significant practical improvement. This would be advantageous especially in non-enclosed wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) otherwise requiring complex off-gas measurements. As the sensor is connected directly to the WWTPs monitoring and control system, emissions calculations could be incorporated.
Abstract
Total nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions from a conventional active sludge process were calculated using a mathematical emission model and dissolved N2 O in the water phase by [...]
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How do Beijing Residents Value Environmental Improvements in Remote Parts of China
M. Ahlheim, O. Frör, L. Jing, S. Pelz, J. Tong

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 190-200

Abstract
The benefits of climate adaptation policy are sometimes underestimated because its nonuse values perceived by people indirectly affected are usually ignored. Using data from a representative sample of Beijing’s urban population, it is shown that people living at a distance perceive nonuse values of climate change adaptation measures aimed at improving the environmental conditions in the Tarim River Basin in Northwest China. Using the contingent valuation method the monetized benefit of a particular set of climate adaptation measures experienced by a Beijing household is approximated. It is concluded that not only the preferences of local people, but also of people living in other parts of China should be considered when deciding if a climate adaptation policy is worthwhile implementing from a social welfare point of view. Ahlheim, M., O. Frör, J. Luo, et al., 2013: How do Beijing residents value environmental improvements in remote parts of China? Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 4 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.190.
Abstract
The benefits of climate adaptation policy are sometimes underestimated because its nonuse values perceived by people indirectly affected are usually ignored. Using data from [...]
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A COMPARISON OF TWO FRAMEWORKS FOR KINEMATIC HARDENING IN HYPERELASTO-PLASTICITY
K. Meyer, M. Ekh

Presentations to the XIV International Conference on Computational Plasticity (COMPLAS 2017).

Abstract
In this work we compare two frameworks for thermodynamically consistent hyperelasto-plasticity with kinematic hardening. The first was formulated by Dettmer and Reese (2004), inspired by Lion (2000), and has been used to model sheet metal forming. The second, formulated by Wallin et al. (2003), has been used to model large shear strains and cyclic ratcheting behavior of pearlitic steel (Johansson et al. 2006). In this paper we show that these frameworks can result in equivalent models for certain choices of free energies. Furthermore, it is shown that the choices of free energy found in the literature only result in minor differences. These differences are discussed theoretically and investigated numerically.
Abstract
In this work we compare two frameworks for thermodynamically consistent hyperelasto-plasticity with kinematic hardening. The first was formulated by Dettmer and Reese (2004), [...]
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Designing healthy communities: Testing the walkability model
A. Zuniga-Teran, B. Orr, R. Gimblett, N. Chalfoun, S. Marsh, D. Guertin, S. Going

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2017).

Abstract
Research from multiple domains has provided insights into how neighborhood design can be improved to have a more favorable effect on physical activity, a concept known as walkability. The relevant research findings/hypotheses have been integrated into a Walkability Framework, which organizes the design elements into nine walkability categories. The purpose of this study was to test whether this conceptual framework can be used as a model to measure the interactions between the built environment and physical activity. We explored correlations between the walkability categories and physical activity reported through a survey of residents of Tucson, Arizona (n =486). The results include significant correlations between the walkability categories and physical activity as well as between the walkability categories and the two motivations for walking (recreation and transportation). To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports links between walkability and walking for recreation. Additionally, the use of the Walkability Framework allowed us to identify the walkability categories most strongly correlated with the two motivations for walking. The results of this study support the use of the Walkability Framework as a model to measure the built environment in relation to its ability to promote physical activity.
Abstract
Research from multiple domains has provided insights into how neighborhood design can be improved to have a more favorable effect on physical activity, a concept known as [...]
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Designing healthy communities: A walkability analysis of LEED-ND
A. Zuniga-Teran, B. Orr, R. Gimblett, N. Chalfoun, S. Going, D. Guertin, S. Marsh

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2016).

Abstract
Prevailing city design in many countries has created sedentary societies that depend on automobile use. Consequently, architects, urban designers, and land planners have developed new urban design theories, which have been incorporated into the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) certification system. The LEED-ND includes design elements that improve human well-being by facilitating walking and biking, a concept known as walkability. Despite these positive developments, relevant research findings from other fields of study have not been fully integrated into the LEED-ND. According to Zuniga-Teran (2015), relevant walkability research findings from multiple disciplines were organized into a walkability framework (WF) that organizes design elements related to physical activity into nine categories, namely, connectivity, land use, density, traffic safety, surveillance, parking, experience, greenspace, and community. In this study, we analyze walkability in the LEED-ND through the lens of the nine WF categories. Through quantitative and qualitative analyses, we identify gaps and strengths in the LEED-ND and propose potential enhancements to this certification system that reflects what is known about enhancing walkability more comprehensively through neighborhood design analysis. This work seeks to facilitate the translation of research into practice, which can ultimately lead to more active and healthier societies.
Abstract
Prevailing city design in many countries has created sedentary societies that depend on automobile use. Consequently, architects, urban designers, and land planners have developed [...]
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Chinas architectural heritage conservation movement
G. Zhu

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2012). Vol. 1 pp. 10-22

Abstract
Chinas civilization is ancient. The countrys architectural heritage conservation activity is an integral part of the world conservation movement. This paper gives a general introduction of the movement in China from four aspects: (1) history, (2) important conservation projects assessments, (3) new ideas and principles being debated and discussed, and (4) issues facing the movement. The present paper summarizes the essential character of the movement in China and highlights the importance of supporting and protecting this movement.
Abstract
Chinas civilization is ancient. The countrys architectural heritage conservation activity is an integral part of the world conservation movement. This paper gives a general [...]
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Effects of land and building usage on population, land price and passengers in station areas: A case study in Fukuoka, Japan
X. Zhuang, S. Zhao

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2014). Vol. 3 pp. 199-212

Abstract
This study uses multiple regression to investigate the effects of land and building use on population, land price, and passengers. Initially, we abstract annual data on land and buildings usage within a radius of 0 m–400 m for railway stations and 400 m–800 m for subway stations in Fukuoka, Japan by using the GIS. We then analyze the relationships between 13 factors of land use and 8 factors of building usage, as well as the related population, land price, and passengers using the quantitative expression method. Using several categories of land use and building usage as explanatory variables, we analyze the degree to which the selected categories affect population, land price, and passengers by using the multiple regression method. This research can aid the further development of land and building usage in the future.
Abstract
This study uses multiple regression to investigate the effects of land and building use on population, land price, and passengers. Initially, we abstract annual data on land [...]
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Comparative research on different air conditioning systems for residential buildings
X. Zhou, D. Yan, X. Shi

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2017). Vol. 6 pp. 42-52

Abstract
Two types of air conditioning (AC) systems generally exist, namely, centralized and decentralized AC systems. This study focuses on three actual engineering projects of residential communities where centralized AC systems are adopted. The applicability of centralized AC systems in residential buildings is discussed and analyzed. In addition, the key elements that lead to different building energy consumptions and system efficiencies between centralized and decentralized AC systems in residential buildings are investigated. This study shows that in residential buildings, at the point where the centralized feature of the system meets the decentralized feature of users’ load, the problems of high energy consumption and low energy efficiency could easily occur.
Abstract
Two types of air conditioning (AC) systems generally exist, namely, centralized and decentralized AC systems. This study focuses on three actual engineering projects of residential [...]
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Healthcare facility research and design
Y. Zhou

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2014).
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Sustainable transportation in the US: A review of proposals, policies, and programs since 2000
J. Zhou

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2000).

Abstract
This paper reviews the research, policy proposals and recommendations, implemented policies, and programs on sustainable transportation since 2000, with regional focus on the US, using the UK (related to the European Union if appropriate), and Canada as references. The paper finds that the concept of sustainable transportation has been given increased attention in all places. There are significant variances between the research, policy proposal, and implementation. Efforts made towards sustainable transportation, and the focus of the efforts at entities within and outside the US also vary notably. As a whole, the US did more research on sustainable transportation than the reference countries and it even undertook several studies of sustainable transportation practices in West Europe. The US federal government is less aggressive than its foreign counterparts in marketing and implementing sustainable transportation. This is evidenced by a lack of overarching federal policy (mandate) on and a universal working definition for sustainable transportation, and absence of a gateway and dedicated website to market and disseminate the idea of sustainable development in general and sustainable transportation in particular.
Abstract
This paper reviews the research, policy proposals and recommendations, implemented policies, and programs on sustainable transportation since 2000, with regional focus on [...]
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Asian City Planning for a Sustainable Urban Society
S. Zhao, A. Ohgai

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2015). Vol. 4 pp. 251-252
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Materials analysis of traditional Chinese copper halls using XRF and GIS: Kunming Copper Hall as a case study
J. Zhang, W. Chen

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2013). Vol. 2 pp. 74-84

Abstract
This paper presents the framework and results of analysis of the building materials used in traditional Chinese copper halls. The analysis of the Kunming copper hall (KCH) is presented as a typical example. First, the historical building structure of the KCH is investigated. Results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry are presented and analyzed according to the units of each building component. The results indicate that the different components in the same building were cast out of different alloys such as bronze, brass, and red copper. Furthermore, the XRF results are loaded into the geographic information system (GIS) to examine the relations between the building components and their materials. The GIS analysis indicates that the different alloys were deliberately chosen according to the function of each piece in the structure. Finally, the reason and significance of this phenomenon is discussed from the perspective of architectural history and the history of science and technology.
Abstract
This paper presents the framework and results of analysis of the building materials used in traditional Chinese copper halls. The analysis of the Kunming copper hall (KCH) [...]
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Simulation-based feasibility study of improved air conditioning systems for hospital operating room
Z. Zhai, A. Osborne

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2013). Vol. 2 pp. 468-475

Abstract
The goal of the air distribution inside a hospital operating room (OR) is to protect the patient and staff from cross-infection while maintaining occupant comfort and not affecting the facilitation of surgical tasks. In ORs, HEPA-filtered air and vertical (downward) laminar airflow are often used to achieve a unidirectional flow of fresh air from ceiling, washing over the patient and flowing out of exhaust vents on the side walls, near the floor. However, previous research has shown that this method does not necessarily achieve the desired unidirectional flow pattern or adequately achieve optimal air asepsis. The results from this study show that maximizing the area of the laminar flow diffusers remedies this issue and provides very low contamination levels. The use of air curtains as specified by manufacturers of commercial products may not provide satisfactory results, with noticeable contamination levels at the wound site.
Abstract
The goal of the air distribution inside a hospital operating room (OR) is to protect the patient and staff from cross-infection while maintaining occupant comfort and not [...]
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Landscape transition of historic villages in Southwest China☆?>
Y. Yu

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2013). Vol. 2 pp. 234-242

Abstract
The environment in villages in Southwest China has been experiencing constant changes, indicating related change-inducing factors as well as their constitution and hierarchy. Starting from the classification of built environment according to Rapoports view, the “environment” consists of fixed, semi-fixed and unfixed elements (A. Fixed-feature elements: infrastructure, buildings, walls, floors, etc. B. Semi-fixed-feature elements: “furnishings” of the environment, interior or exterior, trees and gardens, fences, signs, billboards, lights, etc. C.Unfixed-feature elements: typically people and their activities, behaviors, etc.). Five representative historic villages in Southwest China (Zhenshan Village in Guizhou, Zhanglang Village in Yunnan, Moluo Village in Sichuan, Huaili Village in Guangxi, and Gongzhong Village in Tibet) were investigated to demonstrate the changes in terms of landscape in the last decade. This article provides an analysis of the dialectical relationship between reservation practices and evolving landscapes from a diachronic perspective. This analysis reveals defects of heritage conservation projects for historic villages in Southwest China. The results indicate the following: (1) there exists an important relationship between unfixed-feature elements of landscape and cultural heritages in historic villages, (2) semi-fixed-feature elements, although being neglected in most preservation practices, show strong sensitivity to mass tourism, (3) fixed-feature elements are highly vulnerable to civil engineering techniques, and (4) the most active change-inducing factors for evolving landscapes in historic villages include value orientations of villagers, relative locations of villages, ethnic groups, customs, and economic development. In conclusion, approaches to promoting sustainable development of historic village in Southwest China are explored.
Abstract
The environment in villages in Southwest China has been experiencing constant changes, indicating related change-inducing factors as well as their constitution and hierarchy. [...]
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Healthy campus by open space design: Approaches and guidelines
S. Lau, Z. Gou, Y. Liu

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2014). Vol. 3 pp. 452-467

Abstract
This paper examines the architectural and landscape design strategies and intentions for green, open spaces facilities targeting stress alleviation for learning environments such as those of university campuses in a compact urban setting. Literature reviews provide three prevailing perspectives for physical design pedagogical operatives: healing gardens where greenery and plants produce restorative effects, flexible spaces that accommodate functional needs of different activities, and green buildings that incorporate open space as a catalyst for integrated eco-system. Corresponding design approaches (landscape design, spatial design and green design) are scrutinized by case study. A comparison of two university campuses with different urban contexts is conducted to identify challenges and opportunities for applying these design approaches. For a compact campus, high-dense surroundings may limit the size of an open space and may handicap circulation and accessibility, on the other side, a small open space may provide its users more intimate contact with natural restorative elements and also a more controllable microclimate for physical comfort. A healthy campus should encompass diverse open spaces to satisfy different purposes. Finally, a framework that integrates the three approaches is combined to produce a sustainable design rubric.
Abstract
This paper examines the architectural and landscape design strategies and intentions for green, open spaces facilities targeting stress alleviation for learning environments [...]
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Experimental study of the isothermal sorption properties of late Qing and 1980s grey bricks in Wujiang, Suzhou, China
L. Yonghui, H. Xie, J. Wang, X. Li

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2013). Vol. 2 pp. 483-487

Abstract
Grey brick is a key material in Chinese traditional architecture. The isothermal sorption curve of grey bricks is one of the basic moisture characteristics for studying the heat transfer of brick building enclosure structures and is also a fundamental parameter of research into the degradation mechanisms of Chinese traditional architecture. In this study, we measure the isothermal sorption curves of Wujiang (Suzhou, China) bricks from the 1980s and the late Qing period, by applying constant relative humidity controlled by saturated salt-water solutions under isothermal conditions. We then present their fitting formulas for humidity bound ranges of 5−92%. The results indicate that samples of the same-area traditional Suzhou grey bricks from different time periods show relatively large differences in their isothermal sorption properties, with the isothermal sorption property values of the late Qing grey bricks about three times those of the 1980s grey bricks.
Abstract
Grey brick is a key material in Chinese traditional architecture. The isothermal sorption curve of grey bricks is one of the basic moisture characteristics for studying the [...]
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Development of evaluation model for intensive land use in urban centers
J. Yang, . Yang, W. Tang

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2012). Vol. 1 pp. 405-410

Abstract
Starting with exploration from the perspective of urban spaces, this research was conducted by analyzing the functional areas—urban centers with the most highlighted contradictions in terms of intensive land use in order to develop an evaluation model for intensive land use in urban centers. Based on quantitative research methods, and taking into account three aspects of intensive use, i.e., buildings, lands and traffic as well as multiple evaluation factors, this paper conducted the research horizontally by means of quantitative and comparative studies on each individual factor, developed the evaluation model for intensive land use in urban centers, and analyzed the driving forces of intensive land use from the aspects of buildings, land use, roads, etc.
Abstract
Starting with exploration from the perspective of urban spaces, this research was conducted by analyzing the functional areas—urban centers with the most highlighted contradictions [...]
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Reyner Banham and modern design culture
B. Wiryomartono

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2012).

Abstract
What is modernity in architecture? In English speaking world, the question is likely impossible to answer without considering the works of Peter Reyner Banham (1922–1988). Regardless of his polemist and disparaging style in his critical writings, this study argues that Banham offers a constructive renewal for the body of knowledge on history and theory of modernity in architectural design. Accordingly, he posits and disposes architectural profession with scientific and technological vision in the front line of struggle for environmental betterment. For him modernity in architecture comprises triad components: function, technology, and aesthetics by which historical milestones come into being. A study on Banhams engagement with modernity is considerably necessary regarding his conviction that history of architecture happens as the consequence of interactions of technological innovations and design creativities, and in response to socioeconomic circumstances as well.
Abstract
What is modernity in architecture? In English speaking world, the question is likely impossible to answer without considering the works of Peter Reyner Banham (1922–1988). [...]
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People as place-making coordinate: A methodology for visualizing personal spaces
G. Ivanovic

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2014). Vol. 3 pp. 36-43

Abstract
The present research introduces the Activity Counter Maps (ACM) as a methodology for visualizing peoples social spaces, arguing that accurate representations of these spaces are crucial for understanding the role of human activity as a place-making coordinate. The ACM were tested in two case studies conducted in Ueno Park (Tokyo). The first case study is focused on the visualization of the intensity of activity in the totality of the park. The second case study is focused in two sub-places of the park, generating representations of peoples personal spaces combined into a three-dimensional “Common social space”. The research concludes with the analysis of the generated visualizations and their potential for incorporating place-variables into the digital design process.
Abstract
The present research introduces the Activity Counter Maps (ACM) as a methodology for visualizing peoples social spaces, arguing that accurate representations of these spaces [...]
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Landscape characteristic aesthetic structure: Construction of urban landscape characteristic time-spatial pattern based on aesthetic subjects
M. Wang, B. Yu

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2012). Vol. 1 pp. 305-315

Abstract
The paper presents means and models of city-landscape characteristic structure construction on the aspect of landscape aesthetics subjects, which is called the landscape characteristic aesthetic structure and in short as LCAS. In this paper, the steps of LCAS research are as follows: Describes the concepts of the landscape characteristic aesthetic structure (LCAS), and expounds the LCAS properties: systematic quality, temporal and spatial quality, and virtual existence. Learns from typology research methods, discusses the elements and types needed in a landscape characteristic aesthetic system, and constructs research method for LCAS pattern. As for the temporal dimension, the dynamic evolution and interaction expressed in LCAS between the “tradition” and “modernity” landscapes conflict. As for the spatial dimension, this paper explores the LCAS patterns in macroscopic scope of city group, the middle scope of single cities and the microcosmic scope of urban spaces with questionnaires and examples research. Uses pattern language to express different LCAS types in the temporal and spatial system. We develop the patterns of various LCAS types with graphical patterned representation, as well as construct the LCAS research method and theory which is based on the general peoples aesthetic standards and sensibilities to build city characteristics and urban landscapes as a guidance.
Abstract
The paper presents means and models of city-landscape characteristic structure construction on the aspect of landscape aesthetics subjects, which is called the landscape characteristic [...]
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New urbanization: A new vision of China׳s urban–rural development and planning
J. Wang, X. Wang

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2015). Vol. 4 pp. 166-168
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Transition of Chinese urban–rural planning at the new-type urbanization stage
J. Wang, X. Wang

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2015). Vol. 4 pp. 341-343
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Location choice of Chinese urban fringe residents on employment, housing, and urban services: A case study of Nanjing
X. Wang, P. Hu, Y. Zhu

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2016).

Abstract
Urban fringe area is the most important space for city development. It includes several complicated elements, such as population, space, and management organization. On the basis of local population attributes in the city fringe area combined with people’s movement characteristics in time and space, this article reclassifies basic public service facilities and discusses the relationship between facility layout and housing, employment, and commuter transportation. Through a questionnaire survey in Qiaobei District of the urban fringe area in Nanjing and on the basis of comparative analysis, we discuss the impact factor on the choice of housing, urban services, and the tolerance of commuting time. Our findings indicate mutual promoting and restricting connections among living, employment, and services. Workers’ living situation determines their daily behavior, such as dining, shopping, and entertainment. Furthermore, different income levels have a great influence on residents’ choices with regard to places to live and develop their careers.
Abstract
Urban fringe area is the most important space for city development. It includes several complicated elements, such as population, space, and management organization. On the [...]
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Corrigendum to “Parametric study on the performance of green residential buildings in China” [Front. Archit. Res. 4 (1) (2015) 56–67]
X. Wang, H. Altan, J. Kang

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2015).
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Restructuring surface tessellation with irregular boundary conditions
T. Wang, R. Krishnamurti, K. Shimada

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2014). Vol. 3 pp. 337-347

Abstract
In this paper, the surface tessellation problem is explored, in particular, the task of meshing a surface with the added consideration of incorporating constructible building components. When a surface is tessellated into discrete counterparts, certain unexpected conditions usually occur at the boundary of the surface, in particular, when the surface is being trimmed. For example, irregularly shaped panels form at the trimmed edges. To reduce the number of irregular panels that may form during the tessellation process, this paper presents an algorithmic approach to restructuring the surface tessellation by investigating irregular boundary conditions. The objective of this approach is to provide an alternative way for freeform surface manifestation from a well-structured discrete model of the given surface.
Abstract
In this paper, the surface tessellation problem is explored, in particular, the task of meshing a surface with the added consideration of incorporating constructible building [...]
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Parametric study on the performance of green residential buildings in China
X. Wang, H. Altan, J. Kang

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2015). Vol. 4 pp. 56-67

Abstract
The parametric study of the indoor environment of green buildings focuses on the quantitative and qualitative improvement of residential building construction in China and the achievement of indoor thermal comfort at a low level of energy use. This study examines the effect of the adaptive thermal comfort of indoor environment control in hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zones. This work is based on a field study of the regional thermal assessment of two typical cases, the results of which are compared with simulated results of various scenarios of “energy efficiency” strategy and “healthy housing” environmental control. First, the simulated results show that the adaptive thermal comfort of indoor environment control is actually balanced in terms of occupancy, comfort, and energy efficiency. Second, adaptive thermal comfort control can save more energy for heating or cooling than other current healthy housing environmental controls in China׳s HSCW zone. Moreover, a large proportion of energy use is based on the subjective thermal comfort demand of occupants in any building type. Third, the building shape coefficient cannot dominate energy savings. The ratio of the superficial area of a building to the actual indoor floor area has a significant positive correlation with and affects the efficiency of building thermal performance.
Abstract
The parametric study of the indoor environment of green buildings focuses on the quantitative and qualitative improvement of residential building construction in China and [...]
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Revolution of Chinese architectural design at the new-type urbanization stage
J. Wang

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2015). Vol. 4 pp. 248-250

Abstract
Witnessing more than three decades of sustained and rapid economic growth, China has become a nation that enjoys the fastest rate of urbanization, the largest quantities of civil construction, the most obvious urban development to be “newer”, “bigger” and “higher”, and the most prosperous architectural design market worldwide. In terms of the construction industry, housing construction totals 31.3 billion square meters, occupying more than 70% of the floor area of the existing stock houses. It is safe to say that the construction industry significantly boosts GDP growth, expands the number of jobs, and improves the living conditions of the masses. Related to this is the need to end the architectural guidelines of the planned economy era economizing on food and clothing and instead step into a new historic stage allowing bold pursuit of architectural aesthetics and individuality. A group of architects who have social ideals, adhere faithfully to professional standards and pledge to pursue architectural innovation are active in China. Instead of simply converting the overwhelming opportunities brought to carry economic benefits, they dare to embrace the challenges imposed on enhancing architectural connotation and create a batch of high-level work that lives up to expectations of the era, marking the achievement of reform and rapid urbanization in China. Yet, as time goes on, the promotion of national development concepts, ideas of social consumption and the masses’ cultural level establishes new requirements for the architectural design industry, architects and architectural design works. An appeal is thus made against Chinese architects for a summary, reflection and proactive anticipation to respond to the new requirements of the era.
Abstract
Witnessing more than three decades of sustained and rapid economic growth, China has become a nation that enjoys the fastest rate of urbanization, the largest quantities of [...]
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Nearby outdoor environments and seniors physical activities
Z. Wang

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2014).

Abstract
More than 60% of older Americans have sedentary lifestyles1 and are recommended more physical activities for health benefit. Nearby outdoor environments on residential sites may impact older inhabitants׳ physical activities there (defined as walking, gardening, yard work, and other outdoor physical activities on residential sites). This study surveyed 110 assisted-living residents in Houston, Texas, regarding their previous residential sites before moving to a retirement community and physical activities there. Twelve environmental features were studied under four categories (typology, motivators, function, and safety). Based on data availability, a subset of 57 sample sites was analyzed in Geographic Information Systems. Hierarchical linear modeling was applied to estimate physical activities as a function of the environments. Higher levels of physical activity were found to be positively related with four environmental features (transitional-areas, connecting-paths, walk-ability, and less paving).
Abstract
More than 60% of older Americans have sedentary lifestyles1 and are recommended more physical activities for health benefit. Nearby outdoor environments on residential sites [...]
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Problems and solutions in the protection of historical urban areas
J. Wang

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2012). Vol. 1 pp. 40-43

Abstract
Historical urban areas are the memory of a city, and the overall landscape they constitute displays the typical scene of a city in a certain historical period. Thus, they are of value for protection. The current study gives an overview on the origin and protection of historical urban areas in the world. Moreover, the study also focuses on the principles, methods, and current problems in the protection of historical urban areas under the guidance of related laws and regulations in China. Finally, some effective measures to protect historical urban areas are suggested.
Abstract
Historical urban areas are the memory of a city, and the overall landscape they constitute displays the typical scene of a city in a certain historical period. Thus, they [...]
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Management of the Grand Canal and its bid as a world cultural heritage site
Y. Wang

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2012). Vol. 1 pp. 34-39

Abstract
The Grand Canal is of incomparable importance to ancient China, which still serves its original functions in the current society. Given its outstanding value, the conservation of the Grand Canal in China is drawing an increasing attention, and there is a proposal to inscribe it in the World Heritage List in the near future. The different functions of the Grand Canal determine the roles of the different departments, however, there are some contradictions that will harm its conservation. The current paper attempts to find solutions toward the better management of the Grand Canal in the context of world heritage conservation.
Abstract
The Grand Canal is of incomparable importance to ancient China, which still serves its original functions in the current society. Given its outstanding value, the conservation [...]
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Editorial
J. Wang

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2012).
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The “narrative sincerity” in museums, architectural and archaeological restoration of Franco Minissi
B. Vivio

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2015). Vol. 4 pp. 202-211

Abstract
The Italian historiography of the architecture of the second half of the Twentieth century has not given due weight to the dialectic qualities of work of Franco Minissi on ancient structures. He became known for the debate on the use of innovative materials in archaeological sites and not for the extent of his contributions. The world do not know his museums, Italian and not, his many conservation and restoration projects, his archaeological parks, redevelopments of historic centres, new buildings, interior design projects, shops and exhibitions. A reading of his museological works alongside of his experiments on archaeological sites, can help highlight the conceptual congruence with which Minissi tried to meet the needs of the present and the preservation of antiquities, as a dialogue with the past, of refined sensibility and intended to a reversibility respectful of preexistence. This places him among the key figures of the origins of the critical restoration, as an inspiration that continues to offer fruitful ideas to the new generations.
Abstract
The Italian historiography of the architecture of the second half of the Twentieth century has not given due weight to the dialectic qualities of work of Franco Minissi on [...]
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The evolving role of evidence-based research in healthcare facility design competitions
S. Verderber, S. Jiang, G. Hughes, Y. Xiao

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2014). Vol. 3 pp. 238-249

Abstract
The architectural design competition remains a widely accepted method to advance design innovation, creativity, theoretical discourse, and the profession. In the realm of healthcare facility design, by contrast, clients and their sponsoring organizations seldom utilize this method. The reasons for this are many, and continue to stand in stark contrast to a growing body of evidence-based research and design (EBR&D)that is potentially of value in improving performance-based dimensions—esthetic and otherwise—of healthcare facilities globally. A comparative analysis of the entrants to a recent U.S. completion was conducted. Based on the results of this analysis, a two-phased healthcare facility design competition paradigm is put forth that is premised on the assumption that the intuitive dimensions of design creativity can be further advanced by means of a well timed and thoughtful injection of quantitatively based knowledge pertaining to patient, family, staff, and organizational concerns and priorities. This proposal׳s limitations, and future opportunities, are discussed.
Abstract
The architectural design competition remains a widely accepted method to advance design innovation, creativity, theoretical discourse, and the profession. In the realm of [...]
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Influence of inhabitant background on the physical changes of Banjarese houses: A case study in Kuin Utara settlement, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
M. Michiani, J. Asano

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2016). Vol. 5 pp. 412-424

Abstract
The disappearance of vernacular buildings is a common phenomenon worldwide and in Indonesia. The Banjarese house, a type of Indonesian vernacular architecture, is a typical riverside dwelling that shows the strong relationship between the river and the inhabitants. In view of the number of Banjarese houses facing degradation as a riverside type of vernacular architecture, a study is necessary. The characteristics of the inhabitants must be considered when observing the condition of the remaining houses. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the influence of inhabitant background on the physical changes of Banjarese houses for future revitalization. A research was conducted in the embryo of Banjarmasin along the Kuin riverside settlement in Kuin Utara sub-district through a door-to-door survey with a questionnaire. The exploration indicates the following: (1) the original form of all remaining houses has been altered, (2) most of the inhabitants are classified as a low-income society, (3) the different characteristics of the present inhabitants change the physical condition of houses, (4) the relationship of the current house condition to the socio-culture and economy of the inhabitants plays a prominent role in revitalizing Banjarese houses as a valuable asset.
Abstract
The disappearance of vernacular buildings is a common phenomenon worldwide and in Indonesia. The Banjarese house, a type of Indonesian vernacular architecture, is a typical [...]
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Architectural education at the crossroads
A. Tzonis

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2014). Vol. 3 pp. 76-78
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Architectural education: The core and the local
A. Tzonis

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2014). Vol. 3 pp. 224-226
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Creativity real and imagined in architectural education
A. Tzonis

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2014). Vol. 3 pp. 331-333
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A framework for architectural education
A. Tzonis

Frontiers of Architectural Research (2014). Vol. 3 pp. 477-479
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