Documents published in 2017 : Scipedia

Locating internet bottlenecks algorithms measurements and implications
N. Hu, L. Li, Z. Mao, P. Steenkiste, J. Wang

Collection of open reports in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 2

Abstract
Abstract: "The ability to locate network bottlenecks along end-to-end paths on the Internet is of great interest to both network operators and researchers. For example, knowing where bottleneck links are, network operators can apply traffic engineering either at the interdomain or intradomain level to improve routing. Existing bandwith measurement tools fail to identify the location of bottleneck links. In addition, they often require access to both end points and generate huge amount [sic] of probing packets. These drawbacks make them impractical. In this paper, we present a novel light-weight, single-end active probing tool -- Pathneck -- based [sic] a novel probing technique called Recursive Packet Train (RPT), which allows end users to efficiently and accurately locate bottleneck points to destinations on the Internet. We evaluate Pathneck using trace-driven emulations and wide area Internet experiments. In addition, we conduct extensive measurements on the Internet among carefully selected, geographically diverse probing sources and destinations to study Internet bottleneck properties. We find that Pathneck can successfully detect bottlenecks for over 70% of paths, and most of the bottlenecks are fairly stable. We also report our success on bottleneck inference, using multihoming and overlay routing to avoid bottlenecks based on the bottleneck link location and bandwidth estimation provided by Pathneck." Document type: Report
Abstract
Abstract: "The ability to locate network bottlenecks along end-to-end paths on the Internet is of great interest to both network operators and researchers. For example, knowing [...]
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Mobile Application for Naturalistic Walking/Cycling Data Collection
T. Madsen, C. Andersen, A. Várhelyi, M. Nilsson, M. Oskarsson, M. Bornø Jensen, C. Holmberg Bahnsen, M. Bock Christensen, T. Moeslund

Collection of open reports in transport research (2020). Vol. 2017, 2

Abstract
Two smartphone applications were developed with the aim of harvesting insights of vulnerable road user accidents. The apps require a backend database with software tools for generating and managing questionnaires, etc. Such a system was developed using a MySQL database where a user-friendly platform has been developed in CakePHP. The backend system has been successfully developed and been used to handle more than 11,000 participants. The original idea was to monitor VRU via apps to detect when they may have been involved in an accident as pedestrian or cyclist based on the motion patterns from the smartphone's motion sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope) and collect as much information as possible regarding the accident automatically (e.g. time and location of the accident). If an accident was detected, the road user should receive a questionnaire to provide detailed information of the accident (e.g. road surface conditions, lighting conditions, other road users involved). This app was used by more than 400 participants resulting in a large amount of data. Document type: Report
Abstract
Two smartphone applications were developed with the aim of harvesting insights of vulnerable road user accidents. The apps require a backend database with software tools for [...]
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The minimal buffering requirements of congestion controlled interactive multimedia applications
K. Li, C. Krasic, J. Walpole, M. Shor, C. Pu

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 79

Abstract
This paper uses analysis and experiments to study the minimal buffering requirements of congestion controlled multimedia applications. Applications in the Internet must use congestion control protocols, which vary transmission rates according to network conditions. To produce a smooth perceptual quality, multimedia applications use buffering and rate adaptations to compensate these rate oscillations. While several adaptation policies are available, they require different amounts of buffering at end-hosts. We study the relationship between buffering requirements and adaptation policies. In particular, we focus on a widely pursued policy that adapts an application's sending rate exactly to the average available bandwidth to maximize throughput. Under this adaptation policy, at least a minimal amount of buffering is required to smooth the rate oscillation inherent in congestion control, and we view this minimal buffering requirement as a cost of maximizing throughput. We derive the minimal buffering requirement for this policy assuming that applications use an additive-increase-and-multiplicative-decrease (AIMD) algorithm for congestion control. The result shows the relationship between parameters of AIMD algorithms and the delay cost. We show that the buffering requirement is proportional to the parameters of the AIMD algorithm and quadratic to the application's sending rate and round-trip-time. We verify this relationship through experiments. Our results indicate that adaptation policies that maximize throughput are not suitable for interactive applications with high bit rates or long round-trip-times. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This paper uses analysis and experiments to study the minimal buffering requirements of congestion controlled multimedia applications. Applications in the Internet must use [...]
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Reducing traffic congestion in beirut an empirical analysis of selected policy options
A. Anas, S. De Sarkar, M. Abou Zeid, G. Timilsina, Z. Nakat

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 58

Abstract
Beirut, the capital city of Lebanon, faces huge traffic congestion, the cost of which is estimated to be more than 2 percent of the city's gross regional product. Effective policies are needed, based on weighing their overall economic cost and benefit to society. This study developed an empirical model based on microeconomic theory, accounting for production and consumption behavior related to transportation in the Greater Beirut Area, to simulate various policy combinations. A key finding of the study is that individual supply-side policies, such as the expansion of roads or introduction of a bus rapid transit system, are quite effective at reducing traffic congestion while increasing economic output and welfare. They also account for most of the benefits from implementing policy packages with supply- and demand-side measures. The introduction of bus rapid transit with expansion of the road system to feed the bus rapid transit system reduces congestion by about 16 percent and congestion costs by more than 50 percent. This would increase Beirut's gross regional product by roughly 2 percent, and the average social welfare of the residents of Beirut by 4 percent. In contrast, demand-side instruments, implemented alone, lower gross regional product and welfare with limited effects on congestion. Document type: Book
Abstract
Beirut, the capital city of Lebanon, faces huge traffic congestion, the cost of which is estimated to be more than 2 percent of the city's gross regional product. Effective [...]
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MINLP in Air Traffic Management: Aircraft Conflict Avoidance
S. Cafieri

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 57

Abstract
International audience Air traffic management (ATM) represents a domain of emerging and challenging applications of mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP). A number of problems arising in ATM lead naturally to optimization problems whose efficient and reliable solution constitutes a key ingredient of air traffic safety [576]. The air traffic level currently attained in Europe is on the order of tens of thousands of flights per day, and it is expected to grow further on the world scale during the next 20 years. Increasing levels of traffic raise the problem of increasing the capacity of air sectors by better managing the air traffic. This requires increasing the level of automation in ATM, as pointed out in the context of the major projects Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) [1667] in Europe and Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) [906] in the United States, which are aimed at designing future ATM systems. Aircraft conflict detection and resolution in en route flights, and the related problem of conflict-free aircraft trajectory planning, are prominent examples of problems that urgently need to be addressed to ensure a higher level of automation in ATM, and consequently more efficiency and safety in air traffic. These problems still deserve investigation of both the identification of suitable mathematical models and the development of efficient and reliable solution methods and algorithms. Mixed-integer nonlinear optimization formulations appear particularly suitable, as they allow us to simultaneously consider continuous as well as discrete decision-making variables and model the complex nonlinear processes characterizing ATM systems. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience Air traffic management (ATM) represents a domain of emerging and challenging applications of mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP). A number [...]
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Formal verification of curved flight collision avoidance maneuvers a case study
A. Platzer, E. Clarke

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 73

Abstract
Aircraft collision avoidance maneuvers are important and complex applications. Curved flight exhibits nontrivial continuous behavior. In combination with the control choices during air traffic maneuvers, this yields hybrid systems with challenging interactions of discrete and continuous dynamics. As a case study illustrating the use of a new proof assistant for a logic for nonlinear hybrid systems, we analyze collision freedom of roundabout maneuvers in air traffic control, where appropriate curved flight, good timing, and compatible maneuvering are crucial for guaranteeing safe spatial separation of aircraft throughout their flight. We show that formal verification of hybrid systems can scale to curved flight maneuvers required in aircraft control applications. We introduce a fully flyable variant of the roundabout collision avoidance maneuver and verify safety properties by compositional verification. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Aircraft collision avoidance maneuvers are important and complex applications. Curved flight exhibits nontrivial continuous behavior. In combination with the control choices [...]
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Volcanic ash and aviation the challenges of real time global communication of a natural hazard
P. Lechner, A. Tupper, M. Guffanti, S. Loughlin, T. Casadevall

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 55

Abstract
More than 30 years after the first major aircraft encounters with volcanic ash over Indonesia in 1982, it remains challenging to inform aircraft in flight of the exact location of potentially dangerous ash clouds on their flight path, particularly shortly after the eruption has occurred. The difficulties include reliably forecasting and detecting the onset of significant explosive eruptions on a global basis, observing the dispersal of eruption clouds in real time, capturing their complex structure and constituents in atmospheric transport models, describing these observations and modelling results in a manner suitable for aviation users, delivering timely warning messages to the cockpit, flight planners and air traffic management systems, and the need for scientific development in order to undertake operational enhancements. The framework under which these issues are managed is the International Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW), administered by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). ICAO outlines in its standards and recommended practices (International Civil Aviation Organization 2014a, b) the basic volcanic monitoring and communication that is necessary at volcano observatories in Member States (countries). However, not all volcanoes are monitored and not all countries with volcanoes have mandated volcano observatories or equivalents. To add to the efforts of volcano observatories, a system of Meteorological Watch Offices, Air Traffic Management Area Control Centres, and nine specialist Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) are responsible for observing, analysing, forecasting and communicating the aviation hazard (airborne ash), using agreed techniques and messages in defined formats. Continuous improvement of the IAVW framework is overseen by expert groups representing the operators of the system, the user community, and the science community. The IAVW represents a unique marriage of two scientific disciplines, volcanology and meteorology, with the aviation user community. There have been many multifaceted volcanic eruptions in complex meteorological conditions during the history of the IAVW. Each new eruption brings new insights into how the warning system can be improved, and each reinforces the lessons that have gone before. The management of these events has improved greatly since the major ash encounters in the 1980s, but discontinuities in the warning and communications system still occur. A good example is a 2014 ash encounter over Indonesia following the eruption of Kelut where the warnings did not reach the aircraft crew. Other events present enormous management challengesfor example the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull eruption in Iceland was, overall, less hazardous than many less publicised eruptions, but numerous small to moderate explosions over several weeks produced widespread disruption and a large economic impact. At the time of writing, while there has been hundreds of millions of US dollars in damage to aircraft from encounters with ash, there have been no fatalities resulting from aviation incidents in, or proximal to volcanic ash cloud. This reflects, at least in part, the hard work done in putting together a global warning systemalthough to some extent it also reflects a measure of good statistical fortune. In order to minimise the risk of aircraft encounters with volcanic ash clouds, the global effort continues. The future priorities for the IAVW are strongly focused on enhancing communication before, and at the very onset of a volcanic ash-producing event (typically the more dangerous stage), together with improved downstream information and warning systems to help reduce the economic impact of eruptions on aviation. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
More than 30 years after the first major aircraft encounters with volcanic ash over Indonesia in 1982, it remains challenging to inform aircraft in flight of the exact location [...]
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Simulating crowd evacuation with socio-cultural, cognitive, and emotional elements
C. Van der Wal, D. Formolo, M. Robinson, M. Minkov, T. Bosse

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 54

Abstract
In this research, the effects of culture, cognitions, and emotions on crisis management and prevention are analysed. An agent-based crowd evacuation simulation model was created, named IMPACT, to study the evacuation process from a transport hub. To extend previous research, various socio-cultural, cognitive, and emotional factors were modelled, including: language, gender, familiarity with the environment, emotional contagion, prosocial behaviour, falls, group decision making, and compliance. The IMPACT model was validated against data from an evacuation drill using the existing EXODUS evacuation model. Results show that on all measures, the IMPACT model is within or close to the prescribed boundaries, thereby establishing its validity. Structured simulations with the validated model revealed important findings, including: the effect of doors as bottlenecks, social contagion speeding up evacuation time, falling behaviour not affecting evacuation time significantly, and travelling in groups being more beneficial for evacuation time than travelling alone. This research has important practical applications for crowd management professionals, including transport hub operators, first responders, and risk assessors. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In this research, the effects of culture, cognitions, and emotions on crisis management and prevention are analysed. An agent-based crowd evacuation simulation model was created, [...]
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Planning and Designing Walkable Cities: A Smart Approach
E. Conticelli, A. Maimaris, G. Papageorgiou, S. Tondelli

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 69

Abstract
Walking may be considered one of the most sustainable and democratic ways of travelling within a city, thus providing benefits not only to pedestrians but also to the urban environment. Besides, walking is also one of the means of transport most likely subjected to factors outside an individuals control, like social or physical abilities to walk and the presence of comfortable and safe street infrastructures and services. Therefore, improving urban conditions provided to pedestrians has positive impacts on walkability. At the same time technological solutions and innovations have the power to encourage and support people to walk by overcoming immaterial barriers due to a lack of information or boring travel and they give to decision makers the possibility to gain data to understand how and where people travel. Merging these two dimensions into a unique approach can drastically improve accessibility, attractiveness, safety, comfort and security of urban spaces. In this context, this paper aims to draw a more multifaceted context for walkability, where new technologies assume a key role for introducing new approaches to pedestrian paths planning and design and thus for enhancing this mode of transport. Indeed, by combining more traditional spatial-based and perceptual analysis of the urban environment with technological applications and social media exploitation there will be room to better support the decision on and to enhance satisfaction of walking as well as to easier plan and design more walkable cities. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Walking may be considered one of the most sustainable and democratic ways of travelling within a city, thus providing benefits not only to pedestrians but also to the urban [...]
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Expectation and experience: Passenger acceptance of autonomous public transportation vehicles
G. Eden, B. Nanchen, R. Ramseyer, F. Evéquoz

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 53

Abstract
Part 5: Case Studies; International audience; Passenger acceptance is a key factor for the successful integration, uptake and use of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in the domain of public transportation. Especially knowing opinions and attitudes around safety, comfort and convenience. We discuss a pilot study conducted as part of a larger research project where AVs are being tested to transport members of the general public on a specified route with designated stops. We present preliminary findings of fieldwork conducted where people were asked their opinions and attitudes both before and after riding on an AV shuttle as a passenger for the first time. This allows us to compare user expectation beforehand with actual experience afterwards. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Part 5: Case Studies; International audience; Passenger acceptance is a key factor for the successful integration, uptake and use of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in the domain [...]
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Special Study on Benchmarking the Quality of Project Economic Analysis for the South Asia Region
K. Ezemenari, X. Ye

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 52

Abstract
This paper benchmarks the quality of project economic analysis in South Asia against other World Bank regions, using data on project exits between 1975 and 2015. The results show that the South Asia region performs on par with the other regions, in that the share of project documents that report estimated economic rates of return have declined from 70 to 36 percent for South Asia and the other regions. This finding suggests there is less attention to project economic analysis (especially for sectors where this has been a traditional practice, such as energy, transport, water, and agriculture). The finding also indicates that the incidence of reporting rates of return in project documents and the dispersion or difference between rates of return estimated at project appraisal and completion are significantly correlated with project performance (after correcting for country- and project-level variables). For the project-level variables, the task team effect is a key variable that explains project outcomes. The paper discusses the implications of the analyses for strengthening project performance and risk mitigation. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper benchmarks the quality of project economic analysis in South Asia against other World Bank regions, using data on project exits between 1975 and 2015. The results [...]
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CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE IN URBAN MOBILITY IN ACCRA:REPORT ON THE KICK-OFF WORKSHOP
R. Kofie, L. Møller-Jensen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 66

Abstract
Document type: Book
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A Co-design Study of Digital Service Ideas in the Bus Context
E. Hildén, J. Ojala, K. Väänänen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 51

Abstract
Part 5: Co-design Studies; International audience; To enhance the desirability of public transportation, it is important to design for positive travel experience. The context of bus transportation has broad potential for utilization of novel, supplementary digital services beyond travel information. The aim of our research was to study bus passengers needs and expectations for future digital services and to develop initial service concept ideas through co-design. To this end, three Idea generating workshops with 24 participants were arranged. Our findings reveal six service themes that can be used as a basis of designing future digital traveling services: (1) Information at a glance while traveling, (2) Entertainment and entertaining activities, (3) Services that support social interaction, (4) Multiple channels to provide travel information, (5) Extra services for better travel experience, and (6) Services that people already expect to have. The themes are discussed and further elaborated in this paper. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Part 5: Co-design Studies; International audience; To enhance the desirability of public transportation, it is important to design for positive travel experience. The context [...]
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State-of-practice on as-is modelling of industrial facilities
E. Agapaki, I. Brilakis

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 63

Abstract
90% of the time needed for the conversion from point clouds to 3D models of industrial facilities is spent on geometric modelling due to the sheer number of Industrial Objects (IOs) of each plant. Hence, cost reduction is only possible by automating modelling. Our previous work has successfully identified the most frequent industrial objects which are in descending order: electrical conduit, straight pipes, circular hollow sections, elbows, channels, solid bars, I-beams, angles, flanges and valves. We modelled those on a state-of-theart software, EdgeWise and then evaluated the performance of this software for pipeline and structural modelling. The modelling of pipelines is summarized in three basic steps: (a) automated extraction of cylinders, (b) their semantic classification and (c) manual extraction and editing of pipes. The results showed that cylinders are modelled with 75 % recall and 62 % precision on average. We discovered that pipes, electrical conduit and circular hollow sections require 80 % of the Total Modelling Hours (TMH) of the 10 most frequent IOs to build the plant model. TMH was then compared to modelling hours in Revit and showed that 67 % of pipe modelling time is saved by EdgeWise. This paper is the first to evaluate state-of-the-art industrial modelling software. These findings help in better understanding the problem and serve as the foundation for researchers who are interested in solving i Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
90% of the time needed for the conversion from point clouds to 3D models of industrial facilities is spent on geometric modelling due to the sheer number of Industrial Objects [...]
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Fuel Efficiency Versus Fuel Substitution in the Transport Sector: An Econometric Analysis
G. Hochman, G. Timilsina

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 50

Abstract
The transport sector offers limited options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as compared with other sectors, such as power generation and industrial sectors. To understand the potential reduction of energy consumption and associated emissions through fuel substitution or transportation service demand reduction, this study estimates own- and cross-price elasticities of various fuels used for transportation. The analysis shows, like many previous studies, that an increase in fuel prices would not have a large effect on transport sector carbon dioxide emissions, due to limited substitution possibilities among fuels for transportation. The study also finds that price-induced changes that lead to an increase in the rate of adoption of fuel-efficient vehicles would be more effective than a policy to cause fuel substitution. Document type: Book
Abstract
The transport sector offers limited options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as compared with other sectors, such as power generation and industrial sectors. To understand [...]
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Web Apps and Imprecise Probabilitites
J. Castro, J. Gabarro, M. Serna

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 60

Abstract
We propose a model for the behaviour of Web apps in the unreliable WWW. Web apps are described by orchestrations. An orchestration mimics the personal use of the Web by defining the way in which Web services are invoked. The WWW is unreliable as poorly maintained Web sites are prone to fail. We model this source of unreliability trough a probabilistic approach. We assume that each site has a probability to fail. Another source of uncertainty is the traffic congestion. This can be observed as a non-deterministic behaviour induced by the variability in the response times. We model non-determinism by imprecise probabilities. We develop here an ex-ante normal to characterize the behaviour of finite orchestrations in the unreliable Web. We show the existence of a normal form under such semantics for orchestrations using asymmetric parallelism. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
We propose a model for the behaviour of Web apps in the unreliable WWW. Web apps are described by orchestrations. An orchestration mimics the personal use of the Web by defining [...]
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An Overview of Electric Vehicle Technology
N. Adnan

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 57

Abstract
Modern studies on green technologies for transportation sector are attaining attraction among the research communities from diverse parts. We learn the significance of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles which play a key role toward the policy option to reduce the environmental concern. There are major uncertainties in the diffusion of electric vehicles timing of market diffusion among consumers. However, there has been a considerable effort made towards the benefit of electric vehicles demand. Yet, the debates on consumer behavior towards the adoption of electric vehicles are less recognized. Researcher's highlighting the significance of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles from a combined perspective considering V2G technology which allows bi-directional flow of electricity. On the other hand, when electric vehicles are recharged from electricity produced from conventional technology power plants such as oil or coal-fired plants, they may produce equal or sometimes more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional gasoline vehicles. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Modern studies on green technologies for transportation sector are attaining attraction among the research communities from diverse parts. We learn the significance of plug-in [...]
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Logistics Competencies, Skills, and Training : A Global Overview
A. McKinnon, C. Floethmann, K. Hoberg, C. Busch

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 49

Abstract
Despite the spread of automation and new supply chain management paradigms, logistics remains dependent on a rather specific set of skills and competencies, whether for managerial, administrative, or blue-collar jobs, such as trucking or warehousing. This dependence implies that the logistical performance of businesses, industries, and nation states is strongly influenced by the quantity and quality of the workforce. Insufficient resources of a competent and properly trained workforce in logistics adversely affect the quality of service, reduce productivity in sectors dependent on logistics, and ultimately reduce trade competitiveness. While other interventions that affect logistics performancesuch as international infrastructures, trade corridors, regulations, and serviceshave already been reviewed extensively, this report is the first to cover the contributions of human resources and explore how to develop skills and improve competencies, especially in developing countries. The study proposes a framework for the skills needed according to the logistics activity (such as transportation or warehousing) or the type and level of responsibility. Based on several sources, including recent surveys carried out by the World Bank and the Kühne Logistics University, the report uncovers where the skills constraints are according to the type of job or countries. Findings include that logistics is an industry struggling to hire skilled workers, although with differences between developed countries (where trucker shortages are more acute) and developing economies (where managerial shortages are more widespread). Typically, blue-collar logistics jobs have lower status and lower pay than blue-collar jobs in other industries; they are thus less attractive for skilled workers. In developing countries with a potentially available workforce, lack of vocational preparation for careers in logistics means that less-skilled workers are not easily re-skilled. Logistics tasks at the upper end of the occupational hierarchy and those with high information technology content often require an upskilling of employees to keep pace with new technology. Yet the problem is not confined to recruitment. The surveys point to limited resources, money, and staff time allocated to training, especially in developing countries. Realizing the promise of quality jobs from the growth of logistics worldwide requires a coordinated effort by logistics companies, professional associations, training providers, and policy makers. Through a combination of facilitation, regulation, advice, financial instruments, and land use planning, governments can exert significant influence. Document type: Book
Abstract
Despite the spread of automation and new supply chain management paradigms, logistics remains dependent on a rather specific set of skills and competencies, whether for managerial, [...]
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An Intelligent Advisor for City Traffic Policies
D. Stolfi, C. Cintrano, F. Chicano, E. Alba

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 54

Abstract
Nowadays, city streets are populated not only by private vehicles but also by public transport, fleets of workers, and deliveries. Since each vehicle class has a maximum cargo capacity, we study in this article how authorities could improve the road traffic by endorsing long term policies to change the different vehicle proportions: sedans, minivans, full size vans, trucks, and motorbikes, without losing the ability of moving cargo throughout the city. We have performed our study in a realistic scenario (map, road traffic characteristics, and number of vehicles) of the city of Malaga and captured the many details into the SUMO microsimulator. After analyzing the relationship between travel times, emissions, and fuel consumption, we have defined a multiobjective optimization problem to be solved, so as to minimize these city metrics. Our results provide a scientific evidence that we can improve the delivery of goods in the city by reducing the number of heavy duty vehicles and fostering the use of vans instead. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. This research has been partially funded by the Spanish MINECO and FEDER projects TIN2014-57341-R, TIN2016-81766-REDT, and TIN2017-88213-R. University of Malaga, Andalucia TECH. Daniel H. Stolfi is supported by a FPU grant (FPU13/00954) from the Spanish MECD. Christian Cintrano is supported by a FPI grant (BES-2015-074805) from Spanish MINECO. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Nowadays, city streets are populated not only by private vehicles but also by public transport, fleets of workers, and deliveries. Since each vehicle class has a maximum cargo [...]
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Rail Transport and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Tanzania
A. Iimi, R. Humphreys, Y. Mchomvu

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 48

Abstract
Railway transport generally has the advantage for large-volume, long-haul freight operations. Africa possesses significant railway assets. However, many rail lines are currently not operational because of the lack of maintenance. The paper recasts light on the impact of rail transportation on firm productivity, using micro data collected in Tanzania. To avoid the endogeneity problem, the instrumental variable technique is used to estimate the impact of rail transport. The paper shows that the overall impact of rail use on firm costs is significant despite that the rail unit rates are set lower when the shipping distance is longer. Rail transport is a cost-effective option for firms. However, the study finds that firms' inventory is costly. This is a disadvantage of using rail transport. Rail operations are unreliable, adding more inventory costs to firms. The implied elasticity of demand for transport services is estimated at -1.01 to -0.52, relatively high in absolute terms. This indicates the rail users' sensitivity to prices as well as severity of modal competition against truck transportation. The study also finds that firm location matters to the decision to use rail services. Proximity to rail infrastructure is important for firms to take advantage of rail benefits. Document type: Book
Abstract
Railway transport generally has the advantage for large-volume, long-haul freight operations. Africa possesses significant railway assets. However, many rail lines are currently [...]
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Nitrogen grain-boundary passivation of In-doped ZnO transparent conducting oxide
K. FLEISCHER, I. SHVETS, D. CAFFREY, D. Ali, M. Butt, C. Coughlan

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 50

Abstract
PUBLISHED We have investigated the properties and conduction limitations of spray pyrolysis grown, low-cost transparent conducting oxide ZnO thin films doped with indium. We analyze the optical, electrical, and crystallographic properties as functions of In content with a specific focus on postgrowth heat treatment of these thin films at 320?C in an inert, nitrogen atmosphere, which improves the films electrical properties considerably. The effect was found to be dominated by nitrogen-induced grain-boundary passivation, identified by a combined study using in situ resistance measurement upon annealing, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and x-ray diffraction studies. We also highlight the chemical mechanism of morphologic and crystallographic changes found in films with high indium content. By optimizing growth conditions according to these findings, ZnO:In with a resistivity as low as 2?10?3?cm, high optical quality (T?90%), and sheet resistance of 32?/? has been obtained without any need for postgrowth treatments. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
PUBLISHED We have investigated the properties and conduction limitations of spray pyrolysis grown, low-cost transparent conducting oxide ZnO thin films doped with indium. [...]
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Accident Information from six European Countries Based on Self-reports
K. Møller, C. Andersen, A. Várhelyi, S. Schönebeck, S. Reumers, P. Hosta, P. Szaga?a

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 47

Abstract
A questionnaire survey has been conducted in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Spain and Sweden in 2016-2017. Once every third month through one year respondents have received a link to an online questionnaire which asked them about information on any traffic accidents they might have experienced in the period. Different procedures for gaining respondents were used in each country, resulting in relatively small and skewed sample sizes from Germany, Poland and Spain, causing data analysis based on these numbers to be highly unreliable. Thus results are based on data from Belgium, Denmark and Sweden."br/""br/"The study aims at providing an input to Task 5.3 on socio-economic costs within the InDeV project. Thus the questionnaire contains questions on various aspects related to the accidents that might contribute with costs as well as basic accident information such as means of transport and time of the accident."br/""br/"A special focus in the survey is on pedestrian single accidents, which are not normally considered traffic accidents. The survey finds that more than 80% of the pedestrian accidents that have been self-reported are in fact single accidents, which illustrates the need for further investigation of the pedestrian single accidents as the number of these might be quite high. The study also provides knowledge of basic consequences of the pedestrian falls, for instance 16% result in medical treatment, 14% in one or more days of absence from work and 37% in property damage."br/""br/"The self-reported traffic accidents have proved difficult to compare with official accident statistics, both due to different national guidelines on what constitutes a reportable accident and to the legal limitations on personal information which may be asked in the questionnaire; this eliminates the possibility of combining information with official accident records. However, based on the self-reports it can be concluded that in 8% of the accidents the respondent have been in contact with the police. Document type: Book
Abstract
A questionnaire survey has been conducted in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Spain and Sweden in 2016-2017. Once every third month through one year respondents have received [...]
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A Task Completion Engine to Enhance Search Session Support for Air Traffic Work Tasks
Y. Moshfeghi, R. Rothfeld, L. Azzopardi, P. Triantafillou

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 45

Abstract
Providing support for users during their search sessions has\\ud been hailed as a major challenge in interactive information retrieval\\ud (IIR). Providing such support requires considering the context of the\\ud search and facilitating the work task at hand. In this paper, we consider\\ud the work tasks associated with air traffic analysts, who perform numerous\\ud searches using a multifaceted search interface in order to acquire business\\ud intelligence regarding particular events and situations. In particular, we\\ud develop a novel task completion engine and seamlessly incorporated it\\ud within a current air traffic search system to facilitate the comparison\\ud of information objects found. In a study with 24 participants, we found\\ud that they completed the complex work task faster using the comparison\\ud feature, but for simple work tasks, participants were slower. However,\\ud participants reported (statistically) significantly higher satisfaction and\\ud had (statistically) significantly higher accuracy using the search system\\ud equipped with task completion engine. These findings help to steer systems to provide a better support to users in their search process. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Providing support for users during their search sessions has\\ud been hailed as a major challenge in interactive information retrieval\\ud (IIR). Providing such support requires [...]
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HLS Enabled Partially Reconfigurable Module Implementation
N. Grigore, C. Kritikakis, D. Koch

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 43

Abstract
Making full use of the capabilities of the FPGA as an accelerator is difficult for non hardware experts, especially if partial reconfiguration is to be employed. One of the issues that arise is to physically implement modules into bounding boxes of minimum size for improving fragmentation cost and reconfiguration time. In this paper we present a method which automates the modules designing step, fulfilling module resource requirements and architectural FPGA constraints. We present a case study that shows how our automatic module implementation flow can be used to generate run-time reconfigurable bitstreams that are suited for stitching together processing pipelines directly from a Maxeler MaxJ HLS specification. This takes into consideration design alternatives, fragmentation, and routing failure mitigation strategies. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Making full use of the capabilities of the FPGA as an accelerator is difficult for non hardware experts, especially if partial reconfiguration is to be employed. One of the [...]
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High-Speed Rail
P. Amos, D. Bullock, J. Sondhi

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 44

Abstract
This report starts with a history of high speed rail worldwide and then outlines the history of China's move toward a high-speed rail network. It explains why China is uniquely suited for a high-speed rail system. System performance indicators, such as: speed, capacity, safety, fares, ridership, and operating and maintenance costs, are examined for China and other countries. The relationship between high-speed rail and economic development is discussed along with preconditions necessary for successful implementation of a high-speed rail project. Document type: Book
Abstract
This report starts with a history of high speed rail worldwide and then outlines the history of China's move toward a high-speed rail network. It explains why China is uniquely [...]
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Sustainability Accounting and Reporting
L. Cummings

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 43

Abstract
This is the fourth in a series of books publishing the best contributions on environmental management accounting (EMA) from around the world. It has been developed by the Environmental Management Accounting Network (EMAN). Contributions are drawn primarily from papers presented at EMAN-EU and EMAN-Asia Pacific conferences in the last two years. Brought together in this volume are international examples of leading thinking and practice in this rapidly developing area. Sustainability Accounting and Reporting provides an up-to-date overview of the most current views, developments, costs and benefits in environmental and sustainability accounting and its links to reporting. The book discusses new developments in environmental accounting and investigates topics in and links between corporate environmental and sustainability issues as well as between strategy, measurement and information management, and between accounting and reporting. Papers presented in this research based publication have been through an independent peer review and thorough editing process to ensure the highest possible research quality for theory based submissions and, for the more applied contributions, the greatest potential usefulness and impact for corporate and public-policy practitioners. © 2006 Springer. All Rights Reserved. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This is the fourth in a series of books publishing the best contributions on environmental management accounting (EMA) from around the world. It has been developed by the [...]
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Transforming the urban space through transit oriented development the 3v approach
S. Salat, G. Ollivier

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 42

Abstract
Imagine a city that is more competitive, with higher-quality neighborhoods, lower infrastructure costs, and lower C02 emissions per unit of activity. This city has lower combined transportation and housing costs for its residents than other cities at similar levels of economic activity. Its residents can access most jobs and services easily through a combination of low-cost public transport, walking and cycling. Its core economic and population centers are resilient to natural hazards. It is able to finance improvements to public space, connectivity, and social housing by capturing value created through integrated land use and transport planning. Such a vision has never been more relevant for rapidly growing cities than it is today. Transit-oriented development (TOD) can play a major role in achieving such a vision. Based on an observation of methodologies applied in different countries, the World Bank's Community of Practice on Transit Oriented Development has developed a methodology called the 3 Value (3V) Framework, which outlines a typology to facilitate TOD implementation at the metropolitan and urban scale in various contexts. The 3V Framework equips policy and decision makers with quantified indicators to better understand the interplay between the economic vision for the city, its land use and mass transit network, and urban qualities and market vibrancy around its mass transit stations. This book provides examples of approaches taken by cities like London and New York to align their economic, land use, and transport planning to generate jobs and high value. We hope this book will help readers develop a coherent vision, policies, and strategy to leverage the value created through enhanced connectivity and accessibility and make cities even more appealing places to live, work, play and do business. Document type: Book
Abstract
Imagine a city that is more competitive, with higher-quality neighborhoods, lower infrastructure costs, and lower C02 emissions per unit of activity. This city has lower combined [...]
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Intelligent driver profiling system for cars a basic concept
N. Caber, P. Langdon, P. Clarkson

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 39

Abstract
Many industries have been transformed by the provision of service solutions characterised by personalisation and customisation - most dramatically the development of the iPhone. Personalisation and customisation stand to make an impact on cars and mobility in comparable ways. The automobile industry has a major role to play in this change, with moves towards electric vehicles, auton-omous cars, and car sharing as a service. These developments are likely to bring disruptive changes to the business of car manufacturers as well as to drivers. However, in the automobile industry, both the user's preferences and demands and also safety issues need to be confronted since the frequent use of different makes and models of cars, implied by car sharing, entails several risks due to variations in car controls depending on the manufacturer. Two constituencies, in particular, are likely to experience even more difficulties than they already do at present, namely older people and those with capability variations. To overcome these challenges, and as a means to empower a wide car user base, the paper here presents a basic concept of an intelligent driver profiling system for cars: the sys-tem would enable various car characteristics to be tailored according to individual driver-dependent profiles. It is intended that wherever possible the system will personalise the characteristics of individual car components; where this is not possible, however, an initial customisation will be performed. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Many industries have been transformed by the provision of service solutions characterised by personalisation and customisation - most dramatically the development of the iPhone. [...]
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Optimizing the Design of a Route in Terminal Maneuvering Area Using Branch and Bound
J. Zhou, S. Cafieri, D. Delahaye, M. Sbihi

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 41

Abstract
International audience .The sharp increase in air traffic flow causes traffic congestion in airspaces near airports, called Terminal Maneuvering Areas (TMA). The departure and arrival traffic of airports follow pre-designed routes named Standard Instrument Departure (SID) routes and Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STAR). Optimizing these routes is crucial to regulate air traffic. Currently, SIDs and STARs are designed manually, based on the airport layout and nearby constraints. The objective of this research is to propose a methodology for designing an arrival/departure route in TMA, taking into account some constraints including obstacle avoidance. The shape of a route in horizontal plan is a succession of arcs of circles and segments. The originality of our study is, on the one hand, that the horizontal route is associated with a cone in vertical plan enveloping all ascent (or descent) aircraft profiles, and on the other hand, a branching strategy in a Branch and Bound (B\\&B) framework tailored on the problem is proposed. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience .The sharp increase in air traffic flow causes traffic congestion in airspaces near airports, called Terminal Maneuvering Areas (TMA). The departure [...]
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Modal choice between rail and road transportation evidence from tanzania
A. Iimi, R. Humphreys, Y. Mchomvu

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 40

Abstract
Rail transport generally has the advantage for large-volume long-haul freight operations. The literature generally shows that shipping distance, costs, and reliability are among the most important determinants of people's modal choice among road, rail, air, and coastal shipping transport. However, there is little evidence in Africa, although the region historically possesses significant rail assets. Currently, Africa's rail transport faces intense competition against truck transportation. With firm-level data, this paper examines shippers' modal choice in Tanzania. The traditional multinomial logit and McFaddens choice models were estimated. The paper shows that rail prices and shipping distance and volume are important determinants of firms' mode choice. The analysis also finds that the firms' modal choice depends on the type of transactions. Rail transport is more often used for international trading purposes. Exporters and importers are key customers for restoring rail freight operations. Rail operating speed does not seem to have an unambiguous effect on firms' modal selection. Document type: Book
Abstract
Rail transport generally has the advantage for large-volume long-haul freight operations. The literature generally shows that shipping distance, costs, and reliability are [...]
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Inhomogeneous Markov Models for Describing Driving Patterns
J. Iversen, J. Møller, J. González, H. Madsen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 39

Abstract
It has been predicted that electric vehicles will play a crucial role in incorporating a large renewable component in the energy sector. If electric vehicles are integrated in a naive way, they may exacerbate issues related to peak demand and transmission capacity limits while not reducing polluting emissions. Optimizing the charging of electric vehicles is paramount for their successful integration. This paper presents a model to describe the driving patterns of electric vehicles in order to provide primary input information to any mathematical programming model for optimal charging. Specifically, an inhomogeneous Markov model that captures the diurnal variation in the use of a vehicle is presented. The model is defined by the time-varying probabilities of starting and ending a trip, and is justified due to the uncertainty associated with the use of the vehicle. The model is fitted to data collected from the actual utilization of a vehicle. Inhomogeneous Markov models imply a large number of parameters. The number of parameters in the proposed model is reduced using B-splines. Document type: Book
Abstract
It has been predicted that electric vehicles will play a crucial role in incorporating a large renewable component in the energy sector. If electric vehicles are integrated [...]
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Automation in human machine networks how increasing machine agency affects human agency
A. Følstad, V. Engen, I. Haugstveit, J. Pickering

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 37

Abstract
Efficient human-machine networks require productive interaction between human and machine actors. In this study, we address how a strengthening of machine agency, for example through increasing levels of automation, affect the human actors of the networks. Findings from case studies within air traffic management, emergency management, and crowd evacuation are presented, shedding light on how automation may strengthen the agency of human actors in the network through responsibility sharing and task allocation, and serve as a needed prerequisite of innovation and change. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Efficient human-machine networks require productive interaction between human and machine actors. In this study, we address how a strengthening of machine agency, for example [...]
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Challenges and Directions for Psychopathological Network Theory and Methodology
H. Crawley

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 35

Abstract
Since the introduction of mental disorders as networks of causally interacting symptoms, this novel framework has received considerable attention. The past years have resulted in over 40 scientific publications and numerous conference symposia and workshops. Now is an excellent moment to take stock of the network approach: What are its most fundamental challenges, and what are potential ways forward in addressing them? After a brief conceptual introduction, we first discuss challenges to network theory: (1) What is the validity of the network approach beyond some commonly investigated disorders such as major depression? (2) How do we best define psychopathological networks and their constituent elements? And (3) how can we gain a better understanding of the causal nature and real-life underpinnings of associations among symptoms? Next, after a short technical introduction to network modeling, we discuss challenges to network methodology: (4) heterogeneity of samples studied with network analytic models, and (5) a lurking replicability crisis in this strongly data-driven and exploratory field. Addressing these challenges may propel the network approach from its adolescence into adulthood and promises advances in understanding psychopathology both at the nomothetic and idiographic level. Keywords: clinical psychology; dynamic systems; mental disorders; networks; personalized medicine; psychiatry; reproducibility Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Since the introduction of mental disorders as networks of causally interacting symptoms, this novel framework has received considerable attention. The past years have resulted [...]
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Decarbonising the Finnish Transport Sector by 2050Electricity or Biofuels?
K. Skytte, R. Pedersen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 36

Abstract
Finland has set ambitious long-term targets, which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector and the whole energy system by 2050. By utilising the energy system model STREAM, which includes the power, heat and transport sectors, this paper develops two alternative scenarios for the transport sector by 2050one with a high percentage of electric vehicles (EV) and another with a high percentage of biofuels (BIO), and compares the scenario results with a known Carbon-Neutral Scenario (CNS) which is adopted from the Nordic Energy Technology Perspective (IEA in Nordic energy technology perspectivepathways to a carbon-neutral energy future, 2013a). The socio-economic value of the total system cost is computed and the system integration of the transport sector with the electricity and heating sectors is simulated with an hourly time resolution. This study finds that a Finnish transport sector with a high share of EV by 2050 leads to the lowest total annual system cost of the scenarios and yields a reduction by 2.3% compared to CNS. While the transport configuration in the BIO scenario achieves the highest total annual system cost which is 0.4% higher than CNS. The robustness of the results is tested through a sensitivity analysis which shows that the costs (investment and maintenance) of biodiesel cars and EV are the most sensitive parameters in the comparative analysis of the scenarios. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Finland has set ambitious long-term targets, which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector and the whole energy system by 2050. By utilising the energy [...]
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Forecasting travel-time reliability in road transport: A new model for the Netherlands
M. Kouwenhoven, P. Warffemius

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 35

Abstract
In this paper we describe how we included travel time variability in the national Dutch transport forecasting model and what the policy impacts of this new forecasting tool are. Until now, travel time reliability improvements for road projects were included in Dutch cost-benefit analysis (CBA) by multiplying the travel time benefits from reduced congestion by a factor 1.25. This proportionality is based on the linkage between congestion reduction and reliability improvements. However, this treatment of reliability is not useful to evaluate policies that especially affect travel time variability. From the start, this method was provisional and meant to be replaced by a better method capturing travel time variability. For this, we derived an empirical relation between the standard deviation of travel time, mean delay of travel time and length of route. This has been implemented in the national Dutch model as a post processing module. The new travel time reliability forecasting model will be incorporated in the Dutch guidelines for CBA. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In this paper we describe how we included travel time variability in the national Dutch transport forecasting model and what the policy impacts of this new forecasting tool [...]
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Estimation of the national car ownership model for great britain 2011 base
J. Fox, B. Patruni, A. Daly, H. Lu

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 34

Abstract
Document type: Book
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Minima project detecting and mitigating the negative impact of automation
B. Berberian, O. Ohneiser, F. de Crescenzio, F. Babiloni, G. DI FLUMERI, A. Hasselberg

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2017, 33

Abstract
International audience In this paper, we present the preliminary steps conducted in the framework of the research project Mitigating Negative Impacts of Monitoring high levels of Automation (MINIMA). The main objectives of MINIMA are i) to develop vigilance and attention neuro-physiological indexes, and ii) to im-plement them in a system that can adapt its behavior and guide the operator's attention. The goal is to mitigate negative impacts of the foreseen increasing au-tomation in future Air Traffic Control (ATC) scenarios on Air Traffic Control-ler (ATCo) performance. The first step of research activities consists of better comprehension of Out-Of-The-Loop (OOTL) phenomena and of current meth-ods to measure and compensate such effects. Based on this State of the Art, we propose the MINIMA concept, i.e. a dynamic adaptation of the task environ-ment which is foreseen as a major requirement to keep the human "in the loop", perfectly aware of the traffic situation. In the second part of this paper, we give details about the highly automated Terminal Manoeuvring Area selected as case study. Additionally, we describe the adaptation mechanisms that are planned to be implemented into this task environment and analyzed in the MINIMA pro-ject. Finally, the document provides information about the technical implemen-tation of the vigilance and attention measurement that will be used to trigger adaptation of the task environment. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience In this paper, we present the preliminary steps conducted in the framework of the research project Mitigating Negative Impacts of Monitoring high levels [...]
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Augmented reality in a remote tower environment based on vs ir fusion and optical tracking
M. Hagl, M. Friedrich, A. Papenfuss, N. Scherer-Negenborn, J. Jakobi, T. Rambau, M. Schmidt

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 33

Abstract
Over the past years, several augmented reality features have been developed to make Remote Tower Operations more cost-efficient and user-friendly. In the context of a national research project (The paper reports results gained in the project INVIDEON (FKZ 20 V1505A) sponsored by the Luftfahrtforschungsprogramm (LuFo) of the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure Germany.), augmented reality based on visual spectrum (VS) and infrared (IR) fusion and as well as on optical tracking is a study objective. Having both VS and IR information available at any time is expected to enable more efficient air traffic control, even at restricted visibility conditions. Integrating VS and IR in one video panorama should also decrease head-down times and therefore increase situation awareness and reduce workload. The integration of two different sensors will be realized by overlaying VS/IR combined with adapted input devices and optical tracking methods. Developing a good concept for the integration of VS/IR and testing it in an exploratory manner can only be achieved with the help of system experts and rapid prototyping methods in simulation environments. During three workshops, human factors specialists, project partners and seven air traffic controllers worked out a prototype that was gradually improved over time and helped to generate a first concept. Firstly, this paper addresses the challenges of VS/IR fusion, manual PTZ following (as a precursor for optical tracking) and adapted input devices. Secondly, it presents the construction process of a prototype in an explorative manner, based on a user-centered approach and implemented in a simulation environment. Finally, it summarizes and presents the results from the workshops and throughout the construction process. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Over the past years, several augmented reality features have been developed to make Remote Tower Operations more cost-efficient and user-friendly. In the context of a national [...]
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Designing smart shoes for obstacle detection empowering visually challenged users through ict
. Vikram, . Parmar, . Krishna, . Inkoolu

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 30

Abstract
Part 4: New Interaction Techniques; International audience; The paper presents a case of Smart Shoes that uses ultrasonic sensors to detect the obstacle in front of the user. Additionally, this shoe signals a user by tapping at the foot arch. An evaluative study of the Smart Shoes was conducted with (n = 31) users; (17) blind people, (9) low vision and (5) non-disabled users. The study was conducted to judge reliability of the Smart Shoes by evaluating it from (a) ratio of obstacles identified to total obstacles encountered, (b) distance of obstacle apprehension and (c) response time. The study was conducted in a controlled and definite environment. The results from the study illustrate this footwear to be 89.5% effective in detecting obstacles such as vehicles, people, furniture, footpaths, poles, and miscellaneous obstacles with a mean response time of 3.08 s. Users average distance of obstacle apprehension was 108 cm in regular mode and 50 cm in the crowd mode. The future research & evaluative studies will be conducted in actual operational/moving environments. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Part 4: New Interaction Techniques; International audience; The paper presents a case of Smart Shoes that uses ultrasonic sensors to detect the obstacle in front of the user. [...]
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The FloraHolland Case
B. Rukanova, R. Huiden, Y. Tan

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 29

Abstract
Part 4: Infrastructures; International audience; Digital infrastructures (DI) that support information exchange related to international trade processes (here referred to as Digital Trade Infrastructures (DTI)) have been seen as an instrument to help address the trade facilitation and security challenges. Data pipelines can be seen as an example of a DTI. Data pipelines are IT innovations that enable the timely provision of data captured at the source from different information systems available in the supply chain. Using the pipeline companies can share information with authorities and enjoy trade facilitation in return. The benefits of such data pipelines have been showcased in demonstrator settings. However, outside the controlled environment of demonstrator installations, the adoption and growth of these DTIs has been limited. The benefits based on purely implementing the data pipeline are limited. Combining data pipeline capability with Coordinated Border Management (CBM) has potential to articulate more clear benefits for stakeholders and push further investments and wider adoption. In this paper based on the FloraHolland trade lane related to exporting flowers from Kenya to the Netherlands we discuss a data pipeline/CBM innovation. Through the conceptual lens of DI (examining architectural, process and governance dimensions) we demonstrate the potential benefits of data pipeline/CBM innovation and the complex alignment processes between business and government actors needed for the further adoption. From a theoretical point of view we enhance the understanding regarding the governance dimension of such data pipeline/CBM innovations by identifying four type of alignments processes involving businesses and government actors nationally and internationally. As such the paper contributes to the body of research on DI and more specifically DTI. Form a point of view of practice, the insights from our analysis can be used to better understand other data pipeline/CBM innovation alignment processes in other domains as well. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Part 4: Infrastructures; International audience; Digital infrastructures (DI) that support information exchange related to international trade processes (here referred to [...]
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Topology based analysis for multimodal atmospheric data of volcano eruptions
A. Kuhn, W. Engelke, M. Flatken, H. Hege, I. Hotz

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 28

Abstract
Many scientific applications deal with data from a multitude of different sources, e.g., measurements, imaging and simulations. Each source provides an additional perspective on the phenomenon of interest, but also comes with specific limitations, e.g. regarding accuracy, spatial and temporal availability. Effectively combining and analyzing such multimodal and partially incomplete data of limited accuracy in an integrated way is challenging. In this work, we outline an approach for an integrated analysis and visualization of the atmospheric impact of volcano eruptions. The data sets comprise observation and imaging data from satellites as well as results from numerical particle simulations. To analyze the clouds from the volcano eruption in the spatiotemporal domain we apply topological methods. We show that topology-related extremal structures of the data support clustering and comparison. We further discuss the robustness of those methods with respect to different properties of the data and different parameter setups. Finally we outline open challenges for the effective integrated visualization using topological methods. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Many scientific applications deal with data from a multitude of different sources, e.g., measurements, imaging and simulations. Each source provides an additional perspective [...]
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Earthquake Geotechnics in Offshore Engineering
A. Kaynia

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 23

Abstract
This paper presents a number of geotechnical issues encountered in earthquake design of offshore structures and subsea facilities. Parallel with construction of traditional structures such as jackets and gravity-based structures, a considerable effort has recently been put to field developments in deep water. This has brought about other challenges that are largely dependent on geotechnical knowledge. This paper addresses some of the more recent approaches and solutions in geotechnical earthquake design of both shallow water and deep-water structures and facilities such as platforms with large bases, pipelines traversing slopes and seabed installations. It is demonstrated how incorporation of radiation damping and nonlinear soil-structure interaction in offshore installations could optimize the design. Considering the importance of earthquake stability of slopes in deep water development, special attention is given to highlighting several key issues in the earthquake response of submarine slopes including strain softening and three-dimensional shaking. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This paper presents a number of geotechnical issues encountered in earthquake design of offshore structures and subsea facilities. Parallel with construction of traditional [...]
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Approximating income distribution dynamics using aggregate data
A. Kraay, R. Van der Weide

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 25

Abstract
This paper proposes a methodology to approximate individual income distribution dynamics using only time series data on aggregate moments of the income distribution. Under the assumption that individual incomes follow a lognormal autoregressive process, this paper shows that the evolution over time of the mean and standard deviation of log income across individuals provides sufficient information to place upper and lower bounds on the degree of mobility in the income distribution. The paper demonstrates that these bounds are reasonably informative, using the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics where the panel structure of the data allows us to compare measures of mobility directly estimated from the micro data with approximations based only on aggregate data. Bounds on mobility are estimated for a large cross-section of countries, using data on aggregate moments of the income distribution available in the World Wealth and Income Database and the World Bank's PovcalNet database. The estimated bounds on mobility imply that conventional anonymous growth rates of the bottom 40 percent (top 10 percent) that do not account for mobility substantially understate (overstate) the expected growth performance of those initially in the bottom 40 percent (top 10 percent). Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper proposes a methodology to approximate individual income distribution dynamics using only time series data on aggregate moments of the income distribution. Under [...]
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Energy challenges for ICT
G. Fagas, J. Gallagher, G. Luca, D. Paul

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 24

Abstract
The energy consumption from the expanding use of information and communications technology (ICT) is unsustainable with present drivers, and it will impact heavily on the future climate change. However, ICT devices have the potential to contribute signi - cantly to the reduction of CO2 emission and enhance resource e ciency in other sectors, e.g., transportation (through intelligent transportation and advanced driver assistance systems and self-driving vehicles), heating (through smart building control), and manu- facturing (through digital automation based on smart autonomous sensors). To address the energy sustainability of ICT and capture the full potential of ICT in resource e - ciency, a multidisciplinary ICT-energy community needs to be brought together cover- ing devices, microarchitectures, ultra large-scale integration (ULSI), high-performance computing (HPC), energy harvesting, energy storage, system design, embedded sys- tems, e cient electronics, static analysis, and computation. In this chapter, we introduce challenges and opportunities in this emerging eld and a common framework to strive towards energy-sustainable ICT. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The energy consumption from the expanding use of information and communications technology (ICT) is unsustainable with present drivers, and it will impact heavily on the future [...]
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A specific issue on sustainability of transportation planning in an urban region ambulance location problem
A. Ak?nc?lar, E. Ak?nc?lar

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 20

Abstract
In this study, ambulance location problem, which is a significant research field in transportation in healthcare, is focused on. It is assumed that travelling time of vehicles between two demand points is uncertain and this uncertainty is represented as a crisp and as well as convex set. In order to deal with this uncertainty, robust counterpart approach, which is capable of providing conservatism, is employed. According to results of the simulation process, which is designed for the sake of benchmarking robust and nominal solutions, it can be easily claimed that conservative robustness is able to be achieved with significantly sufferable costs, even with no costs in most of the scenarios, by the proposed model. Ultimately, since robustness is one of the most important keywords for sustainability, on which discussions can be found in several parts of the text, this chapter is concluded with the claim that, by the proposed model, sustainability of transportation in healthcare is enhanced based on the adopted problem. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In this study, ambulance location problem, which is a significant research field in transportation in healthcare, is focused on. It is assumed that travelling time of vehicles [...]
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South-North trajectories and language repertoires
K. Juffermans, B. Tavares

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 19

Abstract
This chapter explores language in global South-North migration from the perspective of aspiring migrants in Lusophone West Africa within the context of increasingly restrictive European immigration regimes and their consequence of involuntary immobility in the South. While sociolinguistic scholarship has successfully engaged with globalization, mobility, and movement of people, it has insufficiently engaged with that which and those who dont travel well. We argue that a sociolinguistics of globalization needs to develop multi-sited methods and tools for investigating and understanding these absent presences the invisibly excluded and propose that repertoires and trajectories are useful tools in such undertaking. The paper attempts a theoretical review of these concepts and illustrates their analytical potential with three cases from ongoing fieldwork in Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau as part of a larger ethnographic project at the University of Luxembourg that explores the language lives, learning histories, (unfinished) travels, further mobile aspirations and changing social status of young West Africans on the move. The paper concludes by arguing that South-North mobilities are shaped by as well as shaping multilingual repertoires, and are entangled in complex desires and strategies of mobility. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This chapter explores language in global South-North migration from the perspective of aspiring migrants in Lusophone West Africa within the context of increasingly restrictive [...]
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The constrained governance of socio technical transitions evidence from electric mobility in scotland
C. Morton, D. Beeton

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 18

Abstract
Electric Vehicles (EVs) embody a number of technical innovations which have the capacity to make substantial contributions to prominent societal objectives associated with improving energy security, increasing energy efficiency, promoting low-carbon mobility and reducing local air pollution. Fostering a transition to an electric mobility (e-mobility) personal transport system represents a strategic aim of most economically developed nations and is a central feature of the European Commissions vision of an integrated and sustainable transport system. For this vision to be achieved, EVs will need to overcome formidable barriers associated with structural lock-ins to the existing internal combustion engine vehicle, technical deficiencies linked to EV attributes, citizen preference for proven technologies and the embedded interests of system agents. This chapter outlines how the transition to an e-mobility personal transport system is being managed in Scotland by evaluating the governance structure which has been established to support the uptake of EVs. This governance structure is considered in terms of the strategic, tactical and operational activities which aim to facilitate the e-mobility transition and the role of reflexive governance in evaluating the progress so far made. Specific attention is paid to how the agency of the Scottish Government is constrained in its ability to manage the transition due to the defined authority of the government and the local circumstances of Scotland. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Electric Vehicles (EVs) embody a number of technical innovations which have the capacity to make substantial contributions to prominent societal objectives associated with [...]
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Development of active safety software of road freight transport aimed at improving inter city road safety based on stereo vision technologies and road scene analysis
V. Prun, V. Postnikov, R. Sadekov, D. Sholomov

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 17

Abstract
The article considers the active safety system of road freight transport. The stereoscopic computer vision is the core of the system. The article also describes the major algorithms of active safety and the accuracy characteristics of algorithms application. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The article considers the active safety system of road freight transport. The stereoscopic computer vision is the core of the system. The article also describes the major [...]
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Transforming communication and decision making practices for sustainable renewal of urban transport infrastructure
J. Yang, K. Goh, G. Shen, D. Li, T. Yigitcanlar

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 16

Abstract
Renewal of urban transport infrastructure faces many challenges such as shortage of funding and poor redevelopment decisions. The variety of stakeholders involved brings about different communication protocols as well as competing interests. This affects the understanding, agreement and collaboration on sustainable measures and deliverables. Short-term focused and reactive decision-making in professional silos is a symptom of such problems in Australia. As the source for infrastructure funding shifts from governments to end users, how to engage community groups, identify issues, harness collective input and communicate actions should be on top of the agenda. Advancement of web technologies presents the feasibility of developing a social-media compatible portal for communication and engagement of all involved stakeholders. Characteristics and key issues of urban renewal need to be explored together with decision making patterns and approaches. This will inform the industry to change old practices to innovative decision making, in order to optimise goals of sustainability, public policies, private investors priority and community interests. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Renewal of urban transport infrastructure faces many challenges such as shortage of funding and poor redevelopment decisions. The variety of stakeholders involved brings about [...]
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Rethinking Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean : Spending Better to Achieve More
M. Fay, L. Andres, C. Fox, U. Narloch, S. Staub, M. Slawson

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 15

Abstract
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) does not have the infrastructure it needs, or deserves, given its income. Many argue that the solution is to spend more; by contrast, this report has one main message: Latin America can dramatically narrow its infrastructure service gap by spending efficiently on the right things. This report asks three questions: what should LAC countries goals be? How can these goals be achieved as cost-effectively as possible? And who should pay to reach these goals? In doing so, we drop the infrastructure gap notion, favoring an approach built on identifying the service gap. Benchmarking Latin America in this way reveals clear strengths and weaknesses. Access to water and electricity is good, with the potential for the regions electricity sector to drive competitive advantage; by contrast, transport and sanitation should be key focus areas for further development. The report also identifies and analyses some of the emerging challenges for the regionclimate change, increased demand and urbanizationthat will put increasing pressure on infrastructure and policy makers alike. Improving the regions infrastructure performance in the context of tight fiscal space will require spending better on well identified priorities. Unlike most infrastructure diagnostics, this report argues that much of what is needed lies outside the infrastructure sector in the form of broader government issuesfrom competition policy, to budgeting rules that no longer solely focus on controlling cash expenditures. We also find that traditional recommendations continue to apply regarding independent, well-performing regulators and better corporate governance, and highlight the critical importance of cost recovery where feasible and desirable, as the basis for future commercial finance of infrastructure services. Latin America has the means and potential to do better; and it can do so by spending more efficiently on the right things. Document type: Book
Abstract
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) does not have the infrastructure it needs, or deserves, given its income. Many argue that the solution is to spend more; by contrast, [...]
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Pricing of Airport Operations
G. Solvoll, T. Mathisen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 14

Abstract
Abstract\r It is demonstrated how an analysis of airports cost structures and the calculation of long-run marginal costs (MCs) of serving passengers and airplanes can be used as a basis for setting airport charges according to the principles of welfare economics. Based on Norwegian data, the MC for an extra passenger (PAX) and extra air traffic movement (ATM) are used to set airport charges under the assumption that the charges should be equal for all airports in the country. When adjusting the estimates to meet revenue restrictions and comparing the estimates to current charges, we observe that PAX should be charged more and ATM less. This finding is in line with recommendations from the International Air Transport Association (IATA). When allowing charges to vary between airports, we demonstrate how a Ramsey pricing approach can be applied to set differentiated PAX and ATM charges, considering both the supply side (the competitive conditions between the airlines operating at the airports) and the demand side (the passengers price elasticity of demand). Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Abstract\r It is demonstrated how an analysis of airports cost structures and the calculation of long-run marginal costs (MCs) of serving passengers and airplanes can be [...]
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Public transportation systems basic principles of system design operations planning and real time control
C. Daganzo, Y. Ouyang

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 13

Abstract
Document type: Book
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Simulation Applied to Urban Logistics: A State of the Art
S. Jlassi, S. Tamayo, A. Gaudron

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 12

Abstract
International audience; This work provides a review of simulation techniques applied to urban logistics with a focus on practical applications. Several techniques and tools have been proposed to simulate different systems in urban logistics. In most cases, simulation choices depend on the objective of the simulation, the role of the decision maker and the type of problem. The paper offers a state of the art in which we analyse the existing simulation solutions for a given problem and/or a given stakeholder. As a result, it offers a practical reference for urban logistics researchers and practitioners who wish to use simulation in order to study the behaviour and performance of their systems. We propose an analytical framework allowing an easy overview of advantages and drawbacks of each technique, output criteria and examples. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience; This work provides a review of simulation techniques applied to urban logistics with a focus on practical applications. Several techniques and tools [...]
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How Does Port Efficiency Affect Maritime Transport Costs and Trade? : Evidence from Indian and Western Pacific Ocean Countries
A. Suárez-Alemán

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 11

Abstract
Would improvements in port performance increase trade in countries on the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans? Previous studies attempted to answer this question using ad hoc measures of port efficiency that do not control for the actual use of port assets or measures that can be very noisy. To avoid these problems, this paper builds a measure of economic efficiency based on the use of port inputs to deliver port output. Using data envelop analysis, it ranks countries on the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans in terms of their port efficiency, and assesses the effect of increased efficiency. It finds that becoming as efficient as the country with the most efficient port sector would reduce their average maritime transport costs by up to 14 percent and increase their exports by up to 2.2 percent. Document type: Book
Abstract
Would improvements in port performance increase trade in countries on the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans? Previous studies attempted to answer this question using ad hoc [...]
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Comparability check of air traffic constellations with XRATCH
M. Finke, G. Siol

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2018). Vol. 2018, 11

Abstract
Document type: Book
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Applications of Soft Computing in Intelligent Transportation Systems
A. Masegosa, E. Onieva, P. Lopez-Garcia, E. Osaba

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 9

Abstract
Intelligent Transportation Systems emerged to meet the increasing demand for more efficient, reliable and safer transportation systems. These systems combine electronic, communication and information technologies with traffic engineering to respond to the former challenges. The benefits of Intelligent Transportation Systems have been extensively proved in many different facets of transport and Soft Computing has played a major role in achieving these successful results. This book chapter aims at gathering and discussing some of the most relevant and recent advances of the application of Soft Computing in four important areas of Intelligent Transportation Systems as autonomous driving, traffic state prediction, vehicle route planning and vehicular ad hoc networks. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Intelligent Transportation Systems emerged to meet the increasing demand for more efficient, reliable and safer transportation systems. These systems combine electronic, communication [...]
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Hybrid Metaheuristic for Air Traffic Management with Uncertainty
S. Chaimatanan, D. Delahaye, M. Mongeau

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 6

Abstract
International audience To sustain the rapidly increasing air traffic demand, the future air traffic management system will rely on a concept, called Trajectory-Based Operations (TBO), that will require aircraft to follow an assigned 4D trajectory (time-constrained trajectory) with high precision. TBO involves separating aircraft via strategic (long-term) trajectory deconfliction rather than the currently-practicing tactical (short-term) conflict resolution. In this context, this chapter presents a strategic trajectory planning approach aiming at minimizing the number of conflicts between aircraft trajectories for a given day. The proposed methodology allocates an alternative departure time, a horizontal flight path, and a flight level to each aircraft at a nation-wide scale.In real-life situations, aircraft may arrive at a given position with some uncertainties on its curvilinear abscissa due to external events. To ensure robustness of the strategic trajectory plan, the aircraft arrival time to any given position will be represented here by a probabilistic distribution over its nominal assigned arrival time.The proposed approach optimizes the 4D trajectory of each aircraft so as to minimize the probability of potential conflicts between trajectories. A hybrid-metaheuristic optimization algorithm has been developed to solve this large-scale mixed-variable optimization problem. The algorithm is implemented and tested with real air traffic data taking into account uncertainty over the French airspace for which a conflict-free and robust 4D trajectory plan is produced. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience To sustain the rapidly increasing air traffic demand, the future air traffic management system will rely on a concept, called Trajectory-Based Operations [...]
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The recharging infrastructure needs for long distance travel by electric vehicles a comparison of battery switching and quick charging stations
L. Christensen, T. Jensen, S. Kaplan, S. Røpke, A. Olsen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 4

Abstract
On-road electric vehicle recharging infrastructure is essential in the transformation of electric vehicles into a practical transportation option. This study focuses upon assessing the need for recharging infrastructure for long distance travel for a large market share of electric vehicles, finding the optimal infrastructure deployment, and understanding the economic, social and environmental costs and benefits associated with the optimal infrastructure deployment. The analysis considers quick-charging and battery-switching as plausible recharging technologies. Results show: (i) the promotion of electric vehicles is beneficial when considering economic costs and benefits for operators and users, tax redistribution, and environmental externalities, even with a relatively modest market share; (ii) the number of required recharging stations for satisfaction of the travel demand is at the magnitude of 1–2% of the current gasoline infrastructure, under the assumption of wide availability of off-road recharging at home and the workplace; (iii) the optimal deployment of the recharging stations is along the main national highways outside of urban conurbations, under the assumption of wide availability of home recharging; (iv) the battery-switching technology is far more attractive to the consumer than the quick-charging technology for long-distance travel requiring more than one recharging visit. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
On-road electric vehicle recharging infrastructure is essential in the transformation of electric vehicles into a practical transportation option. This study focuses upon [...]
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Erratum non destructive testing and repair of pipelines
E. Barkanov, A. Dumitrescu, I. Parinov

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 3

Abstract
Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
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Difficulties of geological engineering in arctic seas
Y. Tcibulnikova

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 2

Abstract
The Arctic continental shelf is a promising area for oil and gas exploration and mining. Extremely harsh environmental conditions affect the work of engineering geologists, whose work is essential for building and construction of pipelines and rigs for the petroleum industry. With the massive interest and growth of fossil fuels offshore production, more and more geotechnical issues are to be solved. The necessity of studying marine sediments becomes clear when the specific physical and mechanical properties of bottom soils in the Arctic sea shelf are taken into consideration. Certain geological aspects determine what marine soils comprise and how they behave under loads exerted by a construction. Traditional methods of measuring deformation and strength parameters are reviewed, compared and contrasted by their feasibility of using to study marine sediments from offshore the Arctic. A substantial range of published studies has been analyzed and the findings summarized to provide potential solutions. The article stresses the importance of proper geotechnical survey and collaboration between industries and environmental scientists to achieve best results in studying the Arctic and building long-term human capacity alongside with protection of its vulnerable environment. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The Arctic continental shelf is a promising area for oil and gas exploration and mining. Extremely harsh environmental conditions affect the work of engineering geologists, [...]
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The theory of constraints applied in a manufacture CAD-CAM system in the industry Metalworking-plastic
L. Juiña, V. Cabrera, S. Reina

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (2), 83

Abstract
In the following project, the theory of constraints was applied in order to implement a manufacture CAD-CAM system into the metal mechanic industry processes of polymers injection and blown of polymers. The research showed that the manufacture of the mold with the engraving took 223,17 hours. In the workflow for the manufacture of the mold, a restriction was found in the outsource service of CNC. It took 120 hours of the whole process and represent the 51,47 % the total time of tooling manufacturing. There is also a constraint found in the design time. It was 60 hours that corresponds to 26,88 % of the overall time. In order to reduce the time, a modern system of design in 3D and CAM was established to improve the model process of design and manufacture. A simulation by computational resource was applied to the plastic. The design was changed from 2D to 3D. The implementation was focused in the design. A software was installed to improve the speed of modeling methods with reliable information. In the manufacture of molds, a new CNC machine was acquired with three simultaneous axes to eliminate the outsource service. By acquiring the design system, the working time was diminished in 79% and regarding to the CNC process, the working time was improved in 88%.
Abstract
In the following project, the theory of constraints was applied in order to implement a manufacture CAD-CAM system into the metal mechanic industry processes of polymers injection [...]
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Implementation of a classifier didactical machine for learning mechatronic processes
A. De La Cruz, J. Donoso, O. Gonzales, R. Soto

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (2), 82

Abstract
The present article shows the design and construction of a classifier didactical machine through artificial vision. The implementation of the machine is to be used as a learning module of mechatronic processes. In the project, it is described the theoretical aspects that relate concepts of mechanical design, electronic design and software management which constitute popular field in science and technology, which is mechatronics. The design of the machine was developed based on the requirements of the user, through the concurrent design methodology to define and materialize the appropriate hardware and software solutions. LabVIEW 2015 was implemented for high-speed image acquisition and analysis, as well as for the establishment of data communication with a programmable logic controller (PLC) via Ethernet and an open communications platform known as Open Platform Communications - OPC. In addition, the Arduino MEGA 2560 platform was used to control the movement of the step motor and the servo motors of the module. Also, is used the Arduino MEGA 2560 to control the movement of the stepper motor and servo motors in the module. Finally, we assessed whether the equipment meets the technical specifications raised by running specific test protocols.
Abstract
The present article shows the design and construction of a classifier didactical machine through artificial vision. The implementation of the machine is to be used as a learning [...]
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Evaluation of four bioestimulantes and three sustrates in the propagation of Vallea stipularis L.f.
S. Rosero, N. Erazo, M. Guallpa, M. Usigña

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (2), 81

Abstract
The research consisted in evaluating four biostimulants and three substrates for the propagation of Vallea stipularis L.f. in greenhouse conditions. The biostimulants corresponded to: plant hormone rooting (B1), agrohormones 10-10-10 (B2), ESPOCH biostimulant (B3) and Gron Gibb (B4). The substrates consisted of: 50% black soil + 25% peat + 25% sand (S1); 50% black soil + 25% peat + 25% humus (S2) and 50% peat + 50% humus (S3). For the study, it was used a randomized complete design (RCD) with factorial arrangement, it was determined the coefficient of variation and the Tukey test at 5% for the separation of means. The application of the biostimulants in the substrates was done at the time of planting. According to the results obtained, the best biostimulants corresponded to B1 (plant hormone rooting), applied in the seeds for 15 minutes, with which the highest emergency percentage was obtained (70.96%); with biostimulant B2 (agrohormones 10-10-10), applied for five minutes it was obtained 70.67% and with B3 (Gron Gibb) 70.37%. The best substrate for emergence of plants was: 50% peat + 50% humus) with 73.67% of emergence, where the highest plant height and root length were achieved, instead, the ESPOCH biostimulant (microoganisms) reported a 67, 11% emergency.
Abstract
The research consisted in evaluating four biostimulants and three substrates for the propagation of Vallea stipularis L.f. in greenhouse conditions. The biostimulants corresponded [...]
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Mathematical model for the prediction of the dead heavy crude oil viscosity produced in Monagas State, Venezuela
T. Marín Velásquez

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (2), 80

Abstract
Viscosity is the property of fluids to oppose movement when a cutting effort is applied on them to convey them from one point to another. Heavy oil has a high viscosity greater than 1000 cP, which makes it difficult to transport. The present work shows a mathematical model for the prediction of the viscosity of dead heavy oils produced in the fields of Monagas State, Venezuela. For the development of the work, 25 samples of oil were collected and the viscosity was measured at 5 temperatures, in addition to the API gravity and the percentage of Asphaltenes. The data were introduced in the Statgraphics Centurion XVI statistical package and through multiple regression analysis two mathematical models were obtained, 1) linear multiple and 2) multiple nonlinear; The best model being divided according to its coefficient of determination R2 and the average relative error (ARE). The selected model was compared with the Glaso, Bennison and Naseri models. The nonlinear multiple model with R2 of 0.9792 and ARE of 5.05% was obtained as the best model, surpassing the models of Glaso (35.5% ARR, Bennison (107.5% ARE) and Naseri (61.7% ARE).
Abstract
Viscosity is the property of fluids to oppose movement when a cutting effort is applied on them to convey them from one point to another. Heavy oil has a high viscosity greater [...]
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Analysis of the mechanical properties of the composite of polyester matrix reinforced with glass fiber 375 and cabuya applied to the automotive industry
J. Paredes Salinas, C. Pérez Salinas, C. Castro Miniguano

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (2), 79

Abstract
Studies of composite materials play an important role in engineering, materials, metallurgy and mechanical applications. Polymer reinforced fibers are widely used in the automotive and aeronautical industry because of their benefits such as low cost, noise control, low weight and ease of processing. The objective of this research was to prepare a composite based on 375 (FV) glass fiber with additions of natural cabuya (CF) fiber in laminations of short natural fiber of cabuya (FCO1-30%) and long fiber of the same (FL-30%). The results showed a better mechanical tensile behavior in 7.7% compared to the material commonly used. It was observed that 30% long fiber in a layer order, FV+FC+FV, is a potential reinforcement of the alternative hybrid material for automotive applications. In addition, a balanced reinforcement organization, FV+FC, and micro structural adhesion with the polymeric reinforcement matrix (RP) were evidenced by scanning microscopy. The results of tensile stress and axial deformation of the best combination of composite material, FL-30%, are validated using the finite element method (MEF).
Abstract
Studies of composite materials play an important role in engineering, materials, metallurgy and mechanical applications. Polymer reinforced fibers are widely used in the automotive [...]
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Denaturation of milk proteins and their influence on the yield of fresh cheese
A. Mejía-López, S. Rodas, D. Baño

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 78

Abstract
To determine the denaturation of milk proteins by the effects of heat treatment on pasteurization and to establish their influence on the yield of the fresh cheese manufactured, 20 laboratory- scale controlled trials and 40 plant productions were made. Crude and treated milk was used at 65 ° C for 30 minutes, 72 ° C for 15 seconds and boiled for 2 seconds, and the protein was quantified in milk to calculate percent denaturation. In the cheese the moisture content was determined and the amount of cheese obtained was quantified. The data were processed by Tukey's mean analysis (p> 0.05). The results at the laboratory level showed that the increase in temperature caused higher denaturation of the proteins, a higher yield and an increase in moisture in the cheese compared to that obtained with raw milk. However, statistically the results showed that the heat treatment does influence the denaturation of the proteins but not the performance of the cheese. The results obtained in the factory investigation revealed that at 65 and 72 ° C the yield decreases relative to the production with raw milk, but statistically does not present significant differences in the yield, concluding that the pasteurization at different temperatures denature the protein But does not influence the performance of fresh processed cheese.
Abstract
To determine the denaturation of milk proteins by the effects of heat treatment on pasteurization and to establish their influence on the yield of the fresh cheese manufactured, [...]
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Performance of Self-Triggered Control Approaches
C. Rosero, C. Vaca, L. Tobar Subía, F. Rosero

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 77

Abstract
The self-triggered control produces non-periodic sampling sequences that vary depending on design factors related to stability and performance of the controlled system. Within this framework, two approaches aimed at minimizing a quadratic cost have been developed recently, considering an optimal performance and pursuing the same control objective; each approach follows a different sampling rule. One approach is based on maintaining the current control value as long as possible, while an optimal performance threshold is not passed. The other approach is based on the generation of a piecewise control signal, which approximates a continuous optimal control signal subject to certain constraints. This article presents a comparative study between the two approaches, providing a useful insight for conducting future research. Control performance and resource utilization were considered as metrics of interest and to evaluate them, the average sampling interval and the standardized cost were taken into account. It was shown that the different search space of each approach poses a challenge to design an equitable framework of comparison, and that both approaches exceed the periodic sampling.
Abstract
The self-triggered control produces non-periodic sampling sequences that vary depending on design factors related to stability and performance of the controlled system. Within [...]
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Study of the working conditions in libraries of Quito city and the exposure of its workers to fungi
R. Morales Carrera, R. Chalán Paladínez

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 76

Abstract
The aim was to establish the risk determinants of the library workers in Quito city, due to fungi exposure. Data were collected on infrastructure conditions and work organization, measurements of temperature, relative humidity, lighting and ventilation. The microbial load of fungi in air, surfaces of documentary goods and gloves of manipulators was determined; In 5 libraries of the Equinoctial Technological University, Quito. The research showed the temperature and relative humidity of the library environments is suitable. The ventilation system is not appropriate, so it promotes dust accumulation on physical archives, It was also evidenced that workers do not know about any risk prevention procedures. The microbial contamination in the air is low and it is high in the handlers’ gloves; in the books surface microbial load has a direct relationship with the amount of accumulated dust. Some types of pathogenic opportunistic allergenic fungi, like: Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium, among others were identified. In conclusion, the biological risk due to fungi exposure is moderate because the exposure mechanism is through contact with the physical archives and the fungi presence is determined by the lack of an adequate ventilation system, physical archives preventive conservation programs, facility maintenance plans and safety and work risk training.
Abstract
The aim was to establish the risk determinants of the library workers in Quito city, due to fungi exposure. Data were collected on infrastructure conditions and work organization, [...]
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Application of the CUDA programming model in the simulation of genetic sequences evolution
F. Yasmany Chávez, D. Gálvez Lio

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 75

Abstract
Simulation is a powerful approach in the study of the molecular evolution of genetic sequences and their divergence over time; there are different procedures for the simulation of molecular evolution, but all of them have high computational complexity, and in most cases the genetic sequences have large size, increasing the execution time of the implementations of those procedures. Based on this problem, this paper describes a proposal of parallelization model using CUDA technology and the results of this proposal are compared with its sequential equivalent.
Abstract
Simulation is a powerful approach in the study of the molecular evolution of genetic sequences and their divergence over time; there are different procedures for the simulation [...]
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Enzymatic browning control in cut apples (Red delicious) through a system of active packaging
F. Jadán Piedra

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 74

Abstract
Enzymatic browning is one of the most relevant mechanisms of deterioration that take place in fresh-cut fruit and vegetables, as a consequence of the activity of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme on the phenolic compounds release after cellular lysis . This work is focused on the reduction of these enzymatic activity by an active packaging technology, which make use of a material that incorporates antioxidant active agents. Thus, films of ethylene-vynil alcohol copolymer (EVOH) containing a typical food antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid and a polyphenol oxidase-inhibiting agent, the 4-hexylresorcinol have been developed and used to wrap apple slices. The evolution of color, the enzymatic activity and the kinetic of agents release to food simulants were monitored. The results showed an improvement of apple slice color stability and a reduction of the enzymatic activity. The film with 10 % of agents in 3/1 ratio (4-hexylresorcinol/ascorbic acid) provided the best results.
Abstract
Enzymatic browning is one of the most relevant mechanisms of deterioration that take place in fresh-cut fruit and vegetables, as a consequence of the activity of the polyphenol [...]
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Influence of minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL) on tool life of carbide cutting tools during milling process of steel AISI 1018
D. Núñez, B. Núñez, H. Vaca, M. Ureña

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 73

Abstract
Nowadays, high productivity of machining is an important issue to obtain economic benefits in the industry. This purpose could be reached with high cutting velocity and feed rate. However, the inherently behavior produce high temperatures in the interface of couple cutting tool/workpiece. Many cutting fluids have been developed to control temperature in process and increase tool life. The objective of this paper is to compare the carbide milling tool wear using different systems cutting fluids: flood and minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL). The values of carbide milling cutting tool wear was evaluate according with the standard ISO 8688-1 1989. The experimental results showed that using MQL reduces significantly (about 40%) tool wear in milling AISI 1018 steel at industrial cutting conditions.
Abstract
Nowadays, high productivity of machining is an important issue to obtain economic benefits in the industry. This purpose could be reached with high cutting velocity and feed [...]
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Applying Ant Colony Optimization to the Problem of Cell Planning in Mobile Telephone System Radio Network
O. Viera Carcache, L. Vinces Llaguno, K. Guerrero Goyes, F. Marcillo Vera

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 72

Abstract
This paper presents a computational proposal for the solution of the Cell Planning Problem. The importance of this problem in the area of Telecommunications imposes it as a reference in the search for new methods of optimization. Due to the complexity of the problem, this work uses a discrete relaxation and proposes a mathematical model for the application of the Meta-heuristic Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). For the analysis of the results, 5 instances of the problem of different sizes were selected and the Ants System (AS) algorithm was applied. The results show that the proposal efficiently explores the search space, finding the optimal solution for each instance with a relatively low computational cost. These results are compared with 3 evolutionary alternatives of international reference that have been applied to the same study instances, showing a significant improvement by our proposal.
Abstract
This paper presents a computational proposal for the solution of the Cell Planning Problem. The importance of this problem in the area of Telecommunications imposes it as [...]
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Evaluation of different physical treatments in minimally processed green and red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
L. Rodoni, J. Massolo, A. Vicente

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 71

Abstract
This work evaluates three different conservation methods for red and green fresh-cut peppers. Red and green fruit were processed into sticks and treated as follows: A) water batch immersion (45 oC, 3 min) (TT), B) UV-C radiation (20 kJ m-2) or C) modified atmosphere storage (AM). Other group of pepper sticks were left untreated (control). The sticks were stored at 5 oC during 12 d. Fruit decay, soft-rot and respiratory rate were evaluated during storage. The three treatments were effective to reduce sticks deterioration and the treated fruit evidenced lower respiratory rate at 7 d of storage with respect to control. While the three methods were beneficial to maintain quality, in the red sticks the best results were found with TT and UV, mainly because the AM had less control of the soft-rot at the end of storage. In green sticks all the treatments were equally effective.
Abstract
This work evaluates three different conservation methods for red and green fresh-cut peppers. Red and green fruit were processed into sticks and treated as follows: A) water [...]
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Design and construction of a prototype for the continuous extraction of Sacha Inchi seed oil with a cold pressing process
N. Gutiérrez Suquillo, I. Saá Arévalo, A. Vinueza Lozada

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 70

Abstract
This work presents the design of an oil extractor from the Sacha Inchi seed with an extruder screw mechanism allows a maximum yield of 34% through a continuous cold extraction process at working temperatures below 45 ° C. The temperature is a critical parameter because when it exceeds 50 ° C, the oil decreases its nutritional value by the loss of its most important properties such as: Omega 3 (48%), Omega 6 (36%), Omega 9 (8%), digestibility (96%), vitamin A and E. The methodology used for the development of the work was the concurrent and simultaneous design according to the recommendations of National Instruments. The prototype consists of the extruder screw, pressure chamber, feed chamber, sieve and filter. The advantage of modular design is the flexibility it offers, so that when changing certain components it is possible to use the prototype to extract oil of different types and sizes of seeds. The products obtained from this mechanism are: 33.34% of oil and the solid residue known as Cake in 66.66% which has many applications in the field of human food and pets. Due to the processing of a food product, the requirements of ISO 22005 were applied for the design and implementation of the prototype.
Abstract
This work presents the design of an oil extractor from the Sacha Inchi seed with an extruder screw mechanism allows a maximum yield of 34% through a continuous cold extraction [...]
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Implementation of a low-cost agricultural machine for the soft dry corn harvesting process originating in the Andean region
M. Tapia, S. Arla, E. Tapia

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 69

Abstract
An agricultural machine of compact size, low cost of manufacture and operation, has been developed for the process of threshing the soft dry corn, originating from the Ecuadorian Andean Region. The simple manufacturing prototype is unique for application in the aforementioned corn species. The main contribution of this development is to provide the farmer with a simple tool that allows him to technify the operation of corn harvesting, an operation that is critical in the harvest stage.
Abstract
An agricultural machine of compact size, low cost of manufacture and operation, has been developed for the process of threshing the soft dry corn, originating from the Ecuadorian [...]
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Implementation of a fuzzy relational database. Case study: academic tutoring
C. Saguay, R. Proaño, B. Jácome, D. Aguirre

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 68

Abstract
This paper describes the process of implementation of a diffused relational database in the practical case of the academic tutorials of the Faculty of Engineering Sciences of the Equinoctial Technological University (UTE). For the implementation, the ANSI-SPARC database architecture was used as the methodology, which abstracts the information into levels, at the external level the functional requirements were obtained, at the conceptual level, the diffused relational model was obtained. To achieve this model, we performed the transformation of the diffuse data through mathematical models using the Fuzzy-Lookup tool and at the physical level the diffused relational database was implemented. In addition, an user interface was developed using Java through which data is entered and queries are made to the diffused relational database to verify its operation.
Abstract
This paper describes the process of implementation of a diffused relational database in the practical case of the academic tutorials of the Faculty of Engineering Sciences [...]
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Assessment of the Quality of Leadership in the Government of Technologies and Information Systems
V. Merchán, R. Rodríguez

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (2), 67

Abstract
Nowadays, leadership and the style of governing have become one of the quality criteria that challenges the Government of Technologies and Information Systems (GoTIS) value-based on public domain. In this aspect, the excellence models and GoTIS standards play a vital role in the success of the organizations due to their usefulness as systems that help the improvement towards the organizational excellence. Two of them are the Ibero-american Model of Excellence in Public Administration and the GoTIS standard ISO/IEC 38500. This paper takes them into account to create a new assessment model of GoTSI, the same one that is validated through the opinion of leaders of technologies and information systems of high-level. The work provides two sub-criteria, eleven dimensions and five components of assessment. This model will allow GoTIS assess itself as a principle of quality and, from there, make an improvement and an organizational change of the processes and GoTIS team decisions. Similarly, it will also help to open the way to the development of new quality criteria from a specific and comprehensive view.
Abstract
Nowadays, leadership and the style of governing have become one of the quality criteria that challenges the Government of Technologies and Information Systems (GoTIS) value-based [...]
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Websockets Shared Virtual Whiteboard; an alternative for remote collaborative work
X. Sotomayor, D. Ordóñez Camacho

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 66

Abstract
The Websockets Shared Virtual Whiteboard, is a system for cooperative work, that allows its users to collaborate remotely, online and in real time. The system provides with a virtual whiteboard acting as a shared workspace where any user´s interactions synchronize automatically and immediately with all the other users. Server side, the system is implemented with the Java Enterprise Edition, mainly using WebSockets technology. Client side, no installing process is necessary, given that any recent browser supporting WebSockets through Javascript, whether on desktop or mobile systems, is able to integrate itself into a working session. The chosen configuration allows the users to hand-draw, and use geometric figures and text boxes; it is possible to save any stage of the working environment to file and reload it for a different session; moreover, a chat tool has been incorporated, which provides with a complementary workspace for adding contextual explanations to the session, everything in a collaborative environment.
Abstract
The Websockets Shared Virtual Whiteboard, is a system for cooperative work, that allows its users to collaborate remotely, online and in real time. The system provides with [...]
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VALE-Emotions: Teaching mobile application for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
D. Olmedo-Vizueta, J. Hernandez-Ambato, D. Ávila-Pesantez, E. Bilotta, P. Pantano

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 65

Abstract
In this paper, the development of an interactive mobile application to strengthen the learning of emotion recognition in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is presented. This App is part of an authoring Virtual Advanced Learning Environment (VALE) devoted to support teaching and learning activities. VALE-Emotions App is based on the six basic emotions studied by (Paul Ekman, 1992), but it is not only limited to the recognition of such emotions in their highest intensity levels. In fact, the app allows for determining the effective recognition of these emotions at different intensity levels. Such intensity levels are generated by an authoring Dynamic Facial Expressions (DFE) coding using virtual avatars. Each learning activity is carried out through training and tests applications, giving to the users the opportunity of freely developing, learning, and strengthen social skills in an entertaining way. The results of the experimentation of the VALE-Emotions on subjects with ASD are also reported. In general, the participants showed efficient response at the stimulus during the developed activities obtaining a high and fast recognition of certain emotions.
Abstract
In this paper, the development of an interactive mobile application to strengthen the learning of emotion recognition in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is presented. [...]
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Suggested Methodologies for Evaluation and Selection of Enterprise Architecture Software for Knowledge Digitization
O. Moscoso-Zea, S. Luján-Mora

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 64

Abstract
Knowledge Management (KM) is a practice that allows the creation, use, distribution and transfer of knowledge in organizations. Different KM frameworks exist that include business intelligence or enterprise architecture (EA) components for the implementation of KM in organizations. EA tools are used to digitize, relate and visualize the following dimensions of knowledge: organizational structure, business processes, applications and technology. The objective of this paper is to assess the role of EA as a key component in KM and to suggest software evaluation methodologies that can be adapted for the field of EA. For this, an investigation was realized to identify the existing software evaluation methodologies in the market and to filter those that can be adapted for the field of EA. The methodology used for the research was qualitative and exploratory using a case study performed in an international logistic service provider. The case study describes the process done for the selection of the evaluation methodology. Furthermore, it describes the steps for knowledge digitization.
Abstract
Knowledge Management (KM) is a practice that allows the creation, use, distribution and transfer of knowledge in organizations. Different KM frameworks exist that include [...]
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Smart public transportation at your fingertips
J. Rojas, J. Bustos, D. Ordóñez Camacho

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 63

Abstract
QBus is a system that locates the bus routes circulating in the city of Quito. It consists of a mobile application which uses either Bluetooth Low Energy technology or Quick Response codes to identify the stops. It is based on the location of the user to show the nearest stops and search the available bus routes. The application shows relevant information of each route and, using a digital map, draws its path and the stops it performs. In addition to this, it offers the "How do I get there" functionality that allows the user to search the available bus routes to move from one point to another within the city. In order to comply with this process, QBus performs a search of the bus routes that have stops near the points of origin and destination; this functionality indicates to the user the stop in which he must take the bus and in which it must get off. On the other hand the system consists of a web portal which allows to manage all the information of the application, ie cooperatives, stops and bus routes in a graphical way through the use of the Google Maps V3 API.
Abstract
QBus is a system that locates the bus routes circulating in the city of Quito. It consists of a mobile application which uses either Bluetooth Low Energy technology or Quick [...]
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Strategies for Mobile Web Design
A. Cazañas, E. Parra

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 62

Abstract
This paper presents a literature review on the topic of web design, specifically with regard to mobile web design. The aim of the review is to identify and analyze major strategies and approaches to design for small-screen-size devices. Three strategies consistently appeared across the reviewed literature, namely, responsive web design, adaptive web design, and separate site. The analysis of these strategies intends to provide a clear understanding of their advantages and disadvantages, in terms of cost and user experience.
Abstract
This paper presents a literature review on the topic of web design, specifically with regard to mobile web design. The aim of the review is to identify and analyze major strategies [...]
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Case based reasoning applied to medical diagnosis using multi-class classifier: A preliminary study
D. Viveros-Melo, M. Ortega-Adarme, X. Blanco Valencia, A. Castro-Ospina, S. Murillo Rendón, D. Peluffo-Ordóñez

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 61

Abstract
Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a process used for computer processing that tries to mimic the behavior of a human expert in making decisions regarding a subject and learn from the experience of past cases. CBR has demonstrated to be appropriate for working with unstructured domains data or difficult knowledge acquisition situations, such as medical diagnosis, where it is possible to identify diseases such as: cancer diagnosis, epilepsy prediction and appendicitis diagnosis. Some of the trends that may be developed for CBR in the health science are oriented to reduce the number of features in highly dimensional data. An important contribution may be the estimation of probabilities of belonging to each class for new cases. In this paper, in order to adequately represent the database and to avoid the inconveniences caused by the high dimensionality, noise and redundancy, a number of algorithms are used in the preprocessing stage for performing both variable selection and dimension reduction procedures. Also, a comparison of the performance of some representative multi-class classifiers is carried out to identify the most effective one to include within a CBR scheme. Particularly, four classification techniques and two reduction techniques are employed to make a comparative study of multiclass classifiers on CBR
Abstract
Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a process used for computer processing that tries to mimic the behavior of a human expert in making decisions regarding a subject and learn from [...]
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ECU@Risk, a methodology for risk management applied to MSMEs
E. Crespo Martínez

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 60

Abstract
Information is the most valuable element for any organization or person in this new century, which, for many companies, is a competitive advantage asset (Vásquez & Gabalán, 2015). However, despite the lack of knowledge about how to protect it properly or the complexity of international standards that indicate procedures to achieve an adequate level of protection, many organizations, especially the MSMEs sector, fails to achieve this goal.Therefore, this study proposes a methodology for information security risk management, which is applicable to the business and organizational environment of the Ecuadorian MSME sector. For this purpose, we analyze several methodologies as Magerit, CRAMM (CCTA Risk Analysis and Management Method), OCTAVE-S, Microsoft Risk Guide, COBIT 5 COSO III. These methodologies are internationally used in risk management of information; in the light of the frameworks of the industry: ISO 27001, 27002, 27005 and 31000.
Abstract
Information is the most valuable element for any organization or person in this new century, which, for many companies, is a competitive advantage asset (Vásquez & Gabalán, [...]
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Monitoring System of Environmental Variables Using a Wireless Sensor Network and Platforms of Internet of Things
M. Quiñones-Cuenca, V. González-Jaramillo, R. Torres, M. Jumbo

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 59

Abstract
This work proposes a system for collecting meteorological data using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), that is able to transmit data in real-time. The system automatizes the process of collecting the data in a continuous manner for long periods of time, for this, the module is equipped with a source of solar energy that allows autonomous operation. In order to obtain viability of design and prototype implementation, the construction of two systems was proposed based on DigiMesh and Wi-Fi; those prototypes could be applied to different scenarios such as urban and rural areas. Additionally, it was performed an evaluation of broadcasting of information to platforms of Internet of Things (IoT), where the data collected by the nodes will be managed and displayed. This system was conceived as a low-cost alternative compared with conventional weather stations that offer these facilities and are based on free hardware and software components. Finally, the validation of the obtained results was performed using a statistical analysis with the collected data of the weather station Davis Vantage Pro, obtaining a maximum average relative error of 4.93%.
Abstract
This work proposes a system for collecting meteorological data using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), that is able to transmit data in real-time. The system automatizes the [...]
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Biomedical equipment for the control of nutrition and for the physical exercise of people with diabetes
A. Mantilla Guerra

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 58

Abstract
In order to contribute to the treatment of diabetes, which is one of the main causes of death in Ecuador and in the world, a research project is being developed to create equipment that allows the effective control and treatment of this disease. The electronic equipment created for nutrition control, allows the diabetic patient to have information about the amount of calories they should ingest in consideration of their activities and their medical treatment. The mechatronic equipment for the physical exercise of people with diabetic foot, allows the application of therapies according to the severity of the affection. Considering that this is a delicate and complex treatment, the equipment helps the patients to alleviate its discomfort, to decrease the time of recovery and in some cases even to avoid amputation. The construction of the biomedical equipment for the control of nutrition is completed. While the equipment for the treatment of diabetic foot is in a stage of development of prototypes and tests. Both equipment has been conceived and developed with rigorous engineering methods and under quality standards, making an important contribution to research, development of science, technology, and innovation.
Abstract
In order to contribute to the treatment of diabetes, which is one of the main causes of death in Ecuador and in the world, a research project is being developed to create [...]
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Tool for the quantitative evaluation of a Facebook app-based informal training process
A. Calle-Gómez, F. Fernández-Peña, P. Urrutia-Urrutia

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 57

Abstract
The study of the impact of Facebook in academy has been mainly based on the qualitative evaluation of the academic performance and motivation of students. This work takes as starting point the use of the Facebook app Sigma in the Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Students of this university share educative resources through Sigma. This constitutes an informal learning process. We have proposed to construct Gamma, a tool for the generation of statistics and charts that illustrates the impact of the social network in the resulting learning process. This paper presents the results of the study of how Gamma is valued by those who like to do informal learning. It was checked that 1) Gamma gives feedback about the value of educative resources and social actions and that 2) it allows the quantitative measurement of the impact of using Facebook in the informal learning process. As an added value, Gamma supports the communication between supporters and detractors of the use of Facebook in the academia.
Abstract
The study of the impact of Facebook in academy has been mainly based on the qualitative evaluation of the academic performance and motivation of students. This work takes [...]
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Design and implementation of a Smart Measurement System for AMI in the microgrid of the University of Nariño
A. Arciniegas M., D. Imbajoa R., J. Revelo F.

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 56

Abstract
This project describes a proposed Measure Management System, from the design stage to the implementation of a prototype smart meter, adapted to operate in the microgrid at the University of Nariño. This device features a constant record of measures, with resolution of 24 bits, sufficient to perform power quality analysis. In addition, it is integrated into the SCADA system through the open protocols MODBUS, DNP3 and IEC 61850, with scheduled cybersecurity techniques. Likewise, several management platforms for the monitoring of electrical variables and control over the current flow to the loads is designed. Finally, two study cases show the application of the implemented measure management system in the microgrid.
Abstract
This project describes a proposed Measure Management System, from the design stage to the implementation of a prototype smart meter, adapted to operate in the microgrid at [...]
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Evaluating the Graph-based Visualization Technique: A Controlled Experiment
G. Cárdenas, J. Aponte

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 55

Abstract
Many researchers have highlighted the scarcity of empirical studies that systematically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the use of visualization techniques for software understanding activities. Such studies are crucial for gathering and analyzing objective and quantifiable evidence about the usefulness of proposed visualization techniques and tools, and ultimately, for guiding the research in software visualization. This paper presents a controlled experiment aimed at assessing the impact of a graph-based visualization technique on comprehension tasks. Six common comprehension tasks were performed by 20 undergraduate software engineering students. The completion time and the accuracy of the participants’ responses were measured. The results indicate that on one hand the use of the graph-based visualization increases the correctness (by 21.45% in average) but on the other hand it does not reduce the completion time in program comprehension tasks.
Abstract
Many researchers have highlighted the scarcity of empirical studies that systematically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the use of visualization techniques for [...]
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Analysis of the accessibility in websites of Ecuadorian universities of excellence
T. Acosta, S. Luján-Mora

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 54

Abstract
Since the publication of the Ecuadorian Technical Standard NTE INEN ISO / IEC 40500 in 2014 and the Ecuadorian Technical Regulation RTE INEN 288 "The web contents accessibility" in 2016, web accessibility in Ecuador has taken great importance. In the educational field, the websites of Higher Education Institutions (HEI) have become a communication channel, where universities publish the information and services they offer. In addition, HEI must satisfy the rights of all citizens to have access to education, which includes persons with disabilities. In order to ensure access to the websites of HEI to all people it is important that HEI incorporate web accessibility as an essential requirement in their websites. The objective of this research is to perform the accessibility analysis of the websites of the Ecuadorian universities of excellence belonging to categories A, B and C; identify websites accessibility errors and to present some recommendations for a better fulfillment of the WCAG 2.0 accessibility guidelines by website designers and developers.
Abstract
Since the publication of the Ecuadorian Technical Standard NTE INEN ISO / IEC 40500 in 2014 and the Ecuadorian Technical Regulation RTE INEN 288 "The web contents accessibility" [...]
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Vertical Integration in factories using OPC-UA and IEC-61499
M. V. García, E. Irisarri, F. Pérez

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 53

Abstract
Nowadays, factory automation systems need to cope with very different challenges, such as big data, IIoT, etc. These challenges lead to a new generation of automation systems based on the so-called Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) globally connected to form a flexible System of Cyber-Physical Production Systems (SoCPPS). CPPSs require acquisition of production system data and smart data processing to extract information to improve the overall system performance. To achieve that it is needed to bridge the gap between the control systems and higher layers. This paper discusses an approach to use the IEC 61499 function block concept to exchange data between plant floor and higher layers using an industrial standard like OPC UA. The OPC UA server offers subscription mechanisms, making possible the integration of several resources residing at plant floor. As it runs on embedded devices, the proposal makes possible to acquire plant information at low cost, enabling at the same time, a component-based design for enterprise plant floor control with independence of the hardware platform used
Abstract
Nowadays, factory automation systems need to cope with very different challenges, such as big data, IIoT, etc. These challenges lead to a new generation of automation systems [...]
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An Approach to the Optimization of Mobile Payments for the Transport System using (NFC) through Cloud Computing
E. Gómez Torres, N. Herrera-Herrera, M. Díaz

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 52

Abstract
The use of mobile devices has gradually increased. Every day, the number of organizations adopting systems which include some type of mobile payments is becoming bigger. Because of this reason, it is mandatory to have agile and quick systems to guarantee security and reliability, not only for the user but also for the operator. In that way, users will get a high-quality service based on mobile technologies. An analysis of NFC Technology has been made in this paper taking into consideration a proposal of a system development including mobile payments, which could be used in the transportation system of Metro of Quito. To assure the response time and transactional security, the use of cloud computing is recommended.
Abstract
The use of mobile devices has gradually increased. Every day, the number of organizations adopting systems which include some type of mobile payments is becoming bigger. Because [...]
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Low-Cost Solutions Using the Infrastructure as a Service with High Availability and Virtualization Model
C. Moreira Zambrano, W. Zambrano-Romero, R. Guamán-Quinché, W. Cuenca Álava

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 51

Abstract
This paper presents the results obtained from the implementation of an infrastructure to improve technological services of email, virtual learning environment, digital repository and virtual library at the Polytechnic Agricultural Higher School of Manabí (Polytechnic School of Agriculture of Manabí), ESPAM, through the use of high availability and virtualization mechanisms to provide more reliable resources. Virtualization is an empowering and cutting-edge technology that is transforming the operation of technological services, but it involves a paradigm shift in serviceoriented information technologies and cloud computing. To execute each of the processes the V-cycle methodology was used as a strategy. Virtualization services empowers companies and institutions by transforming how they operate to be at the forefront of innovation in their services as a technological solution. So the implementation of redundant technology in the ESPAM, has allowed its technological services are always operative, for the benefit of the university community, because if there were failures in the main system or services, the backups will be enabled quickly allowing the systems come into operation immediately.
Abstract
This paper presents the results obtained from the implementation of an infrastructure to improve technological services of email, virtual learning environment, digital repository [...]
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Analysis of free SSL/TLS Certificates and their implementation as Security Mechanism in Application Servers.
M. Cueva Hurtado, D. Alvarado Sarango

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 50

Abstract
Security in the application layer (SSL), provides the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the data, between two applications that communicate with each other. This article is the result of having implemented Free SSL / TLS Certificates in application servers, determining the relevant characteristics that must have a SSL/TLS certificate, the Certifying Authority generate it. A vulnerability analysis is developed in application servers and encrypted communications channel is established to protect against attacks such as man in the middle, phishing and maintaining the integrity of information that is transmitted between the client and server.
Abstract
Security in the application layer (SSL), provides the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the data, between two applications that communicate with each other. [...]
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Canny Edge Detection in Cross-Spectral Fused Images
P. Suárez, M. Villavicencio

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 49

Abstract
Considering that the images of different spectra provide an ample information that helps a lo in the process of identification and distinction of objects that have unique spectral signatures. In this paper, the use of cross-spectral images in the process of edge detection is evaluated. This study aims to assess the Canny edge detector with two variants. The first relates to the use of merged cross-spectral images and the second the inclusion of morphological filters. To ensure the quality of the data used in this study the GQM (Goal-Question- Metrics), framework, was applied to reduce noise and increase the entropy on images. The metrics obtained in the experiments confirm that the quantity and quality of the detected edges increases significantly after the inclusion of a morphological filter and a channel of near infrared spectrum in the merged images.
Abstract
Considering that the images of different spectra provide an ample information that helps a lo in the process of identification and distinction of objects that have unique [...]
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Estimating Sample Size for Usability Testing
A. Cazañas, A. de San Miguel, E. Parra

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 48

Abstract
One strategy used to assure that an interface meets user requirements is to conduct usability testing. When conducting such testing one of the unknowns is sample size. Since extensive testing is costly, minimizing the number of participants can contribute greatly to successful resource management of a project. Even though a significant number of models have been proposed to estimate sample size in usability testing, there is still not consensus on the optimal size. Several studies claim that 3 to 5 users suffice to uncover 80% of problems in a software interface. However, many other studies challenge this assertion. This study analyzed data collected from the user testing of a web application to verify the rule of thumb, commonly known as the “magic number 5”. The outcomes of the analysis showed that the 5-user rule significantly underestimates the required sample size to achieve reasonable levels of problem detection.
Abstract
One strategy used to assure that an interface meets user requirements is to conduct usability testing. When conducting such testing one of the unknowns is sample size. Since [...]
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Unsupervised analysis applied to the detection cardiac arrhythmias
M. Moreno-Revelo, S. Patascoy-Botina, A. Pantoja-Buchelli, J. Revelo Fuelagán, J. Rodríguez-Sotelo, S. Murillo-Rendón, D. Peluffo-Ordóñez

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 47

Abstract
An arrhythmia is a pathology that consists on altering the heartbeat. Although, the 12-lead electrocardiogram allows evaluation of the electrical behavior from heart to determine certain pathologies, there are some arrhythmias that are difficult to detect with this type of electrocardiography. In this sense, it is necessary the use of the Holter monitor because it facilitates the records of the heart electrical activity for long periods of time, it is usually 24 up to 48 hours. Due to the extension of the records provided by the monitor, it is common to use computational systems to evaluate diagnostic and morphological features of the beats in order to determine if there is any type of abnormality. These computational systems can be based on supervised or unsupervised pattern recognition techniques, however considering that the first option requires a visual inspection about the large number of beats present in a Holter record, it is an arduous task, as well as it involves monetary costs. Consequently, throughout this paper we present the design of a complete system for the identification of arrhythmias in Holter records using unsupervised pattern recognition techniques. The proposed system involves stages of preprocessing of the signal, segmentation and characterization of beats, as well as feature selection and clustering. In this case, the technique k-means is used. These steps are applied within the framework of a segment-based methodology that improves the detection of minority classes. Additionally, initialization criteria are considered, which allow to enhance quality measures, especially sensitivity. As a result, it is determined that using k-means with the max-min initialization and a number of groups equal to 12, it is possible to obtain the best results, with values of: 99.36%, 91.31% and 99.16% for accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, respectively.
Abstract
An arrhythmia is a pathology that consists on altering the heartbeat. Although, the 12-lead electrocardiogram allows evaluation of the electrical behavior from heart to determine [...]
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MOOCs: factors that decrease desertion in students
M. Yamba-Yugsi, S. Luján-Mora

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 46

Abstract
We are experiencing constant technological change, which implies that learning and training requirements have been increased, they are increasingly high. One of these changes are Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC). As this is a new technology in our environment, the amount of desertion is high, it is essential to the analysis, to know the reasons of the high amounts of desertion and reduce the dropout of users in MOOC courses. For that, it is proposed to meet the different factors of the problem, for example, previous experience of users in making the MOOC courses, the level of satisfaction in the interaction with platforms that have courses MOOC and satisfaction by the end of a course. Additionally, knowing the user’s profile will make it easier for future courses suit them, although entails increasing the team and tailor a course to users, for the purpose of that they feel supported, intending to follow course and that they possess a new learning experience.
Abstract
We are experiencing constant technological change, which implies that learning and training requirements have been increased, they are increasingly high. One of these changes [...]
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Information security in data exchange between mobile devices with Android system using RSA encryption
F. Solís, D. Pinto, S. Solís

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 45

Abstract
The new styles and ways of life lead to greater use of wireless networks, the mobile device being a tool for data transmission, which are susceptible to threats in the transmission channels in the network. IT security plays a very important role in guaranteeing the availability, privacy and integrity of information, one of the techniques that helps in this task is cryptography, whose foundation is to transform a message so that it is unintelligible except for those who have the Key to decipher it. The research focuses on the use of the RSA algorithm between mobile devices, the encrypted data is sent through communication channels called threads that through formulas and processes executed on the server, will help to execute the encryption and decryption of the data. To carry it out, a prototype for the exchange of data between mobile devices wirelessly was designed and implemented, conducting performance tests with three nodes to improve the security. The results show the efficiency of the algorithm and additionally its functionality, the times of encryption and decryption are fast against the sending of information without any method or algorithm used.
Abstract
The new styles and ways of life lead to greater use of wireless networks, the mobile device being a tool for data transmission, which are susceptible to threats in the transmission [...]
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Knowledge based systems as an aid in information systems audit
R. Proaño Escalante, C. Saguay Chafla, S. Jácome Canchig, F. Sandoval Zambrano

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2017). Vol. 8, (1), 44

Abstract
One of the problems that the IT auditor has when expressing an opinion about a finding is the subjectivity that can be due to many aspects, among the main ones: emotional, technical skills or abilities with which this opinion can be right or wrong. This is a major problem because the audit report issued may have distortions of the facts. On the other hand, the development of the expert systems involves capturing the knowledge of the human and transferring it to a computer program in which all the characteristics of this knowledge are emulated and considering a group of rules, the system can make decisions as a human does. Advances in artificial intelligence over the last few years have led to the development of these knowledge-based systems increasing and the results obtained are more real. The use of these systems presents a promising future in the field of computer audit. The objective of this article is to give a general idea of the characterization and use of knowledge based systems, the way they are implemented and their application to the audit of information systems as a tool to help the opinion issue at the moment of realization of an audit.
Abstract
One of the problems that the IT auditor has when expressing an opinion about a finding is the subjectivity that can be due to many aspects, among the main ones: emotional, [...]
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