Documents published in 2017 : Scipedia

Effects of climate changes on dust aerosol over East Asia from RegCM3
D. Zhang, X. Gao, A. Zakey, F. Giorgi

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 145-153

Abstract
In order to understand impacts of global warming on dust aerosol over East Asia, a regional climate model (RegCM3) coupled with a dust model is employed to simulate the present (1991–2000, following the observed concentration of the greenhouse gases) and future (2091–2100, following the A1B scenario) dust aerosol. Three experiments are performed over East Asia at a horizontal resolution of 50 km, driven by the outputs from a global model of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC3.2_hires), two without (Exp.1 for the present and Exp.2 for the future) and one with (Exp.3 for the future) the radiative effects of dust aerosols. Effects of climate changes on dust aerosols and the feedback of radiative effects in the future are investigated by comparing differences of Exp.2 and Exp.1, Exp.3 and Exp.2, respectively. Results show that global warming will lead to the increases of dust emissions and column burden by 2% and 14% over East Asia, characterized by the increase in December–January–February–March (DJFM) and the decrease in April–May (AM). Similar variations are also seen in the projected frequencies of high dust emission events, showing an advanced active season of dust in the future. The net top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative forcing is positive over the desert source regions and negative over downwind regions, while the surface radiative forcing is negative over the domain, which will lead to a reduction of dust emissions and column burden.
Abstract
In order to understand impacts of global warming on dust aerosol over East Asia, a regional climate model (RegCM3) coupled with a dust model is employed to simulate the present [...]
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PM2.5 and tropospheric O3 in China and an analysis of the impact of pollutant emission control
H. Zhang, B. Xie, S. Zhao, Q. Chen

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 136-141

Abstract
This study reviewed the status of PM2.5 and tropospheric O3 observations in China (15–55°N, 72–136°E). Initially, the distribution of tropospheric O3 over the globe and China was determined based on satellite observations made during 2010–2013. The annual mean values were 29.78 DU and 33.97 DU over the globe and China, respectively. The distribution of PM2.5 and seasonal changes in concentrations in China were then simulated using an aerosol chemistry–climate coupled model system, with an annual mean value of 0.51 × 10−8 kg m−3 . The contributions from five different aerosols to the simulated PM2.5 concentrations in different seasons were also determined. The relationships among the emissions of aerosols, greenhouse gases and their precursors and radiative forcings were determined with reference to the (IPCC AR5) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change the Fifth Assessment Report. From these relationships, the possible effects of controlling O3 precursors and (PM) particulate matter on the climate were considered. The influence of the control of O3 precursors was not totally clear, and reducing emissions of short-lived greenhouse gases and black carbon was considered a secondary measure for short-term (the next 50 years) climate-change mitigation. Reducing emissions of CO2 is still the best strategy for meeting the target of a global average rise in surface air temperature of less than 2 °C. Near- and short-term emission reduction strategies are important for both effective environmental protection and climate-change mitigation.
Abstract
This study reviewed the status of PM2.5 and tropospheric O3 observations in China (15–55°N, 72–136°E). Initially, the distribution of tropospheric O3 over the globe [...]
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A study of the validation of atmospheric CO2 from satellite hyper spectral remote sensing
M. Zhang, X. Zhang, R. Liu, L. Hu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 131-135

Abstract
Three total column dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2 ) products from satellite retrievals, namely SCIAMACHY, NIES-GOSAT, and ACOS-GOSAT, in the Northern Hemisphere were validated by ground data from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The results showed that the satellite data have the same seasonal fluctuations as in the TCCON data, with maximum in April or May and minimum in August or September. The three products all underestimate the XCO2 . The ACOS-GOSAT and the NIES-GOSAT products are roughly equivalent, and their mean standard deviations are 2.26 × 10−6 and 2.27 × 10−6 respectively. The accuracy of the SCIMACHY product is slightly lower, with a mean standard deviation of 2.91 × 10−6 .
Abstract
Three total column dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2 ) products from satellite retrievals, namely SCIAMACHY, NIES-GOSAT, and ACOS-GOSAT, in the Northern Hemisphere were [...]
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Developing bioenergy to tackle climate change : Bioenergy path and practice of Tianguan group
X. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 17-25

Abstract
Biomass energy would become the most potential renewable energies, for whether wind power or photovoltaic, would be restricted by the nature thus cannot provide stable power, while biomass energy is the only renewable energy that can be used in the form of gas, liquid or solid stage, it could replace the fossil energy, lead a positive influence on the control of the greenhouse gases. Across the globe, the biomass produced through photosynthesis is about 200 Gt, or 99 Gtce per year. If 10% of the biomass is utilized, more than 4 Gt of fuel ethanol and other bioenergy products can be produced, equivalent to 4.13 Gt of petroleum consumed by the world in 2014. Therefore, bioenergy can be a feasible alternative to fossil energy.
Abstract
Biomass energy would become the most potential renewable energies, for whether wind power or photovoltaic, would be restricted by the nature thus cannot provide stable power, [...]
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Test Calibration of the Paleoclimatic Proxy Data with Chinese Historical Records
D. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 38-42

Abstract
The calibration of paleoclimate proxies is one of the key problems in the study of paleoclimate at present. Historical documentary records of climate are suitable for calibration on dating and the climatic implication of the proxy data in a climatological sense. A test calibration on correcting the Delingha tree ring precipitation series using Chinese historical documentary records shows that among the 44 extreme dry cases in 1401–1950 AD, 42 cases (or 95.5%) are believable. Thus the long series of Delingha rings-denoted precipitation is highly reliable. Another test to validate the monsoon intensity proxy data based on the Zhanjiang Huguangyan sediments using historical records indicates that the years of Lake Maar Ti content series-designated winter monsoon intensities are entirely opposite to historical documents-depicted years of harsh winters in 800–900 AD. As a result, serious doubt is raised about the climatic implication of this paleo-monsoon proxy series. Zhang, D., 2011: Test calibration of the paleoclimatic proxy data with Chinese historical records. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00038.
Abstract
The calibration of paleoclimate proxies is one of the key problems in the study of paleoclimate at present. Historical documentary records of climate are suitable for calibration [...]
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Contribution of Forest Management Credits in Kyoto Protocol Compliance and Future Perspectives
X. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 171-177

Abstract
Article 3 paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 of the Kyoto Protocol (KP) allow parties to use credits from land-based activities for offsetting their emission reduction/limitation target committed in the KP. Forest management (FM) is the dominant activity accounted by Annex I parties of the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change in the first commitment period of KP (2008–2012). Data reported for 2008 and 2009 indicate that over half of the emission reduction target of 24 Annex I parties that expect to use FM removals can be offset by FM credits in the first commitment period. Especially the majority of the emission reduction target of Slovenia, Sweden, Latvia, Finland, Japan, and Croatia may be achieved through FM credits. The total FM CAP as contained in decision 16/CMP.1 in the first commitment period was over-estimated significantly by 50% for all KP parties and 36% for parties that elected FM. Some parties such as Russia, Japan, Italy, Germany, and Switzerland that elected FM activity may benefit largely from the over-estimated CAP. Presuming a significant increase of the harvest rate, the FM reference level (FMRL) for 2013–2020 is only 1/5 of the historical mean value of FM removals even though most parties show an increasing or a steady trend of net removals from 1990 to 2009. As a result Annex I parties would be able to use FM credits in the future that are over 4 times of FM CAP in the first commitment period. This potential FM credit would account for 7.7% of total emissions by sources without land use, land-use change and forestry activities (LULUCF) in the base year or 1990, and more Annex I parties would share the “benefit” from the FMRL accounting approach. Zhang, X., 2011: Contribution of forest management credits in Kyoto Protocol compliance and future perspectives. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00171.
Abstract
Article 3 paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 of the Kyoto Protocol (KP) allow parties to use credits from land-based activities for offsetting their emission reduction/limitation [...]
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A Study of the Large Scale Flooding over Eastern China in 1755
D. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 128-137

Abstract
Following disastrous flooding in several river valleys over eastern China in 1755, serious flooding occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in 1756 and 1757, a rarely seen precipitation pattern of north-flood and south-drought in China for two successive years. This is a serious meteorological disaster and extreme climatic event taking place under the climatic background of a warm phase of the Little Ice Age. In this paper, by means of historical literature records, the rainy and flooding situation and the weather characteristics of these years are reconstructed and the maps depicting areas of prolonged rain, flood and concomitant famine, insect pest, and pestilence are made. The results show that, in 1755, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and the Huaihe River Basin experienced a prolonged rainy season with multiple torrential rain events. The continuous rainy period exceeded 40 days in the Huang-Huai Region. An early Meiyu occurred, and the duration of the Meiyu period in the lower Yangtze River Basin was 43 days, the longest in the 18th century. Particularly in Nanjing the annual rainfall of 1755 was 1, 378 mm, the highest record of the 18th century. The year of 1755 is characterized by lower temperature in summer, early frost in autumn, and heavy snowfall and freezing rain in winter. These characteristics are extremely similar to those of 1823 and 1954, two typical years of extreme rainfall. And all these three years with extreme precipitation are corresponding to the minimum phase of the solar activity cycle. Zhang, D.-E., 2012: A study of the large scale flooding over eastern China in 1755. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 3 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00128.
Abstract
Following disastrous flooding in several river valleys over eastern China in 1755, serious flooding occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in 1756 and [...]
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Natural and human-induced changes in summer climate over the East Asian monsoon region in the last half century: A review
R. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 131-140

Abstract
In the last half century, a significant warming trend occurred in summer over eastern China in the East Asian monsoon region. However, there were no consistent trends with respect to the intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) or the amount of summer rainfall averaged over eastern China. Both of the EASM and summer rainfall exhibited clear decadal variations. Obvious decadal shifts of EASM occurred around the mid- and late 1970s, the late 1980s and the early 1990s, and the late 1990s and early 2000s, respectively. Summer rainfall over eastern China exhibited a change in spatial distribution in the decadal timescale, in response to the decadal shifts of EASM. From the mid- and late 1970s to the late 1980s and the early 1990s, there was a meridional tri-polar rainfall distribution anomaly with more rainfall over the Yangtze River valley and less rainfall in North and South China, but in the period from the early 1990s to the late 1990s and the early 2000s the tri-polar distribution changed to a dipolar one, with more rainfall appearing over southern China south to the Yangtze River valley and less rainfall in North China. However, from the early 2000s to the late 2000s, the Yangtze River valley received less rainfall. The decadal changes in EASM and summer rainfall over eastern China in the last half century are closely related to natural internal forcing factors such as Eurasian snow cover, Arctic sea ice, sea surface temperatures in tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean, ocean–atmospheric coupled systems of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO), and uneven thermal forcing over the Asian continent. Up to now, the roles of anthropogenic factors, such as greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land usage/cover changes, on existing decadal variations of EASM and summer rainfall in this region remain uncertain.
Abstract
In the last half century, a significant warming trend occurred in summer over eastern China in the East Asian monsoon region. However, there were no consistent trends with [...]
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Some reflections on researches of Future Earth changes in air quality and climate
X. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 126-130

Abstract
Within the context of our current research and understanding of climate change, decisionmakers are particularly concerned with the extent of future climate change, its comprehensive impact, and the types of socioeconomic pathways available with respect to mitigation and adaptation. Among the factors contributing to these important issues, the role of air pollution in global and regional climate warming remains as one of the largest uncertainties. On the basis of understanding of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, specifically, in the role of air pollution in climate change, scenarios establishment, and relationship between the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Weaknesses and reflections were discussed here especially in strengthening impact, adaptation and mitigation research that related with changes in air pollution and climate. In the future, there are needs to in-depth understand how and why the air pollution in China is so serious and changing, to understand the likely future changes in air pollution and climate, to strengthen comprehensive impact research and selective reduction strategies related to changes in air pollution and climate. Furthermore, this study outlines the needs to develop strategies to close the loop of differential impacts and costs, to establish co-benefits and sustainable development goals, to identify the crucial risks and options for synergies/trade-offs, to integrate sector-specific details with macro-economics, and to integrate the assessments of the various policy instruments. All these focus areas will help to facilitate the transition of economic development patterns towards green and low-carbon development.
Abstract
Within the context of our current research and understanding of climate change, decisionmakers are particularly concerned with the extent of future climate change, its comprehensive [...]
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Toward Paris: China and climate change negotiations
H. Yu, S. Zhu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 56-66

Abstract
This article explains the challenges and evolution of climate change governance by linking governance and diplomacy. The challenges of climate change involve not only international competition for new energy but also related adjustments of global governance in this area. To be specific, the carbon emission reductions are still problematic, and negotiations surrounding financing mechanisms between developed and developing countries hang in doubt. Furthermore, the attitude of the two sides toward CBDRs (common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities) and INDCs (intended nationally determined contributions) is disparate. Finally, this article outlines some diplomatic policies for Chinas future developmental trend.
Abstract
This article explains the challenges and evolution of climate change governance by linking governance and diplomacy. The challenges of climate change involve not only international [...]
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Study on the Concept of Per Capita Cumulative Emissions and Allocation Options
S. Yu, X. Gao, C. Ma, L. Zhai

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 79-85

Abstract
Global long-term emission reduction targets need well defined options for equitable allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Scholars from developing countries put forward the concept of equitable per capita cumulative emission rights. There are four possible operational definitions resulting from this concept. These potential options for allocation of emission rights are expressed with mathematical equations. Through simple simulation, this paper reveals the advantages, disadvantages and characteristics of each option. Yu, S., X. Gao, C. Ma, et al., 2011: Study on the concept of per capita cumulative emissions and allocation options. Adv. Clim . Change Res ., 2 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00079.
Abstract
Global long-term emission reduction targets need well defined options for equitable allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Scholars from developing countries put forward [...]
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Regional Allocation of CO2 Intensity Reduction Targets Based on Cluster Analysis
Y. Yuan, C. Wen-Jia, W. Can, W. Si-Qiang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 220-228

Abstract
To meet China’s CO2 intensity target of 40%–45% reduction by 2020 based on the 2005 level, a regional allocation method based on cluster analysis is developed. Thirty Chinese provinces are classified into six groups based on economy, emissions, and reduction potential indicators. Under the equity principle, the two most developed groups are assigned the highest reduction targets (55% and 65%, respectively). However, their reduction potential is limited. Under the efficiency principle, the two groups with the highest reduction potential take the highest targets (48% and 61%, respectively), but their economy is relatively backward. When equity and efficiency are equally weighted, the 5th group with a prominent reduction potential takes the highest target (54%), and the 2nd and the 3rd groups with large industry scales take the second highest target (49%). However, under all the three allocation schemes, the targets are not greater than 40% for the 4th and the 6th groups, which have a relatively low economic ability, emissions, and reduction potential. Due to inconsistency between economic and reduction potential, corresponding market mechanisms and policy instruments should be established to ensure equity and efficiency of regional target allocation. Yang, Y., W.-J. Cai, C. Wang, et al., 2012: Regional allocation of CO2 intensity reduction targets based on cluster analysis. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00220.
Abstract
To meet China’s CO2 intensity target of 40%–45% reduction by 2020 based on the 2005 level, a regional allocation method based on cluster analysis is developed. Thirty [...]
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Analysis on Changes of Basic Climatic Elements and Extreme Events in Xinjiang, China during 1961–2010
J. Yuan-An, C. Ying, Z. Yi-Zhou, C. Peng-Xiang, Y. Xing-Jie, F. Jing, B. Su-Qin

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013).

Abstract
By using the observation data from 89 weather stations in Xinjiang during 1961–2010, this paper analyzed the basic climatic elements including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, sunshine duration, water vapor pressure, and dust storm in the entire Xinjiang and the subareas: North Xinjiang, Tianshan Mountains, and South Xinjiang. The results indicate that from 1961 to 2010 the annual and seasonal mean temperatures in the entire Xinjiang show an increasing trend with the increasing rate rising from south to north. The increasing rate of annual mean minimum temperature is over twice more than that of the annual mean maximum temperature, contributing much to the increase in the annual averages. The magnitude of the decrease rate of low-temperature days is larger than the increase rate of high-temperature days. The increase of warm days and warm nights and the decrease of cold days and cold nights further reveal that the temperature increasing in Xinjiang is higher. In addition, annual and seasonal rainfalls have been increasing. South Xinjiang experiences higher increase in rainfall amounts than North Xinjiang and Tianshan Mountains. Annual rainy days, longest consecutive rainy days, the daily maximum precipitation and extreme precipitation events, annual torrential rain days and amount, annual blizzard days and amount, all show an increasing trend, corresponding to the increasing in annual mean water vapor pressure. This result shows that the humidity has increased with temperature increasing in the past 50 years. The decrease in annual mean wind speed and gale days lessen the impact of dust storm, sandstorm, and floating dust events. The increase in annual rainy days is the cause of the decrease in annual sunshine duration, while the increase in spring sunshine duration corresponds with the decrease in dust weather. Therefore, the increase in precipitation indicators, the decrease in gales and dust weather, and the increasing in sunshine duration in spring will be beneficial to crops growth. Jiang, Y.-A., Y. Chen, Y.-Z. Zhao, et al., 2013: Analysis on changes of basic climatic elements and extreme events in Xinjiang, China during 1961–2010. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.020.
Abstract
By using the observation data from 89 weather stations in Xinjiang during 1961–2010, this paper analyzed the basic climatic elements including temperature, precipitation, [...]
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Intensity Allocation Criteria of Carbon Emissions Permits and Regional Economic Development in China — Based on a 30-Province/Autonomous Region Computable General Equilibrium Model
Y. Yong-Na, S. Min-Jun, L. Na, Z. Sheng-Lü

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 154-162

Abstract
The intensity allocation criteria of carbon emissions permits and its influence on China’s regional development are analyzed through the 30-province/autonomous region computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Simulation results show that: industrial intensity criteria without taking regional economic development into account deepen the unbalance of regional economic development, regional intensity criteria without taking industrial properties into account exert little negative impact on regional harmonious development, but relatively high negative influence on high-carbon emission industries. The two-step allocation scheme that the central government allocates emissions permits to provincial governments based on regional economic development and then provincial governments allocate emissions permits to emission resources or entities based on industrial properties is a feasible and operable choice. Yuan, Y.-N., M.-J. Shi, N. Li, et al., 2012: Intensity allocation criteria of carbon emissions permits and regional economic development in China — based on a 30-province/autonomous region computable general equilibrium model. Adv. Clim . Change Res ., 3 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00154.
Abstract
The intensity allocation criteria of carbon emissions permits and its influence on China’s regional development are analyzed through the 30-province/autonomous region computable [...]
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Climate Change Impacts on Central China and Adaptation Measures
R. Yong-Jian, C. Jiang-Xue, W. Su-Qin, L. Min, C. Zheng-Hong, L. Yu-Fang, W. Ji-Jun

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 215-222

Abstract
In Central China, the obvious climate change has happened along with global warming. Based on the observational analysis, the climate change has significant effects, both positive and negative, in every field within the study area, and with the harmful effects far more prevalent. Under the scenario A1B, it is reported that temperature, precipitation, days of heat waves and extreme precipitation intensity will increase at respective rates of 0.38°C per decade, 12.6 mm per decade, 6.4 d and 47 mm per decade in the 21st century. It is widely believed that these climate changes in the future will result in some apparent impacts on agro-ecosystems, water resources, wetland ecosystem, forest ecosystem, human health, energy sectors and other sensitive fields in Central China. Due to the limited scientific knowledge and researches, there are still some shortages in the climate change assessment methodologies and many uncertainties in the climate prediction results. Therefore, it is urgent and essential to increase the studies of the regional climate change adaptation, extend the research fields, and enhance the studies in the extreme weather and climate events to reduce the uncertainties of the climate change assessments. Ren, Y.-J., J.-X. Cui, S.-Q. Wan, et al., 2013: Climate change impacts on central China and adaptation measures. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 4 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.215.
Abstract
In Central China, the obvious climate change has happened along with global warming. Based on the observational analysis, the climate change has significant effects, both [...]
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Estimation of aerosol properties over the Chinese desert region with MODIS AOD assimilation in a global model
X. Yin, T. Dai, J. Xin, D. Gong, J. Yang, N. Teruyuki, G. Shi

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 90-98

Abstract
A Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter assimilation system has been implemented into an aerosol-coupled global nonhydrostatic model to simulate the aerosol mass concentration and aerosol optical properties of 3 desert sites (Ansai, Fukang, Shapotou) in northwestern China. One-month experiment results of April 2006 reveal that the data assimilation can correct the much overestimated aerosol surface mass concentration, and has a strong positive effect on the aerosol optical depth (AOD) simulation, improving agreement with observations. Improvement is limited with the Ångström Exponent (AE) simulation, except for much improved correlation coefficient and model skill scores over the Ansai site. Better agreement of the AOD spatial distribution with the independent observations of Terra (Deep Blue) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) AODs is obtained by assimilating the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD product, especially for regions with AODs lower than 0.30. This study confirms the usefulness of the remote sensing observations for the improvement of global aerosol modeling.
Abstract
A Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter assimilation system has been implemented into an aerosol-coupled global nonhydrostatic model to simulate the aerosol mass concentration [...]
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Reconstruction of October Mean Temperature since 1796 in Wuying Based on Tree Ring Data
H. Yin, H. Liu, L. Huang, H. Yu, S. Guo, F. Wang, P. Guo

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 100-106

Abstract
The monthly mean temperature for October in the Fenglin National Natural Reserve of Wuying, in Heilongjiang province, was reconstructed for the period running from 1796 to 2004 using RES tree ring chronology. The explained variance of the reconstruction is 34.8%. In the past 209 years, there are 4 colder and 4 warmer periods according to the reconstructed series. A period of 3.33-year is found significant based on the power spectrum method. Abrupt changes are also detected in the reconstructed series with 30-year time scale based on the smoothing t -test, smoothing F -test and Le Page test methods. Significant abrupt changes in mean value are observed for around 1871 and 1900, and a significant abrupt change in standard deviation is observed for around 1851. Yin, H., H. Liu, L. Huang, et al., 2010: Reconstruction of October mean temperature since 1796 in Wuying based on tree ring data. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00100.
Abstract
The monthly mean temperature for October in the Fenglin National Natural Reserve of Wuying, in Heilongjiang province, was reconstructed for the period running from 1796 to [...]
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Projected Flood Risks in China Based on CMIP5
X. Ying, Z. Bing, Z. Bo-Tao, D. Si-Yan, Y. Li, L. Rou-Ke

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014).

Abstract
Based on the simulations of 22 CMIP5 models in combination with socio-economic data and terrain elevation data, the spatial distribution of risk levels of flood disaster and the vulnerability to flood hazards in China are projected under the RCP8.5 for the near term period (2016–2035), medium term period (2046–2065) and long term period (2080–2099), respectively. The results show that regions with high flood hazard levels are mainly located in Southeast China, while the vulnerability to flood hazards is high in eastern China. Under the RCP8.5 greenhouse gas emissions scenario, future high flood risk levels will mainly appear in the eastern part of Sichuan, in major part of East China, and in the provinces of Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin. The major cities in Northeast China, some areas in Shaanxi and Shanxi, as well as the coastal areas in southeastern China will also encounter high flood risks. Compared with the baseline period, the regional flood risk levels will increase towards the end of the 21st century, although the occurrences of floods change little. Due to the coarse resolution of the climate models and the indistinct methodology for determining the weight coefficients, large uncertainty still exists in the projection of flood risks. Xu, Y., Zhang, B., Zhou, B.-T., et al., 2014. Projected flood risks in China based on CMIP5. Adv. Clim. Change Res. 5(2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2014.057.
Abstract
Based on the simulations of 22 CMIP5 models in combination with socio-economic data and terrain elevation data, the spatial distribution of risk levels of flood disaster and [...]
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Observed Climate Change in East China during 1961–2007
H. Yi-Ling, C. Bao-De, Y. Xu-Chao, L. Ping

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 84-91

Abstract
By using in situ daily observations in East China during 1961–2007 and NCEP reanalysis data, the methods of statistical analyses, urban minus rural and observation minus reanalysis, it is revealed that the observed climate change and surface warming in East China were mainly induced by urbanization. The results show that East China has experienced two warmer periods of 1930s and 1980s in the past century, from 1951 to 2007, the regional mean temperature increased at a rate of 0.14°C per decade, heat waves happened in urban center more frequently, and local climate showed a warming and dry trend, there was no significant linear trend in regional mean precipitation in the past 50 years. Urbanization was a crucial element for the regional warming, about 44% of the warming was due to heat island effect in the mega city. Hou, Y.-L., B.-D. Chen, X.-C. Yang, et al., 2013: Observed climate change in East China during 1961–2007. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.084.
Abstract
By using in situ daily observations in East China during 1961–2007 and NCEP reanalysis data, the methods of statistical analyses, urban minus rural and observation minus [...]
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Influences of Urban Temperature on the Electricity Consumption of Shanghai
H. Yi-Ling, M. Hai-Zhen, D. Guang-Tao, S. Jun

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 74-80

Abstract
By using data of daily electricity consumption and temperature for the period 2003–2007 in Shanghai, the variation of energy consumption and the correlations between energy consumption and temperature are analyzed. The results indicate that winter and summer are the two peak seasons of energy consumption due to the urban residential heating and cooling demand. The base temperature of electricity and daily temperature is 10°C in winter and 22°C in summer respectively. When the outdoor temperature is below 10°C, the heating demand becomes obvious, and with over 22°C the cooling demand. The spatial distribution of cooling degree-days (CDD) and heating degree-days (HDD) clearly shows urbanization effects. By the influence of urbanization the central city experiences greater CDD in summer and lower HDD in winter. The projected temperature for 2011–2050 implies a significant increase in CDD and a decrease in HDD. This may have implications on the future energy demand if the current energy consumption pattern does not change. Hou, Y.-L., Mu, H.-Z., Dong, G.-T., et al., 2014. Influences of urban temperature on the electricity consumption of Shanghai. Adv. Clim. Change Res. 5(2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2014.074.
Abstract
By using data of daily electricity consumption and temperature for the period 2003–2007 in Shanghai, the variation of energy consumption and the correlations between energy [...]
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Coordinated Research on Orderly Human Activity to Cope with Global Climate Change — Our Thoughts and Recommendations
D. Ye, W. Dong

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 46-48

Abstract
This is a letter from two Chinese scientists to Dr. Dahe Qin, Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group I. Human society has taken an historical step to address climate change issue. However, how to understand climate change and how to response to climate change will always and everywhere lead various types of disagreements and disputes, thus affecting the pace of societies’ promptly taking orderly human activity against climate change. In the letter, the two scientists bring up their thoughts and recommendations on how to carry out coordinated research on orderly human activity to cope with global climate change.
Abstract
This is a letter from two Chinese scientists to Dr. Dahe Qin, Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group I. Human society has taken an historical step to address climate change issue. [...]
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Safety and effective developing nuclear power to realize green and low-carbon development
Q. Ye

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 10-16

Abstract
This paper analyzes the role of nuclear power of Chinas energy structure and industry system. Comparing with other renewable energy the nuclear power chain has very low greenhouse gas emission, so it will play more important role in Chinas low-carbon economy. The paper also discussed the necessity of nuclear power development to achieve emission reduction, energy structure adjustment, nuclear power safety, environmental protection, enhancement of nuclear power technology, nuclear waste treatment, and disposal, as well as nuclear power plant decommissioning. Based on the safety record and situation of the existing power plants in China, the current status of the development of world nuclear power technology, and the features of the independently designed advanced power plants in China, this paper aims to demonstrate the safety of nuclear power. A nuclear power plant will not cause harm either to the environment and nor to the public according to the real data of radioactivity release, which are obtained from an operational nuclear plant. The development of nuclear power technology can enhance the safety of nuclear power. Further, this paper discusses issues related to the nuclear fuel cycle, the treatment, and disposal strategies of nuclear waste, and the decommissioning of a nuclear power plant, all of which are issues of public concern.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the role of nuclear power of Chinas energy structure and industry system. Comparing with other renewable energy the nuclear power chain has very low greenhouse [...]
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Evaluation and Projection of Temperature Extremes over China Based on CMIP5 Model
. Yao, L. Yong, H. Jian-Bin

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 179-185

Abstract
Evaluation and projection of temperature extremes over China are carried out with 8 model datasets from CMIP5. Compared with the NCEP reanalysis data, multi-model weighted ensemble is capable of reproducing the 8 temperature extreme indices and 20-year return values of annual maximum/minimum temperatures. The time correlation coefficients of all the 8 indices between multi-model ensemble and the reanalysis can reach a significance level of 0.10. The spatial correlation coefficient of 20-year return level of annual maximum/minimum temperatures is greater than 0.98. Under the RCP4.5 scenario, more extreme warm events and less cold events are expected over China in multi-model ensemble. By the middle of the 21st century, the heat wave duration index will be multiplied 2.6 times. At the end of the 21st century, the cold wave duration index will decrease 71%, and the 20-year return value will increase 4°C in parts of China for the maximum/minimum temperatures. Yao, Y., Y. Luo, J.-B. Huang, 2012: Evaluation and projection of temperature extremes over China based on CMIP5 model. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00179.
Abstract
Evaluation and projection of temperature extremes over China are carried out with 8 model datasets from CMIP5. Compared with the NCEP reanalysis data, multi-model weighted [...]
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Changes in Climate Factors and Extreme Climate Events in South China during 1961–2010
D. Yao-Dong, A. Hui, D. Hai-Lai, H. Ya-Min, W. Xian-Wei, H. Jian, W. Hong-Yu, W. Xiao-Xuan

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013).

Abstract
Daily climate data at 110 stations during 1961–2010 were selected to examine the changing characteristics of climate factors and extreme climate events in South China. The annual mean surface air temperature has increased significantly by 0.16°C per decade, most notably in the Pearl River Delta and in winter. The increase rate of the annual extreme minimum temperature (0.48°C per decade) is over twice that of the annual extreme maximum temperature (0.20°C per decade), and the increase of the mean temperature is mainly the result of the increase of the extreme minimum temperature. The increase rate of high-temperature days (1.1 d per decade) is close to the decrease rate of low-temperature days (–1.3 d per decade). The rainfall has not shown any significant trend, but the number of rainy days has decreased and the rain intensity has increased. The regional mean sunshine duration has a significant decreasing trend of –40.9 h per decade, and the number of hazy days has a significant increasing trend of 6.3 d per decade. The decrease of sunshine duration is mainly caused by the increase of total cloud, not by the increase of hazy days in South China. Both the regional mean pan evaporation and mean wind speed have significant decreasing trends of –65.9 mm per decade and –0.11 m s−1 per decade, respectively. The decrease of both sunshine duration and mean wind speed plays an important role in the decrease of pan evaporation. The number of landing tropical cyclones has an insignificant decreasing trend of –0.6 per decade, but their intensities show a weak increasing trend. The formation location of tropical cyclones landing in South China has converged towards 10–19°N, and the landing position has shown a northward trend. The date of the first landfall tropical cyclone postpones 1.8 d per decade, and the date of the last landfall advances 3.6 d per decade, resulting in reduction of the typhoon season by 5.4 d per decade. Du, Y.-D., H. Ai, H.-L. Duan, et al., 2013: Changes in climate factors and extreme climate events in South China during 1961–2010. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.001. The Working Group (WG) Reports and Synthesis Report of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) will be completed in 2013/2014. In order to address climate change, China Meteorological Administration (CMA) has launched climate change assessment reports since August 2008 for East China, South China, Central China, North China, Northeast China, Northwest China, Southwest China, and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. This is the first effort addressing climate change at a regional scale in China and among the first efforts globally. In order to ensure the quality of the report, CMA has organized hundreds of experts from CMA, colleges and universities, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and used a workflow similar to that of the IPCC AR5. The methods of field observation, data analysis, forecasting models and literature review have been used in these reports. Until now, eight regional assessment reports are being published. This journal will continuously publish the studies in three repeating sessions: climate change facts, impact assessment and adaptation, and mitigation, in order to provide the readers with this reference.
Abstract
Daily climate data at 110 stations during 1961–2010 were selected to examine the changing characteristics of climate factors and extreme climate events in South China. The [...]
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Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health and Adaptation Strategies in South China
D. Yao-Dong, W. Xian-Wei, Y. Xiao-Feng, M. Wen-Jun, A. Hui, W. Xiao-Xuan

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 208-214

Abstract
This study reviews the impacts of climate change on human health and presents corresponding adaptation strategies in South China. The daily mean surface air temperatures above or below 26.4°C increase the death risk for the people in Guangzhou, especially the elderly are vulnerable to variations in temperature. Heat waves can cause insomnia, fatigue, clinical exacerbation, or death from heatstroke etc., while cold spells show increases in patients with fractures. During a cold spell period, the rates of both on-site emergency rescues and non-implementable rescues increase, and the risk of non-accidental deaths and respiratory disease deaths significantly rise as well. Both time series of hazy days and ozone concentrations have significant positive correlations with the number of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Both malaria and dengue fever reach higher altitudes and mountainous areas due to climate warming. Climate change is likely to bring stronger heat waves in the future, thereby increasing heat wave-related illnesses and deaths, particularly in the metropolitan areas of the Pearl River Delta. The projected increase of continuous cold days in Guangdong province and parts of northern Guangxi province will affect residents’ health in the future. The rising temperature exaggerates ozone pollution, but it is not clear whether climate change is aggravating or mitigating haze pollution. The transmission potential of malaria in South China will increase by 39%–140% and the transmission season will extend by 1–2 months with an air temperature increase of 1–2°C. By 2050, most areas in Hainan province are projected to convert from non-endemic dengue into endemic dengue areas. The aging population will cause more vulnerable people. To mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on human health, sound and scientific adaptation strategies must be adopted in advance, such as strengthening the surveillance of epidemic diseases in potential transmission areas, conducting timely weather forecasting for human health, evaluating health vulnerability to climate change, improving environmental and health education, and strengthening hazard management and the cooperation between meteorological and health departments. Du, Y.-D., X.-W. Wang, X.-F. Yang, et al., 2013: Impacts of climate change on human health and adaptation strategies in South China. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 4 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.208.
Abstract
This study reviews the impacts of climate change on human health and presents corresponding adaptation strategies in South China. The daily mean surface air temperatures above [...]
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A Review of Assessment and Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change Impacts on the Coastal Areas in South China
D. Yao-Dong, C. Xu-Hua, W. Xian-Wei, A. Hui, D. Hai-Lai, H. Jian, W. Xiao-Xuan

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 201-207

Abstract
This paper reviews assessment of climate change impacts on economy, society and ecological environment in the coastal areas of South China based on published literatures, it also proposes suitable adaptation strategies and countermeasures. Review shows that climate change has resulted in sea level rise in the coastal areas of South China, increasing the occurrence and intensity of storm surges, aggravating the influence of saltwater intrusion, coastal erosion, urban drainage and flood control, threatening the coastal facility and infrastructures, inundating lowland areas, offsetting mudflat silting, and degrading mangroves and coral reef ecosystem. Therefore, in order to reduce the adverse effects of climate change and to support the sustainable development in the coastal areas of South China, it is critical to improve the monitoring and early warning system, enhance prevention criteria, fortify coastal protection engineering, strengthen salt tide prevention, and reinforce the ecological restoration and protection. Du, Y.-D., X.-H. Cheng, X.-W. Wang, et al., 2013: A review of assessment and adaptation strategy to climate change impacts on the coastal areas in South China. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 4 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.201.
Abstract
This paper reviews assessment of climate change impacts on economy, society and ecological environment in the coastal areas of South China based on published literatures, [...]
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A Simulation Study on Climatic Effects of Land Cover Change in China
Y. Yan, X. Zheng-Hui

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 117-126

Abstract
The regional climate model RegCM4 was used to investigate the regional climate effects of land cover change over China. Two 24-year simulations (1978–2001), one with the land cover derived from the MODIS data and the other with the CLCV (Chinese land cover derived from vegetation map) data, were conducted for a region encompassing China. The differences between the MODIS and CLCV data reflect characteristics of desertification and degradation of vegetation in China. Results indicate that the land cover change has important impacts on local climate through mechanisms related to changes in surface energy, water budgets and macro-scale circulation. In summer, the land cover change leads to a decrease in surface air temperature over southern China, a reduction in precipitation and an increase in surface air temperature in the transitional climate zone and the northern Tibetan Plateau, and an increase in inter-annual variability of surface air temperature in the marginal monsoon zone and northwestern China. Strengthened southwesterly winds increase precipitation to some extent in central and eastern Inner Mongolia by enhancing water vapor transport. In winter, enhanced northerly winds, bringing more dry and cold air, lead to a reduction in precipitation and temperature over areas south of the Yellow River. Yu, Y., and Z.-H. Xie, 2013: A simulation study on climatic effects of land cover change in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.117.
Abstract
The regional climate model RegCM4 was used to investigate the regional climate effects of land cover change over China. Two 24-year simulations (1978–2001), one with the [...]
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Review of recent studies of the climatic effects of urbanization in China
Z. Yan, J. Wang, J. Xia, J. Feng

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 154-168

Abstract
This paper summarizes recent studies on the effects of urbanization on climate in China. The effects of urbanization on local climate trends have been re-estimated based on homogenized observations and using improved methods. In this respect, the effect of urbanization on the observed warming trend of local surface air temperatures during the last few decades is determined as being about 20% at urban stations such as the Beijing Observatory. The large-scale weakening trend of wind speed is also about 20% more prominent at the city center than its surroundings. The effect of urbanization on precipitation is not profound, but results of high-resolution regional climate modeling suggest that this effect may depend on the urban extent. Although the urban heat island (UHI) should favor local atmospheric convection and hence precipitation, the increasingly extending urban land-use may reduce precipitation over the urban cluster in North China. It is found that urbanization can play a more notable role in extreme events than usual weather. High-resolution simulations show a positive feedback between the UHI and the super-heat wave in Shanghai during July–August 2013. Relevant studies dealing with urban climate adaptation are discussed in relation to recent findings.
Abstract
This paper summarizes recent studies on the effects of urbanization on climate in China. The effects of urbanization on local climate trends have been re-estimated based on [...]
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Projections of the 21st Century Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin Extreme Precipitation Events
C. Yan, J. Zhi-Hong, C. Wei-Lin, Z. Ruo-Yu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 76-83

Abstract
Based on the 1961–1990 observed daily precipitation in the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, and the HadCM3 model data for IPCC SRES A1B climate projections, the simulation capabilities of the BP-CCA downscaling approach for extreme precipitation indices of the current climate are assessed by applying canonical correlation analysis (CCA). In addition, future extreme precipitation indices in the middle and late 21st century are projected. The results show that simulation capability of the HadCM3 for regional climate characteristics can be effectively improved by the downscaling approach, with 30%–100% reduction of the relative errors of the climatological mean state of extreme precipitation indices. However, the downscaling results still show wetter winter and dryer summer than the observation. Under the SRES A1B emission scenario, frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are projected to increase, and the estimated increasing rate is higher for extreme precipitation indices than for mean precipitation index, and in summer than in winter. Extreme precipitations in the middle and late 21st century are expected to increase by 14% and 25% respectively in winter, and by 24% and 32% respectively in summer. Cui, Y., Z.-H. Jiang, W.-L. Chen, et al., 2012: Projections of the 21st century Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin extreme precipitation events. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00076.
Abstract
Based on the 1961–1990 observed daily precipitation in the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, and the HadCM3 model data for IPCC SRES A1B climate [...]
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Surface Air Temperature Simulations over China with CMIP5 and CMIP3
G. Yan, D. Wen-Jie, R. Fu-Min, Z. Zong-Ci, H. Jian-Bin

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 145-152

Abstract
Historical simulations of annual mean surface air temperature over China with 25 CMIP5 models were assessed. The observational data from CRUT3v and CN05 were used and further compared with historical simulations of CMIP3. The results show that CMIP5 models were able to simulate the observed warming over China from 1906 to 2005 (0.84°C per 100 years) with a warming rate of 0.77°C per 100 years based on the multi-model ensemble (MME). The simulations of surface air temperature in the late 20th century were much better than those in the early 20th century, when only two models could reproduce the extreme warming in the 1940s. The simulations for the spatial distribution of the 20-year-mean (1986–2005) surface air temperature over China fit relatively well with the observations. However, underestimations in surface air temperature climatology were still found almost all over China, and the largest cold bias and simulation uncertainty were found in western China. On sub-regional scale, northern China experienced stronger warming than southern China during 1961–1999, for which the CMIP5 MME provided better simulations. With CMIP5 the difference of warming trends in northern and southern China was underestimated. In general, the CMIP5 simulations are obviously improved in comparison with the CMIP3 simulations in terms of the variation in regional mean surface air temperature, the spatial distribution of surface air temperature climatology and the linear trends in surface air temperature all over China. Guo, Y., W.-J. Dong, F.-M. Ren, et al., 2013: Surface air temperature simulations over China with CMIP5 and CMIP3. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.145.
Abstract
Historical simulations of annual mean surface air temperature over China with 25 CMIP5 models were assessed. The observational data from CRUT3v and CN05 were used and further [...]
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Climate extremes revealed by Chinese historical documents over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in winter 1620
J. Yan, H. Liu, Z. Hao, X. Zhang, J. Zheng

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 118-122

Abstract
The snow-cover days over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) were extracted from Chinese historical documents for the winter of 1620, which includes the beginning of the tenth month of 1620 through the middle ten days of the second month of 1621 in Chinese lunar calendar. By using these records, the winter temperature anomalies compared with the 1961–1990 mean at nine stations were estimated. The results show an average of 50 snow-cover days over the MLRYR ranging from 30 d in Shanghai to 100 d in Jingzhou. The average snow-cover duration was approximately 70 d in Hefei, Huoshan, Nanjing, and Chaohu, and 40–60 d in Anqing, Wuhan, Changde, Changsha, and Jingdezhen. However, Shanghai and southern Jiangsu province had the lowest number of snow-cover days at 30 d. The regional mean winter temperature in 1620 was estimated to be 4.4 °C lower than the 1961–1990 mean. The maximum negative anomaly of −5.7 °C occurred in Jingdezhen, and the minimum anomaly of −3.6 °C was detected in Changsha. Both anomalies were significantly lower than those of the coldest winter during the instrumental observation period.
Abstract
The snow-cover days over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) were extracted from Chinese historical documents for the winter of 1620, which includes [...]
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Progress in Research on the Impacts of Global Climate Change on Winter Ski Tourism
J. Yang, C. Wan

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 55-62

Abstract
The impacts of global climate change on ski tourism, which depends heavily on climate conditions, have increasingly gained concern overseas. This paper systematically summarized the relevant research ideas, the technical methods used, and the obtained achievements through an extensive synthesis of the previous studies. Moreover, the major shortcomings and the limitations in the recent studies are pointed in order to present a useful reference for our Chinese investigators. It indicates that the future climate warming would cause the loss of skiable areas, the shortening of skiing seasons and the sharp drop of ski visitors in many low altitude and low latitude ski resorts. The paper finally stressed that future research should pay particular attention to strengthening interdisciplinary cooperation and consider more factors about the impacts of climate-induced environmental changes on tourist flows. In the future ski resort planning and management, the possible impacts of global climate change should be taken into account. Yang, J., and C. Wan, 2010: Progress in research on the impacts of global climate change on winter ski tourism. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00055.
Abstract
The impacts of global climate change on ski tourism, which depends heavily on climate conditions, have increasingly gained concern overseas. This paper systematically summarized [...]
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The Influence of Climate Change on Winter Wheat during 2012–2100 under A2 and A1B Scenarios in China
S. Yan-Ling, C. De-Liang, L. Yan-Ju, X. Ying

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 138-146

Abstract
By assuming constant winter wheat varieties and agricultural practices in China, the influence of climate change on winter wheat is simulated using the corrected future climate projections under SRES A2 and A1B scenarios from 2012 to 2100, respectively. The results indicate that the growth of winter wheat would be strongly influenced by climate change in future. The average flowering and maturity dates of winter wheat would advance by 26 and 27 days under scenario A2, and by 23 and 24 days respectively under scenario A1B from 2012 to 2100. The simulated potential productivity of winter wheat shows a decrease of 14.3% and 12.5% for scenarios A2 and A1B respectively without the fertilization effect of CO2, while an increase of 1.3% and 0.6% with the fertilization effect of CO2 . Additionally, for northern China, the simulated potential productivity would markedly decrease under both scenarios, independent with the fertilization effect of CO2, which indicates that the current planted winter wheat would be more vulnerable than that in southern China. The most likely reason is the current winter wheat varieties in northern China are winter varieties or strong winter varieties, which need some days of low temperature for dormancy. While in southern China, the winter wheat is spring or half winter varieties and can grow slowly during winter, thus, they would be affected slightly when winter temperature increases. The results of this study may have important implications for adaptation measures. Song, Y.-L., D.-L. Chen, Y.-J. Liu, et al., 2012: The influence of climate change on winter wheat during 2012–2100 under A2 and A1B scenarios in China. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 3 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00138.
Abstract
By assuming constant winter wheat varieties and agricultural practices in China, the influence of climate change on winter wheat is simulated using the corrected future climate [...]
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The Strategy and Technology Selection for Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Control
Z. Ya-Min, F. Yong-Sheng

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 28-33

Abstract
The emission control of non-CO2 greenhouse gases is conducive to slowing down global warming. It is also helpful in controlling environmental pollution, and beneficial in improving the local health benefits. This paper aims at six kinds of non-CO2 greenhouse gases under United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, namely methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ). This paper analyzes the emission status and trend of China’s non-CO2 greenhouse gases, and provides some technology selections for non-CO2 emission reduction. Through strategic policy arrangements and appropriate technology choices, China can gain environmental protection and greenhouse gas control. Zhou, Y.-M., and Y.-S. Feng, 2014: The strategy and technology selection for non-CO2 greenhouse gas emission control. Adv. Clim. Change Res ., 5(1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2014.028.
Abstract
The emission control of non-CO2 greenhouse gases is conducive to slowing down global warming. It is also helpful in controlling environmental pollution, and beneficial in [...]
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Trends of Tropospheric Ozone over China Based on Satellite Data (1979–2005)
X. Xu, W. Lin

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 43-48

Abstract
Long-term trends of yearly and seasonal averages of tropospheric ozone over the whole country and some important regions of China during 1979–2005 are analyzed, based on tropospheric ozone residue (TOR) data retrieved from satellite measurements. The relationship between the TOR and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is studied. The results show that, over the whole country, there is a slight increase of TOR in summer and a decrease in other seasons, while the overall trend for the whole period is insignificant. There are decreasing trends of TOR over the Pearl River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. Significant increasing trends of TOR are found over the North China Plain (NCP) for all seasons except for winter, with a maximum rate of 1.10 DU per decade for summer. There are significant correlations between TOR and SOI for some regions in China but not for the NCP, suggesting that the observed increasing trend of TOR over the NCP may not be linked with changes in atmospheric circulations. Xu, X., and W. Lin, 2011: Trends of tropospheric ozone over China based on satellite data (1979–2005). Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00043.
Abstract
Long-term trends of yearly and seasonal averages of tropospheric ozone over the whole country and some important regions of China during 1979–2005 are analyzed, based on [...]
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Overview of global monthly surface temperature data in the past century and preliminary integration
W. Xu, Q. Li, S. Yang, Y. Xu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 111-117

Abstract
This paper analyzes the status of existing resources through extensive research and international cooperation on the basis of four typical global monthly surface temperature datasets including the climate research dataset of the University of East Anglia (CRUTEM3), the dataset of the U.S. National Climatic Data Center (GHCN-V3), the dataset of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (GISSTMP), and the Berkeley Earth surface temperature dataset (Berkeley). Chinas first global monthly temperature dataset over land was developed by integrating the four aforementioned global temperature datasets and several regional datasets from major countries or regions. This dataset contains information from 9, 519 stations worldwide of at least 20 years for monthly mean temperature, 7, 073 for maximum temperature, and 6, 587 for minimum temperature. Compared with CRUTEM3 and GHCN-V3, the station density is much higher particularly for South America, Africa, and Asia. Moreover, data from significantly more stations were available after the year 1990 which dramatically reduced the uncertainty of the estimated global temperature trend during 1990–2011. The integrated dataset can serve as a reliable data source for global climate change research.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the status of existing resources through extensive research and international cooperation on the basis of four typical global monthly surface temperature [...]
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Effects of Cropland Cover Changes on Regional Climate over Western China Based on Simulations with RegCM3
S. Xue-Li, H. Hui-Juan, R. Hong-Chang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 250-259

Abstract
The impacts of land cover changes on regional climate in Shaan-Gan-Ning (SGN) in western China were simulated with RegCM3. Sensitivity experiments were conducted by replacing crop grids with different new land cover types in the key area of SGN, where the returning cropland to tree/grass project has been carried out since 1999. The modified new land cover types include desert, forest, shrub and grass. They represent degraded, improved, and maintained vegetation cover with natural canopy in the key area. Results from three individual case studies show that the land cover change causes changes in temperature and terrestrial water variables especially within the key area, while changes in precipitation are found for a larger area. The strongest changes appear where the cropland is degraded to bare soil, leading to increasing temperature and decreases in rainfall, evaporation and soil water. Opposite changes occur when cropland changed into forests, especially with strong increases in soil water. When cropland changed to grass and shrub land, the climatic changes are closer to those with forest cover. This shows the importance of improving and maintaining the vegetation in SGN for the ecosystem and regional climate. Shi, X.-L., H.-J. He, and H.-C. Ren, 2013: Effects of cropland cover changes on regional climate over western China based on simulations with RegCM3. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 4 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.250.
Abstract
The impacts of land cover changes on regional climate in Shaan-Gan-Ning (SGN) in western China were simulated with RegCM3. Sensitivity experiments were conducted by replacing [...]
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Sewage Treatment in China during 2000–2009
Z. Xing, Z. You-Fei, K. Na, Z. Wei, Y. Ji-Fu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 205-211

Abstract
Based on the statistics from the China Statistical Yearbook (2000–2009) on environment and methods recommended by the IPCC, the amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from domestic and industrial sewage treatment in China are estimated for the period of 2003–2009. CO2 emissions per capita from sewage treatment plants are also analyzed. The results show that the GHG emissions from sewage treatment plants increased steadily from 2003 to 2009, N2 O emissions from domestic sewage are the major source of the total GHG emissions from domestic sewage, CH4 emissions from domestic sewage increase with the greatest speed, CH4 emissions from paper and pulp industry are the major source of industrial sewage emissions, CO2 emissions per capita increase constantly from 2003 to 2009. Zhou, X., Y.-F. Zheng, N. Kang, et al., 2012: Greenhouse gas emissions from sewage treatment in China during 2000–2009. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00205.
Abstract
Based on the statistics from the China Statistical Yearbook (2000–2009) on environment and methods recommended by the IPCC, the amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [...]
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Trends in Annual and Seasonal Pan Evaporation in the Lower Yellow River Basin from 1961 to 2010
J. Xing-Jie, W. Ji-Jun, G. Wan-Long, Z. Ye-Yu, L. Feng-Xiu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010).(25) pp. 195-204

Abstract
The annual and seasonal trends in pan evaporation in the lower Yellow River Basin based on quality-controlled data from 10 meteorological stations in 1961–2010 are analyzed. The causes for the changes in annual and seasonal pan evaporation are also discussed. The results suggest that, despite the 1.15°C increasing in annual mean surface air temperature over the past 50 years (0.23°C per decade), the annual pan evaporation has steadily declined by an average rate of −7.65 mm per year. By comparison, this change is greater than those previously reported in China. Significant decreasing trends in annual pan evaporation have been observed at almost all stations. As a whole, seasonal pan evaporation decreased significantly, especially in summer, whereas seasonal temperature increased significantly, except in summer. Thus, the pan evaporation paradox exists in the lower Yellow River Basin. The trend analysis of other meteorological factors indicates significant decrease in sunshine duration and wind speed, but no significant variations in precipitation and relative humidity at annual and seasonal time scales. By examining the relationship between precipitation and pan evaporation, it did not show a concurrent decrease in pan evaporation and increase in precipitation. The partial correlation analysis discovered that the primary cause of decrease in annual and seasonal pan evaporation is the decrease in wind speed. A further examination using a stepwise regression shows that decrease in wind speed and sunshine duration, and increase in mean temperature are likely to be the main meteorological factors affecting the annual and seasonal pan evaporation in the lower Yellow River Basin over the past 50 years. Ji, X.-J., J.-J. Wang, W.-L. Gu, et al., 2012: Trends in annual and seasonal pan evaporation in the lower Yellow River Basin from 1961 to 2010. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00195.
Abstract
The annual and seasonal trends in pan evaporation in the lower Yellow River Basin based on quality-controlled data from 10 meteorological stations in 1961–2010 are analyzed. [...]
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Uncertainties in Global Warming Projection
W. Xin-Yu, W. Shao-Wu, L. Yong, Z. Zong-Ci, H. Jian-Bin

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 229-232
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Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity
W. Xin-Yu, W. Shao-Wu, L. Yong, Z. Zong-Ci, H. Jian-Bin

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013).
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A modeling study of effective radiative forcing and climate response due to increased methane concentration
B. Xie, H. Zhang, D. Yang, Z. Wang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 241-246

Abstract
An atmospheric general circulation model BCC_AGCM2.0 and observation data from ARIS were used to calculate the effective radiative forcing (ERF) due to increased methane concentration since pre-industrial times and its impacts on climate. The ERF of methane from 1750 to 2011 was 0.46 W m−2 by taking it as a well-mixed greenhouse gas, and the inhomogeneity of methane increased its ERF by about 0.02 W m−2 . The change of methane concentration since pre-industrial led to an increase of 0.31 °C in global mean surface air temperature and 0.02 mm d−1 in global mean precipitation. The warming was prominent over the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (with a maximum increase exceeding 1.4 °C). The precipitation notably increased (maximum increase of 1.8 mm d−1 ) over the ocean between 10°N and 20°N and significantly decreased (maximum decrease >–0.6 mm d−1 ) between 10°S and 10°N. These changes caused a northward movement of precipitation cell in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Cloud cover significantly increased (by approximately 4%) in the high latitudes in both hemispheres, and sharply decreased (by approximately 3%) in tropical areas.
Abstract
An atmospheric general circulation model BCC_AGCM2.0 and observation data from ARIS were used to calculate the effective radiative forcing (ERF) due to increased methane concentration [...]
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Revolts Frequency during 1644–1911 in North China Plain and Its Relationship with Climate
L. Xiao, Y. Ye, B. Wei

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 218-224

Abstract
Based on the records of social revolts in the Actual Annals of Qing Dynasty (a collection of official records), the revolts frequency (amount of counties where revolts happened every year) in North China Plain during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) is reconstructed. By comparing revolts frequency with temperature and precipitation series, the interaction between climate and social responses is analyzed. It can be concluded that revolts broke out more frequently in colder periods and less frequently in warmer periods. There were much more revolts in drought decades than in wet decades, and the three fatal peasant uprisings in the Qing Dynasty were all ignited by severe droughts. The impacts of changes in temperature and precipitation on revolts should be estimated at different time scales. The correspondence emerged at neither decadal nor yearly scale until the turn between 18th and 19th centuries, the critical period when per capita cropland area decreased to a vulnerable level. Food crisis increased the vulnerability of local society, and changes in temperature and precipitation became an important trigger for revolts. Xiao, L., Y. Ye, and B. Wei, 2011: Revolts frequency during 1644–1911 in North China Plain and its relationship with climate. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (4), doi:10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00218.
Abstract
Based on the records of social revolts in the Actual Annals of Qing Dynasty (a collection of official records), the revolts frequency (amount of counties where revolts happened [...]
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Impacts of Climate Change on Forest Ecosystems in Northeast China
W. Xiao-Ying, Z. Chun-Yu, J. Qing-Yu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 230-241

Abstract
This paper reviews the studies and research on climate change impacts on the forest ecosystems in Northeast China. The results show that in the context of global and regional warming, the growing season of coniferous forests has been increasing at an average rate of 3.9 d per decade. Regional warming favors the growth of temperate broad-leaved forests and has a detrimental effect on the growth of boreal coniferous forests. Over the past hundred years, the forest edge of the cool temperate zone in the southern Daxing’anling region has retreated 140 km northward. From 1896 to 1986, the northern boundary of broad-leaved forests in Heilongjiang province has extended northwestward about 290 km. Future climatic changes (until 2060) may lead to the northern deciduous needle forests moving out of China’s territory altogether. The occurrence cycles of pests and diseases have shortened, their distribution ranges have expanded. The life cycle of tent caterpillars (Malacosoma neustria testacea Motschulsky) has shortened from 14–15 years in the past to 8–10 years now. The pine caterpillar (Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu), which has spread within western Liaoning province and the nearby areas, can now be found in the north and west. Lightning fires in the Daxing’anling region have significantly increased since 1987, and August has become the month when lightning fires occur most frequently. Overall, the net primary productivity (NPP) of forest in Northeast China has increased. The NPP in 1981 was around 0.27 Pg C, and increased to approximately 0.40 Pg C in 2002. With the current climate, the broad-leaved Korean pine forest ecosystem acts as a carbon sink, with a carbon sink capacity of 2.7 Mg C hm–2 . Although the carbon sink capacity of the forest ecosystems in Northeast China has been weakened since 2003, the total carbon absorption will still increase. The forest ecosystems in Northeast China are likely to remain a significant carbon sink, and will play a positive role in the mitigation of climate change. Wang, X.-Y., C.-Y. Zhao, and Q.-Y. Jia, 2013: Impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems in Northeast China. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 4 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.230.
Abstract
This paper reviews the studies and research on climate change impacts on the forest ecosystems in Northeast China. The results show that in the context of global and regional [...]
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Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Regional Extreme Low Temperature Events in China during 1960–2009
W. Xiao-Juan, G. Zhi-Qiang, R. Fu-Min, F. Guo-Lin

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 186-194

Abstract
An objective identification technique is used to detect regional extreme low temperature events (RELTE) in China during 1960–2009. Their spatial-temporal characteristics are analyzed. The results indicate that the lowest temperatures of RELTE, together with the frequency distribution of the geometric latitude center, exhibit a double-peak feature. The RELTE frequently happen near the geometric area of 30°N and 42°N before the mid-1980s, but shifted afterwards to 30°N. During 1960–2009, the frequency, intensity, and the maximum impacted area of RELTE show overall decreasing trends. Due to the contribution of RELTE, with long duration and large spatial range, which account for 10% of the total RELTE, there is a significant turning point in the late 1980s. A change to a much more steady state after the late 1990s is identified. In addition, the integrated indices of RELTE are classified and analyzed. Wang, X.-J., Z.-Q. Gong, F.-M. Ren, et al., 2012: Spatial-temporal characteristics of regional extreme low temperature events in China during 1960–2009. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00186.
Abstract
An objective identification technique is used to detect regional extreme low temperature events (RELTE) in China during 1960–2009. Their spatial-temporal characteristics [...]
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Introduction of CMIP5 Experiments Carried out with the Climate System Models of Beijing Climate Center
X. Xiao-Ge, W. Tong-Wen, Z. Jie

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 41-49

Abstract
The climate system models from Beijing Climate Center, BCC_CSM1.1 and BCC_CSM1.1-M, are used to carry out most of the CMIP5 experiments. This study gives a general introduction of these two models, and provides main information on the experiments including the experiment purpose, design, and the external forcings. The transient climate responses to the CO2 concentration increase at 1% per year are presented in the simulation of the two models. The BCC_CSM1.1-M result is closer to the CMIP5 multiple models ensemble. The two models perform well in simulating the historical evolution of the surface air temperature, globally and averaged for China. Both models overestimate the global warming and underestimate the warming over China in the 20th century. With higher horizontal resolution, the BCC_CSM1.1-M has a better capability in reproducing the annual evolution of surface air temperature over China. Xin, X.-G., T.-W. Wu, and J. Zhang, 2013: Introduction of CMIP5 experiments carried out with the climate system models of Beijing Climate Center. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.041.
Abstract
The climate system models from Beijing Climate Center, BCC_CSM1.1 and BCC_CSM1.1-M, are used to carry out most of the CMIP5 experiments. This study gives a general introduction [...]
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Brown carbon in the cryosphere: Current knowledge and perspective
G. Wu, Z. Cong, S. Kang, K. Kawamura, P. Fu, Y. Zhang, X. Wan, S. Gao, B. Liu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 82-89

Abstract
Recently, the light-absorbing organic carbon, i.e., brown carbon (BrC), has received an increasing attention, because they could significantly absorb the solar radiation in the range of short wavelengths rather than the purely scattering effect. BrC is ubiquitous in the troposphere. It could undergo long range transport within the atmospheric circulation. After the deposition on the surface of snow or ice in the cryospheric region, as the major light absorbing impurities with black carbon and dust, BrC could reduce the snow albedo and accelerate the glacier melting. In this context, this paper summarized the current knowledge of BrC (in aerosols and snow) in the cryospheric regions including the Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpines. Although some works have been conducted in those region, the current dataset on the optical properties of BrC like Absorption Ångström Exponent (AAE ) and Mass Absorption Efficiency (MAE ) is still limited, which hampers stimulating an accurate evaluation of its climate effects. Especially in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, where very limited information concerning BrC is available. Considering biomass burning as a dominant source of BrC, a large amount of emissions from biomass burning in South Asia could reach the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, where the climate effect of BrC merits more investigation in the future.
Abstract
Recently, the light-absorbing organic carbon, i.e., brown carbon (BrC), has received an increasing attention, because they could significantly absorb the solar radiation in [...]
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Comparison of Global Mean Temperature Series
X. Wen, G. Tang, S. Wang, J. Huang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 187-192

Abstract
Studies on the reconstruction of global mean temperature series are reviewed by introducing three series, HadCRUT3, NCDC, and GISS in details. Satellite data have been used since 1982 in NCDC and GISS series. NCDC series has the most complete spatial coverage among the three by using statistic interpolation technique. The weakened global warming in 2000–2009 as revealed in HadCRUT3 data is possibly caused by the lack of data coverage of this dataset over the Arctic. GISS and NCDC series showed much stronger warming trends during the last 10 years (~ 0.1 °C per 10 years). Three series yielded almost the same warming trend for 1910–2009 ( 0.70–0.75 °C per 100 years). Wen, X., G. Tang, S. Wang, et al., 2011: Comparison of global mean temperature series. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 2 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00187.
Abstract
Studies on the reconstruction of global mean temperature series are reviewed by introducing three series, HadCRUT3, NCDC, and GISS in details. Satellite data have been used [...]
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Impacts of Regional-Scale Land Use/Land Cover Change on Diurnal Temperature Range
H. Wen-Jian, C. Hai-Shan

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 166-172

Abstract
The NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4.0) was used to investigate the climate effects of land use/land cover change (LUCC). Two simulations, one with potential land cover without significant human intervention and the other with current land use, were conducted. Results show that the impacts of LUCC on diurnal temperature range (DTR) are more significant than on mean surface air temperature. The global average annual DTR change due to LUCC is −0.1°C, which is three times as large as the mean temperature change. LUCC influences regional DTR as simulated by the model. In the mid-latitudes, LUCC leads to a decrease in DTR, which is mainly caused by the reduction in daily maximum temperature. However, there are some differences in the low latitudes. The reduction in DTR in East Asia is mainly the result of the decrease in daily maximum temperature, while in India, the decrease in DTR is due to the increase in daily minimum temperature. In general, the LUCC significantly controls the DTR change through the changes in canopy evaporation and transpiration. Hua, W.-J., and H.-S. Chen, 2013: Impacts of regional-scale land use/land cover change on diurnal temperature range. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.166.
Abstract
The NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4.0) was used to investigate the climate effects of land use/land cover change (LUCC). Two simulations, one with potential land cover [...]
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Corresponding Relation between Warm Season Precipitation Extremes and Surface Air Temperature in South China
S. Wei, L. Jian, Y. Ru-Cong

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 160-165

Abstract
Hourly data of 42 rain gauges over South China during 1966–2005 were used to analyze the corresponding relation between precipitation extremes and surface air temperature in the warm season (May to October). The results show that below 25°C, both daily and hourly precipitation extremes in South China increase with rising temperature. More extreme events transit to the two-time Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) relationship at lower temperatures. Daily as well as hourly precipitation extremes have a decreasing tendency nearly above 25°C, among which the decrease of hourly extremes is much more significant. In order to investigate the effects of rainfall durations, hourly precipitation extremes are presented by short duration and long duration precipitation, respectively. Results show that the dramatic decrease of hourly rainfall intensities above 25°C is mainly caused by short duration precipitation, and long duration precipitation extremes rarely occur in South China when surface air temperature surpasses 28°C. Sun, W., J. Li, and R.-C. Yu, 2013: Corresponding relation between warm season precipitation extremes and surface air temperature in South China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.160.
Abstract
Hourly data of 42 rain gauges over South China during 1966–2005 were used to analyze the corresponding relation between precipitation extremes and surface air temperature [...]
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Climate Change Adaptation Planning for Biodiversity Conservation: A Review
J. Watson, M. Rao, K. Ai-Li, X. Yan

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 1-11

Abstract
Climate change has been linked to well-documented changes in physiology, phenology, species distributions, and in some cases, extinction. Projections of future change point to dramatic shifts in the states of many ecosystems. Accommodating these shifts to effectively conserve biodiversity in the context of uncertain climate regimes represents one of the most difficult challenges faced by conservation planners. A number of adaptation strategies have been proposed for managing species and ecosystems in a changing climate. However, there has been little guidance available on integrating climate change adaptation strategies into contemporary conservation planning frameworks. The paper reviews the different approaches being used to integrate climate change adaptation into conservation planning, broadly categorizing strategies as continuing and extending on “best practice” principles and those that integrate species vulnerability assessments into conservation planning. We describe the characteristics of a good adaptation strategy emphasizing the importance of incorporating clear principles of flexibility and efficiency, accounting for uncertainty, integrating human response to climate change and understanding trade-offs. Watson, J. E. M., M. Rao, A.-L. Kang, et al., 2012: Climate change adaptation planning for biodiversity conservation: A review. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3(1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00001. Biodiversity provides basic needs for livelihoods and development of human beings. China, as one of countries with richest biodiversity in the world, contains 17 globally significant biodiversity hotspots. It was observed that climate change has impacted the biodiversity more or less from physiological, phonological and species level, to ecosystem level, and in some cases extinction of species. With the increasing climate change, the biodiversity subject to be more significantly impacted and human intervention is expected to amplify the impacts. Climate change is believed to be one of key threats of the biodiversity conservation. What kinds of cost-effective strategies and measures may be taken to allow biodiversity to adapt climate change impacts is a great challenge in China. This special issue invited three authors to share actions and experiences on the adaptation of biodiversity to climate change, including a case study, a review of adaptation planning and an introduction of national strategy and research developments. The editors hope these articles can provide useful information for the biodiversity conservation under climate change in China.
Abstract
Climate change has been linked to well-documented changes in physiology, phenology, species distributions, and in some cases, extinction. Projections of future change point [...]
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Environmental Benefits for Phase-Out HCFC-22 in the Residential Air-Conditioner Sector in China
T. Wan, Y. Dou, L. Wang, L. Yang, X. Zhou, D. Wan, J. Hu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 86-92

Abstract
China is the largest producer and consumer of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and the production of HCFC-22 accounts for more than 80% of all HCFCs. This paper concentrates on the residential air-conditioner industry and analyzes the environmental benefits of accelerating the phase-out of HCFC-22 in China. According to the comparison of the baseline and phase-out scenarios of HCFC-22, the findings show that using HC-290 (propane) as a refrigerant alternative will directly reduce the greenhouse effect, and indirectly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases due to a reduction in the electricity consumption. The comparison of two scenarios of HC-290 and HFC-410A refrigerant alternatives shows that the use of HC-290 refrigerant will produce significantly higher environmental benefits than the HFC-410A refrigerant. Wan, T., Y. Dou, L. Wang, et al., 2011: Environmental benefits for phase-out HCFC-22 in the residential air-conditioner sector in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00086.
Abstract
China is the largest producer and consumer of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and the production of HCFC-22 accounts for more than 80% of all HCFCs. This paper concentrates [...]
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The economic impact of emission peaking control policies and Chinas sustainable development
Y. Wang, L. Zou

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 162-168

Abstract
To achieve the goals of national sustainable development, the peaking control of CO2 emissions is pivotal, as well as other pollutants. In this paper, we build a Chinese inter-regional CGE model and simulate 13 policies and their combinations. By analyzing the energy consumptions, coal consumptions, relating emissions and their impacts on GDP, we found that with the structure adjustment policy, the proportion of coal in primary fossil fuels in 2030 will decrease from 53% to 48% and CO2 emissions will decrease by 11.3%–22.8% compared to the baseline scenario. With the energy intensity reduction policy, CO2 emissions will decrease by 33.3% in 2030 and 47.8% in 2050 than baseline scenario. Other pollutants will also be controlled as synergetic effects. In this study we also find that although the earlier the peaking time the better for emission amounts control, the economic costs can not be ignored. The GDP will decrease by 2.96%–8.23% under different scenarios. Therefore, integrated policy solutions are needed for realizing the peaks package and more targeted measures are required to achieve the peaks of other pollutants earlier.
Abstract
To achieve the goals of national sustainable development, the peaking control of CO2 emissions is pivotal, as well as other pollutants. In this paper, we build a Chinese inter-regional [...]
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Does the Global Warming Pause in the Last Decade: 1999–2008?
S. Wang, X. Wen, Y. Luo, G. Tang, Z. Zhao, J. Huang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 49-54

Abstract
Issues related to the pause of global warming in the last decade are reviewed. It is indicated that: (1) The decade of 1999–2008 is still the warmest of the last 30 years, though the global temperature increment is near zero, (2) Natural factors such as volcanism, solar radiation, ENSO, and thermohaline circulation can have impact on the inter-annual and inter-decadal variability of global mean temperatures. However, it will not mask the global warming trend for a long time, (3) Temperatures of China continue to increase in 1999–2008 with an increment of 0.4–0.5°C per 10 years. Wang, S., X. Wen, Y. Luo, et al., 2010: Does the global warming pause in the last decade: 1999–2008? Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00049.
Abstract
Issues related to the pause of global warming in the last decade are reviewed. It is indicated that: (1) The decade of 1999–2008 is still the warmest of the last 30 years, [...]
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NOx Release from Snow and Ice Covered Surface in Polar Regions and the Tibetan Plateau
F. Wang, W. Lin, J. Wang, T. Zhu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 141-148

Abstract
The exchanges of NOx between snow and air have significant impact on the atmospheric components and photochemical processes in the overlying boundary layer. Such exchanges increase the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere and may have a crucial impact on the air signals that are retrieved from ice cores. In the recent years, sunlit snow and ice have been demonstrated to be important NOx sources in the polar atmospheric boundary layer. This paper makes a thorough review on the release of NOx from snow and ice, including field observations and experimental evidences, release mechanisms and influential parameters that affect such a release process, polar NOx concentrations and fluxes, and environmental impacts of the chemical processes of NOx in the polar atmospheric boundary layer. In the Tibetan Plateau, the released NOx observed recently in the sunlit snow/ice-cover is 1-order magnitude more than that in polar regions, but further scientific research is still needed to reveal its impact on the atmospheric oxidizing capacity. Wang, F., W. Lin, J. Wang, et al., 2011: NOx release from snow and ice covered surface in polar regions and the Tibetan Plateau. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2(3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00141.
Abstract
The exchanges of NOx between snow and air have significant impact on the atmospheric components and photochemical processes in the overlying boundary layer. Such exchanges [...]
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Spatio-temporal changes of exposure and vulnerability to floods in China
Y. Wang, C. Gao, J. Zhai, X. Li, B. Su, H. Hartmann

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 197-205

Abstract
A socio-economic data set on Chinas historical flood losses for the period 1984–2012 was compiled to analyze the exposed population, economy, and crop area as well as the vulnerabilities of the population and economy to floods. The results revealed that the exposed population was approximately 126 persons km−2 per year when taking China as a whole, in terms of the economy, potential losses due to floods were estimated to be approximately 1.49 million CN¥ km−2 and the crop area exposed to floods covered 153 million hm2 per year. Chinas total exposure to floods significantly increased over the analysis period. The areas that showed the higher exposure were mainly located along the east coast. The populations vulnerability to floods showed a significantly increasing trend, however, the economic vulnerability showed a decreasing trend. The populations and economies that were most vulnerable to floods were in Hunan, Anhui, Chongqing, Jiangxi, and Hubei provinces. The municipalities of Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin showed the lowest vulnerabilities to floods.
Abstract
A socio-economic data set on Chinas historical flood losses for the period 1984–2012 was compiled to analyze the exposed population, economy, and crop area as well as the [...]
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Estimate of Chinas energy carbon emissions peak and analysis on electric power carbon emissions
Z. Wang, J. Zhang, L. Pan, F. Yang, L. Shi

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 181-188

Abstract
Chinas energy carbon emissions are projected to peak in 2030 with approximately 110% of its 2020 level under the following conditions: 1) Chinas gross primary energy consumption is 5 Gtce in 2020 and 6 Gtce in 2030, 2) coals share of the energy consumption is 61% in 2020 and 55% in 2030, 3) non-fossil energys share increases from 15% in 2020 to 20% in 2030, 4) through 2030, Chinas GDP grows at an average annual rate of 6%, 5) the annual energy consumption elasticity coefficient is 0.30 in average, and 6) the annual growth rate of energy consumption steadily reduces to within 1%. Chinas electricity generating capacity would be 1, 990 GW, with 8, 600 TW h of power generation output in 2020. Of that output 66% would be from coal, 5% from gas, and 29% from non-fossil energy. By 2030, electricity generating capacity would reach 3, 170 GW with 11, 900 TW h of power generation output. Of that output, 56% would be from coal, 6% from gas, and 37% from non-fossil energy. From 2020 to 2030, CO2 emissions from electric power would relatively fall by 0.2 Gt due to lower coal consumption, and relatively fall by nearly 0.3 Gt with the installation of more coal-fired cogeneration units. During 2020–2030, the portion of carbon emissions from electric power in Chinas energy consumption is projected to increase by 3.4 percentage points. Although the carbon emissions from electric power would keep increasing to 118% of the 2020 level in 2030, the electric power industry would continue to play a decisive role in achieving the goal of increase in non-fossil energy use. This study proposes countermeasures and recommendations to control carbon emissions peak, including energy system optimization, green-coal-fired electricity generation, and demand side management.
Abstract
Chinas energy carbon emissions are projected to peak in 2030 with approximately 110% of its 2020 level under the following conditions: 1) Chinas gross primary energy consumption [...]
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Future Earth activities in China: Towards a national sustainable development
C. Wang, T. Zhou, Z. Lin, N. Jin

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 84-91

Abstract
This article provides an overview to Future Earth activities carried out by the Chinese National Committee for Future Earth (CNC-FE). Future Earth is an international research programme which aims to provide critical knowledge to face the challenges posed by global environmental change and to identify opportunities for a transition to global sustainability. CNC-FE is the main body devoted to implementing the Future Earth programme in China. Incorporating Future Earth themes and national science needs, CNC-FE has identified 14 priority areas. Since its establishment, it has conducted an array of activities to fulfill its missions, including implementing projects, convening international meetings, translating and publishing Future Earth and CNC-FE related documents and promoting Future Earth and CNC-FE on various outreach occasions. CNC-FE closely follows Future Earths development and meanwhile integrates its themes with Chinese practice. It is hoped that implementing Future Earth in China can boost global environmental change including climate change research in China and also have positive implications for developing countries who are trying to adapt to climate change and address the challenges for the national sustainable development.
Abstract
This article provides an overview to Future Earth activities carried out by the Chinese National Committee for Future Earth (CNC-FE). Future Earth is an international research [...]
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Responses of the ocean carbon cycle to climate change: Results from an earth system climate model simulation
S. Wang, L. Cao, N. Li

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 123-130

Abstract
Based on simulations using the University of Victorias Earth System Climate Model, we analyzed the responses of the ocean carbon cycle to increasing atmospheric CO2 levels and climate change from 1800 to 2500 following the RCP 8.5 scenario and its extension. Compared to simulations without climate change, the simulation with a climate sensitivity of 3.0 K shows that in 2100, due to increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the simulated sea surface temperature increases by 2.7 K, the intensity of the North Atlantic deep water formation reduces by 4.5 Sv, and the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 decreases by 0.8 Pg C. Climate change is also found to have a large effect on the North Atlantics ocean column inventory of anthropogenic CO2 . Between the years 1800 and 2500, compared with the simulation with no climate change, the simulation with climate change causes a reduction in the total anthropogenic CO2 column inventory over the entire ocean and in North Atlantic by 23.1% and 32.0%, respectively. A set of simulations with climate sensitivity variations from 0.5 K to 4.5 K show that with greater climate sensitivity climate change would have a greater effect in reducing the oceans ability to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.
Abstract
Based on simulations using the University of Victorias Earth System Climate Model, we analyzed the responses of the ocean carbon cycle to increasing atmospheric CO2 levels [...]
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Metric of Carbon Equity: Carbon Gini Index Based on Historical Cumulative Emission per Capita
F. Teng, J. He, X. Pan, C. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 134-140

Abstract
This paper uses Lorenz curve and Gini index with adjustment to per capita historical cumulative emission to construct carbon Gini index to measure inequality in climate change area. The analysis shows that 70% of carbon space in the atmosphere has been used for unequal distribution, which is almost the same as that of incomes in a country with the biggest gap between the rich and the poor in the world. The carbon equity should be an urgency and priority in the climate agenda. Carbon Gini index established in this paper can be used to measure inequality in the distribution of carbon space and provide a quantified indicator for measurement of carbon equity among different proposals. Teng, F., J. He, X. Pan, et al., 2011: Metric of carbon equity: Carbon Gini index based on historical cumulative emission per capita. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2(3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00134.
Abstract
This paper uses Lorenz curve and Gini index with adjustment to per capita historical cumulative emission to construct carbon Gini index to measure inequality in climate change [...]
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Research Progress in Agricultural Vulnerability to Climate Change
S. Tao, Y. Xu, K. Liu, J. Pan, S. Gou

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 203-210

Abstract
With the deepening of climate change research, more attention has been paid to vulnerability to climate change. Compared with water resources, forests and other natural ecosystems, agriculture is more vulnerable to climate change, thereby scientifically assessing agricultural vulnerability to climate change is of great significance to the formulation of rational and effective adaptation strategies. In this paper, the authors give a comprehensive review of the research from the perspective of the definition of climate change vulnerability and agricultural vulnerability to climate change, research topics, and evaluation methodologies. Existing problems in current research, including scenario application, methods, and uncertainties, are analyzed, and meanwhile, a vision of the direction for future research in assessment of agricultural vulnerability is also presented. Tao, S., Y. Xu, K. Liu, et al., 2011: Research progress in agricultural vulnerability to climate change. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 2 (4), doi:10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00203.
Abstract
With the deepening of climate change research, more attention has been paid to vulnerability to climate change. Compared with water resources, forests and other natural ecosystems, [...]
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Comparative Analysis of China Surface Air Temperature Series for the Past 100 Years
G. Tang, Y. Ding, S. Wang, G. Ren, H. Liu, L. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 11-19

Abstract
Temperature change plays a crucial role in global change sciences. In the past several decades, comprehensive findings have been achieved on temperature change in China for the past 100 years. Several time series have been created to illustrate the averaged surface air temperature for the country. The correlations of these series range from 0.73 to 0.97. It is also achieved in better data quality, wider spatial data coverage, improved homogeneity of time series, and enhanced reliability of findings. The results show an annual mean temperature increase by 0.78±0.27°C per 100 years in China for the period 1906–2005. After prolonging the period till 2007, it is found that 2007 is rated as the warmest year in the past 100 years. Although all the series, except one, reflect temperature changes in the eastern part of China before the 1930s, they represent the general temperature change in most parts of the country after the 1930s. Tang, G., Y. Ding, S. Wang, et al., 2010: Comparative analysis of China surface air temperature series for the past 100 years. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00011.
Abstract
Temperature change plays a crucial role in global change sciences. In the past several decades, comprehensive findings have been achieved on temperature change in China for [...]
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Climate Change Facts in Central China during 1961–2010
W. Su-Qin, G. Yuan, Z. Bo, W. Hai-Jun, L. Min, S. Rui-Qin, W. Kai

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013).

Abstract
Based on the observations from 239 meteorological stations located in Central China (Henan, Hubei and Hunan provinces), this paper focuses on the climate change facts during 1961–2010. There was a significant increasing trend in annual mean temperature for Central China during 1961–2010. The increasing rate was 0.15°C per decade, which was lower than the national trend. Since the mid-1980s, temperature increasing was obvious. Large increasing rate was observed in the mid-eastern part of Central China. For the four seasons, the increasing rate in winter was the largest (0.27°C per decade). The increasing rate in the annual mean minimum temperature was larger than that in the annual mean maximum temperature from 1961 to 2010. As a result, the diurnal range of temperature decreased at the rate of –0.10°C per decade. The extreme high temperature events were increasing while the extreme low temperature events were significantly decreasing. There was no obvious trend in annual precipitation for Central China during 1961–2010. Precipitation in summer and winter significantly increased, change of precipitation in spring was not obvious, precipitation in autumn was decreasing. The decreasing rate of annual rainy days was –3.4 d per decade. The precipitation intensity increased at the rate of 0.25 mm d–1 per decade. Heavy-rain days significantly increased. Spring and summer started earlier while autumn and winter started later. As a result, spring and summer duration was expanding whereas autumn and winter duration shortened. Wan, S.-Q., Y. Gao, B. Zhou, et al., 2013: Climate change facts in Central China during 1961–2010.Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.103.
Abstract
Based on the observations from 239 meteorological stations located in Central China (Henan, Hubei and Hunan provinces), this paper focuses on the climate change facts during [...]
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Quality Control and Analysis of Global Gauge-Based Daily Precipitation Dataset from 1980 to 2009
N. Su-Ping, L. Yong, L. Wei-Ping, W. Tong-Wen, S. Xue-Li, W. Zai-Zhi

Advances in Climate Change Research (1980).

Abstract
A series of quality control (QC) procedures were performed on a gauge-based global daily precipitation dataset from the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) for the period 1980–2009. A new global daily precipitation (NGDP) dataset was constructed by applying those QC procedures to eliminate erroneous records. The NGDP dataset was evaluated using the NOAA Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) precipitation datasets. The results showed that the frequency distribution and spatial distribution pattern of NGDP had a nice match with those from the CMAP and GPCP datasets. The global mean correlation coefficients with the CMAP and GPCP data increased from 0.24 for original GTS precipitation data to about 0.70 for NGDP data. Correspondingly, the root mean square errors (RMSE) decreased from 12 mm per day to 1 mm per day. The interannual variabilities of NGDP monthly precipitation are consistent with the CMAP and GPCP datasets in Asia. Meanwhile, the seasonal variabilities for most land areas on the Earth of NGDP dataset are also consistent with the CMAP and GPCP precipitation products. Nie, S.-P., Y. Luo, W.-P. Li, et al., 2012: Quality control and analysis of global gauge-based daily precipitation dataset from 1980 to 2009. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3(1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00045.
Abstract
A series of quality control (QC) procedures were performed on a gauge-based global daily precipitation dataset from the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) for the period [...]
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Analysis of China’s Haze Days in the Winter Half-Year and the Climatic Background during 1961–2012
L. Song, G. Rong, L. Ying, W. Guo-Fu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 1-6

Abstract
The characteristics of haze days and the climatic background are analyzed by using daily observations of haze, precipitation, mean and maximum wind speed of 664 meteorological stations for the period of 1961–2012. The results show that haze days occur significantly more often in eastern China than in western China. The annual number of haze days is 5–30 d in most parts of central-eastern China, with some areas experiencing more than 30 d, while less than 5 d are averagely occurring in western China. Haze days are mainly concentrated in the winter half-year, with most in winter, followed by autumn, spring, and then summer. Nearly 20% of annual haze days are experienced in December. The haze days in central-eastern China in the winter half-year have a significant increasing trend of 1.7 d per decade during 1961–2012. There were great increases in haze days in the 1960s, 1970s and the beginning of the 21st century. There was also significant abrupt changes of haze days in the early 1970s and 2000s. From 1961 to 2012, haze days in the winter half-year increased in South China, the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and North China, but decreased in Northeast China, eastern Northwest China and eastern Southwest China. The number of persistent haze is rising. The Longer the haze, the greater the proportion to the number persistent haze. Certain climatic conditions exacerbated the occurrence of haze. The correlation coefficient between haze days and precipitation days in the winter half-year is mainly negative in central-eastern China. The precipitation days show a decreasing trend in most parts of China, with a rate of around –4.0 d per decade in central-eastern China, which reduces the sedimentation capacity of atmospheric pollutants. During the period of 1961–2012, the correlation coefficients between haze days and mean wind speed and strong wind days are mainly negative in central-eastern China, while there exists positive correlation between haze days and breeze days in the winter half-year. The mean wind speed and strong wind days are decreasing, while breeze days are increasing in most parts of China, which is benefitial to the reduction of the pollutants diffusion capacity. As a result, haze occurs more easily. Song, L.-C., R. Gao, Y. Li, et al., 2014: Analysis of China’s haze days in the winter half-year and the climatic background during 1961–2012. Adv. Clim . Change Res ., 5 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2014.001.
Abstract
The characteristics of haze days and the climatic background are analyzed by using daily observations of haze, precipitation, mean and maximum wind speed of 664 meteorological [...]
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Development of National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories in the Context of International Climate Negotiations
Z. Song-Li, W. Wen-Tao

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 60-68

Abstract
Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the UNFCCC has different requirements on national GHG inventories submitted by Annex I and non-Annex I parties. Since 2007, the transparency of mitigation actions by developing countries, the submission frequency of national communications cored on national inventory and the relevant international consultation and analysis have become the key issues in climate negotiations. Relevant responsibilities of developing countries showed an increasing trend. Through the analysis of these different requirements, particularly on technical review system of national inventories on developed countries and of the current situation of China’s inventory development, the challenges faced by China are identified and the corresponding countermeasures are also put forward, including improving institutional arrangements and statistic system, building country-specific and comprehensive database and preparing for time-series inventory development. Zhu, S.-L., and W.-T. Wang, 2013: Development of national greenhouse gas emissions inventories in the context of international climate negotiations. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.060.
Abstract
Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the UNFCCC has different requirements on national GHG inventories submitted by Annex I and non-Annex [...]
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7th International Seminar on Climate System and Climate Change (ISCS) through the Eyes of a Trainee
K. Shum

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 107-108
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Influence of urbanization on the thermal environment of meteorological station: Satellite-observed evidence
T. Shi, Y. Huang, H. Wang, C. Shi, Y. Yang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 7-15

Abstract
In this paper, five national meteorological stations in Anhui province are taken as typical examples to explore the effects of local urbanization on their thermal environment by using Landsat data from 1990 to 2010. Satellite-based land use/land cover (LULC), land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are used to investigate the effects. The study shows that LULC around meteorological stations changed significantly due to urban expansion. Fast urbanization is the main factor that affects the spatial-temporal distribution of thermal environment around meteorological stations. Moreover, the normalized LST and NDVI exhibit strong inverse correlations around meteorological stations, so the variability of LST can be monitored through evaluating the variability of NDVI. In addition, station-relocation plays an important role in improving representativeness of thermal environment. Notably, the environment representativeness was improved, but when using the data from the station to study climate change, the relocation-induced inhomogeneous data should be considered and adjusted. Consequently, controlling the scale and layout of the urban buildings and constructions around meteorological stations is an effective method to ameliorate observational thermal environment and to improve regional representativeness of station observation. The present work provides observational evidences that high resolution Landsat images can be used to evaluate the thermal environment of meteorological stations.
Abstract
In this paper, five national meteorological stations in Anhui province are taken as typical examples to explore the effects of local urbanization on their thermal environment [...]
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Wind speed change regionalization in China (1961–2012)
P. Shi, G. Zhang, F. Kong, Q. Ye

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 151-158

Abstract
This research quantitatively recognized the wind speed change using wind speed trend and trend of wind speed variability from 1961 to 2012 and regionalized the wind speed change on a county-level basis. The mean wind speed observation data and linear fitting method were used. The findings suggested that level-I regionalization includes six zones according to wind speed trend value in different regions, viz . Northeast China–North China substantial declining zone, East–Central China declining zone, Southeast China slightly declining zone, Southwest China very slightly declining zone, Northwest China declining zone, and Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau slightly declining zone. Level-II regionalization divides China into twelve regions based on trend of wind speed variability and the level-I regionalization results.
Abstract
This research quantitatively recognized the wind speed change using wind speed trend and trend of wind speed variability from 1961 to 2012 and regionalized the wind speed [...]
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The Utilization of Real-Time High Resolution Monitoring Techniques in Karst Carbon Sequestration: A Case Study of the Station in Banzhai Subterranean Stream Catchment
H. Shi-Yi, K. Zhi-Qiang, L. Qing-Yan, W. Ling-Ling

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 54-58

Abstract
The karst process acts as carbon sequestration for atmospheric CO2 . The amount of karst carbon sequestration (KCS) depends on the discharge of karst catchment and inorganic carbon concentration of the water body. Based on the data from the monitoring station on Banzhai subterranean stream located in Maolan National Nature Reserve of Guizhou province, the process and influence factors of KCS have been analyzed. It shows that the amount of KCS is about 353 t C per year in the catchment of Banzhai subterranean stream, and there is good linear relationship between the strength of KCS and discharge of the stream at various time scales. Therefore, how to monitor the discharge accurately is the key to the estimation of KCS. And stations with real-time monitoring function are very important for KCS calculation because of strong seasonal variability of the karst water cycle. He, S.-Y., Z.-Q. Kang, Q.-Y. Li, et al., 2012: The utilization of real-time high resolution monitoring techniques in karst carbon sequestration: A case study of the station in Banzhai subterranean stream catchment. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3(1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00054.
Abstract
The karst process acts as carbon sequestration for atmospheric CO2 . The amount of karst carbon sequestration (KCS) depends on the discharge of karst catchment and inorganic [...]
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Life Cycle Assessment, Estimation and Comparison of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential of New Energy Power Generation in China
L. Sheng-Qiang, M. Xian-Qiang, G. Yu-Bing, X. You-Kai

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 147-153

Abstract
From the perspective of life cycle assessment (LCA), the development, construction, and operation of all kinds of new energy power generation technologies release greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This sparks concerns about the low-carbon nature of the new energy power generation technologies. Based on national and international literature review, this paper estimates and compares the GHG emission factors of traditional thermal power generation and new energy power generation technologies in China with the LCA approach. The GHG mitigation potential of new energy power generation technologies as substitution for traditional thermal power generation in China was evaluated, according to the objectives of new energy power generation of the national development planning. The results show that the GHG emission factors of new energy power generation are much lower than that of traditional thermal power generation even with LCA accounting, and the GHG mitigation potential of new energy substitution is huge. Liu, S.-Q., X.-Q. Mao, Y.-B. Gao, et al., 2012: Life cycle assessment, estimation and comparison of greenhouse gas mitigation potential of new energy power generation in China. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 3 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00147.
Abstract
From the perspective of life cycle assessment (LCA), the development, construction, and operation of all kinds of new energy power generation technologies release greenhouse [...]
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Climate Change Risk Research: A Case Study on Flood Disaster Risk in China
W. Shao-Hong, P. Tao, H. Shan-Feng

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 92-98

Abstract
This paper discusses theories and methods of climate change risk studies for the research expansion in China. Climate change risks consist of three basic components including sensitivity, exposure, and possibility. Uncertainty, future events, damages, and relativity are the major features of climate change risk. Climate change risk research includes two key steps: risk assessment and risk management, the former is the process, and the latter is the ultimate goal which is the basis for actions to address climate change. We present the main framework and methods for climate change risk research. A case study on China’s floods risk is taken as an example of climate change risk study. Finally, we point out main aspects of climate change risk research, including ensemble-based probabilistic projection, quantitative risk assessment, risk zoning and mapping, and risk management. Wu, S.-H., T. Pan, and S.-F. He, 2012: Climate change risk research: A case study on flood disaster risk in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00092.
Abstract
This paper discusses theories and methods of climate change risk studies for the research expansion in China. Climate change risks consist of three basic components including [...]
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Decadal Variations of Extreme Tropical Cyclones Influencing China during 1949–2009
Z. Shan-Shan, W. Xiao-Ling

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 121-127

Abstract
Decadal variations of extreme tropical cyclones (TCs) influencing China were investigated based on the tracks, landfall information, precipitation and wind data during 1949–2009. The extreme landfall date events are less in the 1970s and 2000s. The number of extreme events of maximum wind speed and minimum pressure near TC’s center reached the highest in the 2000s. The extreme rain duration events had the highest frequence in the 1970s, and the extreme strong wind duration events had the maximum frequence in the 1980s. The number of stations whereat the extreme maximum daily precipitation or process precipitation is observed, is the largest in the 1960s, and the number of stations whereat daily maximum wind speed events are observed, is the largest in the 1980s. Zhao, S.-S., and X.-L. Wang, 2012: Decadal variations of extreme tropical cyclones influencing China during 1949–2009. Adv. Clim.Change Res ., 3 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00121.
Abstract
Decadal variations of extreme tropical cyclones (TCs) influencing China were investigated based on the tracks, landfall information, precipitation and wind data during 1949–2009. [...]
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Urbanization as a major driver of urban climate change
G. Ren

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 1-6
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Assessment of possible impacts of climate change on the hydrological regimes of different regions in China
A. Reder, G. Rianna, R. Vezzoli, P. Mercogliano

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 169-184

Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the soil water budget across China by means of hydrological modeling under current and future climate conditions and to evaluate the sensitivity to soil parameters. For this purpose, observed precipitation and temperature data (1981–2010) and climate simulations (2021–2050, 2071–2100) at high resolution (about 14 km) on a large part of China are used as weather forcing. The simulated weather forcing has been bias corrected by means of the distribution derived quantile mapping method to eliminate the effects of systematic biases in current climate modeling on water cycle components. As hydrological models, two 1D models are tested: TERRA-ML and HELP. Concerning soil properties, two datasets, provided respectively by Food and Agriculture Organization and U.S. Department of Agriculture, are separately tested. The combination of two hydrological models, two soil parameter datasets and three weather forcing inputs (observations, raw and bias corrected climate simulations) results in five different simulation chains. The study highlights how the choice of some approaches or soil parameterizations can affect the results both in absolute and in relative terms and how these differences could be highly related to weather forcing in inputs or investigated soil. The analyses point out a decrease in average water content in the shallower part of the soil with different extents according to climate zone, concentration scenario and soil/cover features. Moreover, the projected increase in temperature and then in evapotranspirative demand do not ever result in higher actual evapotranspiration values, due to the concurrent variations in precipitation patterns.
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the soil water budget across China by means of hydrological modeling under current and future climate conditions and to evaluate the [...]
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A multi-state weather generator for daily precipitation for the Torne River basin, northern Sweden/western Finland
D. Rayner, C. Achberger, D. Chen

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 70-81

Abstract
This paper describes a new weather generator – the 10-state empirical model – that combines a 10-state, first-order Markov chain with a non-parametric precipitation amounts model. Using a doubly-stochastic transition-matrix results in a weather generator for which the overall precipitation distribution (including both wet and dry days) and the temporal-correlation can be modified independently for climate change studies. This paper assesses the ability of the 10-state empirical model to simulate daily area-average precipitation in the Torne River catchment in northern Sweden/western Finland in the context of 3 other models: a 10-state model with a parametric (Gamma) amounts model, a wet/dry chain with the empirical amounts model, and a wet/dry chain with the parametric amounts model. The ability to accurately simulate the distribution of multi-day precipitation in the catchment is the primary consideration. Results showed that the 10-state empirical model represented accumulated 2- to 14-day precipitation most realistically. Further, the distribution of precipitation on wet days in the catchment is related to the placement of a wet day within a wet-spell, and the 10-state models represented this realistically, while the wet/dry models did not. Although all four models accurately reproduced the annual and monthly averages in the training data, all models underestimated inter-annual and inter-seasonal variance. Even so, the 10-state empirical model performed best. We conclude that the multi-state model is a promising candidate for hydrological applications, as it simulates multi-day precipitation well, but that further development is required to improve the simulation of interannual variation.
Abstract
This paper describes a new weather generator – the 10-state empirical model – that combines a 10-state, first-order Markov chain with a non-parametric precipitation amounts [...]
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EU and international policies for hydrometeorological risks: Operational aspects and link to climate action
P. Quevauviller, M. Gemmer

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 74-79

Abstract
Changes in hydrometeorological characteristics and risks have been observed and are projected to increase under climate change. These considerations are scientifically well studied and led to the development of a complex policy framework for adaptation and mitigation for hydrometeorological risks. Awareness for policy actions is growing worldwide but no legal framework is in place to tackle climate change impacts on water at a global scale. With the example of international frameworks and the legislation on EU-level, this article elaborates that hydrometeorological risks are not considered in the framework of one single policy. However, various policy instruments are directly or indirectly considering these risks at different operational levels. It is discussed that a tailor-made framework for hydrometeorological risks would improve coordination at international or national level. A major drawback for a single operational framework is that hydrometeorological risks are scientifically tackled in two large communities: the disaster risk reduction community and the climate change adaptation community, both of which are bound to different research and operational funding budgets. In future, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation will need been seen as a complementary set of actions that requires collaboration.
Abstract
Changes in hydrometeorological characteristics and risks have been observed and are projected to increase under climate change. These considerations are scientifically well [...]
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Key Issues on Cryospheric Changes, Trends and Their Impacts
D. Qin, Y. Ding

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 1-10

Abstract
On the basis of analyzing the importance of cryospheric researches in China and current status of cryospheric sciences in the world, this paper addresses key issues and main contents of present cryospheric sciences in China. The key issues currently addressed are: i) mechanisms of different types of glaciers in response to climate change and the scale-conversion in water resources assessments, ii) modeling of water and heat exchanges between frozen soil and vegetation, iii) parameterization of physical processes in cryosphere as well as coupling with climate models. To gain full clarification of these key issues, works of the following three aspects should be highlighted, i.e., cryospheric processes and responses to climate change, influences of cryospheric changes, and adaptation strategies for cryospheric changes. Qin, D., and Y. Ding, 2010: Key issues on cryospheric changes, trends and their impacts. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00001.
Abstract
On the basis of analyzing the importance of cryospheric researches in China and current status of cryospheric sciences in the world, this paper addresses key issues and main [...]
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Effects of Crop Growth on Hydrological Processes in River Basins and on Regional Climate in China
Q. Pei-Hua, C. Feng, X. Zheng-Hui

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 173-181

Abstract
The regional climate model RegCM3 incorporating the crop model CERES, called the RegCM3_CERES model, was used to study the effects of crop growth and development on regional climate and hydrological processes over seven river basins in China. A 20-year numerical simulation showed that incorporating the crop growth and development processes improved the simulation of precipitation over the Haihe River Basin, Songhuajiang River Basin and Pearl River Basin. When compared with the RegCM3 control run, RegCM3_CERES reduced the negative biases of monthly mean temperature over most of the seven basins in summer, especially the Haihe River Basin and Huaihe River Basin. The simulated maximum monthly evapotranspiration for summer (JJA) was around 100 mm in the basins of the Yangtze, Haihe, Huaihe and Pearl Rivers. The seasonal and annual variations of water balance components (runoff, evapotranspiration and total precipitation) over all seven basins indicate that changes of evapotranspiration agree well with total precipitation. Compared to the RegCM3, RegCM3_CERES simulations indicate reduced local water recycling rate over most of the seven basins due to lower evapotranspiration and greater water flux into these basins and an increased precipitation in the Heihe River Basin and Yellow River Basin, but reduced precipitation in the other five basins. Furthermore, a lower summer leaf area index (1.20 m2 m–2 ), greater root soil moisture (0.01 m3 m–3 ), lower latent heat flux (1.34 W m–2 ), and greater sensible heat flux (2.04 W m–2 ) are simulated for the Yangtze River Basin. Qin, P.-H., F. Chen, and Z.-H. Xie, 2013: Effects of crop growth on hydrological processes in river basins and on regional climate in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (3), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.173.
Abstract
The regional climate model RegCM3 incorporating the crop model CERES, called the RegCM3_CERES model, was used to study the effects of crop growth and development on regional [...]
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Flexibility Required to Meet China’s Mandatory Green Targets Set in the 12th Five-Year Plan
J. Pan

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 166-170
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The Status Quo and Development Trend of Low-carbon Vehicle Technologies in China
X. Ou, X. Zhang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 34-39

Abstract
Three types of low-carbon vehicle technologies in China are reviewed. Potential effects are listed for those integrated energy-saving technologies for conventional vehicles. Low carbon transitions, including alternative vehicle power train systems and fuels, are discussed on their development status and trends, including life cycle primary fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of each pathway. To further support the low-carbon vehicle technologies development, integrated policies should seek to: (1) employ those integrated energy-saving technologies, (2) apply hybrid electric technology, (3) commercialize electric vehicles through battery technology innovation, (4) support fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen technology R&D for future potential applications, (5) boost the R&D of second generation biofuel technology, and (6) conduct further research on applying low-carbon technologies including CO2 capture and storage technology to coal-based transportation solutions. Ou, X., and X. Zhang, 2010: The status quo and development trend of low-carbon vehicle technologies in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00034.
Abstract
Three types of low-carbon vehicle technologies in China are reviewed. Potential effects are listed for those integrated energy-saving technologies for conventional vehicles. [...]
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Addressing the trade-climate change-energy nexus: Chinas explorations in a global governance landscape
J. Monkelbaan

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 206-218

Abstract
We have arrived at a critical juncture when it comes to understanding the numerous ways in which trade interacts with climate change and energy (trade-climate-energy nexus). Trade remains crucial for the sustainable development of the worlds greatest trading nation: China. After clarifying the linkages within the trade, climate change and energy nexus, this article delves into Chinas specific needs and interests related to trade, climate change and energy. Then it explores the ways in which trade can contribute to Chinas needs, to sustainable energy development and to the goals of the global climate agreement that is under negotiation. One main findings are China is a key participant in negotiations on trade liberalization of environmental technologies and services. These negotiations are in Chinas interests in terms of innovative industries, technological upgrading, employment and public health. China could stand up for the interests of other emerging and developing countries and serve as an example in terms of transitioning to a low-carbon economy. Beyond trade barriers issues of domestic (energy) regulation such as fossil-fuel subsidies as well as investment, competition-policy, trade-facilitation and transit issues related to clean energy need to be addressed. Building trust between relevant actors across sectors and national borders will be of the essence in order to foster long-term cooperation on technological innovation. As a way forward, different approaches towards the governance of trade and climate change will be highlighted. Besides discussing the specific aspects of Chinese participation in global trade and climate change governance, this paper aims at offering broader insights into the nexus between trade, energy and climate governance in China.
Abstract
We have arrived at a critical juncture when it comes to understanding the numerous ways in which trade interacts with climate change and energy (trade-climate-energy nexus). [...]
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Climate Change Adaptation for People and Nature: A Case Study from the U.S. Southwest
P. Mccarthy

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 22-37

Abstract
In the U.S. Southwest, global climate change, acting in concert with extant stressors such as urbanization and over-allocation of water resources, is changing ecosystems in measureable and sometimes dramatic ways. Twenty-first century projections indicate accelerating climate change and cascading ecological consequences. Effects observed to date include large-scale forest dieback, large and severe wildfires, and changes in the flow regimes of rivers and streams with attendant changes to riparian and aquatic ecosystems. Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are pushing ecosystems across physiological and ecological thresholds, causing widespread mortality and, in some cases, major changes in composition, structure and function. These changes have prompted action by the conservation community to reduce the adverse effects of climate change. The Southwest Climate Change Initiative (SWCCI), a project led by The Nature Conservancy, works with local stakeholders in affected landscapes, reduces adverse impacts on ecological and social systems using scientific knowledge and practical tools. The Initiative has learned through practical experience that: 1) managers must embrace change and manage for resilience rather than resistance, 2) strong local science-management partnerships are critical to effective adaptation planning and implementation, 3) planners and managers must broaden the scope and accelerate the pace of conservation activities if ecosystem services are to be sustained, 4) adaptation often does not require radically new or different management practices, rather, conservationists already have many of the tools they need, and 5) rapid documentation and widespread communication of methods and findings can build rapidly regional capacity for climate change adaptation. Our experience suggests that adaptation efforts can be effective if they are focused at the local scale, employ learning networks, and engage in ecosystem-based adaptation: the sustainable management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems so that they continue to provide the services that allow people to thrive in changing environments. McCarthy, P. D., 2012: Climate change adaptation for people and nature: A case study from the U.S. Southwest. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3(1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00022.
Abstract
In the U.S. Southwest, global climate change, acting in concert with extant stressors such as urbanization and over-allocation of water resources, is changing ecosystems in [...]
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Decoupling economic growth from CO2 emissions: A decomposition analysis of Chinas household energy consumption
X. Ma, Y. Ye, X. Shi, L. Zou

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 192-200

Abstract
This paper analyzes Chinese household CO2 emissions in 1994–2012 based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) structure decomposition model, and discusses the relationship between household CO2 emissions and economic growth based on a decoupling indicator. The results show that in 1994–2012, household CO2 emissions grew in general and displayed an accelerated growth trend during the early 21st century. Economic growth leading to an increase in energy consumption is the main driving factor of CO2 emission growth (an increase of 1.078 Gt CO2 ) with cumulative contribution rate of 55.92%, while the decline in energy intensity is the main cause of CO2 emission growth inhibition (0.723 Gt CO2 emission reduction) with cumulative contribution rate of 38.27%. Meanwhile, household CO2 emissions are in a weak state of decoupling in general. The change in CO2 emissions caused by population and economic growth shows a weak decoupling and expansive decoupling state, respectively. The CO2 emission change caused by energy intensity is in a state of strong decoupling, and the change caused by energy consumption structure fluctuates between a weak and a strong decoupling state.
Abstract
This paper analyzes Chinese household CO2 emissions in 1994–2012 based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) structure decomposition model, and discusses the relationship [...]
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Sensitivity of the Number of Snow Cover Days to Surface Air Temperature over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
L. Ma, D. Qin, L. Bian, C. Xiao, Y. Luo

Advances in Climate Change Research (2010). Vol. 1 pp. 76-83

Abstract
Based on the number of snow cover days (NSCDs) and homogenized surface air temperature data for the period 1951–2004, this study performs the quantitative analysis on the sensitivity of NSCDs to surface air temperature over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Results show that both the extreme sensitivity and sensitivity under current climate are higher in the edge than in the central area of the QTP. There exists a strong negative correlation between station’s elevation and critical temperature, at which the sensitivity reaches extremum. The negative correlation between the elevation and the extreme sensitivity is not as strong as the former one. Currently, the climatological temperatures in quite a few stations do not reach the critical stage. The sensitivity at these stations will become greater under the current background of climate warming, which means NSCDs will be more sensitive to surface air temperature. Ma, L., D. Qin, L. Bian, et al., 2010: Sensitivity of the number of snow cover days to surface air temperature over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00076.
Abstract
Based on the number of snow cover days (NSCDs) and homogenized surface air temperature data for the period 1951–2004, this study performs the quantitative analysis on the [...]
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Assessment of Snow Cover Vulnerability over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
L. Ma, D. Qin, L. Bian, C. Xiao, Y. Luo

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 93-100

Abstract
By using daily air temperature and precipitation data, and the weather phenomena data of daily snowfall from 98 meteorological stations over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), this paper performs an “at-risk” evaluation on snowfall and accumulated snow over the QTP under current climate situation and future climate warming condition. When rainfall, snowfall, or accumulated snow weather phenomena occur, critical values are determined based on daily air temperature and precipitation for current climate conditions. Air temperature of 0°C is defined as the critical value of temperature for rainfall or snowfall, while 0°C air temperature and 4.0 mm (autumn) or 3.0 mm (spring) snowfall amounts are defined as the critical values for accumulated snowfall. Analyses based on the above critical values disclose that under current climate condition, stations with “at-risk” accumulated snow account for 33% and 36% of all stations, and the “at-risk” snowfall stations reach 78% and 81% in autumn and spring, respectively. Spatially, most stations with “at-risk” accumulated snow are located on the southern and eastern edge of the QTP, and stations with “at-risk” snowfall are also apparent at the northern edge. If the air temperature increases by 2.5°C in 2050, only the snowfall at a few “at-risk” snowfall stations will transform into rainfall, while most “at-risk” accumulated snow stations will face the problem that snowfall is hardly accumulated. Additionally, most stations will become “at-risk” accumulated snow stations, indicating that both the snow depth and the snow cover duration will decline in most areas of the QTP, including a delay of the start date and an advancing of the end date of snow cover. Ma, L., D. Qin, L. Bian, et al., 2011: Assessment of snow cover vulnerability over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00093.
Abstract
By using daily air temperature and precipitation data, and the weather phenomena data of daily snowfall from 98 meteorological stations over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), [...]
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Tibetan Plateau Geladaindong black carbon ice core record (1843–1982): Recent increases due to higher emissions and lower snow accumulation
J. Matthew, K. Susan, S. Kang, G. Bjorn, M. A.

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 132-138

Abstract
Black carbon (BC) deposited on snow and glacier surfaces can reduce albedo and lead to accelerated melt. An ice core recovered from Guoqu glacier on Mt. Geladaindong and analyzed using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) provides the first long-term (1843–1982) record of BC from the central Tibetan Plateau. Post 1940 the record is characterized by an increased occurrence of years with above average BC, and the highest BC values of the record. The BC increase in recent decades is likely caused by a combination of increased emissions from regional BC sources, and a reduction in snow accumulation. Guoqu glacier has received no net ice accumulation since the 1980s, and is a potential example of a glacier where an increase in the equilibrium line altitude is exposing buried high impurity layers. That BC concentrations in the uppermost layers of the Geladaindong ice core are not substantially higher relative to deeper in the ice core suggests that some of the BC that must have been deposited on Guoqu glacier via wet or dry deposition between 1983 and 2005 has been removed from the surface of the glacier, potentially via supraglacial or englacial meltwater.
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) deposited on snow and glacier surfaces can reduce albedo and lead to accelerated melt. An ice core recovered from Guoqu glacier on Mt. Geladaindong and analyzed [...]
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Air Quality Legislation and Standards in the European Union: Background, Status and Public Participation
G. Marco, X. Bo

Advances in Climate Change Research (2013). Vol. 4(25) pp. 50-59

Abstract
In order to improve air quality, the European Union introduced the New Air Quality Directive in 2008 and set its Member States strict targets on air pollution concentrations for the most harmful and challenging substances, such as fine particles. The law enforcement relies on a monitoring and reporting system to inform the European Commission and the public, for it is the citizens’ right to be informed about harmful air quality. With sectoral measures, air quality could be improved in the past 20 years, but some emissions concentrations have stagnated in recent years and emissions temporarily exceed thresholds in nearly half of the Member States. The European Emission Inventory allows the commission to identify the substances, areas, and times of exceedances, and to implement sectoral measures leading to air quality improvements, all of which have to be made available publicly. This manuscript introduces the air quality legislation and reviews the quality of European air for recent years. Gemmer, M., and B. Xiao, 2013: Air quality legislation and standards in the European Union: Background, status and public participation. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 4 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.050.
Abstract
In order to improve air quality, the European Union introduced the New Air Quality Directive in 2008 and set its Member States strict targets on air pollution concentrations [...]
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Impacts of meteorological parameters and emissions on decadal, interannual, and seasonal variations of atmospheric black carbon in the Tibetan Plateau
Y. Mao, H. Liao

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016).

Abstract
We quantified the impacts of variations in meteorological parameters and emissions on decadal, interannual, and seasonal variations of atmospheric black carbon (BC) in the Tibetan Plateau for 1980–2010 using a global 3-dimensional chemical transport model driven by the Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) meteorological fields. From 1980 to 2010, simulated surface BC concentrations and all-sky direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere due to atmospheric BC increased by 0.15 μg m−3 (63%) and by 0.23 W m−2 (62%), respectively, averaged over the Tibetan Plateau (75–105°E, 25–40°N). Simulated annual mean surface BC concentrations were in the range of 0.24–0.40 μg m−3 averaged over the plateau for 1980–2010, with the decadal trends of 0.13 μg m−3 per decade in the 1980s and 0.08 in the 2000s. The interannual variations were −5.4% to 7.0% for deviation from the mean, 0.0062 μg m−3 for mean absolute deviation, and 2.5% for absolute percent departure from the mean. Model sensitivity simulations indicated that the decadal trends of surface BC concentrations were mainly driven by changes in emissions, while the interannual variations were dependent on variations of both meteorological parameters and emissions. Meteorological parameters played a crucial role in driving the interannual variations of BC especially in the monsoon season.
Abstract
We quantified the impacts of variations in meteorological parameters and emissions on decadal, interannual, and seasonal variations of atmospheric black carbon (BC) in the [...]
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Assessment of achievements of the Lima Climate Change Conference and perspectives on the future
X. Lü

Advances in Climate Change Research (2014). Vol. 5 pp. 219-223

Abstract
The Lima call for climate action adopted at the Lima Climate Conference on Climate Change specifies that the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, shall apply to the new climate agreement to be adopted at the Paris Conference on Climate Change in 2015. Decisions on other heavily debated items, including the intended nationally determined contributions, were also made at the Lima Conference. The significant achievements in Lima and the positive momentum have laid a solid foundation for the adoption of a new climate agreement in the Paris Climate Conference. Four measures are proposed for China to meet great challenges in addressing climate change beyond 2020, including early formulation and issuance of a climate change law, establishment of a greenhouse gas emission trading scheme, promotion of advanced climate technology investments, and further international engagement for climate change.
Abstract
The Lima call for climate action adopted at the Lima Climate Conference on Climate Change specifies that the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate [...]
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Responses of Hydrological Processes to Climate Change in the Zhujiang River Basin in the 21st Century
L. Lü-Liu, J. Tong, X. Jin-Ge, Z. Jian-Qing, L. Yong

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 84-91

Abstract
In this study, discharge at the outlet of Xijiang River, the biggest sub-basin of the Zhujiang River, was simulated and projected from 1961 to 2099 using the hydrological model HBV-D. The model uses precipitation and temperature data from CISRO/MK3–5, MPI/ECHAM5, and NCAR/CCSM3 under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios (SRES A2, A1B, B1). The results in water resources and flood frequency suggest that annual precipitation and annual runoff would increase after 2050 relative to the reference period of 1961–1990. In addition, increasing trends have been projected in area averaged monthly precipitation and runoff from May to October, while decreasing trends in those from December to February. More often and larger floods would occur in future. Potential increase in runoff during the low-flow season could ease the pressure of water demand until 2030, but the increase in runoff in the high-flow season, with more often and larger floods, more pressure on flood control after 2050 is expected. LIU, L.-L., T. JIANG, J.-G. XU, et al., 2012: Responses of hydrological processes to climate change in the Zhujiang River Basin in the 21st century. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00084.
Abstract
In this study, discharge at the outlet of Xijiang River, the biggest sub-basin of the Zhujiang River, was simulated and projected from 1961 to 2099 using the hydrological [...]
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Comparison of China’s Carbon Emission Scenarios in 2050
H. Li, Y. Qi

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011).(25) pp. 193-202

Abstract
Several representative studies on China’s carbon emission scenarios in 2050 are compared in scenario settings, methodologies, macro parameters, energy consumption and structure, carbon emissions, and carbon emission intensity. Under the baseline scenario of the present policy framework, the future energy structure will be optimized and carbon emission intensity will decrease continually. China’s carbon emissions up to 2050 show a significant increase reaching between 11.9 Gt and 16.2 Gt CO2 in 2050. By strengthening a low carbon policy, the optimization of energy structure and the decline in carbon emission intensity will become more obvious within the comparative scenarios, which show a significant decrease in carbon emission until 2050 reaching only between 4.3 Gt and 9.5 Gt CO2 by then. Li, H., and Y. Qi, 2011: Comparison of China’s carbon emission scenarios in 2050. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 2 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00193.
Abstract
Several representative studies on China’s carbon emission scenarios in 2050 are compared in scenario settings, methodologies, macro parameters, energy consumption and structure, [...]
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Research on the Relationship of ENSO and the Frequency of Extreme Precipitation Events in China
W. Li, P. Zhai, J. Cai

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 101-107

Abstract
Based on a daily precipitation observation dataset of 743 stations in China from 1951–2004, the Γ distribution function is used to calculate the probability distribution of daily precipitation and to define extreme precipitation events. Based on this, the relationship of ENSO and the frequency of extreme precipitation events is studied. Results reveal that ENSO events have impact on extreme precipitation events, with different magnitudes at different regions and seasons. In general, during winter and spring, extreme precipitation events occur more often during El Niño events than during La Niña events. While during summer and autumn, the opposite is found. The relationship of a two season-lag ENSO and extreme precipitation frequency shows different pattern. Extreme precipitation events occur more often in several regions if an ENSO warm phase happened in the central-eastern tropical Pacific two seasons before. No similar impacts of El Niño and La Niña on the frequency of extreme precipitation events are found. Li, W., P. Zhai, and J. Cai, 2011: Research on the relationship of ENSO and the frequency of extreme precipitation events in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00101.
Abstract
Based on a daily precipitation observation dataset of 743 stations in China from 1951–2004, the Γ distribution function is used to calculate the probability distribution [...]
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Detection and Attribution of Observed Changes in the Hydrological Cycle under Global Warming
C. Liu, J. Xia

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 31-37

Abstract
The progress and advances of the detection and attribution of changes in the hydrological cycle in the IPCC Assessment Reports of WGI and WGII from 1990 to 2007 are reviewed. Accomplishment and endorsed by the joint Expert Meeting on Detection and Attribution in 2009, the Good Practice Guidance Paper (GPGP) for IPCC Lead Authors with its main content and characteristics are briefly introduced. Based on the review and the purpose of the GPGP, some characteristics on the detection and attribution of global warming and of changes in the hydrological cycle are presented. Liu, C., and J. Xia, 2011: Detection and attribution of observed changes in the hydrological cycle under global warming. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (1), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00031.
Abstract
The progress and advances of the detection and attribution of changes in the hydrological cycle in the IPCC Assessment Reports of WGI and WGII from 1990 to 2007 are reviewed. [...]
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Strategic deliberation on development of low-carbon energy system in China
Q. Liu, Y. Chen, C. Tian, X. Zheng, J. Li

Advances in Climate Change Research (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 26-34

Abstract
In recent years, there have been considerable developments in energy provision with the growing improvements in energy supply security and support systems in China. However, Chinas energy system continues to retain a high-carbon feature where coal dominates energy production and consumption, which has led to the rapid growth of greenhouse gas emissions and associated serious environmental pollution. It has therefore become an important task for China to consider how to promote the low-carbon development of energy system. This paper summarized the basic trends and challenges for development of low-carbon energy system in China and studied the primary energy consumption and carbon emissions in different scenarios at 10-year intervals between 2010 and 2050. The analysis showed that controlling coal consumption will have an important influence on the control of total carbon emissions and of carbon emission peaking, promotion of non-fossil fuel energies will offer a growing contribution to a low-carbon transition in the medium and long term, the development of carbon capture, utilization, and storage will play a key role in realizing a deep decarbonization pathway, particularly after 2030, and the establishment of a low-carbon power system is crucial for the achievement of low-carbon energy transition. Finally, the strategic considerations and policy suggestions on the development of low-carbon energy systems in China are explored.
Abstract
In recent years, there have been considerable developments in energy provision with the growing improvements in energy supply security and support systems in China. However, [...]
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Low Carbon Technology Development Roadmap for China
Q. Liu, K. Jiang, X. Hu

Advances in Climate Change Research (2011). Vol. 2(25) pp. 67-74

Abstract
It is essential that China follows a low carbon pathway, in which technology plays a key role in the future economy and social development. Based on the Integrated Policy Assessment Model for China, this paper analyzes a technology development roadmap for China to achieve a low carbon scenario. The results show that there are plenty of potential and opportunities for China to move towards a low carbon society when given enhanced and accelerated applications and expansions of key low carbon technologies. Strong policy and measure supports from all sectors in China are needed to achieve this goal. Liu, Q., K. Jiang, and X. Hu, 2011: Low carbon technology development roadmap for China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00067.
Abstract
It is essential that China follows a low carbon pathway, in which technology plays a key role in the future economy and social development. Based on the Integrated Policy [...]
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Analysis of LULUCF Accounting Rules after 2012
S. Liu, Y. Li, Q. Gao, Y. Wan, X. Ma, X. Qin

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 2(25) pp. 178-186

Abstract
Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities can allow Annex I parties in the Kyoto Protocol to decrease their carbon emission reduction pressure, and comparably expanding more emission space for their domestic industries and energy production. The loopholes resulted from LULUCF activity types and specific accounting methods are always argued among the different parties, particularly including harvested wood products, influences of force majeure, threshold values of the reference level, and gross-net or net-net accounting methods. For estimating uncertainties in accounting loopholes, and to avoid that developed countries take advantage of the accounting loopholes of LULUCF to decrease their emission reduction pressure, the LULUCF data submitted from the main developed countries in Annex I, including EU 27, Canada, Japan, and Russia, were collected. According to the analysis of these data, the loopholes influence the accounting results of LULUCF. The results show that the uncertainty of harvested wood products is excessive. The carbon sink produced by LULUCF activities will increase averagely by at least 30% without force majeure. The threshold values of the reference level of carbon sink should be set to a higher level. The net-net accounting method might be more suitable for LULUCF after 2012. Liu, S., Y. Li, Q. Gao, et al., 2011: Analysis of LULUCF accounting rules after 2012. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 2 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00178.
Abstract
Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities can allow Annex I parties in the Kyoto Protocol to decrease their carbon emission reduction pressure, and comparably [...]
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Poverty reduction within the framework of SDGs and Post-2015 Development Agenda
Q. Liu, M. Yu, X. Wang

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 67-73

Abstract
The eradication of poverty is one of the largest global challenges facing the world. This article examines poverty reduction goals within the framework of Post-2015 Development Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It also discusses the relationship between poverty reduction and sustainable development. Poverty reduction and sustainable development are inseparable and poverty reduction is the premise for sustainable development. Furthermore, several key bones of contention on the role of poverty reduction and sustainable development and implications of Post-2015 Development Agenda are also discussed. It concludes that to end poverty and inequality should continuously be given top priority for the Chinese government, because poverty reduction is Chinas soft power. Meanwhile, new ways of poverty alleviation should be explored and government should make great efforts to create a new partnership for poverty reduction and development.
Abstract
The eradication of poverty is one of the largest global challenges facing the world. This article examines poverty reduction goals within the framework of Post-2015 Development [...]
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The spatial distribution of commuting CO2 emissions and the influential factors: A case study in Xi'an, China
Y. Liu, Y. Wang, R. An, C. Li

Advances in Climate Change Research (2015). Vol. 6 pp. 46-55

Abstract
As the transport sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, the effect of urbanization on transport CO2 emissions in developing cities has become a key issue under global climate change. Examining the case of Xi'an, this paper aims to explore the spatial distribution of commuting CO2 emissions and influencing factors in the new, urban industry zones and city centers considering Xi'ans transition from a monocentric to a polycentric city in the process of urbanization. Based on household survey data from 1501 respondents, there are obvious differences in commuting CO2 emissions between new industry zones and city centers: City centers feature lower household emissions of 2.86 kg CO2 per week, whereas new industry zones generally have higher household emissions of 3.20 kg CO2 per week. Contrary to previous research results, not all new industry zones have high levels of CO2 emissions, with the rapid development of various types of industries, even a minimum level of household emissions of 2.53 kg CO2 per week is possible. The uneven distribution of commuting CO2 emissions is not uniformly affected by spatial parameters such as job–housing balance, residential density, employment density, and land use diversity. Optimum combination of the spatial parameters and travel pattern along with corresponding transport infrastructure construction may be an appropriate path to reduction and control of emissions from commuting.
Abstract
As the transport sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, the effect of urbanization on transport CO2 emissions in developing cities has become a key issue under [...]
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Trend of Antarctic Ozone Hole and Its Influencing Factors
B. Lin-Gen, L. Zhong, Z. Xiang-Dong, M. Yong-Feng, L. Long-Hua

Advances in Climate Change Research (2012). Vol. 3(25) pp. 68-75

Abstract
Influencing factors, and variations and trends of Antarctic ozone hole in recent decades are analyzed, and sudden change processes of ozone at Zhongshan station and the effect of atmospheric dynamic processes on ozone changes are also discussed by using the satellite ozone data and the ground-measured ozone data at two Antarctic stations as well as the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The results show that equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) and stratospheric temperature are two important factors influencing the ozone hole. The column ozone at Zhongshan and Syowa stations is significantly related with EESC and stratospheric temperature, which means that even though the two stations are both located on the edge of the ozone hole, EESC and stratospheric temperature still played a very important role in column ozone changes, and mean while verifies that EESC is applicable on the coast of east Antarctic continent. Decadal changes in EESC are similar with those of the ozone hole, and inter-annual variations of ozone are closely related with stratospheric temperature. Based on the relation of EESC and ozone hole size, it can be projected that the ozone hole size will gradually reduce to the 1980’s level from 2010 to around 2070. Of course there might exist many uncertainties in the projection, which therefore needs to be further studied. Bian, L.-G., Z. Lin, X.-D. Zheng, et al., 2012: Trend of Antarctic ozone hole and its influencing factors. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3 (2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00068.
Abstract
Influencing factors, and variations and trends of Antarctic ozone hole in recent decades are analyzed, and sudden change processes of ozone at Zhongshan station and the effect [...]
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