Documents published in 2017 : Scipedia

The relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among nurses in Accra
T. Tagoe, E. Quarshie

Nurs Open (2017). Vol. 4
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Knowledge into learning: comparing lecture, e-learning and self-study take-home packet instructional methodologies with nurses
T. Soper

Nurs Open (2017). Vol. 4
- 4
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Resilience as a concept for understanding family caregiving of adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): an integrative review
F. Rosa, A. Bagnasco, G. Aleo, S. Kendall, L. Sasso

Nurs Open (2017). Vol. 4
- 23
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Translation, adaptation and psychometric testing of a tool for measuring nurses’ attitudes towards research in Indonesian primary health care
K. Rachmawati, T. Schultz, L. Cusack

Nurs Open (2017). Vol. 4
- 38
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Student nurse-educators' construction of teacher identity from a self-evaluation perspective: A quantitative case study
F. Mukumbang, L. Alindekane

Nurs Open (2017). Vol. 4
- 6
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What factors influence ward nurses’ recognition of and response to patient deterioration? An integrative review of the literature
D. Massey, W. Chaboyer, V. Anderson

Nurs Open (2017). Vol. 4
- 46
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Parents experiences of discharge readiness from a Swedish neonatal intensive care unit
C. Larsson, U. Wågström, E. Normann, Y. Blomqvist

Nurs Open (2017). Vol. 4
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Preceptor characteristics and the socialization outcomes of new graduate nurses during a preceptorship programme
M. Lalonde, L. Hall

Nurs Open (2017). Vol. 4
- 44
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Transfer of nursing home residents to emergency departments: organizational differences between nursing homes with high vs. low transfer rates
M. Kirsebom, M. Hedström, U. Pöder, B. Wadensten

Nurs Open (2017).
- 6
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Aligning the planets: The role of nurses in the care of patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
C. Deaton, R. Johnson, M. Evans, A. Timmis, J. Zaman, H. Hemingway, J. Hughes, G. Feder, H. Cramer

Nurs Open (2017). Vol. 4
- 2
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Rasch analysis of Stampss Index of Work Satisfaction in nursing population
N. Ahmad, N. Oranye, A. Danilov

Nurs Open (2017). Vol. 4
- 17
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Characteristics of patients who are admitted with or acquire Pressure Ulcers in a District General Hospital, a 3 year retrospective analysis
P. Worsley, G. Smith, L. Schoonhoven, D. Bader

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 24
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Beyond open access
R. Watson

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 1
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What are Altmetrics and why would anyone be interested?
R. Watson

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 1
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Editorial
R. Watson

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 1
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Looking back on 2 years of Nursing Open: looking forward
R. Watson

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 0
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Predictors of workplace violence among ambulance personnel: a longitudinal study
P. Velden, M. Bosmans, E. Meulen

Nurs Open (2016).
- 1
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Effects of training on attitudes of psychiatric personnel towards patients who self-injure
V. Tapola, J. Wahlström, R. Lappalainen

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 6
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Patient complaints about health care in a Swedish County: characteristics and satisfaction after handling
C. Skålén, L. Nordgren, E. Annerbäck

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 9
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Validation of the Spanish version of the Edinburgh feeding evaluation in dementia scale applied to institutionalized older persons with dementia: a study protocol
M. Figueredo, J. Herrera, R. Gil, M. Gómez, F. Dillana, J. Blanco, J. Asencio

Nurs Open (2016).
- 23
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Re-establishing and preserving hope of recovery through user participation in patients with a severe mental disorder: the self-referral-to-inpatient-treatment project
S. Samuelsen, I. Moljord, L. Eriksen

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 7
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Developing an instrument to self-evaluate the Discharge Planning of Ward Nurses
S. Sakai, N. Yamamoto-Mitani, Y. Takai, H. Fukahori, Y. Ogata

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 2
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Surgical readmissions: results of integrating pre-, peri- and postsurgical care
K. Noyes, J. Baack-Kukreja, E. Messing, L. Schoeniger, E. Galka, W. Pan, C. Xueya, F. Fleming, J. Monson, S. Mohile, T. Francone

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 1
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Sources, incidence and effects of non-physical workplace violence against nurses in Ghana
I. Boafo, P. Hancock, E. Gringart

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 12
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Mary Seacole and claims of evidence-based practice and global influence
L. McDonald

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 8
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Shared decision-making on a ‘life-and-care plan’ in long-term care facilities: research protocol
E. Mariani, Y. Engels, R. Koopmans, R. Chattat, M. Vernooij-Dassen

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 9
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Patient perceptions of nurse mentors facilitating the Aussie Heart Guide: A home-based cardiac rehabilitation programme for rural patients.
T. Frohmader, F. Lin, W. Chaboyer

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 5
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Using cognitive behaviour therapy to explore resilience in the life-stories of 16 UK centenarians
N. Hutnik, P. Smith, T. Koch

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 12
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Caregiver Contribution to Heart Failure Self-Care (CACHS)
K. Harkness, H. Buck, H. Arthur, S. Carroll, T. Cosman, M. McGillion, S. Kaasalainen, J. Kryworuchko, S. O'Keefe-McCarthy, D. Sherifali, P. Strachan

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 12
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Nursing documentation of pressure ulcers in nursing homes: comparison of record content and patient examinations
R. Hansen, M. Fossum

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 11
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An integrative review of the impact of mobile technologies used by healthcare professionals to support education and practice
P. Guo, K. Watts, H. Wharrad

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 4
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Outcomes from a pilot psychological therapies service for UK military veterans
P. Clarkson, C. Giebel, D. Challis, P. Duthie, A. Barrett, H. Lambert

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 7
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Dispositional mindfulness and employment status as predictors of resilience in third year nursing students: a quantitative study
D. Chamberlain, A. Williams, D. Stanley, P. Mellor, W. Cross, L. Siegloff

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 25
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A mixed-method study of pain management practice in a UK childrens hospital: identification of barriers and developing strategies to maintain effective in-patient paediatric pain management
K. Beckett, E. Henderson, S. Parry, P. Stoddart, M. Fletcher

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 8
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Peer review and the publication process
P. Ali, R. Watson

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 17
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What are health professionals’ intentions toward using research and products of research in clinical practice? A systematic review and narrative synthesis
B. Appleby, C. Roskell, W. Daly

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 31
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Factors associated with older peoples independent living from the viewpoint of health and functional capacity: a register-based study
A. Ahlqvist, H. Nyfors, R. Suhonen

Nurs Open (2016). Vol. 3
- 4
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A qualitative exploration of nurses leaving nursing practice in China
J. Zhu, S. Rodgers, K. Melia

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 8
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Whats different about Nursing Open?
R. Watson

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
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Ethics and open access
R. Watson

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
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Hijackers on the open access highway
R. Watson

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 4
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Using principal components analysis to explore competence and confidence in student nurses as users of information and communication technologies
F. Todhunter

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 11
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A prospective observational study of machine translation software to overcome the challenge of including ethnic diversity in healthcare research
R. Taylor, N. Crichton, B. Moult, F. Gibson

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 12
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“I know exactly what I'm going into”: recommendations for pre-nursing experience from an evaluation of a pre-nursing scholarship in rural Scotland
A. Smith, M. Beattie, R. Kyle

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 4
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Pragmatism and integrated knowledge translation: exploring the compatabilities and tensions
L. Nowell

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
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Managing perturbations during handover meetings: a joint activity framework
E. Mayor, A. Bangerter

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 5
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The repositioning of hospitalized patients with reduced mobility: a prospective study
S. Latimer, W. Chaboyer, B. Gillespie

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
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The significance of communities of practice: Norwegian nursing students' experience of clinical placement in Bangladesh
W. Jørgensen, H. Hadders

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 3
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Generation Y New Zealand Registered Nurses’ views about nursing work: a survey of motivation and maintenance factors
I. Jamieson, R. Kirk, S. Wright, C. Andrew

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 10
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A scoping review of family experience and need during end of life care in intensive care
M. Coombs

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 5
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A qualitative study of professional caregivers' perceptions of processes contributing to mealtime agitation in persons with dementia in nursing home wards and strategies to attain calmness
Å. Bergland, H. Johansen, G. Sellevold

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 4
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Nurses' actions in response to nursing assistants' observations of signs and symptoms of infections among nursing home residents
H. Allemann, M. Sund-Levander

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 6
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A survey of the breast care nurse role in the provision of information and supportive care to Australian women diagnosed with breast cancer
T. Ahern, A. Gardner, M. Courtney

Nurs Open (2015). Vol. 2
- 7
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Welcome to Nursing Open
R. Watson

Nurs Open (2014). Vol. 1
- 1
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Understanding the perceptions and experiences of Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists regarding handovers: a focus group study
D. Testa, S. Emery

Nurs Open (2014). Vol. 1
- 20
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A nurse-led intervention study: Promoting compliance with Diskus Inhaler use in asthma patients
E. Hale, R. Costello, S. Cowman

Nurs Open (2014).
- 26
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Measurement of factors that negatively influence the outcome of quitting smoking among patients with COPD: psychometric analyses of the Try To Quit Smoking instrument
L. Lundh, H. Alinaghizadeh, L. Törnkvist, H. Gilljam, M. Galanti

Nurs Open (2014). Vol. 1
- 3
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A secondary data analysis of Internet use in caregivers of persons with dementia
H. Kim, K. Rose, R. Netemeyer, E. Merwin, I. Williams

Nurs Open (2014). Vol. 1
- 3
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An integrative review of the characteristics of meaningful learning in healthcare professionals to enlighten educational practices in health care
L. Cadorin, A. Bagnasco, G. Rocco, L. Sasso

Nurs Open (2014). Vol. 1
- 19
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BIMtable: your digital office at the building site
J. Mora, G. Peffer, E. Oñate

Presentations Repository of the International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) (2017).

Abstract
The digitization process applied to the construction sector seems to be articulated through the "Building Information Modeling" (BIM), which, as is well known, includes not only the three-dimensional (3D) representation of the works, but its many other dimensions, such as temporal information, budget, sustainability, services, etc. The BIM, as a technology, process and ecosystem, is effectively offering solutions for the entire life cycle of a project, in its design, execution and operation phases, and for all the agents linked to it, that is, for all the professionals of the construction sector without exception. The BIMtable concept is born from considering that it is precisely the construction, the most complex environment - changing and severe - the most interesting scenario to incorporate the novelties offered by the BIM, as well as all the technologies that complement it, to achieve the digitalization of the construction in its broadest sense. It is at the work site where real-time monitoring of its progress can be made, using sensors, IoT, cameras or the information provided by the workers themselves. It is in the construction where the different professionals need to access the information of the project, as it has been developed and modeled, to follow and execute the instructions of the architect.
Abstract
The digitization process applied to the construction sector seems to be articulated through the "Building Information Modeling" (BIM), which, as is well known, includes [...]
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An IMU and USBL-aided buoy for underwater localization
B. Allotta, A. Ridolfi, N. Palma, M. Pagliai, M. Bianchi, J. Gelli, N. Monni, F. Fanelli

Presentations to the VII International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering (Marine 2017).

Abstract
Autonomous underwater navigation remains, as of today, a challenging task. The marine environment limits the number of sensors available for precise localization, hence Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) usually rely on inertial and velocity sensors to obtain an estimate of their position either through dead reckoning or by means of more sophisticated navigation lters (such as Kalman lters and its extensions). On the other hand, acoustic localization makes possible the determination of a reliable vehicles pose estimate exploiting suitable acoustic modems; such estimate can even be integrated within the navigation lter of the vehicle in order to increase its accuracy. In this paper, the authors discuss the development and the performance of an Ultra-Short BaseLine (USBL) buoy to aid the navigation of AUVs. At first, the components and the physical realization of the buoy will be discussed; then, the procedure to compute the position of the target will be analyzed. The following part of the paper will be focused on the development of a recursive state estimation algorithm to process the measurements computed by the buoy; speci cally, Extended Kalman Filter has been adopted to deal with the nonlinearities of the sensor housed on the buoy. A validation of the measurement ltering with data obtained from experimental tests is also proposed.
Abstract
Autonomous underwater navigation remains, as of today, a challenging task. The marine environment limits the number of sensors available for precise localization, hence Autonomous [...]
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A Numerical Study on the Shedding Frequency of Sheet Cavitation
T. Melissaris

Presentations to the VII International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering (Marine 2017).

Abstract
The last decades there is a strong interest in predicting cavitation dynamics as it is a prerequisite in order to predict cavitation erosion. Industrial applications require accurate results in an acceptable time span and as a result there is a focus on large scale dynamics. In this paper the RANS equations are used to investigate the shedding frequency of sheet cavities in two-dimensional simulations. First a verification study is made for the NACA 0015 in 6 degrees angle of incidence. A grid sensitivity study is conducted in wetted flow and in steady (non-shedding) cavitating condition (σ=1.6). Then an investigation is conducted in order to capture the shedding frequency. The results show that only when a correction for turbulent viscosity at the cavity-water interface is used it was possible to capture the shedding frequency as found in other numerical studies. Furthermore, a validation study is conducted on a NACA66-312 α=0.8 for two different angles of attack. The obtained results are compared and validated with the experimental data from Leroux ''et al''. They indicate that the 2D shedding frequency predicted by the numerical simulations is in good agreement with the frequency obtained in the experiment.
Abstract
The last decades there is a strong interest in predicting cavitation dynamics as it is a prerequisite in order to predict cavitation erosion. Industrial applications require [...]
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Use of nonimmobilized enzymes and mediators achieved high power densities in closed biobatteries
Z. Zhu, Y. Zhang

Energy Sci Eng (2015).

Abstract
The immobilization of redox enzymes on the surface of electrodes is a typical practice for enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) but enzyme immobilization usually results in low retaining enzymatic activities and low power densities. Here, we investigated an alternative solution – the use of nonimmobilized thermostable enzymes (e.g., NAD-based glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and flavin-containing diaphorase) and a nonimmobilized mediator (i.e., benzyl viologen or 9, 10-anthraquinone-2, 7-disulphonic acid, AQDS) for achieving high power densities from glucose 6-phosphate in closed EFCs (called biobatteries). At the same enzyme loading, power densities of biobatteries increased in an order from the case of immobilized enzymes and immobilized vitamin K3 to the case of nonimmobilized enzymes and immobilized vitamin K3 to the case of nonimmobilized enzymes and nonimmobilized AQDS. The maximum power density of the biobattery based on nonimmobilized enzymes and AQDS was 1.1 mW cm−2 of anode at room temperature, 34-times of the biobattery based on immobilized enzymes and immobilized vitamin K3. When enzyme loading was increased by another 10-fold, the highest power density of biobattery was increased to 2.4 mW cm−2 at 37°C. The biobattery based on nonimmobilized enzymes and AQDS retained 60% of its initial current density after running for 2 h. When repeatedly being used for 6 rounds, the biobattery had 35% of its initial current density after 12 days. Our results suggest that closed biobatteries equipped with nonimmobilized thermostable enzymes and mediators feature simple system configuration and have high power densities.
Abstract
The immobilization of redox enzymes on the surface of electrodes is a typical practice for enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) but enzyme immobilization usually results in low retaining [...]
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Biochar: a new promising catalyst support using methanation as a probe reaction
L. Zhu, S. Yin, Q. Yin, H. Wang, S. Wang

Energy Sci Eng (2015).

Abstract
Biochar (BC), a by-product from the fast pyrolysis of rice husk, was activated by chemical and physical process. The activated biochar (ABC) showed graphite-like morphology and had a large amount of random pores with BET surface area of 1058 m2/g. The biochar properties observed by further characterization revealed its feasibility to be used as a catalyst support. Syngas methanation as a probe reaction was utilized to characterize biochar supported Ru catalyst. The catalytic performance of the Ru/ABC catalyst in methanation was superior or comparable to the conventional activated carbon (AC) supported Ru catalyst. A high CH4 selectivity of 98% and a CO conversion of 100% were obtained under the proper reaction conditions over the Ru/ABC catalyst.
Abstract
Biochar (BC), a by-product from the fast pyrolysis of rice husk, was activated by chemical and physical process. The activated biochar (ABC) showed graphite-like morphology [...]
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Study of a new hydraulic pumping unit based on the offshore platform
Y. Yu, Z. Chang, Y. Qi, X. Xue, J. Zhao

Energy Sci Eng (2016).

Abstract
This article introduces a new technology about a rod pumping in the offshore platform according to the demand of offshore heavy oil thermal recovery and the production of stripper well, analyzes the research status of hydraulic pumping unit at home and abroad, and designs a new kind of miniature hydraulic pumping unit with long-stroke, low pumping speed and compact structure to resolve the problem of space limitation. The article also describes the whole structure and the working principle of this pumping unit, determines the choice of stroke and rate of the pumping unit, and establishes mathematical models based on the polished rod loads. A new composite hydraulic cylinder with a special structure was designed by combining the hydraulic cylinder with the energy accumulator. This composite hydraulic cylinder is applied on land, and the model prototype runs smoothly, which indicates that the whole structure design of the pumping unit is reasonable and the control strategy is correct.
Abstract
This article introduces a new technology about a rod pumping in the offshore platform according to the demand of offshore heavy oil thermal recovery and the production of [...]
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Inferior outdoor-exposed performances of encapsulated a-Si:H photovoltaic modules deposited with a high speed
S. Myong, J. Park, S. Kwon

Energy Sci Eng (2014). Vol. 14

Abstract
We investigate the stabilized performance of encapsulated hydrogenated amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules depending on the deposition speed. The module products are degraded differently depending on the light-soaking environment. The modules deposited at a high speed demonstrate significant degradation in an outdoor exposure test, despite moderate degradation during indoor light soaking. However, the modules deposited at a low speed show a relatively more stable performance against the outdoor exposure test. Notably, some modules show the trend that a higher initial performance stimulates a higher light-induced degradation, leading to a lower performance in the outdoor environment.
Abstract
We investigate the stabilized performance of encapsulated hydrogenated amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules depending on the deposition speed. The module products are degraded [...]
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Effect of ester compounds on biogas production: beneficial or detrimental?
H. Yanti, R. Wikandari, R. Millati, C. Niklasson, M. Taherzadeh

Energy Sci Eng (2014). Vol. 22

Abstract
Esters are major flavor compounds in fruits, which are produced in high volume. The widespread availability of these compounds in nature attracts interest on their behavior in anaerobic digestion in waste and wastewater treatments. The aim of this work was to study the effects of various esters at different concentrations in anaerobic digestion followed by determination of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and to study the effect of chain length of functional group and alkyl chain of ester on methane production. Addition of methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and hexyl acetate at concentration up to 5 g L−1 increased methane production, while their higher concentrations inhibited the digestion process. The MIC values for these esters were between 5 and 20 g L−1. Except hexyl acetate, the esters at concentration 5 g L−1 could act as sole carbon source during digestion. For ethyl esters, increasing number of carbon in functional group decreased methane production. For acetate esters, alkyl chain longer than butyl inhibited methane production. Effect of ester on methane production is concentration-dependent.
Abstract
Esters are major flavor compounds in fruits, which are produced in high volume. The widespread availability of these compounds in nature attracts interest on their behavior [...]
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Evaluation of the economics of conversion to compressed natural gas for a municipal bus fleet
L. Yang, W. Tyner, K. Sarica

Energy Sci Eng (2013).

Abstract
Domestic natural gas production has increased markedly in the United States, and now compressed natural gas (CNG) has the potential to become a cleaner and less expensive energy source than diesel fuel for use in the public transportation sector, especially for city bus fleets. This paper provides an economic analysis of possible CNG conversion for Lafayette, IN CityBus Corporation. It uses benefit–cost analysis to compare the total cost of three potential options for bus replacement: standard diesel, hybrid diesel-electric, and CNG. A spreadsheet model was used to estimate the total cost of these three fleet options over a 15-year project horizon. Results suggest that the CNG option has the lowest net present value (NPV) cost, and that cost savings would be larger if the corporation could obtain a grant for the CNG fueling station or if the project life span could expand to 20 years. From the environmental perspective, the CNG option would reduce greenhouse gas and particulate emissions particularly in comparison with the diesel option. Monte Carlo simulation was used to examine the inherent riskiness of the three fleet options. CNG is always lower cost than hybrid diesel-electric. Depending on assumptions regarding the underlying price distributions, the CNG option has a 51–100% chance of being lower cost than the standard diesel option.
Abstract
Domestic natural gas production has increased markedly in the United States, and now compressed natural gas (CNG) has the potential to become a cleaner and less expensive [...]
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Marginal abatement cost curve for wind power in China: a provincial-level analysis
W. Xiong, Y. Yang, Y. Wang, X. Zhang

Energy Sci Eng (2016).

Abstract
Wind power has seen a remarkable growth in China since the Renewable Energy Law came into force in the beginning of 2006. However, the contribution and the economic cost of wind power development to reduce carbon emission at the provincial level are still unclear. This research combined geographic information system analysis and levelized production cost calculation to provide provincial-level supply curve of carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation by wind power in China. The results showed that wind power could be a very competitive mitigation option in China, with a potential to contribute 500 million tons of CO2 emission mitigation at an average abatement cost of 75 RMB/t of CO2 mitigation. The emission abatement cost and the potential to reduce carbon emission in different provinces may be used for national planning as well as for the allocation of investments.
Abstract
Wind power has seen a remarkable growth in China since the Renewable Energy Law came into force in the beginning of 2006. However, the contribution and the economic cost of [...]
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Design of photovoltaics for modules with 50% efficiency
E. Warmann, C. Flowers, J. Lloyd, C. Eisler, M. Escarra, H. Atwater

Energy Sci Eng (2017). Vol. 69

Abstract
We describe a spectrum splitting solar module design approach using ensembles of 2–20 subcells with bandgaps optimized for the AM1.5D spectrum. Device physics calculations and experimental data determine radiative efficiency parameters for III-V compound semiconductor subcells and enable modification of conventional detailed balance calculations to predict module efficiency while retaining computational speed for a wide search of the design space. Accounting for nonideal absorption and recombination rates due to realistic material imperfections allows us to identify the minimum subcell quantity, quality, electrical connection configuration, and concentration required for 50% module efficiency with realistic optical losses and modeled contact resistance losses. We predict a module efficiency of 50% or greater will be possible with 7–10 electrically independent subcells in a spectral splitting optic at 300–500 suns concentration, assuming a 90% optical efficiency and 98% electrical efficiency, provided the subcells can achieve an average external radiative efficiency of 3–5% and a short circuit current that is at least 90% of the ideal. In examining spectrum splitting solar cells with both series-connected and electrically independent subcells, we identify a new design trade-off independent of the challenges of fabricating optimal bandgap combinations. Series-connected ensembles, having a single set of electrical contacts, are less sensitive to lumped series resistance losses than ensembles where each subcells are contacted independently. By contrast, ensembles with electrically independent subcells can achieve lower radiative losses when the subcells are designed for good optical confinement. Distributing electrically independent subcells in a concentrating receiver module allows flexibility in subcell selection and fabrication, and can achieve ultra-high efficiency with conventional III-V cell technology.
Abstract
We describe a spectrum splitting solar module design approach using ensembles of 2–20 subcells with bandgaps optimized for the AM1.5D spectrum. Device physics calculations [...]
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Energy production advantage of independent subcell connection for multijunction photovoltaics
E. Warmann, H. Atwater

Energy Sci Eng (2016).

Abstract
Increasing the number of subcells in a multijunction or “spectrum splitting” photovoltaic improves efficiency under the standard AM1.5D design spectrum, but it can lower efficiency under spectra that differ from the standard if the subcells are connected electrically in series. Using atmospheric data and the SMARTS multiple scattering and absorption model, we simulated sunny day spectra over 1 year for five locations in the United States and determined the annual energy production of spectrum splitting ensembles with 2–20 subcells connected electrically in series or independently. While electrically independent subcells have a small efficiency advantage over series-connected ensembles under the AM1.5D design spectrum, they have a pronounced energy production advantage under realistic spectra over 1 year. Simulated energy production increased with subcell number for the electrically independent ensembles, but it peaked at 8–10 subcells for those connected in series. Electrically independent ensembles with 20 subcells produce up to 27% more energy annually than the series-connected 20-subcell ensemble. This energy production advantage persists when clouds are accounted for.
Abstract
Increasing the number of subcells in a multijunction or “spectrum splitting” photovoltaic improves efficiency under the standard AM1.5D design spectrum, but it can lower [...]
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Status and future strategies for Concentrating Solar Power in China
J. Wang, S. Yang, C. Jiang, Y. Zhang, P. Lund

Energy Sci Eng (2017).

Abstract
China is the world leader in several areas of clean energy, but not in Concentrating Solar Power (CSP). Our analysis provides an interesting viewpoint to Chinas possible role in helping with the market breakthrough of CSP. We present a short overview of the state-of-the-art of CSP including the status in China. A blueprint for Chinas CSP development is elaborated based on Chinas 13th 5-year program, but also on Chinas previous success factors in PV and wind power. The results of this study suggest that China could play a more prominent global role in CSP, but this would require stronger efforts in several areas ranging from innovation to policies.
Abstract
China is the world leader in several areas of clean energy, but not in Concentrating Solar Power (CSP). Our analysis provides an interesting viewpoint to Chinas possible role [...]
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Tracing the energy footprints of Indonesian manufacturing industry
Y. Vivadinar, W. Purwanto, A. Saputra

Energy Sci Eng (2016).

Abstract
The low energy efficiency is the source of the large energy consumption issue and the rapid growth of energy demand in the manufacturing industry sector in Indonesia. The driving forces behind the low energy efficiency situation in this sector are both economic and efficiency factors. The objective of this study is to generate the map of the energy flow in the manufacturing industry sector to investigate the energy utilization in the industrial process. The data sample that represents 80% of energy consumption in the manufacturing sector is used to generate this map. The generated map shows the heating system is the largest energy consumer among all energy equipment and as the primary source of the energy losses. Additionally, we found the industry groups such as sugar, cement, pulp and paper, and textile use enormous amounts of energy as their source for the heating system, meanwhile, the industries such as basic chemical, metal, and textile are the largest electricity consumers for their motor-driven machinery. The energy flow analysis together with the comparison of the Specific Energy Consumption shows the areas that should be the focus for further energy conservation measures. Recommended measures are also discussed.
Abstract
The low energy efficiency is the source of the large energy consumption issue and the rapid growth of energy demand in the manufacturing industry sector in Indonesia. The [...]
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Lock-in thermography as a tool for quality control of photovoltaic modules
A. Vetter, F. Fecher, J. Adams, R. Schaeffler, J. Theisen, C. Brabec, C. Buerhop

Energy Sci Eng (2013). Vol. 12

Abstract
In this short communication, we present a method which utilizes contactless ILIT (illuminated lock-in thermography) measurement of a photovoltaic (PV) module and image postprocessing in order to calculate the peak power Pmpp of the module and to study the influence of local defects on the module performance. In total, 103 Copper-Indium-Gallium-Diselenide (CIGS) modules were investigated and the results showed a good correlation (mean error less than 6%) between the calculated IR-signal and the measured Pmpp. We performed our study on CIGS modules but the presented approach is not restricted to CIGS modules. The method provides a valuable tool for PV quality control.
Abstract
In this short communication, we present a method which utilizes contactless ILIT (illuminated lock-in thermography) measurement of a photovoltaic (PV) module and image postprocessing [...]
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Reactivity of CaO with CO2 in molten CaF2–NaF: formation and decomposition of carbonates
V. Tomkute, A. Solheim, S. Sakirzanovas, E. Olsen

Energy Sci Eng (2016).

Abstract
The characteristics of CO2 reacting with CaO in a molten eutectic mixture of CaF2 and NaF has been investigated. Calculations of the Gibbs free energy, temperature analysis of the decomposition of the formed carbonates, and XRD analyses of quenched samples taken during CO2 absorption or desorption were employed to identify the phases present in the melt. Efficient CO2 absorption from a simulated flue gas was observed, due to a combined reaction where CaO initially reacts with CO2 and forms CaCO3. Subsequently, Na2CO3 is formed by an ion exchange reaction between CaCO3 and NaF. It was found that the CaO activity is highest in the temperature range 826–834°C. Increasing the CaO concentration from 5 to 20 wt% in the molten salt resulted in reduced CO2 reactivity efficiency, probably because of precipitation and agglomeration of the sorbent. The total carbonation conversion was independent of the CO2 concentration in the inlet gas, and the sorbent carrying capacity was in the range 0.722–0.743 g CO2/g CaO corresponding to 0.037–0.144 g CO2/g total liquid. Decarbonation was conducted by raising the temperature. 40% conversion back to CaO was recorded at 1160°C. The recorded curves for the CO2 concentration in the outlet gas exhibited a rapid desorption step followed by a slow step.
Abstract
The characteristics of CO2 reacting with CaO in a molten eutectic mixture of CaF2 and NaF has been investigated. Calculations of the Gibbs free energy, temperature analysis [...]
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Cover Image
A. Tolbert, A. Ragauskas

Energy Sci Eng (2017).

Abstract
The cover image, by Allison Tolbert and Arthur J. Ragauskas, is based on the Review Advances in understanding the surface chemistry of lignocellulosic biomass via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, DOI: 10.1002/ese3.144. The authors would like to acknowledge the following image contributors: Robert Davies (Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Tech) greatly assisted with the image formatting, Wellington Muchero and Jay Chen (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) and Bruce Arey (Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory) provided the Helium Ion Microscope image of Populus cell walls, and Chang Geun Yoo (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) assisted with the creative design.
Abstract
The cover image, by Allison Tolbert and Arthur J. Ragauskas, is based on the Review Advances in understanding the surface chemistry of lignocellulosic biomass via time-of-flight [...]
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Advances in understanding the surface chemistry of lignocellulosic biomass via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
A. Tolbert, A. Ragauskas

Energy Sci Eng (2017). Vol. 5

Abstract
Overcoming the natural recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is necessary in order to efficiently convert biomass into biofuels or biomaterials and many times this requires some type of chemical pretreatment and/or biological treatment. While bulk chemical analysis is the traditional method of determining the impact a treatment has on biomass, the chemistry on the surface of the sample can differ from the bulk chemistry. Specifically, enzymes and microorganisms bind to the surface of the biomass and their efficiency could be greatly impacted by the chemistry of the surface. Therefore, it is important to study and understand the chemistry of the biomass at the surface. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a powerful tool that can spectrally and spatially analyze the surface chemistry of a sample. This review discusses the advances in understanding lignocellulosic biomass surface chemistry using the ToF-SIMS by addressing the instrument parameters, biomass sample preparation, and characteristic lignocellulosic ion fragmentation peaks along with their typical location in the plant cell wall. The use of the ToF-SIMS in detecting chemical changes due to chemical pretreatments, microbial treatments, and physical or genetic modifications is discussed along with possible future applications of the instrument in lignocellulosic biomass studies.
Abstract
Overcoming the natural recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is necessary in order to efficiently convert biomass into biofuels or biomaterials and many times this requires [...]
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In situ synchrotron-based X-ray powder diffraction and micro-Raman study of biomass and residue model compounds at hydrothermal conditions
M. Thomas, I. Butler, J. Kozinski

Energy Sci Eng (2015).

Abstract
The applications of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and laser micro-Raman techniques in an examination of the dissolution, transformation, and gasification of pure cellulose and models for biomass residue under hydrothermal conditions in a diamond-anvil cell are reported. The results contribute to the measurement of in situ time-resolved profiles of biomass reactions, catalyst stability, and residue formation that occur in aqueous fluids at near- and supercritical conditions.
Abstract
The applications of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and laser micro-Raman techniques in an examination of the dissolution, transformation, and gasification of [...]
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Fuzzy ARTMAP and GARCH-based hybrid model aided with wavelet transform for short-term electricity load forecasting
S. Takiyar, K. Upadhyay, V. Singh

Energy Sci Eng (2016). Vol. 14

Abstract
With the evolution of the electricity market into a restructured smart version, load forecasting has emerged as an eminent research domain. Many forecasting models have been proposed by researchers for electricity price and load forecasting. This state of art introduces a load time series modeled with a hybrid technique culminating from the logical amalgamation of GARCH, a conventional hard computing method, Fuzzy ARTMAP, an artificial intelligence-based soft computing technique, and wavelet transform, for treating the load time series. The study investigates into the ability of the proposed hybrid model in tackling the electricity load time series forecasting problems. The work under this study also includes comparisons drawn among models which use either one or two of the mentioned techniques and the model proposed. Results certify the efficacy and effectiveness of the model over others.
Abstract
With the evolution of the electricity market into a restructured smart version, load forecasting has emerged as an eminent research domain. Many forecasting models have been [...]
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Three-dimensional energetic and exergetic analysis of the injection orientation of DI diesel engine under different engine speeds
H. Taghavifar, S. Khalilarya, S. Jafarmadar

Energy Sci Eng (2015).

Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) computational code was implemented to solve conservation equations based on finite volume method as to simulate 1.8 L Ford diesel engine. Velocity and pressure of each computational cell is achieved by SIMPLE (semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations) algorithm. For the exergetic aspect, the initial condition is set at 0.1 MPa and 300 K. The engine modeling is performed with 130 °, 140 °, and 150 ° with respect to x-axis under 1500 and 2500 rpm engine speeds. The results, however, indicate better air/fuel mixture (near stoichiometric equivalence ratio) for 130 ° of injection angle, albeit smaller spray droplets (lower sauter mean diameter) were introduced with 140 °. It is seen that higher soot and NOx mass fraction is attributed to 1500 rpm engine speed. The highest NOx and soot are exhausted at 130 ° and 150 ° of injection, respectively. Second law efficiency was calculated for different spray angle and engine speed schemes such that 36.62%, 30.2%, and 32.07% are associated with 130 °, 140 °, and 150 ° of injection angle under 1500 rpm, respectively. In terms of engine performance, that is, indicated mean effective pressure, indicated specific fuel consumption, and temperature, the best performance metrics are of 130 ° equal to 15.4 bar, 0.3856 kg/kW-h, and 2074.97 K under 1500 rpm, respectively. Instant irreversibility rate is the highest amount with peak value of 17.48 J/deg for 130 deg-1500 rpm, while 140 ° shows higher mean irreversibility rate over crank angle (CA) period.
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) computational code was implemented to solve conservation equations based on finite volume method as to simulate 1.8 L Ford diesel engine. Velocity [...]
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A wavelet-nearest neighbor model for short-term load forecasting
G. Sudheer, A. Suseelatha

Energy Sci Eng (2015). Vol. 51

Abstract
Load forecasts of short lead times ranging from an hour to a day ahead are essential for improving the economic efficiency and reliability of power systems. This paper proposes a hybrid model based on the wavelet transform (WT) and the weighted nearest neighbor (WNN) techniques to predict the day ahead electrical load. The WT is used to decompose the load series into deterministic series and fluctuation series that reflect the changing dynamics of data. The two subseries are then separately forecast using appropriately fitted WNN models. The final forecast is obtained by composing the predicted results of each subseries. The hourly electrical load of California and Spanish energy markets are taken as experimental data and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), Weekly MAPE (WMAPE) and Monthly MAPE (MMAPE) are computed to evaluate the forecasting performance of the next-day load forecasts. The forecasting efficiency of the proposed model is evaluated using db2, db4, db5 and bior 3.1 wavelets. The results demonstrate the forecasting accuracy of the proposed hybrid model.
Abstract
Load forecasts of short lead times ranging from an hour to a day ahead are essential for improving the economic efficiency and reliability of power systems. This paper proposes [...]
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An overview of proactive wind turbine control
A. Stotsky, B. Egardt, O. Carlson

Energy Sci Eng (2013). Vol. 2

Abstract
Recent achievements in the proactive turbine control, based on the upwind speed measurements, are described in a unified framework (as an extension of the tutorial [1]), that in turn represents a systematic view of the control activity carried out within the Swedish Wind Power Technology Center (SWPTC). A new turbine control problem statement with constraints on blade loads is reviewed. This problem statement allows the design of a new class of simultaneous speed and pitch control strategies based on the preview measurements and look-ahead calculations. A generation of a piecewise constant desired pitch angle profile which is calculated using the turbine load prediction is reviewed in this article as one of the most promising approaches. This in turn allows the reduction of the pitch actuation and the design of the collective pitch control strategy with the maximum possible actuation rate. Two turbine speed control strategies based on one-mass and two-mass models of the drivetrain are also described in this article. The strategies are compared to the existing drivetrain controller. Moreover, postprocessing technique that can be used for estimation of the turbine parameters with improved performance is also discussed. Postprocessing-based estimation of the turbine inertia moment is given as an example. All the results are illustrated by simulations with a wind speed record from the Hönö turbine, located outside of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Abstract
Recent achievements in the proactive turbine control, based on the upwind speed measurements, are described in a unified framework (as an extension of the tutorial [1]), that [...]
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Blade root moment sensor failure detection based on multibeam LIDAR for fault-tolerant individual pitch control of wind turbines
A. Stotsky

Energy Sci Eng (2014).

Abstract
Detection of blade root moment sensor failures is an important problem for fault-tolerant individual pitch control, which plays a key role in reduction of uneven blade loads of large wind turbines. A new method for detection of blade root moment sensor failures which is based on variations induced by a vertical wind shear is described in this paper. The detection is associated with monitoring of statistical properties of the difference between amplitudes of the first harmonic of the blade load, which is calculated in two different ways. The first method is based on processing of the load sensor signal, which contains a number of harmonics. The first harmonic is recovered via least squares estimation of the blade load signal with harmonic regressor and strictly diagonally dominant (SDD) information matrix. The second method is a model-based method of estimation of the first harmonic, which relies on the blade load model and upwind speed measurements provided by multibeam Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR). This is a new application for future LIDAR-enabled wind turbine technologies. Moreover, adaptation of the load model in a uniform wind field is proposed. This adaptation improves accuracy of the load estimation and hence the performance of the blade load sensor failure detection method.
Abstract
Detection of blade root moment sensor failures is an important problem for fault-tolerant individual pitch control, which plays a key role in reduction of uneven blade loads [...]
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Shale gas in North America and Europe
M. Stephenson

Energy Sci Eng (2016). Vol. 4

Abstract
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, shale gas will provide half of the United States’ domestic gas by 2035. The United States has already moved from being one of the worlds largest importers of gas to being self-sufficient in less than a decade, bringing hundreds of thousands of jobs and attracting back companies that long ago left America in search of cheap manufacturing costs. But the increase in shale gas extraction has also had an environmental cost. There is clear scientific evidence of leaking shale gas wells and induced earthquakes, and in some areas a population increasingly turning against the industry. The technology of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing that was developed in the United States is now being tried outside the United States, including in Europe, Argentina, and China. There are clear reasons why shale gas might be attractive to Europe. It may offer security of energy supply to some countries particularly dependent on Russian gas, it could stimulate growth and jobs, and it could supply a cleaner fuel than coal in power stations. However, prospective shale often underlies areas of high population density in Europe, and moreover, populations that are unfamiliar with onshore gas operations. The main challenge in Europe therefore is not mainly technological but for the industry to achieve a “social license” and for Government and regulations to be manifestly protecting the public and property.
Abstract
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, shale gas will provide half of the United States’ domestic gas by 2035. The United States has already moved from [...]
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Investigating residual trapping in CO2 storage in saline aquifers – application of a 2D glass model, and image analysis
M. Soroush, D. Wessel-Berg, O. Torsaeter, J. Kleppe

Energy Sci Eng (2014).

Abstract
Two-dimensional glass model experiments are used to investigate the residual trapping mechanism of CO2 stored in saline aquifers. For this purpose, two proxy fluids are chosen to simulate the CO2-brine behavior under reservoir conditions. The first set of experiments is carried out by flooding n-heptane in a mixture of glycerol and water inside a glass bead porous media. Fluids and porous materials are designed so that the dimensionless groups are in the range of real storage sites. Another set of proxy fluid consists of dodecane and a different mixture of glycerol and water, representing the second wettability condition for the system. The size of the glass beads chosen was fine (70–110 μm) in order to investigate residual trapping phenomena. For each set, after complete drainage process, an imbibition process is performed and in each time step, images are taken from the phenomena. The images are processed using a red, green, blue (RGB) color concept using a Matlab code that was developed for this study. By using this process, it is possible to measure the residual trapping of CO2 proxy fluid for each test and to determine the saturation profile in the model. Tests are carried out at various imbibition and drainage rates to study the effect of the rate on the results. Fine-scale numerical simulation models are constructed for comparison with experimental results. Good agreement is obtained between the simulation results and the image processing estimations, as well as the readings from the material balances during the experiments. This study could provide a framework for modeling different reservoir conditions for residual trapping mechanism and the impact of different parameters in future studies.
Abstract
Two-dimensional glass model experiments are used to investigate the residual trapping mechanism of CO2 stored in saline aquifers. For this purpose, two proxy fluids are chosen [...]
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A study of the annual performance of bifacial photovoltaic modules in the case of vertical facade integration
B. Soria, E. Gerritsen, P. Lefillastre, J. Broquin

Energy Sci Eng (2016). Vol. 52

Abstract
Despite the apparent benefits of bifacial modules, their application still suffers from a lack of visibility on the performance gain that they can actually provide. In this work, we consider the specific application of vertically oriented bifacial modules, notably for facade integration. We have developed a methodology to evaluate the annual electrical performance of bifacial modules based on three tools. First, a double illumination characterization setup is used in a solar simulator for comparing module architectures. Then, a reduced scale outdoor test bench allows us to evaluate bifacial module performance in a variety of configurations. Finally, a ray-tracing model validated with short-term outdoor data leads to the determination of the annual performance gain. This methodology allowed us to find optimal performance according to the most important parameters of application and module. Specifically, a module architecture using half-cut cells, a parallel cell interconnection, and textured glasses have been analyzed with respect to their influence on the resistive losses which increase in dual side illumination as well as to their influence on the effect of non- uniform and diffuse irradiance on the backside of the module. This work enabled us to give directions for innovative full-size module architectures.
Abstract
Despite the apparent benefits of bifacial modules, their application still suffers from a lack of visibility on the performance gain that they can actually provide. In this [...]
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Practical evaluation of organic polymer thermoelectrics by large-area R2R processing on flexible substrates
R. Søndergaard, M. Hösel, N. Espinosa, M. Jørgensen, F. Krebs

Energy Sci Eng (2013). Vol. 81

Abstract
Here, we present a process based on roll-to-roll (R2R) technology which allows for very fast processing of polymer thermoelectric (TE) devices and we furthermore demonstrate a simplified but more efficient way of serially connecting these devices by means of R2R thin-film processing. The new device architecture makes it possible to use only one TE material (opposed to two materials which are employed in well-known Peltier elements), and a total of 18, 000 serially connected junctions were prepared by flexoprinting of silver electrodes and by rotary screen printing of poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT):polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) as the TE material. Testing of devices revealed that the new architecture clearly showed to be functioning as expected, but also pointed toward challenges for thin-film TE development which is the influence of the substrate thickness on the thermal gradient over a device and the currently low performance available. A life-cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out in order to evaluate the sustainability of the new architecture and to estimate the requirements for development of a successful technology.
Abstract
Here, we present a process based on roll-to-roll (R2R) technology which allows for very fast processing of polymer thermoelectric (TE) devices and we furthermore demonstrate [...]
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Study of demagnetization risk for a 12 kW direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator for wind power
S. Sjökvist, S. Eriksson

Energy Sci Eng (2013).

Abstract
One of the main aspects when designing a permanent magnet (PM) generator is to choose suitable PMs, both in terms of achieving the required flux in the generator but also of withstanding high demagnetizing fields, that is, having sufficiently high coercivity. If the coercivity is too low, the magnets are at risk of demagnetizing, fully or partially, at the event of a short circuit and/or an increase in temperature. This study aims to determine the risk of demagnetization for a 12 kW direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator. Furthermore, as the prices on PMs have increased drastically the last few years the possibility to use smaller and/or cheaper PMs of different grades has been investigated. A new proprietary finite element method (FEM) model has been developed, which is also presented. The study is based on simulations from this FEM model and is focused on NdFeB magnets. Results show that the reference magnet can withstand a two-phase short circuit at both the temperatures tested and in both geometries. The use of cheaper magnets, smaller air gap and in the event of a two-phase short circuit often results in partial irreversible demagnetization. However, magnets with lower coercivity are easier demagnetized.
Abstract
One of the main aspects when designing a permanent magnet (PM) generator is to choose suitable PMs, both in terms of achieving the required flux in the generator but also [...]
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Outdoor characterization and comparison of string and MLPE under clear and partially shaded conditions
K. Sinapis, G. Litjens, M. Donker, W. Folkerts, W. Sark

Energy Sci Eng (2015).

Abstract
Building integrated and building attached photovoltaic (BIPV, BAPV) systems may suffer from lower performance than predicted as a result of unwanted partial shading. New system architectures have been proposed to optimize performance. The common approach of these new architectures is to track the maximum power point of every solar module individually. This paper demonstrates the effect of shading on energy yield by evaluating power level management on the module level compared to string level. Three independent PV systems were installed and extensively monitored in Eindhoven, a reference string inverter system, a power optimizer system and a micro inverter system. The DC and AC performance ratio (PR) of the systems have been analyzed for different weather types based on the clearness index. A pole shading covering 1–2% of the total system surface has been used to evaluate system performance under a specific type of partial shading. Module Level Power Electronics (MLPE) is capable of increasing the PR up to 35% under certain partial shading conditions. However, the string inverter system outperformed MLPE under unshaded operation conditions.
Abstract
Building integrated and building attached photovoltaic (BIPV, BAPV) systems may suffer from lower performance than predicted as a result of unwanted partial shading. New system [...]
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Why the molten salt fast reactor (MSFR) is the “best” Gen IV reactor
D. Siemer

Energy Sci Eng (2015).

Abstract
A simultaneously “nuclear”, permanent, and in-time solution to mankinds energy-related problems would require the relatively rapid manufacture of 10, 000–30, 000 genuinely sustainable, full-sized (~1 GWe) reactors. This “nuclear renaissance” would have to be implemented with breeder reactors because todays commercial nuclear fuel cycle is unsustainable and based upon a fuel (235U) that is intrinsically expensive and politically problematic. The purpose of this paper is to point out why a simple/cheap “minimal reprocessing” implementation of the European Unions (EUs) molten salt fast reactor (MSFR) concept represents the most promising way to implement that technical fix: Its primary drawback is that it would require virtually everyone currently involved with managing, researching, implementing, regulating, or “helping” the USAs nuclear power industry to embrace a massive paradigm shift.
Abstract
A simultaneously “nuclear”, permanent, and in-time solution to mankinds energy-related problems would require the relatively rapid manufacture of 10, 000–30, 000 genuinely [...]
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Conducting polymer-based flexible supercapacitor
I. Shown, A. Ganguly, L. Chen, K. Chen

Energy Sci Eng (2015). Vol. 2

Abstract
Flexible supercapacitors, a state-of-the-art material, have emerged with the potential to enable major advances in for cutting-edge electronic applications. Flexible supercapacitors are governed by the fundamentals standard for the conventional capacitors but provide high flexibility, high charge storage and low resistance of electro active materials to achieve high capacitance performance. Conducting polymers (CPs) are among the most potential pseudocapacitor materials for the foundation of flexible supercapacitors, motivating the existing energy storage devices toward the future advanced flexible electronic applications due to their high redox active-specific capacitance and inherent elastic polymeric nature. This review focuses on different types of CPs-based supercapacitor, the relevant fabrication methods and designing concepts. It describes recent developments and remaining challenges in this field, and its impact on the future direction of flexible supercapacitor materials and relevant device fabrications.
Abstract
Flexible supercapacitors, a state-of-the-art material, have emerged with the potential to enable major advances in for cutting-edge electronic applications. Flexible supercapacitors [...]
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Ultrasound-assisted transesterification of refined and crude palm oils using heterogeneous palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide catalyst
W. Ho, H. Ng, S. Gan, W. Chan

Energy Sci Eng (2015).

Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted transesterification of refined palm oil (RPO) and crude palm oil (CPO) to produce biodiesel using a palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst is studied in this work. The reaction time is significantly reduced from a maximum of 360 min under conventional mixing to just 30 min with the use of ultrasound. Under ultrasonic cavitation, the required catalyst loading and methanol to oil molar ratio to produce comparable yields and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) conversions as conventional mixing are lower. For RPO, the ultrasound-assisted transesterification conditions of 60% ultrasonic amplitude, 30 min reaction time, 4 wt.% catalyst loading, and 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio result in maximum biodiesel yield and FAME conversion of 85.23% and 97.02%, respectively. As for CPO, maximum biodiesel yield of 73.23% and FAME conversion of 97.04% are obtained under the same conditions with the exception of a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1. Key physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesels are found to be within the limits set by EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751. Catalyst reusability tests indicate that the catalyst can be used up to three consecutive cycles after regeneration using methanol washing followed by recalcination at 850°C for 2 h.
Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted transesterification of refined palm oil (RPO) and crude palm oil (CPO) to produce biodiesel using a palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide (CaO) [...]
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High moisture corn stover pelleting in a flat die pellet mill fitted with a 6 mm die: physical properties and specific energy consumption
J. Tumuluru

Energy Sci Eng (2015).

Abstract
The quality and specific energy consumption (SEC) of the biomass pellets produced depend upon pelleting process conditions. The present study includes understanding the effect of feedstock moisture in the range of 28–38% (wet basis [w.b.]) and preheating in the range of 30–110°C at two die speeds of 40 and 60 Hz on the physical properties and SEC. A flat die pellet mill fitted with a 6 mm die was used in the present study. The physical properties of pellets such as moisture content, unit, bulk and tapped density, durability, and expansion ratio and SEC of the pelleting process are measured. The results indicate that the pellets produced have durability values in the range of 87–98%, and unit bulk and tapped density in the range of 670–1100, 375–575, and 420–620 kg/m3. Increasing the feedstock moisture content from 33% to 38% (w.b) decreased the unit, bulk and tapped density by about 30–40%. Increasing feedstock moisture content increased the expansion ratio and decreased the density values. A higher feedstock moisture content of 38% (w.b.) and higher preheating temperature of 110°C resulted in lower density and a higher expansion ratio, which can be attributed to flash off of moisture as the material extrudes out of the die. The SEC was in the range of 75–275 kWh/ton. Higher feedstock moisture content of 38% (w.b.) and a lower die speed of 40 Hz increased the SEC, whereas lower to medium preheating temperature (30–70°C), medium feedstock moisture content of 33% (w.b.), and a higher die speed of 60 Hz minimized the SEC to
Abstract
The quality and specific energy consumption (SEC) of the biomass pellets produced depend upon pelleting process conditions. The present study includes understanding the effect [...]
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Pilot-scale processing with alkaline pulping and enzymatic saccharification for bioethanol production from rice straw
M. Sekine, Y. Ogawa, N. Matsuoka, Y. Izumi

Energy Sci Eng (2014). Vol. 39

Abstract
We examined pilot-scale bioethanol production from rice straw using sodium carbonate pulping as the alkaline pulping method and enzymatic saccharification. The yield of prewashed rice straw after the crushing and prewashing stage decreased with an increase in the input in rice straw. The pulp yield after alkaline cooking was 66–68% at kappa number ranging from 32 to 36, which was comparatively higher than the laboratory-scale study. The yield of enzymatic saccharized glucose was decreased with the increase in washed pulp and its saccharification rate was approximately 20%. We successfully produced approximately 100 liters of 95% ethanol from 1000 Bone-Dry kg (BDkg) rice straw. The results of our pilot-scale study indicated that the relationship between resource input and product yield for each operation exhibited exponential or logarithmic curves, rather than linear decreases or increases, which could suggest a high-cost structure for bioethanol production when the resource input is larger. However, we established an optimum quantity of resource input, approximately 2000–3000 BDkg in our pilot-scale study, for higher efficiencies.
Abstract
We examined pilot-scale bioethanol production from rice straw using sodium carbonate pulping as the alkaline pulping method and enzymatic saccharification. The yield of prewashed [...]
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Nuclear fusion as a massive, clean, and inexhaustible energy source for the second half of the century: brief history, status, and perspective
J. Sánchez

Energy Sci Eng (2014).

Abstract
Fusion energy, based on the use of broadly available inexhaustible resources as lithium and deuterium and with minimal impact to the environment, aims at a change in the energy supply paradigm: instead of its current dependence on natural resources and environmental impact, energy would become a technology-dependent resource with unlimited adaptive availability and whose unit cost should decrease as technology progresses. This article intends to give a picture of where fusion research stands today and the perspectives: the achievements, the difficulties, the current status, marked by the construction of the ITER experiment which will demonstrate the scientific feasibility of fusion power, and the perspectives toward the first demonstration power plant, DEMO, which, according to the European Roadmap, could start the construction shortly after the full power experiments in ITER (
Abstract
Fusion energy, based on the use of broadly available inexhaustible resources as lithium and deuterium and with minimal impact to the environment, aims at a change in the energy [...]
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Amorphous single-junction cells for vertical BIPV application with high bifaciality
N. Reininghaus, C. Feser, B. Hanke, M. Vehse, C. Agert

Energy Sci Eng (2016).

Abstract
Solar cells used in building integration of photovoltaic cells (BIPV) are commonly made from crystalline wafer cells. This contribution investigates the challenges and benefits of using bifacial solar cells in vertical installations. We show that those cells get up to 13% more irradiance compared to optimum tilted south facing monofacial modules in Germany. The role of the n-layer in thin amorphous bifacial single-junction cells intended to be used as bifacial cells in BIPV applications is investigated. In contrast to the superstrate cell design, a transparent n-layer and back contact play a key role to achieve high bifaciality. We therefore increased the transparency of the n-layer by adding CO2, increasing the PH3 flow in the deposition gas and tested different thicknesses. With those measures, we reached a bifaciality of 98% for short-circuit current density and 99% for open-circuit voltage.
Abstract
Solar cells used in building integration of photovoltaic cells (BIPV) are commonly made from crystalline wafer cells. This contribution investigates the challenges and benefits [...]
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Degradation of silicon wafers at high temperatures for epitaxial deposition
T. Rachow, S. Reber, S. Janz, M. Knapp, N. Milenkovic

Energy Sci Eng (2016).

Abstract
The material quality degradation of silicon wafers by metal impurities, various crystal defects as well as light and thermally induced mechanisms is very important for the solar cell performance and has been investigated by various groups. In this paper, the material degradation during epitaxial deposition at high temperatures above 1100°C will be discussed. Annealing experiments in hydrogen atmosphere are done with the laboratory rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition reactor to mimic the thermal process conditions for epitaxial growth of silicon from the gas phase. A general investigation of crystallographic and electronic properties of n- and p-type silicon wafers has been done between 950°C and 1150°C. A detailed sensitivity analysis of process parameters like cooling ramp, peak temperature, duration, and ambient gasses has been conducted. The degradation mechanism by metal impurities has been investigated by using silicon wafers with different diffusion barriers. Besides effective minority carrier lifetime, measurements by quasi steady state photo conductance, etch pit density, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements have been done. The presented results have been used to improve the deposition process of epitaxial thin-film solar cells, the production of silicon foils with a thickness
Abstract
The material quality degradation of silicon wafers by metal impurities, various crystal defects as well as light and thermally induced mechanisms is very important for the [...]
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Combined solar heat and power with microgrid storage and layered smartgrid control toward supplying off-grid rural villages
G. Prinsloo, R. Dobson

Energy Sci Eng (2015).

Abstract
A project has been initiated in South Africa to design, model, build, and evaluate an easy to install solar fueled combined heat and power (micro-CHP) system to supply off-grid rural villages and eco-estate communities. This study describes the design of a model that offers a combined 3 kW peak electrical, 12 kW peak thermal, stand-alone solar power technology solution with microgrid storage to deliver power, and heat when the sun is shining and after sunset (at night time). The CHP demand side management system manages power and heat distribution to individual households in a small rural village based on a proposed smart microgrid technology solution. The solution aims to balance the heat/power demand side requirements based on digital feedback on heat/power utilization patterns and user demand. Aspects of the micro-CHP system microgrid control are discussed while a modular smartgrid solution is selected for smart microgrid applications.
Abstract
A project has been initiated in South Africa to design, model, build, and evaluate an easy to install solar fueled combined heat and power (micro-CHP) system to supply off-grid [...]
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Next generation biorefineries will solve the food, biofuels, and environmental trilemma in the energy–food–water nexus
Y. Zhang

Energy Sci Eng (2013).

Abstract
The future roles of biomass and carbohydrate for meeting needs of food/feed, renewable materials, and transportation fuels (biofuels) remain controversial due to numerous issues, such as increasing food and feed needs, constraints of natural resources (land, water, phosphate, biomass, etc.), and limitations of natural photosynthesis, as well as competing energy conversion pathways and technologies. The goal of this opinion article is to clarify the future roles of biomass and biorefineries using quantitative data other than adjective words. In most scenarios, human beings could have enough biomass resource from plant photosynthesis for meeting the three goals at the same time: feeding 9 billion people, providing renewable materials, and producing transportation biofuels that could replace nearly all fossil fuel-based liquid fuels used in the land transportation in 2050. Land transport means will pass through transitions from internal combustion engines plus liquid fuels, to hybrid systems, to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), while battery electric vehicles (BEVs) could play a minor role. Next generation biorefineries based on artificial photosynthesis featuring ultra-high energy efficiency and low-water consumption could produce a large amount of carbohydrate and/or other biocommodities from hydrogen/electricity and CO2. In conclusion, it is time to develop next generation biorefineries, which will efficiently utilize nonfood biomass for the coproduction of multiple products from biofuels, biochemicals, to food/feed, and even store electricity/hydrogen by fixing CO2 to carbon-containing chemicals and biofuels. Next generation biorefineries will address the food, biofuels, and environment trilemma at the same time.
Abstract
The future roles of biomass and carbohydrate for meeting needs of food/feed, renewable materials, and transportation fuels (biofuels) remain controversial due to numerous [...]
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Cost modeling of lithium-ion battery cells for automotive applications
G. Patry, A. Romagny, S. Martinet, D. Froelich

Energy Sci Eng (2015). Vol. 71

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to highlight the technical and economic issues arising in lithium-ion cells for automotive applications, and to indicate some potential solutions to lower the cost. This topic has already been the subject of some studies, but, although of primary importance, the role on cost of a cell design parameter, the electrode coating thickness, has rarely been described. This study intends to explore particularly the influence of this parameter. To do so, the cost of cells with four positive electrode materials (NMC, NCA, LFP, and LMO), and the same negative electrode material are compared at several electrode thickness. The cost of these cells is computed using an innovative model and varies between 230 and 400 $ per kWh. With the assumptions used, it appears that the potential savings resulting from doubling the electrode coating thickness from 50 to 100 μm at a given porosity represent roughly 25% of the cell cost. The electrode coating thickness emerges as an essential parameter for an unbiased cells cost comparison. This article gives a view of the current lithium-ion cells costs, and provides guidelines to lower cells cost.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to highlight the technical and economic issues arising in lithium-ion cells for automotive applications, and to indicate some potential solutions [...]
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