Documents published in 2017 : Scipedia

A finite element model for fluid–structure interaction problems involving closed membranes, internal and external fluids
P. Ryzhakov, E. Oñate

Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., (2017). Vol. 326, pp. 422-445

Abstract
In this paper we propose a Finite Element model for analyzing closed membranes (“bags”) interacting with internal and external (surrounding) fluids. The approach is based on embedding a Lagrangian monolithic model describing the membrane containing an internal fluid into an Eulerian external fluid model. The combination of kinematic frameworks allows us to accurately track the location of the membrane and naturally represent flow variables discontinuities across it. In order to obtain stable coupling for membrane materials with low density, a slight fluid compressibility is assumed. The coupling between the membrane and the internal fluid is automatically accounted for by a monolithic set-up. The filled membrane and the external fluid are coupled in a Dirichlet–Neumann fashion. The model is validated in several numerical examples and its potential application to a civil engineering problem of coast protection via water-filled bag reefs is shown.
Abstract
In this paper we propose a Finite Element model for analyzing closed membranes (“bags”) interacting with internal and external (surrounding) fluids. The approach [...]
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PFEM formulation for thermo-coupled FSI analysis. Application to nuclear core melt accident
A. Franci, E. Oñate, J. Carbonell, M. Chiumenti

Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., (2017). Vol. 325, pp. 711-732

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present a Lagrangian formulation for thermo-coupled fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems and to show its applicability to the simulation of hypothetical scenarios of a nuclear core melt accident. During this emergency situation, an extremely hot and radioactive lava-like material, the corium, is generated by the melting of the fuel assembly. The corium may induce collapse of the nuclear reactor devices and, in the worst case, breach the reactor containment and escape into the environment. This work shows the capabilities of the proposed formulation to reproduce the structural failure mechanisms induced by the corium that may occur during a meltdown scenario. For this purpose, a monolithic method for FSI problems, the so-called Unified formulation, is here enhanced in order to account for the thermal field and to model phase change phenomena with the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM). Several numerical examples are presented. First, the convergence of the thermo-coupled method and phase change algorithm is shown for two academic problems. Then, two complex simulations of hypothetical nuclear meltdown situations are studied in 2D as in 3D.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present a Lagrangian formulation for thermo-coupled fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems and to show its applicability [...]
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A FIC-based stabilized finite element formulation for turbulent flows
J. Cotela-Dalmau, R. Rossi, E. Oñate

Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., (2017). (preprint) Vol. 315, pp. 607-631

Abstract
We present a new stabilized finite element (FEM) formulation for incompressible flows based on the Finite Increment Calculus (FIC) framework (Oñate, 1998). In comparison to existing FIC approaches for fluids, this formulation involves a new term in the momentum equation, which introduces non-isotropic dissipation in the direction of velocity gradients. We also follow a new approach to the derivation of the stabilized mass equation, inspired by recent developments for quasi-incompressible flows (Oñate et al., 2014). The presented FIC-FEM formulation is used to simulate turbulent flows, using the dissipation introduced by the method to account for turbulent dissipation in the style of implicit large eddy simulation.
Abstract
We present a new stabilized finite element (FEM) formulation for incompressible flows based on the Finite Increment Calculus (FIC) framework (Oñate, [...]
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Generalized parametric solutions in Stokes flow
P. Diez, S. Zlotnik, A. Huerta

Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. (2017). (Preprint) Vol. 326, pp. 223-240

Abstract
Design optimization and uncertainty quantification, among other applications of industrial interest, require fast or multiple queries of some parametric model. The Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) provides a separable solution, a computational vademecum explicitly dependent on the parameters, efficiently computed with a greedy algorithm combined with an alternated directions scheme and compactly stored. This strategy has been successfully employed in many problems in computational mechanics. The application to problems with saddle point structure raises some difficulties requiring further attention. This article proposes a PGD formulation of the Stokes problem. Various possibilities of the separated forms of the PGD solutions are discussed and analyzed, selecting the more viable option. The efficacy of the proposed methodology is demonstrated in numerical examples for both Stokes and Brinkman models.
Abstract
Design optimization and uncertainty quantification, among other applications of industrial interest, require fast or multiple queries of some parametric model. The Proper [...]
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A semi‐analytical scheme for highly oscillatory integrals over tetrahedra
R. Hospital-Bravo, J. Sarrate, P. Diez

Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., (2017). (Preprint) Vol. 111 (8), pp. 703-723

Abstract
This paper details a semi‐analytical procedure to efficiently integrate the product of a smooth function and a complex exponential over tetrahedral elements. These highly oscillatory integrals appear at the core of different numerical techniques. Here, the partition of unity method enriched with plane waves is used as motivation. The high computational cost or the lack of accuracy in computing these integrals is a bottleneck for their application to engineering problems of industrial interest. In this integration rule, the non‐oscillatory function is expanded into a set of Lagrange polynomials. In addition, Lagrange polynomials are expressed as a linear combination of the appropriate set of monomials, whose product with the complex exponentials is analytically integrated, leading to 16 specific cases that are developed in detail. Finally, we present several numerical examples to assess the accuracy and the computational efficiency of the proposed method, compared with standard Gauss–Legendre quadratures.
Abstract
This paper details a semi‐analytical procedure to efficiently integrate the product of a smooth function and a complex exponential over tetrahedral elements. These highly [...]
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Monitoring a PGD solver for parametric power flow problems with goal-oriented error assessment
R. García-Blanco, D. Borzacchiello, F. Chinesta, P. Diez

Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng. (2017). Vol. 111 (6), pp. 529-552

Abstract
The parametric analysis of electric grids requires carrying out a large number of Power Flow computations. The different parameters describe loading conditions and grid properties. In this framework, the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) provides a numerical solution explicitly accounting for the parametric dependence. Once the PGD solution is available, exploring the multidimensional parametric space is computationally inexpensive. The aim of this paper is to provide tools to monitor the error associated with this significant computational gain and to guarantee the quality of the PGD solution. In this case, the PGD algorithm consists in three nested loops that correspond to 1) iterating algebraic solver, 2) number of terms in the separable greedy expansion and 3) the alternated directions for each term. In the proposed approach, the three loops are controlled by stopping criteria based on residual goal-oriented error estimates. This allows one for using only the computational resources necessary to achieve the accuracy prescribed by the end- user. The paper discusses how to compute the goal-oriented error estimates. This requires linearizing the error equation and the Quantity of Interest to derive an efficient error representation based on an adjoint problem. The efficiency of the proposed approach is demonstrated on benchmark problems.
Abstract
The parametric analysis of electric grids requires carrying out a large number of Power Flow computations. The different parameters describe loading conditions and grid properties. [...]
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Enhanced goal-oriented error assessment and computational strategies in adaptive reduced basis solver for stochastic problems
K. Serafin, B. Magnain, E. Florentin, N. Parés, P. Diez

Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng. (2017). (Preprint) Vol. 110 (5), pp. 440-466

Abstract
This work focuses on providing accurate low-cost approximations of stochastic finite elements simulations in the framework of linear elasticity. In [E. Florentin, P. Diez, Adaptive reduced basis strategy based on goal oriented error assessment for stochastic problems, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 225-228 (2012) 116-127], an adaptive strategy has been introduced as an improved Monte-Carlo method for multi-dimensional large stochastic problems. We provide here a complete analysis of the method including a new enhanced goal-oriented error estimator and estimates of CPU cost gain. Technical insight of these two topics are presented in details and numerical examples show the interest of these new developments.
Abstract
This work focuses on providing accurate low-cost approximations of stochastic finite elements simulations in the framework of linear elasticity. In [E. Florentin, P. Diez, [...]
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Proper generalized decomposition solution of the parameterized Helmholtz problem: application to inverse geophysical problems
M. Signorini, S. Zlotnik, P. Diez

Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng. (2017). (Preprint) Vol. 109, (8), pp. 1085-1102

Abstract
The identification of the geological structure from seismic data is formulated as an inverse problem. The properties and the shape of the rock formations in the subsoil are described by material and geometric parameters, which are taken as input data for a predictive model. Here, the model is based on the Helmholtz equation, describing the acoustic response of the system for a given wave length. Thus, the inverse problem consists in identifying the values of these parameters such that the output of the model agrees the best with observations. This optimization algorithm requires multiple queries to the model with different values of the parameters. Reduced order models are especially well suited to significantly reduce the computational overhead of the multiple evaluations of the model. In particular, the proper generalized decomposition produces a solution explicitly stating the parametric dependence, where the parameters play the same role as the physical coordinates. A proper generalized decomposition solver is devised to inexpensively explore the parametric space along the iterative process. This exploration of the parametric space is in fact seen as a post‐process of the generalized solution. The approach adopted demonstrates its viability when tested in two illustrative examples.
Abstract
The identification of the geological structure from seismic data is formulated as an inverse problem. The properties and the shape of the rock formations in the subsoil are [...]
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A new equilibrated residual method improving accuracy and efficiency of flux-free error estimates
N. Parés, P. Diez

Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., (2017). (Preprint) Vol. 313 (1), pp. 785-816

Abstract
This paper presents a new methodology to compute guaranteed upper bounds for the energy norm of the error in the context of linear finite element approximations of the reaction-diffusion equation. The new approach revisits the ideas in [20, 18] with the goal of substantially reducing the com- putational cost of the flux-free method while retaining the good quality of the bounds. The new methodology provides also a technique to compute equilibrated boundary tractions improving the quality of standard equilibration strategies. The zeroth-order equilibration conditions are imposed using an alternative less restrictive form of the first-order equilibration conditions, along with a new efficient minimization criterion. This new equilibration strategy provides much more accurate up- per bounds for the energy and requires only doubling the dimension of the local linear systems of equations to be solved.
Abstract
This paper presents a new methodology to compute guaranteed upper bounds for the energy norm of the error in the context of linear finite element approximations of the reaction-diffusion [...]
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Background of Lara State cardiovascular program
R. Flores, S. Trujillo

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 27

Abstract
Since the beginning of Cardiology in the world and then started as specialty in Venezuela history have occurred various events that influenced the development of the Cardiovascular Program in Venezuela created to become a national response to cardiovascular disease as a public health problem. In this context, this historical note particular places emphasis on the commencement of the Cardiovascular Program in Lara State, taking into account the set of individual and institutional situations that gave the necessary momentum, before 1976, for its establishment. In accordance with the foregoing, this factual account is intended to understand the evolution of the program in the region, which, following the same doctrinal basis of the national proposal and implementing different strategies, has achieved its permanence in time. By the way of closure, in the historical note, the strengths of the Cardiovascular Program in the state of Lara, Which through time have allowed it to consolidate itself as a unique and successful experience in the country, namely, the organized participation of the community, the link with the doctrinal issues, the organization and articulation of services by levels of resolution capacity, The teaching-assistance linkage, complementary sources of program financing and teamwork.
Abstract
Since the beginning of Cardiology in the world and then started as specialty in Venezuela history have occurred various events that influenced the [...]
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Internal communication and organizational climate in the management of health institutions
T. Vizcaya, M. Mujica, R. Gásperi

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 26

Abstract
The organizational climate of health institutions is affected by many factors, such as leadership style, the level of motivation that exists, the way decisions are made and especially the type of communication that predominates. Internal communication is a real response to growing organizational complexity, however; the tendency is to recognize dialogic communication as a dimension and as a tool to achieve effectiveness in the organizational plan of the health institution. This is designated as internal communication version 2.0, which is the second generation of communication, in which the recognition of the interlocutor predominates. In this article, internal communication and the organizational climate in the management of health institutions were analyzed through a review of publications that discuss these issues. As inclusion criteria were used thematic coherence, timeliness of the source and indexation of the same. Consultation of the primary sources was done using databases. It was concluded that management combined with organizational climate and communication allow the interaction between its members, exchange and dialogue, in order to guide the processes that determine the behavior of the collective and the health organization.
Abstract
The organizational climate of health institutions is affected by many factors, such as leadership style, the level of motivation that exists, the way decisions are made and [...]
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Frequency of depression and risk factors associated with students from first to eight semester in a decanate of UCLA, january-may 2013
E. Nur, E. Pulgar, I. Piñero, M. Mendoza, M. Paredes, M. Morales, O. Ortiz, Y. Pernalete, D. Daza

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 25

Abstract
Depression occupies one of the first places as a reason for consultation in psychiatry, with university students being one of the groups most affected. The objective of this investigation was to determine the frequency of depression and associated risk factors in students from the first to the eighth semester in a UCLA Deanery January-May 2013. A cross-sectional, observational analytical study was carried out, In 230 students, 149 females and 81 males. Data collection included a self-administered questionnaire for the measurement of risk factors, validated by experts, and the Beck Depression Inventory of 21 items. It was evidenced that there are 22.6% of depressed students, of whom 20.0% correspond to mild depression and 2.6% to moderate depression. There was a higher frequency of depression in the female sex (25.3%); In students over 20 years old (24.2%); In foreigners (28.1%); In students from the III and VII semesters (29.4% and 34.8%, respectively). In students with regular academic performance, 36.2% (p = 0.0001) of depression was observed; In those who do not share quality time with their family, 50% were evidenced (p = 0.0000); 44.4% (p = 0.000) and 50% (p = 0.007), respectively. Likewise, there is a 35.7% depression rate in students who have poor teacher-student relationships (p = 0.0007), with no respect (p = 0.021) and equity (p = 0.003). Likewise, 28.9% of students with depression have a poor relationship with their classmates. In conclusion, there is a significant percentage of depressed students, mild depression prevailing in them, however, non-depressed students present some risk factors. This paper aims to serve as a pioneer in the aforementioned campus for other research since there is little information on the subject
Abstract
Depression occupies one of the first places as a reason for consultation in psychiatry, with university students being one of the groups most affected. The objective of this [...]
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Cardiac structural alterations in obese patients with or without metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular risk factors.
I. Ramones, R. Cammarata, B. Canache, B. Pacheco

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 24

Abstract
Obesity has become a serious health problem worldwide, being an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In that sense, to evaluate the frequency of cardiac geometric alterations in obese patients with or without metabolic syndrome and other CV risk factors, a study was performed in 28 obese participants and 13 non-obese who went voluntarily to the Clinical Pharmacology Unit of the Dean of Health Sciences of UCLA who were given a questionnaire to determine other CV risk factors and had the following tests: triglycerides , Total and fractionated cholesterol, creatinine, fasting glycemia and insulin using the ELISA technique, and a transthoracic echocardiogram. The obese, sedentary population as a whole, showed significantly higher values in the dimensions of the interventricular septum (SVI), posterior wall of the left ventricle (PPVI), and left atrial diameter (AI); 25% of the obese population presented concentric remodeling and 4% had eccentric hypertrophy. 32.14% of the obese presented metabolic syndrome, 64.29% dyslipidemia, 21% arterial hypertension and 28.57% smoking habits. Conclusions: Mild left ventricular morphologic alterations were found in obese patients, the presence of smoking habits in males exacerbates such alterations Keywords: Obesity, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, ventricular geometry
Abstract
Obesity has become a serious health problem worldwide, being an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In that sense, to evaluate the frequency of cardiac geometric [...]
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Rhodnius pictipes naturally infected with Beauveria bassiana invading an urban domicile in Trujillo, Venezuela
Y. Ruiz, L. Avendaño, L. Cañizales, M. Oviedo, C. Guedez, J. Suarez, A. González

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 23

Abstract
The objectives of this work were the identification of a triatomine captured within a home located at 9 ° 17'2 "LN and 70 ° 25¨49" LO in the capital city of Trujillo State and the characterization of an entomopathogenic fungus found on the Integument and articulations of the captured specimen. For the isolation of the entomopathogen the insect was placed in a humid chamber for four days for a greater sporulation and for the development and isolation was used potato, Dextrose, Agar (PDA) culture medium. On the basis of the morphological characteristics of the specimen studied, these correspond to Rhodnius pictipes according to the pictorial key of triatomines (Hemiptera: Triatominae) from Venezuela. No eggs or nymphs were found inside the house to discuss possible colonization. As for the fungus, this was characterized as Beauveriabassiana whose characteristics are more noticeable its pattern of development of white color, turning to a yellowish coloration on the back of the plates, with conidiogenic globose to sub globose cells. In this work, we refer for the first time to the state Trujillo, Venezuela the invasion of Rhodnius pictipes to a house and its infestation with the entomopatógeno Beauveria bassiana.
Abstract
The objectives of this work were the identification of a triatomine captured within a home located at 9 ° 17'2 "LN and 70 ° 25¨49" LO in the capital city of Trujillo State [...]
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Psychosocial risks assesment on Lara State workers
C. Carpintero, L. Lozada

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 22

Abstract
A descriptive transversal investigation was conducted with the aim of evaluating the exposure to psycho-social risks in a stratified sample of 556 workers of the main areas of economic activities in Lara State, Venezuela. The questionnaire for evaluation of psychosocial risk in the workplace (ISTAS) was applied for the identification and measurement of exposure of workers to psychosocial demands related to claims about labor and control over job content. The results indicate that the proportion of workers exposed to situations most unfavourable to health is low (9% to 27%) prevailing dimensions of double presence and psychological demands. The rate exposure for intermediate situations is relatively high (55% to 69%) in the psychological demands dimension, active work, skill development and also compensation. Workers with higher exposures are those belonging to financial, insurance and real estate industries, shops, restaurants and hotels. The results from this study suggest that the workers whose activity involves customer interactions are exposed to higher psychological (cognitive and emotional) demands and they are limited to make decisions about their tasks, have almost no chance of skill development or control over their working time. Workers under community, social and personal service activities perceive that compensations received (stability and esteem) are not in accordance with their efforts. Social support and leadership was the dimension perceived as the most favorable for the health of all workers.
Abstract
A descriptive transversal investigation was conducted with the aim of evaluating the exposure to psycho-social risks in a stratified sample of 556 workers of the main areas [...]
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Importance of epidemiological reports
R. Gásperi

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 21

Abstract
Los reportes epidemiológicos periódicos en Salud Publica son fundamentales para el buen desempeño de los sistemas de salud en un país. Los programas, planes de salud y la respectiva atención y resolución de estos problemas sanitarios ameritan de sistemas de información confiables y emitidos de forma periódica, continua y completa. Recientemente fue publicado en la página Web oficial del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, los Boletines Epidemiológicos Semanales de las 25 últimas semanas del año 2015 y de las 52 semanas del 2016, con una mora de casi dos años. En ellos llama la atención un aumento de la mortalidad materna del 2014 al 2015 del 15%, así como la aparición de 324 casos de difteria, reportados en el Boletín Epidemiológico Semanal número 52, patología no reportada en Boletines anteriores hasta el 2012. De igual manera se notifican 240.637 casos de malaria en 2015, con un aumento considerable tomando como referencia el 2012 cuando se reportaron 136.402 casos
Abstract
Los reportes epidemiológicos periódicos en Salud Publica son fundamentales para el buen desempeño de los sistemas de salud en un país. Los programas, planes de salud [...]
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NaWaraos, a contribution in public health
L. Valles

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 20

Abstract
The Warao indigenous community in the Delta Amacuro state, Venezuela, without intending it, became historical internationally, when the English writer, Daniel Defoe, published in 1719, the adventures of Robinson Crusoe (autobiographical and fictional), considered the first English novel1; This pre-Columbian community, whose name comes from its own language: Wa, boat and Arao, people (canoe people), presented a series of public health needs (2-5) that motivated a diverse group of professionals, headed by the Doctors Raúl Arocha, Gerardo Sánchez, Gustavo Báez and Gloria Álvarez to place all their knowledge and skills in the solution of these diseases, is how the Non-Governmental Organization and apolitical "Na'Waraos" is created, which selects the population of Nabasanuka (Naba: pipe or river, and Sanuka: small) located at the geographic coordinates of LN 09 ° 08 '11.9 "and LO 061 ° 03'31.2", to be the epicenter of the control of endemic and epidemic diseases of its inhabitants and others 30 nearby towns such as Wisidatu, Joarotu, Bajanarotu and Araguabici
Abstract
The Warao indigenous community in the Delta Amacuro state, Venezuela, without intending it, became historical internationally, when the English writer, Daniel Defoe, published [...]
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Dengue risk factors study in juan guillermo iribarren municipality, Lara State.
Y. Ontiveros, X. Bullones, O. Cárdenas

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 19

Abstract
Dengue es una de las arbovirosis más importantes en el mundo en términos de morbi-mortalidad. En América, destaca Venezuela donde son afectados niños, mujeres y hombres, en todos sus estados, en particular Lara, en el cual se desarrolló una investigación para determinar los factores de riesgo de dengue en cuatro parroquias del municipio Juan Guillermo Iribarren del estado en el año 2006. La muestra quedó constituida por 516 viviendas, se aplicó un cuestionario a los jefes de familia o persona mayor de edad de la vivienda seleccionada. Entre los resultados: la prevalencia de dengue fue 11,4% (IC95%:8,59 -14,23), en el grupo de edad de 1-29 años, 43,4% tuvo dengue (ORa =21, IC95%:10,7- 41,1), en el género femenino 15,3% fue afectado (ORa=1,9, IC95%: 0,9-3,5). Entre quienes desconocían sobre la transmisión de dengue, 13.3% lo padecieron (ORa=1,48, IC95%: 0,7-2,9). Con relación a las variables ambientales, se encontró que en las viviendas con presencia de criaderos de larvas de Aedes aegypti, 15,3% de los entrevistados presentaron dengue (ORa=2,1, IC95%: 1- 4,7). Los resultados evidenciaron que existe asociación significativa (c2; p
Abstract
Dengue es una de las arbovirosis más importantes en el mundo en términos de morbi-mortalidad. En América, destaca Venezuela donde son afectados niños, mujeres y [...]
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Measurement of the Wingbeart Frequency of the Aedes aegypti PROVENIENTS FROM A REGION OF VENEZUELA
Á. Daboín, L. Valles, F. Torrealba, T. Gharbi

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 18

Abstract
In order to develop intelligent traps as vector control mechanisms for the prevention and reduction of metaxenic diseases, a physiological parameter is determined as the wingbeat frequency used for later characterization by genus of the Aedes aegypti mosquito in Venezuelan strains. For this, acoustic records were made with wild samples collected in rainwater reservoirs and emerged under controlled conditions in the laboratory. The recordings were made during one minute, in more than a hundred mosquitoes of this species and in both sexes, using a particle speed microphone connected to the audio input of a portable computer and a specialized program for acoustic records. A spectral analysis of the samples was carried out, determining that the average fundamental frequency of flutter for females corresponded to 454.78 ± 55.19 Hz and for males 688.39 ± 40.82 Hz, concluding that the groups were very separated in Its fundamental frequency, with which this parameter is a characteristic that can be used for the detection and classification of mosquitoes of this species, using artificial intelligence in capture devices for vector monitoring and control.
Abstract
In order to develop intelligent traps as vector control mechanisms for the prevention and reduction of metaxenic diseases, a physiological parameter is determined as the wingbeat [...]
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Microbiological and parasitological evaluation of fish of the species Mugil cephalus (lisa) commercialized in the city of Barquisimeto, Lara State.
N. Padilla, A. Arrollo, C. Márquez, M. Pineda

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 17

Abstract
The rate of deterioration of fish and its safety are related to the hygienic management of the fish and its conditioning,consuming poorly cooked or raw fish can lead to food poisoning, hepatitis, cholera and parasitism. The dishesregularlyinvolved include sushi, sashimi and ceviche. The parasitic disease is caused by the larval phases of anematode of the family Anisakidae. The parasite develops as an adult in marine mammals that acquire the diseasethanks to the infective L3 form developed in fish. The human consumes poorly cooked fish and acquires L3 larva,causing gastric, intestinal and extraintestinal disease or a gastro-allergic modality. Fourty - five specimens ofMugilcephalus purchased in popular markets, refrigerators and stalls in the city of Barquisimeto were studied.Through the visual inspection we evaluated the freshness index and through microbiological analysis we detectedsanitary indicators, fecal contamination and pathogens. A recount of the larvae extracted during the visual inspectionand during in vitro digestion, the results indicate that the freshness of the specimens was 8.36 ± 3.28 points.Staphylococcus aureus appeared in 64.7% of the samples. The 82.2% of the specimens showed parasitism, with anaverage of 24.48 larvae per specimen. Microscopic examination of the parasites present structures that coincide withthe genus Anisakis. These larvae are foodborne, so that in the face of symptoms and history of consumption of theseproducts,its important to consider these parasites as etiological agentsof these diseases.
Abstract
The rate of deterioration of fish and its safety are related to the hygienic management of the fish and its conditioning,consuming poorly cooked or raw fish can lead to food [...]
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Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome, risk of exposure. medical attention. San Francisco Ambulatory. Barquisimeto. Lara State. 2016
K. Bastidas, Y. Coll, Y. Delgado, M. Escobar, D. Flores, Z. González, Á. Riera

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 16

Abstract
In order to determine the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome, occupational risk to develop it in the health personnel and the user's opinion about on medical attention, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in San Francisco's Type I Ambulatory. The sample consisted of 17 workers and 120 users. Two instruments were used to collect data addressed to health personnel: ISTAS questionnaire (CoPsoQ) 2000 short version and Maslach Burnout Inventory and a third questionnaire to users that measured opinion about medical care. For Psychosocial Risk in the staff, a favorable level was found in the categories active work and self-development possibilities with 88.2% as well as a social support and quality of leadership of 64.7%; the unfavorable level was presented in the categories insecurity 58.8%, double presence 47% and estimated 47%. Likewise, it was highlighted that no worker presented Burnout syndrome since the dimensions of personalization and depersonalization with 88.2% were located at a low level. In turn, 90.9% of the users felt totally satisfied with the medical care, deducting that the factors that contributed to feelings of exhaustion or stress did not influence the quality of care provided in the premises. This served to project new studies and make new references regarding the Burnout syndrome and its scope, giving the pertinent recommendations, both to the community and to the ambulatory staff to reduce the risks of developing the disease.
Abstract
In order to determine the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome, occupational risk to develop it in the health personnel and the user's opinion about on medical attention, [...]
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Antimicrobial activity of natural products against Helicobacter pylori
D. Zea, M. Bayona

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 15

Abstract
Since its discovery and identification in gastric tissue by Marshall and Warren in 1983, our knowledge about the effects of Helicobacter pylori infection has grown considerably. Its role in the multifactorial pathology of peptic ulcer disease (gastroduodenal ulcer disease), gastric adenocarcinoma, is now widely accepted. Currently, numerous antibiotic-based therapies are available. However, these therapies have several problems, including the appearance of resistance to the antibiotics used and associated adverse effects, the risk of re-infection and the high cost of treatment. This paper summarizes and analyzes the most important recent studies of plants with anti H. pylori activity. Plants species are presented as a very diverse source of bactericidal compounds, as well as for the development of new therapies for H. pylori control.
Abstract
Since its discovery and identification in gastric tissue by Marshall and Warren in 1983, our knowledge about the effects of Helicobacter pylori infection has grown considerably. [...]
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Prevalnce of dengue in the Parist of “Lagunillas”, Sucre Muicipaly, Mérida State, 2005 – 2015.
Y. Paredes, J. Chipia, L. Contreras

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 14

Abstract
Dengue is a viral disease that depends on interactions between environment, agent, population of hosts and vector, as well as socioeconomic, political, technical and administrative determinants. The article aims to describe the prevalence of dengue for the period 2005 to 2015 in the Lagunillas parish of the municipality of Sucre, Mérida, Venezuela. Methodology: quantitative approach, descriptive type and non-experimental longitudinal design. Results: 2947 cases of dengue were found between the years under study. The presence of dengue with signs of alarm was recorded in the last three years of the study period and for severe dengue, the highest incidence occurred in 2010 with 1,085 cases / 100,000 inhabitants, the standardized prevalence rate: 2005 13/1000 inhabitants, by 2010 28/1000 inhabitants and 2015 of 8/1000 inhabitants and the projection (2016-2025) of the cases of dengue, a relation was obtained directly proportional in the time series, as Years increase the casuistry of the disease. Conclusions: The Lagunillas parish of Mérida state presents a high prevalence of dengue, being classified as an epidemic zone. It was determined that in the years 2013-2015 the dengue with signs of alarm, has suffered an increase in its incidence, although it has not been determined the cause, it is very probable that local environmental phenomena, such as the water deficit, as well as the social context , May translate into an increase in the density of the dengue transmitter vector and an increase in the reporting of dengue cases.
Abstract
Dengue is a viral disease that depends on interactions between environment, agent, population of hosts and vector, as well as socioeconomic, political, technical and [...]
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Public health and social problems
R. Gásperi

Rev Vzlana Salud Pub (2017). 13

Abstract
Health conceived as a complex phenomenon constitutes a circuit where the effects retroact on the causes and the health disease process as a product, reproduces its causes in a reiterative way so its approach should not be made from a simplified but multidimensional and interdisciplinary logic. In the same way, the paradigm of complexity proposes to articulate the interdependencies of disciplinary or specialized knowledge, and conceives an organization or systemic complexity between the whole and the parts, which allows it to be capable of self-echo-reproduction and regeneration when relating to others. with its environment or environment. Under this approach, public health becomes a crucible where many disciplines can converge to understand and address the problems that affect the well-being of the population from that complex view of their environment that includes the physical, psychological, anthroposocial, spiritual, cultural and the politically and ideologically constructed
Abstract
Health conceived as a complex phenomenon constitutes a circuit where the effects retroact on the causes and the health disease process as a product, reproduces its causes [...]
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Variational Multiscale error estimators for solid mechanics adaptive simulations: An Orthogonal Subgrid Scale approach
J. Baiges, R. Codina

Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., (2017). Vol. 325, pp. 37-55

Abstract
In this work we present a general error estimator for the finite element solution of solid mechanics problems based on the Variational Multiscale method. The main idea is to consider a rich model for the subgrid scales as an error estimator. The subscales are considered to belong to a space orthogonal to the finite element space (Orthogonal Subgrid Scales) and we take into account their contribution both in the element interiors and on the element boundaries (Subscales on the Element Boundaries). A simple analysis shows that the upper bound for the obtained error estimator is sharper than in other error estimators based on the Variational Multiscale Method. Numerical examples show that the proposed error estimator is an accurate approximation for the energy norm error and can be used both in simple linear constitutive models and in more complex non-linear cases.
Abstract
In this work we present a general error estimator for the finite element solution of solid mechanics problems based on the Variational Multiscale method. [...]
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Interpolation with restrictions between finite element meshes for flow problems in an ALE setting
A. Pont, R. Codina, J. Baiges

Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., (2017). Vol. 110 (13), pp. 1203-1226

Abstract
The need for remeshing when computing flow problems in domains suffering large deformations has motivated the implementation of a tool that allows the proper transmission of information between finite element meshes. Because the Lagrangian projection of results from one mesh to another is a dissipative method, a new conservative interpolation method has been developed. A series of constraints, such as the conservation of mass or energy, are applied to the interpolated arrays through Lagrange multipliers in an error minimization problem, so that the resulting array satisfies these physical properties while staying as close as possible to the original interpolated values in the L2 norm. Unlike other conservative interpolation methods that require a considerable effort in mesh generation and modification, the proposed formulation is mesh independent and is only based on the physical properties of the field being interpolated. Moreover, the performed corrections are neither coupled with the main calculation nor with the interpolation itself, for which reason the computational cost is very low.
Abstract
The need for remeshing when computing flow problems in domains suffering large deformations has motivated the implementation of a tool that allows the proper transmission [...]
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Numerical analysis of a stabilized finite element approximation for the three-field linearized viscoelastic fluid problem using arbitrary interpolations
E. Castillo, R. Codina

Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences (2017). Vol. 51 (4), pp. 1407-1427

Abstract
In this paper we present the numerical analysis of a three-field stabilized finite element formulation recently proposed to approximate viscoelastic flows. The three-field viscoelastic fluid flow problem may suffer from two types of numerical instabilities: on the one hand we have the two inf-sup conditions related to the mixed nature problem and, on the other, the convective nature of the momentum and constitutive equations may produce global and local oscillations in the numerical approximation. Both can be overcome by resorting from the standard Galerkin method to a stabilized formulation. The one presented here is based on the subgrid scale concept, in which unresolvable scales of the continuous solution are approximately accounted for. In particular, the approach developed herein is based on the decomposition into their finite element component and a subscale, which is approximated properly to yield a stable formulation. The analyzed problem corresponds to a linearized version of the Navier–Stokes/Oldroyd-B case where the advection velocity of the momentum equation and the non-linear terms in the constitutive equation are treated using a fixed point strategy for the velocity and the velocity gradient. The proposed method permits the resolution of the problem using arbitrary interpolations for all the unknowns. We describe some important ingredients related to the design of the formulation and present the results of its numerical analysis. It is shown that the formulation is stable and optimally convergent for small Weissenberg numbers, independently of the interpolation used.
Abstract
In this paper we present the numerical analysis of a three-field stabilized finite element formulation recently proposed to approximate viscoelastic flows. The three-field [...]
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An adaptive Fixed-Mesh ALE method for free surface flows
J. Baiges, R. Codina, A. Pont, E. Castillo

Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., (2017). Vol. 313, pp. 159-188

Abstract
In this work we present a Fixed-Mesh ALE method for the numerical simulation of free surface flows capable of using an adaptive finite element mesh covering a background domain. This mesh is successively refined and unrefined at each time step in order to focus the computational effort on the spatial regions where it is required. Some of the main ingredients of the formulation are the use of an Arbitrary-Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation for computing temporal derivatives, the use of stabilization terms for stabilizing convection, stabilizing the lack of compatibility between velocity and pressure interpolation spaces, and stabilizing the ill-conditioning introduced by the cuts on the background finite element mesh, and the coupling of the algorithm with an adaptive mesh refinement procedure suitable for running on distributed memory environments. Algorithmic steps for the projection between meshes are presented together with the algebraic fractional step approach used for improving the condition number of the linear systems to be solved. The method is tested in several numerical examples. The expected convergence rates both in space and time are observed. Smooth solution fields for both velocity and pressure are obtained (as a result of the contribution of the stabilization terms). Finally, a good agreement between the numerical results and the reference experimental data is obtained.
Abstract
In this work we present a Fixed-Mesh ALE method for the numerical simulation of free surface flows capable of using an adaptive finite element mesh covering a background [...]
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Finite element approximation of the viscoelastic flow problem: A non-residual based stabilized formulation
E. Castillo, R. Codina

Computers & Fluids (2017). Vol. 142, pp. 72-78

Abstract
In this paper, a three-field finite element stabilized formulation for the incompressible viscoelastic fluid flow problem is tested numerically. Starting from a residual based formulation, a non-residual based one is designed, the benefits of which are highlighted in this work. Both formulations allow one to deal with the convective nature of the problem and to use equal interpolation for the problem unknowns σ−u−p (deviatoric stress, velocity and pressure). Additionally, some results from the numerical analysis of the formulation are stated. Numerical examples are presented to show the robustness of the method, which include the classical 4: 1 planar contraction problem and the flow over a confined cylinder case, as well as a two-fluid formulation for the planar jet buckling problem.
Abstract
In this paper, a three-field finite element stabilized formulation for the incompressible viscoelastic fluid flow problem is tested numerically. Starting from a residual based [...]
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Conserving algorithms for frictionless and full stick friction contact dynamic problems using the direct elimination method
C. Agelet de Saracibar, D. Di Capua

Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng. (2017). (preprint) Vol. 113 (6), pp. 910-937

Abstract
In this paper, conserving time‐stepping algorithms for frictionless and full stick friction dynamic contact problems are presented. Time integration algorithms for frictionless and full stick friction dynamic contact problems have been designed to preserve the conservation of key discrete properties satisfied at the continuum level. Energy and energy‐momentum–preserving algorithms for frictionless and full stick friction dynamic contact problems, respectively, have been designed and implemented within the framework of the direct elimination method, avoiding the drawbacks linked to the use of penalty‐based or Lagrange multipliers methods. An assessment of the performance of the resulting formulation is shown in a number of selected and representative numerical examples, under full stick friction and slip frictionless contact conditions. Conservation of key discrete properties exhibited by the time‐stepping algorithm is shown.
Abstract
In this paper, conserving time‐stepping algorithms for frictionless and full stick friction dynamic contact problems are presented. Time integration algorithms for frictionless [...]
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The CIMNE model for generating knowledge on computational engineering and its transfer to society
E. Oñate

(2017). Research Report, Nº PI417

Abstract
We present an overview of the model implemented by the International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE, www.cimne.com ) for the generation of scientific and technical knowledge on computational engineering, understood in the broad sense, the subsequent generation of product resulting from the research activities and the transfer of these products to society for their exploitation in the industrial sector. We present examples of application of the CIMNE model to a number of academic, scientific and industry activities of CIMNE.
Abstract
We present an overview of the model implemented by the International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE, www.cimne.com ) for the generation of scientific [...]
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Early detection of anomalies in dam performance: A methodology based on boosted regression trees
F. Salazar, M. Toledo, J. González, E. Oñate

Structural Control Health Monitoring (2017). Vol. 24 (11), Article Number: e2012

Abstract
The advances in information and communication technologies led to a general trend towards the availability of more detailed information on dam behaviour. This allows applying advanced data‐based algorithms in its analysis, which has been reflected in an increasing interest in the field. However, most of the related literature is limited to the evaluation of model prediction accuracy, whereas the ulterior objective of data analysis is dam safety assessment. In this work, a machine‐learning algorithm (boosted regression trees) is the core of a methodology for early detection of anomalies. It also includes a criterion to determine whether certain discrepancy between predictions and observations is normal, a procedure to compute a realistic estimate of the model accuracy, and an original approach to identify extraordinary load combinations. The performance of causal and noncausal models is assessed in terms of their ability to detect different types of anomalies, which were artificially introduced on reference time series generated with a numerical model of a 100‐m‐high arch dam. The final approach was implemented in an online application to visualise the results in an intuitive way to support decision making.
Abstract
The advances in information and communication technologies led to a general trend towards the availability of more detailed information on dam behaviour. This allows applying [...]
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Discrete/finite element modelling of rock cutting with TBM disc cutter
C. Labra, J. Rojek, E. Oñate

Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering (2017). Vol. 50 (3), pp. 621-638

Abstract
This paper presents advanced computer simulation of rock cutting process typical for excavation works in civil engineering. Theoretical formulation of the hybrid discrete/finite element model has been presented. The discrete and finite element methods have been used in different subdomains of a rock sample according to expected material behaviour, the part which is fractured and damaged during cutting is discretized with the discrete elements while the other part is treated as a continuous body and it is modelled using the finite element method. In this way, an optimum model is created, enabling a proper representation of the physical phenomena during cutting and efficient numerical computation. The model has been applied to simulation of the laboratory test of rock cutting with a single TBM (tunnel boring machine) disc cutter. The micromechanical parameters have been determined using the dimensionless relationships between micro- and macroscopic parameters. A number of numerical simulations of the LCM test in the unrelieved and relieved cutting modes have been performed. Numerical results have been compared with available data from in-situ measurements in a real TBM as well as with the theoretical predictions showing quite a good agreement. The numerical model has provided a new insight into the cutting mechanism enabling us to investigate the stress and pressure distribution at the tool–rock interaction. Sensitivity analysis of rock cutting performed for different parameters including disc geometry, cutting velocity, disc penetration and spacing has shown that the presented numerical model is a suitable tool for the design and optimization of rock cutting process.
Abstract
This paper presents advanced computer simulation of rock cutting process typical for excavation works in civil engineering. Theoretical formulation of the hybrid discrete/finite [...]
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An Implicit Material Point Method Applied to Granular Flows
I. Iaconeta, A. Larese, R. Rossi, E. Oñate

Procedia Engineering (2017). Vol. 175, pp. 226-232

Abstract
The main objective of this work lies in the development of a variational implicit Material Point Method (MPM), implemented in the open source Kratos Multiphysics framework. The ability of the MPM technique to solve large displacement and large deformation problems is widely recognised and its use ranges over many problems in industrial and civil engineering. In the current work the continuum based implicit MPM is applied to engineering applications, where granular material flow is involved. For the resolution of the length and time scale of these particular problems, both continuum and discrete models are typically used. Even if discrete techniques predict more feasible results, nowadays, their use is limited to the investigation of element tests of particles, or to the simulation of reduced systems, not allowing to make important decisions in the analysis and design of granular processes. Some advantages of MPM over discrete methods are tested, such as, the ability to simulate granular flow at the large scale with acceptable computational cost and the capability to get information of stress and strain state in a more straightforward way. The focus of this paper is a comparative study between an irreducible and a mixed formulation, both implemented in the MPM code, to assess the improvement in accuracy and reliability of the numerical results when the latter formulation is adopted.
Abstract
The main objective of this work lies in the development of a variational implicit Material Point Method (MPM), implemented in the open source Kratos Multiphysics framework. [...]
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A FIC‐based stabilized mixed finite element method with equal order interpolation for solid–pore fluid interaction problems
I. de-Pouplana, E. Oñate

Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. (2017). Vol. 41 (1), pp. 110-134

Abstract
A new mixed displacement‐pressure element for solving solid–pore fluid interaction problems is presented. In the resulting coupled system of equations, the balance of momentum equation remains unaltered, while the mass balance equation for the pore fluid is stabilized with the inclusion of higher‐order terms multiplied by arbitrary dimensions in space, following the finite calculus (FIC) procedure. The stabilized FIC‐FEM formulation can be applied to any kind of interpolation for the displacements and the pressure, but in this work, we have used linear elements of equal order interpolation for both set of unknowns. Examples in 2D and 3D are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the stabilized formulation for solid–pore fluid interaction problems.
Abstract
A new mixed displacement‐pressure element for solving solid–pore fluid interaction problems is presented. In the resulting coupled system of equations, the balance [...]
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Numerical modelling of granular materials with spherical discrete particles and the bounded rolling friction model. Application to railway ballast
J. Irazábal González, F. Salazar, E. Oñate

Computers and Geotechnics (2017). Vol. 85, pp. 220-229

Abstract
The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was found to be an effective numerical method for the calculation of engineering problems involving granular materials. However, the representation of irregular particles using the DEM is a very challenging issue, leading to different geometrical approaches. This document presents a new insight in the application of one of those simplifications known as rolling friction, which avoids excessive rotation when irregular shaped materials are simulated as spheric particles. This new approach, called the Bounded Rolling Friction model, was applied to reproduce a ballast resistance test.
Abstract
The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was found to be an effective numerical method for the calculation of engineering problems involving granular materials. [...]
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A hierarchical finite element for composite laminated beams using a refined zigzag theory
L. Nallim, S. Oller, E. Oñate, F. Flores

Composite Structures (2017). Vol. 163, pp. 168-184

Abstract
In this work a kinematics for laminated beams enriched with a refined formulation ZigZag (RZT), originally presented by Tessler et al. in 2007, introduced in a hierarchical one dimensional type “p” finite element is presented. The finite element employs Lagrange polynomials for the approximation of the degrees of freedom of the ends (nodes) and orthogonal Gram-Schmidt polynomials to the internal degrees of freedoms. This finite element allows a very low discretization, is free of shear locking and behaves very well when the analysis of laminated composites with accurate determination of local stresses and strains at laminar level is necessary. This element has been validated in the analysis of laminated beams with various sequences of symmetric and asymmetric stacking, studying in each case its accuracy and stability.
Abstract
In this work a kinematics for laminated beams enriched with a refined formulation ZigZag (RZT), originally presented by Tessler et al. in 2007, introduced in a hierarchical [...]
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Data-Based Models for the Prediction of Dam Behaviour: A Review and Some Methodological Considerations
F. Salazar, R. Morán Moya, M. Toledo, E. Oñate

Archives of Comp. Meths. Engng. (2017). Vol. 24 (1), pp. 1-21

Abstract
Predictive models are an important element in dam safety analysis. They provide an estimate of the dam response faced with a given load combination, which can be compared with the actual measurements to draw conclusions about dam safety. In addition to numerical finite element models, statistical models based on monitoring data have been used for decades for this purpose. In particular, the hydrostatic-season-time method is fully implemented in engineering practice, although some limitations have been pointed out. In other fields of science, powerful tools such as neural networks and support vector machines have been developed, which make use of observed data for interpreting complex systems . This paper contains a review of statistical and machine-learning data-based predictive models, which have been applied to dam safety analysis . Some aspects to take into account when developing analysis of this kind, such as the selection of the input variables, its division into training and validation sets, and the error analysis, are discussed. Most of the papers reviewed deal with one specific output variable of a given dam typology and the majority also lack enough validation data. As a consequence, although results are promising, there is a need for further validation and assessment of generalisation capability. Future research should also focus on the development of criteria for data pre-processing and model application.
Abstract
Predictive models are an important element in dam safety analysis. They provide an estimate of the dam response faced with a given load combination, which can be compared [...]
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Cracking of quasi-brittle structures under monotonic and cyclic loadings: A d+/d− damage model with stiffness recovery in shear
M. Cervera, C. Tesei, G. Ventura

Int. J. Solids and Structures (2017). (preprint) Vol. 135, pp. 148–171

Abstract
In the present paper, a new d+/d− damage model apt for quasi-brittle materials is described and its validation is carried out considering unreinforced concrete, reinforced concrete and masonry elements. Two independent scalar damage variables, d+ and d−, in combination with the split of the reversible strain tensor into its positive and negative counterparts, are adopted in order to simulate the pronounced dissimilar response under tension and compression, typical of these materials. An energy-equivalent framework is considered for representing the orthotropy induced in the material by the degradation process, with the consequence that a thermodynamically consistent constitutive operator, positive definite, symmetric and strain-driven, is derived. In addition to the degradation parameters, the permanent strain tensor is also contemplated by the model and a modification of the exponential softening modulus is proposed in order to treat the evolution of the two causes of dissipation, damage and irreversible deformations, in a coupled way. The formulation is integrated with a multidirectional damage procedure, addressed to extend the microcrack closure-reopening (MCR) capabilities of the model to shear cyclic conditions, characterized by orthogonal (or however intersecting) sets of cracks. Maintaining unaltered the dependence of the constitutive law from two scalar indeces, d+ and d−, this approach activates or deactivates a tensile(compressive) damage value on the base of the current maximum (minimum) principal strain direction. In correspondence with damage activation (crack opening) or deactivation (crack closure), a smooth transition is introduced, in order to avoid abrupt changes in stiffness and enhance the numerical performance and robustness of the multidirectional procedure. The adequacy of the proposed constitutive model in reproducing experimental results has been proven for both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. The two examples of application involving cyclic loads, dominated by shear, constitute a validation of the multidirectional damage approach, showing how the suitable representation of unilateral effects and permanent deformations is essential to model the observed structural response in terms of maximum resistance, evolution of stiffness degradation and dissipation capacity.
Abstract
In the present paper, a new d+/d− damage model apt for quasi-brittle materials is described and its validation is carried out considering unreinforced [...]
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Experimental validation of a FSW model with an enhanced friction model: application to a threaded cylindrical pin tool
N. Dialami, M. Cervera, M. Chiumenti, A. Segatori, W. Osikowicz

Metals (2017). (preprint) Vol. 7 (11), pp. 491

Abstract
This work adopts a fast and accurate two-stage computational strategy for the analysis of FSW (Friction stir welding) processes using threaded cylindrical pin tools. The coupled thermo-mechanical problem is equipped with an enhanced friction model to include the effect of non-uniform pressure distribution under the pin shoulder. The overall numerical strategy is successfully validated by the experimental measurements provided by the industrial partner (Sapa). The verification of the numerical model using the experimental evidence is not only accomplished in terms of temperature evolution but also in terms of torque, longitudinal, transversal and vertical forces.
Abstract
This work adopts a fast and accurate two-stage computational strategy for the analysis of FSW (Friction stir welding) processes using threaded cylindrical pin tools. The coupled [...]
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Enhanced friction model for Friction Stir Welding (FSW) analysis: Simulation and experimental validation
N. Dialami, M. Chiumenti, M. Cervera, A. Segatori, W. Osikowicz

Int. J. Mechanical Sciences (2017). (preprint) Vol. 133, pp. 555-567

Abstract
Friction is one of the main heat generation mechanisms in Friction Stir Welding (FSW). This phenomenon occurs between the pin and the workpiece as the rotating tool moves along the weld line. An accurate friction model is essential for obtaining realistic results in a FSW simulation in particular temperature, forces and torque. In this work, a modified Norton's friction law is developed. The suggested enhanced friction model aims at providing not only the realistic temperature field but also the forces and torque. This model does not exclusively relate the frictional shear stress to the sliding velocity; conversely it takes into account the effect of non-uniform pressure distribution under the shoulder, as this latter has an important role in the process of heat generation. Longitudinal, transversal and vertical forces and torque are numerically calculated. The effect of the enhanced friction model is reflected in these forces. In particular, it leads to a more realistic estimation of the transversal and longitudinal forces in comparison with the results obtained using former models. The friction model is successfully validated by the experimental measurements provided by the industrial partner (Sapa). The experimental analysis is performed for the material characterization, the calibration of the friction model and, more generally, the assessment of the overall numerical strategy proposed for the FSW simulation.
Abstract
Friction is one of the main heat generation mechanisms in Friction Stir Welding (FSW). This phenomenon occurs between the pin and the workpiece as the rotating tool moves [...]
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Numerical modelling and experimental validation in Selective Laser Melting
M. Chiumenti, E. Neiva, E. Salsi, M. Cervera, E. Badia, J. Moya, Z. Chen, C. Lee, C. Davies

Additive Manufacturing (2017). (preprint) Vol. 18, pp. 171-185

Abstract
In this work a finite-element framework for the numerical simulation of the heat transfer analysis of additive manufacturing processes by powder-bed technologies, such as Selective Laser Melting, is presented. These kind of technologies allow for a layer-by-layer metal deposition process to cost-effectively create, directly from a CAD model, complex functional parts such as turbine blades, fuel injectors, heat exchangers, medical implants, among others. The numerical model proposed accounts for different heat dissipation mechanisms through the surrounding environment and is supplemented by a finite-element activation strategy, based on the born-dead elements technique, to follow the growth of the geometry driven by the metal deposition process, in such a way that the same scanning pattern sent to the numerical control system of the AM machine is used. An experimental campaign has been carried out at the Monash Centre for Additive Manufacturing using an EOSINT-M280 machine where it was possible to fabricate different benchmark geometries, as well as to record the temperature measurements at different thermocouple locations. The experiment consisted in the simultaneous printing of two walls with a total deposition volume of 107 cm3 in 992 layers and about 33,500 s build time. A large number of numerical simulations have been carried out to calibrate the thermal FE framework in terms of the thermophysical properties of both solid and powder materials and suitable boundary conditions. Furthermore, the large size of the experiment motivated the investigation of two different model reduction strategies: exclusion of the powder-bed from the computational domain and simplified scanning strategies. All these methods are analysed in terms of accuracy, computational effort and suitable applications
Abstract
In this work a finite-element framework for the numerical simulation of the heat transfer analysis of additive manufacturing processes by powder-bed technologies, [...]
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Finite element modeling of quasi-brittle cracks in 2D and 3D with enhanced strain accuracy
M. Cervera, G. Barbat, M. Chiumenti

Computational Mechanics (2017). (preprint) Vol. 60 (5), pp. 767–796

Abstract
This paper discusses the finite element modeling of cracking in quasi-brittle materials. The problem is addressed via a mixed strain/displacement finite element formulation and an isotropic damage constitutive model. The proposed mixed formulation is fully general and is applied in 2D and 3D. Also, it is independent of the specific finite element discretization considered; it can be equally used with triangles/tetrahedra, quadrilaterals/hexahedra and prisms. The feasibility and accuracy of the method is assessed through extensive comparison with experimental evidence. The correlation with the experimental tests shows the capacity of the mixed formulation to reproduce the experimental crack path and the force–displacement curves with remarkable accuracy. Both 2D and 3D examples produce results consistent with the documented data. Aspects related to the discrete solution, such as convergence regarding mesh resolution and mesh bias, as well as other related to the physical model, like structural size effect and the influence of Poisson’s ratio, are also investigated. The enhanced accuracy of the computed strain field leads to accurate results in terms of crack paths, failure mechanisms and force displacement curves. Spurious mesh dependency suffered by both continuous and discontinuous irreducible formulations is avoided by the mixed FE, without the need of auxiliary tracking techniques or other computational schemes that alter the continuum mechanical problem.
Abstract
This paper discusses the finite element modeling of cracking in quasi-brittle materials. The problem is addressed via a mixed strain/displacement finite element formulation [...]
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Tracking multi-directional intersecting cracks in numerical modelling of masonry shear walls under cyclic loading
S. Salaustros, M. Cervera, L. Pelà

Meccanica (2017). (preprint) Vol. 53 (7), pp. 1757–1776

Abstract
In-plane cyclic loading of masonry walls induces a complex failure pattern composed of multiple diagonal shear cracks, as well as flexural cracks. The realistic modelling of such induced localized cracking necessitates the use of costly direct numerical simulations with detailed information on both the properties and geometry of masonry components. On the contrary, computationally efficient macro-models using standard smeared-crack approaches often result in a poor representation of fracture in the simulated material, not properly localized and biased by the finite element mesh orientation. This work proposes a possible remedy to these drawbacks of macro-models through the use of a crack-tracking algorithm. The macro-modelling approach results in an affordable computational cost, while the tracking algorithm aids the mesh-bias independent and localized representation of cracking. A novel methodology is presented that allows the simulation of intersecting and multi-directional cracks using tracking algorithms. This development extends the use of localized crack approaches using tracking algorithms to a wider field of applications exhibiting multiple, arbitrary and interacting cracking. The paper presents also a novel formulation including into an orthotropic damage model the description of irreversible deformations under shear loading. The proposed approach is calibrated through the comparison with an experimental test on a masonry shear wall against in-plane cyclic loading.
Abstract
In-plane cyclic loading of masonry walls induces a complex failure pattern composed of multiple diagonal shear cracks, as well as flexural cracks. The realistic modelling [...]
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An enhanced finite element macro-model for the realistic simulation of localized cracks in masonry structures: A large-scale application
S. Salaustros, L. Pelà, M. Cervera, P. Roca

International Journal of Architectural Heritage (2017). (preprint) Vol. 12 (3), pp. 432-447

Abstract
Finite element macro-modeling approaches are widely used for the analysis of large-scale masonry structures. Despite their efficiency, they still face two important challenges: the realistic representation of damage and a reasonable independency of the numerical results to the used discretization. In this work, the classical smeared crack approach is enhanced with a crack-tracking algorithm, originating from the analysis of localized cracking in quasi-brittle materials. The proposed algorithm is for the first time applied to a large-scale wall exhibiting multiple shear and flexural cracking. Discussion covers structural aspects, as the response of the structure under different assumptions regarding the floor rigidity, but also numerical issues, commonly overlooked in the simulation of large structures, such the mesh-dependency of the numerical results.
Abstract
Finite element macro-modeling approaches are widely used for the analysis of large-scale masonry structures. Despite their efficiency, they still face two important challenges: [...]
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Strain localization analysis of elastic-damaging frictional-cohesive materials: Analytical results and numerical verification
J. Wu, M. Cervera

Materials (2017). (preprint) Vol. 10 (4), pp. 434

Abstract
Damage-induced strain softening is of vital importance for the modeling of localized failure in frictional-cohesive materials. This paper addresses strain localization of damaging solids and the resulting consistent frictional-cohesive crack models. As a supplement to the framework recently established for stress-based continuum material models in rate form (Wu and Cervera 2015, 2016), several classical strain-based damage models, expressed usually in total and secant format, are considered. Upon strain localization of such damaging solids, Maxwell’s kinematics of a strong (or regularized) discontinuity has to be reproduced by the inelastic damage strains, which are defined by a bounded characteristic tensor and an unbounded scalar related to the damage variable. This kinematic constraint yields a set of nonlinear equations from which the discontinuity orientation and damage-type localized cohesive relations can be derived. It is found that for the “Simó and Ju 1987” isotropic damage model, the localization angles and the resulting cohesive model heavily depend on lateral deformations usually ignored in classical crack models for quasi-brittle solids. To remedy this inconsistency, a modified damage model is proposed. Its strain localization analysis naturally results in a consistent frictional-cohesive crack model of damage type, which can be regularized as a classical smeared crack model. The analytical results are numerically verified by the recently-proposed mixed stabilized finite element method, regarding a singly-perforated plate under uniaxial tension. Remarkably, for all of the damage models discussed in this work, the numerically-obtained localization angles agree almost exactly with the closed-form results. This agreement, on the one hand, consolidates the strain localization analysis based on Maxwell’s kinematics and, on the other hand, illustrates versatility of the mixed stabilized finite element method.
Abstract
Damage-induced strain softening is of vital importance for the modeling of localized failure in frictional-cohesive materials. This paper addresses strain localization of [...]
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An energy-equivalent d+/d− damage model with enhanced microcrack closure-reopening capabilities for cohesive-frictional materials
M. Cervera, C. Tesei

Materials (2017). (preprint) Vol. 10 (4), pp. 433

Abstract
In this paper, an energy-equivalent orthotropic d+/d− damage model for cohesive-frictional materials is formulated. Two essential mechanical features are addressed, the damage-induced anisotropy and the microcrack closure-reopening (MCR) effects, in order to provide an enhancement of the original d+/d−model proposed by Faria et al. 1998, while keeping its high algorithmic efficiency unaltered. First, in order to ensure the symmetry and positive definiteness of the secant operator, the new formulation is developed in an energy-equivalence framework. This proves thermodynamic consistency and allows one to describe a fundamental feature of the orthotropic damage models, i.e., the reduction of the Poisson’s ratio throughout the damage process. Secondly, a “multidirectional” damage procedure is presented to extend the MCR capabilities of the original model. The fundamental aspects of this approach, devised for generic cyclic conditions, lie in maintaining only two scalar damage variables in the constitutive law, while preserving memory of the degradation directionality. The enhanced unilateral capabilities are explored with reference to the problem of a panel subjected to in-plane cyclic shear, with or without vertical pre-compression; depending on the ratio between shear and pre-compression, an absent, a partial or a complete stiffness recovery is simulated with the new multidirectional procedure.
Abstract
In this paper, an energy-equivalent orthotropic d+/d− damage model for cohesive-frictional materials is formulated. Two essential mechanical features are addressed, [...]
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3D numerical modelling of twisting cracks under bending and torsion of skew notched beams
L. Benedetti, M. Cervera, M. Chiumenti

Engineering Fracture Mechanics (2017). (preprint) Vol. 176, pp. 235–256

Abstract
The testing of mode III and mixed mode failure is every so often encountered in the dedicated literature of mechanical characterization of brittle and quasi-brittle materials. In this work, the application of the mixed strain displacement ε-u finite element formulation to three examples involving skew notched beams is presented. The use of this FE technology is effective in problems involving localization of strains in softening materials. The objectives of the paper are: (i) to test the mixed formulation in mode III and mixed mode failure and (ii) to present an enhancement in terms of computational time given by the kinematic compatibility between irreducible displacement-based and the mixed strain-displacement elements. Three tests of skew-notched beams are presented: firstly, a three point bending test of a PolyMethyl MethaAcrylate beam; secondly, a torsion test of a plain concrete prismatic beam with square base; finally, a torsion test of a cylindrical beam made of plain concrete as well. To describe the mechanical behavior of the material in the inelastic range, Rankine and Drucker-Prager failure criteria are used in both plasticity and isotropic continuum damage formats. The proposed mixed formulation is capable of yielding results close to the experimental ones in terms of fracture surface, peak load and global loss of carrying capability. In addition, the symmetric secant formulation and the compatibility condition between the standard irreducible method and the strain-displacement one is exploited, resulting in a significant speedup of the computational procedure.
Abstract
The testing of mode III and mixed mode failure is every so often encountered in the dedicated literature of mechanical characterization of brittle and quasi-brittle [...]
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A fast and accurate two-stage strategy to evaluate the effect of the pin tool profile on metal flow, torque and forces during friction stir welding
N. Dialami, M. Cervera, M. Chiumenti, C. Agelet de Saracibar

Int. J. Mechanical Sciences (2017). (preprint) Vol. 122, pp. 215–227

Abstract
Pin geometry is a fundamental consideration in friction stir welding (FSW). It influences the thermal behaviour, material flow and forces during the weld and reflects on the joint quality. This work studies four pin tools with circular, triflute, trivex, and triangular profiles adopting a validated model of FSW process developed by the authors. The effect of the rotating tool geometry on the flow behaviour and process outcomes is analysed. Additionally, longitudinal and transversal forces and torque are numerically calculated and compared for the different pin shapes. The study is carried out for slip and stick limiting friction cases between pin and workpiece. The main novelties of the paper are a “speed-up” two-stage simulation methodology and a piecewise linear version of the constitutive model, both of them conceived for the use in real case industrial applications, where the achievement of accuracy with affordable simulation times is of importance. The Norton-Hoff constitutive model is adopted to characterize the material behaviour during the weld. The piecewise linear version of the model developed by the authors greatly facilitates the convergence of the numerical solution ensuring both computational efficiency and accuracy. A two-stage computational procedure is applied. In the first stage, a forced transient is carried out; in the second one, the magnitudes of interest are computed. The study shows that the proposed modelling approach can be used to predict and interpret the FSW behaviour for a specific pin geometry. Moreover, the reduction of the simulation time using the two-stage strategy can be up to 90%, compared to a standard single stage strategy.
Abstract
Pin geometry is a fundamental consideration in friction stir welding (FSW). It influences the thermal behaviour, material flow and forces during the weld and [...]
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Finite element modelling of internal and multiple localized cracks
S. Salaustros, L. Pelà, M. Cervera, P. Roca

Computational Mechanics (2017). (preprint) Vol. 59 (2), pp. 299–316

Abstract
Tracking algorithms constitute an efficient numerical technique for modelling fracture in quasi-brittle materials. They succeed in representing localized cracks in the numerical model without mesh-induced directional bias. Currently available tracking algorithms have an important limitation: cracking originates either from the boundary of the discretized domain or from predefined “crack-root” elements and then propagates along one orientation. This paper aims to circumvent this drawback by proposing a novel tracking algorithm that can simulate cracking starting at any point of the mesh and propagating along one or two orientations. This enhancement allows the simulation of structural case-studies experiencing multiple cracking. The proposed approach is validated through the simulation of a benchmark example and an experimentally tested structural frame under in-plane loading. Mesh-bias independency of the numerical solution, computational cost and predicted collapse mechanisms with and without the tracking algorithm are discussed.
Abstract
Tracking algorithms constitute an efficient numerical technique for modelling fracture in quasi-brittle materials. They succeed in representing localized cracks in the numerical [...]
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Numerical simulation and experimental calibration of Additive Manufacturing by blown powder technology. Part I: thermal analysis
M. Chiumenti, X. Lin, M. Cervera, W. Lei, Y. Zheng, W. Huang

Rapid Prototyping Journal (2017). (preprint) Vol. 23 (2), pp. 448-463

Abstract
In this work the numerical simulation of Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes is addressed. The numerical results are compared with the experimental campaign carried out at SKLSP laboratories, where a Laser Solid Forming (LSF) machine, also referred to as Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS), is used to fabricate metal parts directly from CAD models. Ti-6Al-4V metal powder is injected into the molten pool created by a focused, high-energy laser beam and a layer of added material is sinterized according to the laser scanning pattern speciÖed by the user. The objectives of this paper are twofold: Örstly, this work is intended to calibrate the software for the numerical simulation of the AM process, to achieve high accuracy. Secondly, the sensitivity of the numerical model to the process parameters and modelling data is analysed. The numerical model adopts an apropos FE activation technology, which reproduces the same scanning pattern set for the numerical control system of the AM machine. This consists of a complex sequence of polylines, used to deÖne the contour of the component, and hatches patterns to Öll the inner section. The full sequence is given through the Common Layer Interface (CLI) format, a standard format for di§erent manufacturing processes such as Rapid Prototyping (RP), Shape Metal Deposition (SMD) or machining processes, among others. The result is a layer-by-layer metal deposition which can be used to build-up complex structures for components such as turbine blades, aircraft sti§eners, cooling systems, or medical implants, among others.
Abstract
In this work the numerical simulation of Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes is addressed. The numerical results are compared with the experimental campaign carried out [...]
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Local–global strategy for the prediction of residual stresses in FSW processes
N. Dialami, M. Cervera, M. Chiumenti, C. Agelet de Saracibar

International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (2017). (preprint) Vol. 88 (9), pp. 3099–3111

Abstract
This work describes the local–global strategy proposed for the computation of residual stresses in friction stir welding (FSW) processes. A coupling strategy between the analysis of the process zone nearby the pin tool (local level analysis) and the simulation carried out for the entire structure to be welded (global level analysis) is implemented to accurately predict the temperature histories and, thereby, the residual stresses in FSW. As a first step, the local problem solves the material stirring as well as the heat generation induced by the pin and shoulder rotation at the heat affected zone. The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation is adopted to deal with the rotation of complex pin shapes. A thermo-rigid-viscoplastic constitutive law is employed to characterize the viscous flow of the material, driven by the high-strain rates induced by the FSW process. A mixed temperature–velocity–pressure finite element technology is used to deal with the isochoric nature of the strains. The output of this local analysis is the heat generated either by plastic dissipation or by friction, and it is used as the power input for the welding analysis at structural (global) level. The global problem is tackled within the Lagrangian framework together with a thermo-elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model. In addition, in this case, the mixed temperature–displacement–pressure format is introduced to deal with the deviatoric nature of the plastic strains. The outcomes of this analysis are the distortions and the residual stresses after welding. The material used in this work is stainless steel 304 L; however, the methodology presented is applicable to a wide range of materials. The proposed numerical strategy is validated by the experimental evidence.
Abstract
This work describes the local–global strategy proposed for the computation of residual stresses in friction stir welding (FSW) processes. A coupling strategy between [...]
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Challenges in thermo-mechanical analysis of Friction Stir Welding processes
N. Dialami, M. Chiumenti, M. Cervera, C. Agelet de Saracibar

Archives of Comp. Meths. Engng. (2017). (preprint) Vol. 24 (1), pp. 198-225

Abstract
This paper deals with the numerical simulation of friction stir welding (FSW) processes. FSW techniques are used in many industrial applications and particularly in the aeronautic and aerospace industries, where the quality of the joining is of essential importance. The analysis is focused either at global level, considering the full component to be jointed, or locally, studying more in detail the heat affected zone (HAZ). The analysis at global (structural component) level is performed defining the problem in the Lagrangian setting while, at local level, an apropos kinematic framework which makes use of an efficient combination of Lagrangian (pin), Eulerian (metal sheet) and ALE (stirring zone) descriptions for the different computational sub-domains is introduced for the numerical modeling. As a result, the analysis can deal with complex (non-cylindrical) pin-shapes and the extremely large deformation of the material at the HAZ without requiring any remeshing or remapping tools. A fully coupled thermo-mechanical framework is proposed for the computational modeling of the FSW processes proposed both at local and global level. A staggered algorithm based on an isothermal fractional step method is introduced. To account for the isochoric behavior of the material when the temperature range is close to the melting point or due to the predominant deviatoric deformations induced by the visco-plastic response, a mixed finite element technology is introduced. The Variational Multi Scale method is used to circumvent the LBB stability condition allowing the use of linear/linear P1/P1 interpolations for displacement (or velocity, ALE/Eulerian formulation) and pressure fields, respectively. The same stabilization strategy is adopted to tackle the instabilities of the temperature field, inherent characteristic of convective dominated problems (thermal analysis in ALE/Eulerian kinematic framework). At global level, the material behavior is characterized by a thermo–elasto–viscoplastic constitutive model. The analysis at local level is characterized by a rigid thermo–visco-plastic constitutive model. Different thermally coupled (non-Newtonian) fluid-like models as Norton–Hoff, Carreau or Sheppard–Wright, among others are tested. To better understand the material flow pattern in the stirring zone, a (Lagrangian based) particle tracing is carried out while post-processing FSW results. A coupling strategy between the analysis of the process zone nearby the pin-tool (local level analysis) and the simulation carried out for the entire structure to be welded (global level analysis) is implemented to accurately predict the temperature histories and, thereby, the residual stresses in FSW.
Abstract
This paper deals with the numerical simulation of friction stir welding (FSW) processes. FSW techniques are used in many industrial applications and particularly in the aeronautic [...]
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Agenda
-. EPI

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 138
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Library systems report 2017. Competing visions for technology, openness, and workflow
M. Breeding

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 137

Abstract
The
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Artistic heritage during the Spanish Civil War and the postwar period: Research, cataloging, and digital management of saved art
A. Colorado-Castellary, I. Moreno-Sánchez

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 136

Abstract
This research analyzes and catalogs the thousands of works rescued and deposited in safe places by the Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and checks the destination of these works during the postwar period under the Franco regime. A web site with a narrative and participative database, open and accessible, that would allow analysis, collaboration from other investigators and interested people was created. The objective of this site is to establish the confluence between historic and heritage-oriented inquiry and collaborative and open management to transmit to society the results of a pending investigation. The possibilities offered by the 2.0 semantic web and of artificial intelligence are taken advantage of in order to follow the destinations of the works. Free software is always used, with added algorithms and applications necessary for their optimization. These inputs will also become part of the public domain.
Abstract
This research analyzes and catalogs the thousands of works rescued and deposited in safe places by the Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and checks the destination [...]
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Records in contexts: A new model for the representation of archival information in semantic web scenarios
D. Llanes-Padrón, M. Moro-Cabero

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 135

Abstract
This article studies the main concepts, properties, attributes, and connections included in Records in contexts (RiC), a draft of a new conceptual model for record description by the International Council of Archives (ICA). The analysis shows the new design of representation, access, use, preservation, and interoperability for information-records that this model represents in the environment of the semantic web. The intrinsic advantages of RiC for the integration and compatibility of records information systems with libraries, museums, and other cultural institutions are shown, also highlighting its relevance for distribution, reutilization, and free-use of records’ resources in digital scenarios.
Abstract
This article studies the main concepts, properties, attributes, and connections included in Records in contexts (RiC), a draft of a new conceptual model for record description [...]
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The library and informational competences in the curriculum of students of Sciences, Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Alcalá, Spain
M. Domínguez-Aroca

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 134

Abstract
This paper aims to explain how the libraries in Sciences, Medicine, and Health Sciences at the University of Alcalá (UAH), Spain, have implemented information literacy (IL) in courses from 2010-2011 to 2015-2016, usually as part of the curriculum, including them in most teaching guides. This article discusses the strategy followed, the information available to achieve teacher collaboration, the opportunities offered by the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), the background data, the way IL has been gradually incorporated in various studies, and finally, the obvious advantages in the learning process.
Abstract
This paper aims to explain how the libraries in Sciences, Medicine, and Health Sciences at the University of Alcalá (UAH), Spain, have implemented information literacy (IL) [...]
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Integrated communication 2.0 in municipal administration
C. Campillo-Alhama, A. Martínez-Sala

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 133

Abstract
Municipal communication transcends the simple information about public services, activities, projects, and administrative procedures. Communicative and information strategies in the local context are oriented towards citizens who participate in a shared municipal project in which they are prosumers in the design and development of sectorial strategies linked to public policies. Consequently, city councils must integrate a communication structure that takes advantage of public information from governance, transparency, and proactive citizen participation. Since the first Spanish democratic legislature in 1979 the evolution and adaptation of process and production routines has been justified by the need to shape a positive perception of government action and consolidate their institutional reputation. In this paper an approach to municipal communication, based on the rigid and standardized models of the 80s and 90s, is presented to influence the current revolution that represents the paradigm of communication 2.0, the implementation of the social web in the context of proximity and social media strategy.
Abstract
Municipal communication transcends the simple information about public services, activities, projects, and administrative procedures. Communicative and information strategies [...]
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Integrated communication 2.0 in municipal administration
C. Campillo-Alhama, A. Martínez-Sala

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 132

Abstract
La comunicación municipal trasciende la simple información sobre servicios públicos, actividades, proyectos o trámites administrativos. Las estrategias comunicativas y de información en el contexto local se orientan hacia los ciudadanos para poner en valor un proyecto municipal compartido en el que éstos se implican como prosumidores en el diseño y desarrollo de estrategias sectoriales vinculadas a las políticas públicas. En consecuencia, los ayuntamientos deben integrar en su estructura una dirección de comunicación que asuma la función de información pública desde la gobernanza, la transparencia y la participación ciudadana proactiva. Desde la primera legislatura democrática en 1979 la evolución y adaptación de sus procesos y rutinas productivas se justifica por la necesidad de configurar una percepción positiva de la acción del gobierno y consolidar su reputación institucional. En este trabajo se realiza una aproximación a la dirección de comunicación municipal basada en los modelos rígidos y estandarizados de los años 80 y 90, para incidir en la revolución actual que representa el paradigma de la comunicación 2.0, la implementación de la web social en el contexto de proximidad y la estrategia de medios sociales.Abstract Municipal communication transcends the simple information about public services, activities, projects, and administrative procedures. Communicative and information strategies in the local context are oriented towards citizens who participate in a shared municipal project in which they are prosumers in the design and development of sectorial strategies linked to public policies. Consequently, city councils must integrate a communication structure that takes advantage of public information from governance, transparency, and proactive citizen participation. Since the first Spanish democratic legislature in 1979 the evolution and adaptation of process and production routines has been justified by the need to shape a positive perception of government action and consolidate their institutional reputation. In this paper an approach to municipal communication, based on the rigid and standardized models of the 80s and 90s, is presented to influence the current revolution that represents the paradigm of communication 2.0, the implementation of the social web in the context of proximity and social media strategy.
Abstract
La comunicación municipal trasciende la simple información sobre servicios públicos, actividades, proyectos o trámites administrativos. Las estrategias comunicativas y [...]
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Women journalists in Spain: An analysis of the sociodemographic features of the gender gap”
R. De-Miguel, T. Hanitzsch, S. Parratt, R. Berganza

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 131

Abstract
Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and female journalists in Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of 390 journalists was carried out as part of an international study “Worlds of journalism”. The results show that patterns of female inequality within Spanish media companies are routinely cited in scientific literature (underrepresentation, barriers in their professional careers, and lower salaries than men). The results also confirm the 3R hypothesis (ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum): men hold three quarters of the posts with managerial responsibility and make two thirds of the decisions related to content, in spite of the fact that female journalists have higher levels of academic education and are therefore better trained for journalistic practice. Women are also paid lower salaries and tend to hold positions with a higher editorial responsibility in digital media, where the greatest progress towards equality is shown.
Abstract
Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and female journalists in Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of [...]
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Women journalists in Spain: An analysis of the sociodemographic features of the gender gap
R. De-Miguel, T. Hanitzsch, S. Parratt, R. Berganza

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 130

Abstract
Se analizan las características sociodemográficas y su peso relativo en la brecha de género entre los/as periodistas españoles/ as. Para ello se realizó una encuesta nacional representativa a 390 periodistas dentro del estudio internacional “Worlds of journalism study”. Los resultados muestran que los patrones de desigualdad femenina más citados en la bibliografía científica (infrarrepresentación, barreras en la carrera profesional y salarios inferiores) prevalecen en las empresas de comunicación españolas. También confirman la hipótesis de las 3R (la ratio del Residuo Reforzado Recurrente): los hombres ocupan tres cuartas partes de los cargos de máxima responsabilidad gerencial y dos tercios de los puestos de toma de decisiones sobre contenidos, a pesar de que ellas poseen mayor formación académica y mayor nivel de estudios de capacitación en la práctica del periodismo. Ellas obtienen, además, salarios inferiores y tienden a ocupar cargos de mayor responsabilidad editorial en los medios digitales, donde se observan mayores avances hacia la igualdad.Abstract Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and female journalists in Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of 390 journalists was carried out as part of an international study “Worlds of journalism”. The results show that patterns of female inequality within Spanish media companies are routinely cited in scientific literature (underrepresentation, barriers in their professional careers, and lower salaries than men). The results also confirm the 3R hypothesis (ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum): men hold three quarters of the posts with managerial responsibility and make two thirds of the decisions related to content, in spite of the fact that female journalists have higher levels of academic education and are therefore better trained for journalistic practice. Women are also paid lower salaries and tend to hold positions with a higher editorial responsibility in digital media, where the greatest progress towards equality is shown.
Abstract
Se analizan las características sociodemográficas y su peso relativo en la brecha de género entre los/as periodistas españoles/ as. Para ello se realizó una encuesta [...]
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Probability of paying for digital news in Spain
M. Goyanes, A. Vara-Miguel

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 129

Abstract
The probability of paying for a digital newspaper in Spain is analyzed. Using a survey of a representative sample of 2,104 Spanish adults, we show, in general terms, the lack of people willing to pay for digital information. In addition, through a logistic regression analysis, we explore which factors affect this probability and discuss the main practical implications of developing paid-content strategies in the newspaper industry.
Abstract
The probability of paying for a digital newspaper in Spain is analyzed. Using a survey of a representative sample of 2,104 Spanish adults, we show, in general terms, the lack [...]
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Being metric-wise: Heterogeneity in bibliometric knowledge
S. Rousseau, R. Rousseau

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 128

Abstract
Aunque las prácticas generales de publicación difieren claramente entre las disciplinas, el conocimiento sobre los indicadores cienciométricos también puede variar considerablemente. La heterogeneidad observada en el conocimiento bibliométrico nos inspiró a definir el concepto de ‘sabiduría-métrica’ para los investigadores. Ser métrico-sabio puede representar una ventaja para los investigadores expertos sobre los colegas desinformados. Identificamos dos caminos a través de los cuales el conocimiento de las métricas puede desempeñar un papel y conducir a cambios de comportamiento en el proceso de investigación. Como primer camino, tales conocimientos pueden ser vistos como una herramienta adicional, útil en la presentación de informes de investigación. El segundo camino es más ambiguo y tiene algunos aspectos indeseables, que posiblemente hagan disminuir los factores motivacionales intrínsecos para investigar. La innovación y la investigación innovadora se ralentizan si se produce un excesivo desplazamiento de la atención hacia los indicadores cientométricos. Proponemos un enfoque para medir realmente la sabiduría métrica. Abstract While general publication practices clearly differ between disciplines, knowledge about scientometric indicators can also greatly vary. The observed heterogeneity in bibliometric knowledge inspired us to define the concept of ‘metric-wiseness’ for researchers. Being metric-wise can lead to an advantage for knowledgeable researchers over uninformed colleagues, even when they are of otherwise equal competence. We identify two paths through which metric-wiseness can play a role and lead to behavioural changes in the research process. As a first path, metric-wiseness can be seen as an additional tool that is useful in reporting one’s research portfolio. A second one is more ambiguous and has some undesirable aspects, possibly diminishing intrinsic motivational factors for doing research. Innovation and innovative research slows down if crowding out happens due to an excessive attention to scientometric indicators. We propose an approach to actually measure metric-wiseness.
Abstract
Aunque las prácticas generales de publicación difieren claramente entre las disciplinas, el conocimiento sobre los indicadores cienciométricos también puede variar considerablemente. [...]
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Scientific information discovery: Still a vision and a mission of the academic library?
B. Rodríguez-Bravo, M. Simões, M. Vieira-de-Freitas, J. Frías

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 127

Abstract
Access to quality content is key to research and one of the core values that scholars assign to the library. Bibliographic data play a fundamental role in university libraries, which devote abundant resources to obtaining and hosting them for access. This study investigates where and how bibliographic information is discovered, and highlights the role of search engines, databases, repositories, and web-scale discovery services in that process. The effort that libraries have made in implementing these services seems to have paid off in relation to the increase in the use of collections. However, Google remains the top option for discovering scientific information. This is a review study, based on the analysis of original research and results from recent reports.
Abstract
Access to quality content is key to research and one of the core values that scholars assign to the library. Bibliographic data play a fundamental role in university libraries, [...]
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Older people and smartwatches, initial experiences
A. Rosales, M. Fernández-Ardèvol, F. Comunello, S. Mulargia, N. Ferran-Ferrer

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 126

Abstract
Las tecnologías wearables, como los smartwatches (relojes inteligentes), se han visto como una oportunidad para resolver problemas, a menudo relacionados con las personas mayores (55+), tales como manejo de emergencias, falta de actividad física, y soledad. Sin embargo poco se sabe sobre en qué medida tales personas apropiarían estos dispositivos. Dotamos a 11 personas mayores con relojes inteligentes y seguimos sus primeras experiencia principalmente con dos entrevistas. De acuerdo con los resultados, las experiencias previas con otras tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, y las actitudes positivas hacia la tecnología fueron fundamentales para una primera apropiación de la nueva tecnología, y para superar los primeros problemas. Además el uso estuvo muy relacionado con las expectativas y los hábitos personales. Los participantes usaron los relojes en forma similar a la descrita en estudios previos con adultos (18-64), que incluye el manejo de notificaciones y los sistemas para seguimiento deportivo. El reloj proveía a la mayoría de los participantes un status social (asociado a ser guay, snob o joven), y creaba oportunidades o preocupaciones sobre el estilo personal.Abstract While wearable technologies, such as smartwatches, are seen as an opportunity to solve some problems often related to older people (65+), e.g. emergencies, physical activity, or isolation, little is known about how older people would domesticate such new technologies. In this study we provided eleven older individuals with smartwatches and tracked their expectations and initial experiences using two interviews. According to our preliminary findings, previous experience with ICTs along with optimistic attitudes toward technology were key to initial domestication of the new technology and overcoming initial problems. Moreover, use was closely related to expectations and personal habits. Participants in this study used smartwatches in similar ways to to those described in previous studies with adults (18–64), including managing notifications and sports’ tracking. Additionally, users reported that the smartwatch provided a boost in social status (associated with attributes such as cool, snobbish, young) and created some fashion opportunities and/or concerns.
Abstract
Las tecnologías wearables, como los smartwatches (relojes inteligentes), se han visto como una oportunidad para resolver problemas, a menudo relacionados con las personas [...]
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Methodology of digital preservation audits with NDSA Levels
M. Térmens, D. Leija

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 125

Abstract
NDSA Levels is a methodology created by the National Digital Stewardship Alliance (NDSA) at the United States to assess the level of digital preservation of a particular institution. Results of its application in 8 public and private organizations in Spain, Mexico, Brazil and Switzerland are presented. From this experience it is concluded that the NDSA Levels methodology is easy to apply and that its application besides alerting about the aspects not yet implemented, provides guidance on the technical actions that should be undertaken in the future within a preservation plan.
Abstract
NDSA Levels is a methodology created by the National Digital Stewardship Alliance (NDSA) at the United States to assess the level of digital preservation of a particular institution. [...]
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Solidarity and digital transparency. Websites and social networks of the Spanish social action NGOs
X. Baamonde-Silva, S. García-Mirón, X. Martínez-Rolán

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 124

Abstract
The economic crisis has led to a drastic reduction in the funding granted by the public administrations to NGOs, which have also lost part of the social trust that they have enjoyed for decades. But there is another way to contribute more funding and legitimacy to these organizations, and this way is based on transparency and accountability. This research aims to determine if the Third Sector of Social Action (TSAS) is encouraging the participation of new digital citizens through public information based on the accountability and the transparency culture. For this purpose, we performed a content analysis on the social networks used by these entities in order to determine if they had taken advantage of the opportunities to be accountable for their activities, which can result in greater citizen participation and involvement in solidarity action.
Abstract
The economic crisis has led to a drastic reduction in the funding granted by the public administrations to NGOs, which have also lost part of the social trust that they have [...]
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The use of social networks by parliaments as an instrument of political participation. A case study of Europe and Latin America
S. Giraldo-Luque, I. Villegas-Simón

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 123

Abstract
Social networks are considered one of the most important developments of the Internet. They are also seen as spaces for social movements in which the channels of information, debate, and participation merge. Using content analysis this article explores social media as an instrument to motivate political participation by citizens from ten countries. Based on the political action axes (Vedel, 2007), a content analysis is conducted to compare the following factors between two years (2010 and 2015): the type of open social networks used, the evolution of their use and potential to generate information, and deliberative and participative processes. The outcomes show that parliaments of the analyzed countries use social media tools to communicate their activities and news. However, they don’t use them as a deliberative and participative scenario integrated into the political decision process.
Abstract
Social networks are considered one of the most important developments of the Internet. They are also seen as spaces for social movements in which the channels of information, [...]
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Public sector transparency through online press rooms. Management of collective resources and information on city websites of Castile and León, Spain
F. Herrero-Gutiérrez, F. Martínez-Vallvey, A. Tapia-Frade, P. Rey-García, F. Cabezuelo-Lorenzo

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 122

Abstract
This research focuses on the transparency of the public websites of the main cities of the region of Castilla y Leon (Spain). Taking as a sample the 24 towns with more than 10,000 inhabitants, this article presents the results related to management and information about the collective resources and the issues concerning the online press room. Using a fully proven methodology developed by a larger project titled Infoparticipa Map, a particularly relevant group of results are achieved. On the one hand, information about the composition of the governing bodies is widely available, with differences between the most and least populated towns. But on the other hand, the performance of municipal power in the region is focused on the publication of general news and concessions
Abstract
This research focuses on the transparency of the public websites of the main cities of the region of Castilla y Leon (Spain). Taking as a sample the 24 towns with more than [...]
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Breaking news? Journalistic criteria in the publication of news on Spanish municipal websites (2011-2016)
J. Manfredi-Sánchez, M. Corcoy-Rius, J. Herranz-de-la-Casa

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 121

Abstract
Spanish legislation includes the obligation to publish information, making it available to citizens, in order to improve public management. However, such information is not created using journalistic criteria, but rather political control. This study of news published by six city councils on their websites between 2011 and 2016 shows that the current legislation has improved the number of public information items (raw data material), but not the quality of the news. It also highlights the lack of innovation in the use of social networks to promote citizen participation with information.
Abstract
Spanish legislation includes the obligation to publish information, making it available to citizens, in order to improve public management. However, such information is not [...]
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City councils online political communication through their websites. Case of Extremadura, Spain
M. Fernández-Falero, J. Trabadela-Robles, I. Garcés-Botacio, S. Ruano-López

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 120

Abstract
Since the entry into force of the Law on transparency and good governance, city councils have had an obligation to fulfill the criteria and principles included therein. In this context of demanding better political communication from the authorities, a study of the communication on the websites of Extremadura’s city councils, representing more than 7,000 inhabitants, was carried out in the years 2015 and 2016. An analysis model, with 52 indicators grouped into five groups, was applied. This research presents and discusses the most interesting results and conclusions related to the online political communication of these city councils.
Abstract
Since the entry into force of the Law on transparency and good governance, city councils have had an obligation to fulfill the criteria and principles included therein. In [...]
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Analysis and categorization of the open data of Spanish municipal libraries: metadata, interoperability, and proposal for the opening and reuse
D. Maseda-Seco, G. Bueno-de-la-Fuente, E. Méndez

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 119

Abstract
The current situation of open data at local public libraries in Spain is analyzed as a part of public sector information. This article extracts information from data portals at the city level that include datasets produced by public libraries. These datasets are categorized by type of data (offer/demand of services and infrastructures). Three libraries that expose datasets about activities (A Coruña, Madrid and Las Palmas) are selected in order to compare properties, attributes, and metadata used to describe these datasets, analyzing their potential interoperability from the mapping of applicable existing vocabularies. This article also proposes a prioritization of the publication of more interoperable datasets and a brief initial review of the legal and regulatory context for the opening of public sector data in Spain.
Abstract
The current situation of open data at local public libraries in Spain is analyzed as a part of public sector information. This article extracts information from data portals [...]
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Access to and reuse of public information in Spanish regions: evaluation of open data reuse
A. Vicente-Paños, A. Jordán-Alfonso

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 118

Abstract
The situation of access to public sector information and its reuse in Spanish regions is analyzed. For this purpose, it was used Meloda, a metric to assess open data reuse published on open data portals. Furthermore, the correlation between the number of datasets available on open data portals, the International Transparency Index of Spanish regions, and the Meloda average for each Spanish region are studied. 2,165 datasets have been examined. 95.15% of data published by Spanish regions on open data portals is optimum for reuse, or suitable for reuse but with some improvement needed. The public bodies which are leading this process are those of Aragón, Cataluña, Comunidad Foral de Navarra and País Vasco.
Abstract
The situation of access to public sector information and its reuse in Spanish regions is analyzed. For this purpose, it was used Meloda, a metric to assess open data reuse [...]
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The impact of legislation on the transparency in information published by local administrations
A. Moreno-Sardà, P. Molina-Rodríguez-Navas, N. Simelio-Solà

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 117

Abstract
The Infoparticipa methodology was introduced in 2012 to achieve improvements in the transparency of public administration in Spain, supplementing the lack of legislation in this regard. In 2015, the evaluation indicators were adapted, taking into account the obligations regulated by the Spanish and Catalan transparency laws. The entry into force of both laws in December 2015 should have achieved a change in the quantity and quality of information that local public administrations publish on their websites. However, the data corresponding to the evaluations of the municipalities of Catalonia in 2015 and 2016 do not provide evidence in favour of this hypothesis. Although the last assessment is more demanding, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the comparison of the results shows that despite the time granted to municipalities to adjust to the law, the information they provide to citizens is still insufficient in many cases.
Abstract
The Infoparticipa methodology was introduced in 2012 to achieve improvements in the transparency of public administration in Spain, supplementing the lack of legislation in [...]
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Transparency in citizen participation tools and public information: A comparative study of the Spanish city councils’ websites
M. Rebolledo, R. Zamora-Medina, J. Rodríguez-Virgili

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 116

Abstract
La comunicación es clave para que las instituciones recuperen la confianza y credibilidad de los ciudadanos. En este sentido, la gestión de la transparencia y la promoción de la participación ciudadana online son dos aspectos esenciales. Tras la entrada en vigor a nivel local en diciembre de 2015 de la Ley 19/2013 de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno, los ayuntamientos de España están obligados a publicar de forma clara y comprensible toda la información pública en sus sitios web. Este requisito convierte a las administraciones locales españolas en un interesante caso de estudio para evaluar los esfuerzos de mejora en la relación con sus ciudadanos. De ahí que el objetivo de este estudio sea medir el nivel de transparencia en las herramientas de información pública y participación. Para ello se compara una muestra representativa de los sitios web de ayuntamientos con más de 10.000 habitantes (N =394) utilizando un conjunto de indicadores específicos para el análisis de contenido. Los resultados indican un nivel de transparencia muy bajo así como importantes carencias y deficiencias relacionadas con los recursos de participación online. AbstractCommunication is indispensable for institutions in regaining trust and credibility among citizens. In this context, transparency management and the promotion of citizen participation online are essential. After December 2015, when the Spanish transparency law 19/2013 was fully in force at the local level, all local municipalities were required to show all the public information on their websites published in a clear and understandable way. This requirement turns the Spanish local administrations into an interesting case study to assess efforts to improve their relationships with their citizens; hence this research aims to measure the Spanish transparency level on public information and participation. For that purpose, a set of indicators were used to analyze the content of those websites that corresponded to a representative sample of municipalities with 10,000 or more inhabitants (N=394). Findings pointed to a very low transparency level and major deficiencies related to online engagement with resources that are required by law.
Abstract
La comunicación es clave para que las instituciones recuperen la confianza y credibilidad de los ciudadanos. En este sentido, la gestión de la transparencia y la promoción [...]
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Horizons of public information
J. Manfredi-Sánchez

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (3), 115

Abstract
Public information, including the right to know and the right to transparency, is one of the main topics in academic research and professional development. It is usually analyzed on three epistemological levels: constitutional, governance, and media citizenship. It is thought-provoking to the extent that we find a strong tension between transparency and confidentiality, when rebuilding trust in the public sphere. Using this information we can predict new areas of work, such as the quality data processes, literacy, integrity, and traceability of such data and the emergence of new professions in public communications.
Abstract
Public information, including the right to know and the right to transparency, is one of the main topics in academic research and professional development. It is usually analyzed [...]
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Agenda
-. EPI

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 114

Abstract
Jornadas,
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The Potter box model of moral reasoning
M. Franquet-Santos-Silva, C. Ventura-Morujão

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 113

Abstract
El artículo cuestiona la efectividad del modelo de razonamiento ético de la Potter box en cuanto a su aplicación a dilemas de ética de la información. No obstante su importancia para fomentar el debate racional sobre ética aplicada, este modelo, como probablemente todos los modelos de razonamiento ético, es incapaz de determinar la teoría moral que mejor podría justificar el curso de acción justo en los casos más dilemáticos. A partir de varios ejemplos presentados en Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning (Christians et al., 2005), mostraremos que las decisiones morales, en última instancia, radican en lo que Paul Ricoeur llama “convicción”. Ninguna solución para dilemas éticos puede ser encontrada a priori. Ese es el drama de la acción. Abstract This article questions the effectiveness of the Potter box model of moral reasoning when applied to information ethical dilemmas. Though its importance in feeding the desirable rational debate on ethical problems, this model, and probably all models, fails in the most problematic cases to solve the question of which theory best fits to a particular situation. With the help of some examples provided in Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning (Christians et al., 2005), we will seek to demonstrate that ultimately decisions are grounded in what Paul Ricoeur calls “conviction”. No solutions to ethical dilemmas can be found a priori. That is the drama of action.
Abstract
El artículo cuestiona la efectividad del modelo de razonamiento ético de la Potter box en cuanto a su aplicación a dilemas de ética de la información. No obstante su [...]
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Innovations in mobile interface design: Affordances and risks
A. Serrano-Tellería

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 112

Abstract
La ecología de los medios móviles ha generado parámetros fluidos para configurar la comunicación online, alterando, principalmente, la dimensión espacial y temporal y, como resultado, la delimitación en las dicotomías de las esferas pública, privada, íntima y personal. Debido a esta ecología líquida de los medios, llena de potencialidades y riesgos, la Academia ha profundizado en las principales áreas de tensión con las que lidiar: creación del perfil, identidad digital, diferentes tipos de redes sociales, los datos masivos y la huella digital. Como resultado de las conclusiones obtenidas en el proyecto Feder de la UE, Public and private in mobile communications (2013-2015), proponemos acordar un código ético internacional para el diseño de interfaces de aplicaciones, webs y plataformas, así como, específicamente, para los dispositivos móviles debido a sus desafiantes, intrínsecos y específicos rasgos y características. Abstract Mobile media ecology has raised fluid parameters to configure online communication, mainly altering space and time dimensions and, as a consequence of the alteration, the delimitation of the public, private, intimate, and personal spheres dichotomies. Due to this liquid media ecology, full of affordances and risks, Academy has delved into the main areas of tension to be dealt with: the creation of the profile, the digital identity, the different kinds of social media networks, big data, and the digital path. As a result of conclusions obtained from the EU Feder project, Public and private in mobile communications (2013-2015), we propose an international ethics code for the interface design of apps, webs, and platforms for mobile devices due to their challenging, intrinsic, and specific features and characteristics.
Abstract
La ecología de los medios móviles ha generado parámetros fluidos para configurar la comunicación online, alterando, principalmente, la dimensión espacial y temporal y, [...]
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Advertising ethics in Mexico
C. García-Calderón

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 111

Abstract
The regulation of advertising throughout the world ranges from almost total restriction, prohibitions on certain products, limitation of hours or use of some media, to extensive permissiveness with self-regulatory ethical codes or standards established by the publishers or advertisers themselves. This paper discusses advertising organizations in Mexico, and how they evolved from trying to be recognized to the constitution as pressure group with international alliances that are fighting against the promulgation of government regulations and looking for industry self-regulation.
Abstract
The regulation of advertising throughout the world ranges from almost total restriction, prohibitions on certain products, limitation of hours or use of some media, to extensive [...]
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The problem of the right to be forgotten from the perspective of self-regulation in journalism
M. Santín

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 110

Abstract
The development of online journalism has facilitated easy access to newspapers’ archives by the general public. On occasion this has generated problems for people who have appeared in the news and now have to deal with events from their past life. The management of the right to be forgotten goes beyond the judicial realm, and takes on an ethical component. In this study, we investigate how journalistic institutions act in respect to the right to be forgotten, paying particular attention to those European media which have stated their position regarding the issue. The initiatives are few and the debate appears to have been relegated to an internal problem within each medium.
Abstract
The development of online journalism has facilitated easy access to newspapers’ archives by the general public. On occasion this has generated problems for people who have [...]
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The problem of the right to be forgotten from the perspective of self-regulation in journalism
M. Santín

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 109

Abstract
El desarrollo del periodismo en la Web ha facilitado el acceso a los archivos de los diarios, generando en ocasiones, a los protagonistas de las noticias la dificultad de superar pasajes de su vida que quedaron reflejados en la prensa. La gestión del derecho al olvido excede al ámbito jurídico y adquiere un componente ético. En este trabajo indagamos en las actuaciones que desde esa perspectiva están llevando a cabo las instituciones periodísticas, prestando atención a aquellos medios europeos de referencia que han fijado públicamente su postura sobre esta materia. Las iniciativas son muy escasas y el debate incipiente parece haber quedado relegado a un problema interno de cada medio. Abstract The development of online journalism has facilitated easy access to newspapers’ archives by the general public. On occasion this has generated problems for people who have appeared in the news and now have to deal with events from their past life. The management of the right to be forgotten goes beyond the judicial realm, and takes on an ethical component. In this study, we investigate how journalistic institutions act in respect to the right to be forgotten, paying particular attention to those European media which have stated their position regarding the issue. The initiatives are few and the debate appears to have been relegated to an internal problem within each medium.
Abstract
El desarrollo del periodismo en la Web ha facilitado el acceso a los archivos de los diarios, generando en ocasiones, a los protagonistas de las noticias la dificultad de [...]
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Taxonomy of personal health information to ensure the privacy of individuals
A. Lozoya-de-Diego, M. Villalba-de-Benito, M. Arias-Pou

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 108

Abstract
The growth of the internet of things, along with its ability to store large amounts of user data, is a new challenge to individual privacy. Medical data is necessary for professionals, but these data have to be protected (PHI, Protected Health Information) and anonymized. In order to move towards a model of personal health information in Spain, a systematic review of the data protection legislation at an international level, as well as other related work, was carried out. Later, with the help of stakeholders, qualitative and quantitative methodologies were applied in order to obtain medical attributes classified according to their relationship. Interesting conclusions about the importance given by professionals to clinical attributes are described.
Abstract
The growth of the internet of things, along with its ability to store large amounts of user data, is a new challenge to individual privacy. Medical data is necessary for professionals, [...]
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Big social data: Some limitations of notice and choice for privacy protection
S. Suárez-Gonzalo

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 107

Abstract
Big data challenges personal data protection (Boyd, 2012). This paper is a contribution to the debate about the validity of the privacy self-management paradigm prevailing in western countries. I point out some limitations of the model notice and choice in which that paradigm is based in relation to the logic of big data processing. I also analyze the alternative model proposed by Solove (2013), to explain why it is not essentially different from notice and choice model. Finally, I expound on the necessity of developing a model which could be coherent with the logic of big data and its impact in privacy, both individual and collective.
Abstract
Big data challenges personal data protection (Boyd, 2012). This paper is a contribution to the debate about the validity of the privacy self-management paradigm prevailing [...]
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The newsroom: The use of a television series for the ethical training of future information professionals
M. Nicolás-Gavilán, S. Galbán-Lorenzo, C. Ortega-Barba

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 106

Abstract
How can we foster ethical professional behavior in communication students? In order to answer this question, this article describes how a TV series was used in university teaching as a learning tool. This article consists of three sections: first, university teaching is presented as the context and professional ethics as the curricular space where the proposal is developed; second, we show why the use of TV dramas, besides motivating student interest, facilitates the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and ethical attitudes; third, we describe the use of a TV series, The newsroom, in the classroom and some testimonies that demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy for the understanding of the subject content.
Abstract
How can we foster ethical professional behavior in communication students? In order to answer this question, this article describes how a TV series was used in university [...]
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From ethical codes to ethical auditing: An ethical infrastructure for social responsibility communication
D. García-Marzá

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 105

Abstract
Organizations’ communication and social responsibility have been conceived and used as two completely separate areas, whose relationship is merely instrumental. This has led to a current lack of trust in the mechanisms and procedures of corporate social responsibility information. This article proposes an ethics of communication that defines how to ethically manage corporate social responsibility communication which is capable of specifying the relationships that link ethics, communication, and responsibility. The objective is to present the basic traits of new codes of ethics generation that include both compliance measures and their external verification by ethical auditing. The proposal is important because it establishes an ethical infrastructure from which to recover trust in corporate social responsibility communication. The employed methodology is reconstruction, based on Habermas’ Theory of Communicative Action, and also transparency and participation claims that result from discourse ethics.
Abstract
Organizations’ communication and social responsibility have been conceived and used as two completely separate areas, whose relationship is merely instrumental. This has [...]
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From ethical codes to ethical auditing: An ethical infrastructure for social responsibility communication
D. García-Marzá

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 104

Abstract
La comunicación y la responsabilidad social de las organizaciones se han concebido y utilizado como dos ámbitos separados, cuya relación sólo es instrumental. El resultado ha sido la actual desconfianza hacia los mecanismos y procedimientos de información de la responsabilidad social. Este artículo propone apoyarse en una ética de la comunicación para, desde ahí, definir las bases para una gestión ética de la comunicación de la responsabilidad social capaz de explicitar la relación entre ética, comunicación y responsabilidad. El objetivo es exponer los rasgos básicos de una nueva generación de códigos de ética que incluyan tanto las medidas de su cumplimiento como su verificación externa a través de una auditoría ética. La importancia de esta propuesta deriva de la necesidad de establecer una infraestructura ética desde la que recuperar la confianza en la comunicación de la responsabilidad social. La metodología utilizada es de corte reconstructivo y se basa en la teoría de la acción comunicativa de Habermas y en las pretensiones de transparencia y participación derivadas de la ética discursiva. AbstractOrganizations’ communication and social responsibility have been conceived and used as two completely separate areas, whose relationship is merely instrumental. This has led to a current lack of trust in the mechanisms and procedures of corporate social responsibility information. This article proposes an ethics of communication that defines how to ethically manage corporate social responsibility communication which is capable of specifying the relationships that link ethics, communication, and responsibility. The objective is to present the basic traits of new codes of ethics generation that include both compliance measures and their external verification by ethical auditing. The proposal is important because it establishes an ethical infrastructure from which to recover trust in corporate social responsibility communication. The employed methodology is reconstruction, based on Habermas’ Theory of Communicative Action, and also transparency and participation claims that result from discourse ethics.
Abstract
La comunicación y la responsabilidad social de las organizaciones se han concebido y utilizado como dos ámbitos separados, cuya relación sólo es instrumental. El resultado [...]
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Media accountability instruments in Spain. Comparative analysis in Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid and Valencia
R. Rodríguez-Martínez, A. López-Meri, A. Merino-Arribas, M. Mauri-Ríos

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 103

Abstract
The existence or lack of media accountability instruments in Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid, and Valencia is described. Among the 60 instruments analyzed are journalists associations and unions, press councils, codes of ethics, regulatory authorities, laws regulating the media, online media criticism by journalists bloggers, blogs about media written by members of the public, and viewers associations. A comparative perspective allows us to identify the status of these instruments in the areas studied, including their similarities and differences, and determine which ones are more consolidated within the studied media context.
Abstract
The existence or lack of media accountability instruments in Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid, and Valencia is described. Among the 60 instruments analyzed are journalists associations [...]
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Deontological guidelines for digital journalism
J. Cruz-Álvarez, J. Suárez-Villegas

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 102

Abstract
The tendency towards the instantaneity of information, due in part to the irruption of social networks into journalistic discourse, has had a direct impact on the quality and ethical considerations of professional practice. Closely related to this phenomenon is the participation of the audiences in configuring the news, posing new challenges to the profession that require measures and skills that cannot always be sought in classic codes of ethics. New principles are, therefore, needed to guide daily practice. In this article a decalogue of deontological guidelines applicable to professional work in digital journalism is proposed.
Abstract
The tendency towards the instantaneity of information, due in part to the irruption of social networks into journalistic discourse, has had a direct impact on the quality [...]
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Creative crowds. Crowdsourcing as a model for collective audiovisual production in the filmmaking field
A. Roig, J. Sánchez-Navarro, T. Leivobitz

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 101

Abstract
In the contemporary audiovisual landscape, several projects stand out through innovative production initiatives based on the open and non-formal engagement of collectives, eager to contribute in some way to the project as a whole. One of the most popular examples of this form of collaboration, based on the notion of the crowd, is crowdsourcing. The aim of this paper is to study the limits and particularities of this concept in the audiovisual field, and, specifically, in digital film production. After a theoretical discussion on the evolution of the concept and its relationship with other alternative models of collective creation, peer-based creative communities or co-creation, we will carry out an analysis of a set of relevant cases of film production that, in one way or another, have taken crowdsourcing as a referent. Through analysis we will observe a series of particularities that lead us to suggest a reconsideration and flexibilization of some of the key features that tend to conform to the traditional conceptualization of crowdsourcing as a production model oriented to the creative labor of crowds.
Abstract
In the contemporary audiovisual landscape, several projects stand out through innovative production initiatives based on the open and non-formal engagement of collectives, [...]
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Interactive and participatory elements in the virtual press rooms of IBEX 35 companies
P. Durántez-Stolle

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 100

Abstract
Corporate pressrooms, as informative sources for mass media and society, are facing the challenge of accepting the role of prosumers in the interactive and participatory web 2.0 context. In this paper we analyze online pressrooms and propose a five-level classification of the tools offered to users, from the lowest to the highest possibility of participation. After doing the analysis of the most important Spanish companies, we make suggestions in order to move towards a transparent and collaborative model of online pressrooms.
Abstract
Corporate pressrooms, as informative sources for mass media and society, are facing the challenge of accepting the role of prosumers in the interactive and participatory web [...]
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Communication studies research within Spanish universities spanning the years 2007 to 2014
C. Caffarel-Serra, F. Ortega-Mohedano, J. Gaitán-Moya

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 99

Abstract
This article presents the results of a national research project, MapCom: “The research structure on the social practices of Communication in Spain. Map of projects, groups, lines, objects of study and methods.” (Reference code CSO2013-47933- C4-1P). This project was funded by the Research Excellence Program at the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness in Spain, spanning the period of 2013 to 2016. We present the results obtained in Area I (Center) using a representative sample of doctoral theses and of all Spanish research projects in the areas of social sciences and humanities whose object of study comprised any socially relevant dimension of the practices of “Communication” between the 1st of January 2007 to the 31st of October 2014, undertaken within Spanish universities. We contextualize by using a comparative analysis of research in social sciences and humanities in Spain. The analysis concludes with the finding of similarities between the objects of study, but also of the differences between the investigations’ objectives when we compare doctoral theses and R&D projects.
Abstract
This article presents the results of a national research project, MapCom: “The research structure on the social practices of Communication in Spain. Map of projects, groups, [...]
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Migrant minorities in Europe: The expulsion of Romani people by Italy and France (2008 and 2010) in the Spanish newspapers
J. Oleaque-Moreno

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 98

Abstract
This paper aims to examine the treatment of gypsies in the Spanish press during their expulsion from Italy and France in 2008 and 2010, under the governments of Sarkozy and Berlusconi, because Spain was considered a potential receiving territory of this migrant minority. For the study, the newspapers El país, ABC, and La vanguardia were selected. The interest in this case is that it can be considered an antecedent to the tensions that the arrival of refugees in recent years have generated. The methods used were the quantitative analysis of the linguistic corpus in 474 texts and a critical analysis of the discourse in a selection of the sample. The results show an association of the migrant minority with controversy and marginalization, and that the treatment moves away from the guidelines drawn by the style books of the newspapers taken into consideration.
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the treatment of gypsies in the Spanish press during their expulsion from Italy and France in 2008 and 2010, under the governments of Sarkozy and [...]
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Ethical implications of digital advertising automation: The case of programmatic advertising in Spain
I. Martínez-Martínez, J. Aguado, Y. Boeykens

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 97

Abstract
Ineffective traditional advertising planning methods, the growing advertising saturation of digital media, and the disrupting influence of the digital players in the advertising sector have created a need for new methods and tools for advertising in today’s ubiquitous Internet. Programmatic advertising is currently considered one of the most efficient forms of automation in the new online advertising environment and is excelling in major advertising markets like the US and United Kingdom. In Spain, however, there are still some important unaddressed questions regarding the level of implementation on a national and regional scale and the ethical implications derived from the implementation of this new technology. To address these points we have carried out qualitative research using a panel of experts with relevant background on the use of programmatic buying technology on a daily basis. The results stress the need for adapting capabilities in a rapidly evolving advertising sector, in which new technologies give rise to new complex processes with important ethical and reputational implications. We have identified a major contradiction between professionals’ views and users’ perceptions; the responsible use of these tools and the ability to identify the consequences of them appear to be a professional and functional challenge.
Abstract
Ineffective traditional advertising planning methods, the growing advertising saturation of digital media, and the disrupting influence of the digital players in the advertising [...]
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Ethical implications of digital advertising automation: The case of programmatic advertising in Spain
I. Martínez-Martínez, J. Aguado, Y. Boeykens

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 96

Abstract
La falta de eficacia de los métodos tradicionales de planificación en la publicidad tradicional, la creciente saturación publicitaria de los medios digitales y la influencia transformadora de los actores digitales en el sector han motivado la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos métodos y herramientas de publicidad para explotar de forma viable los recursos digitales que ofrece la Internet ubicua. La publicidad programática es actualmente considerada una de las formas más eficientes de automatización en este nuevo entorno de la publicidad digital, destacando su implantación en mercados publicitarios como los de EUA y Reino Unido. En el caso de España quedan aún importantes cuestiones por dilucidar, especialmente en lo relativo al grado de implementación tanto a escala nacional como regional y a las implicaciones éticas derivadas de la implementación de esta tecnología. Para arrojar luz sobre estos interrogantes hemos desarrollado una investigación cualitativa en un panel sobre una muestra de expertos con experiencia contrastada en el uso cotidiano profesional de esta tecnología. Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de capacidades de adaptación en un entorno rápidamente cambiante como el de la publicidad online, en el que las tecnologías posibilitan nuevos procesos con importantes implicaciones éticas y de reputación. A partir de la delimitación de una contradicción relevante entre las percepciones de los profesionales y los usuarios, el uso responsable de estas herramientas y la capacidad de observar las consecuencias derivadas de este uso se perfilan como un importante desafío profesional y funcional. Abstract Ineffective traditional advertising planning methods, the growing advertising saturation of digital media, and the disrupting influence of the digital players in the advertising sector have created a need for new methods and tools for advertising in today’s ubiquitous Internet. Programmatic advertising is currently considered one of the most efficient forms of automation the new online advertising environment and is excelling in major advertising markets like the US and United Kingdom. In Spain, however, there are still some important unaddressed questions regarding the level of implementation on a national and regional scale and the ethical implications derived from the implementation of this new technology. To address these points we have carried out qualitative research using a panel of experts with relevant background on the use of programmatic buying technology on a daily basis. The results stress the need for adapting capabilities in a rapidly evolving advertising sector, in which new technologies give rise to new complex processes with important ethical and reputational implications. We have identified a major contradiction between professionals’ views and users’ perceptions; the responsible use of these tools and the ability to identify the consequences of them appear to be a professional and functional challenge.
Abstract
La falta de eficacia de los métodos tradicionales de planificación en la publicidad tradicional, la creciente saturación publicitaria de los medios digitales y la influencia [...]
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The advertising self-regulation system: From ethical commitment to effective control over advertising in Spain
S. Vilajoana-Alejandre, J. Rom-Rodríguez

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 95

Abstract
Advertising is a traditionally questioned activity, not only from the ethical point of view, but also legal. This article analyzes the ethical commitment of the advertising industry through the study of the characteristics and activity of Autocontrol, the Spanish advertising self-regulation system, and by means of in-depth interviews to directors of the main advertising agencies operating in Spain. The results of the research show significant ethical commitment from advertising professionals and the relevant activity of Autocontrol; most of the advertising disseminated in Spain has been subject to a previous ethical review through the service of Copy Advise®.
Abstract
Advertising is a traditionally questioned activity, not only from the ethical point of view, but also legal. This article analyzes the ethical commitment of the advertising [...]
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Self-regulation of communication: Analysis of the first hundreds resolution of the FAPE’s Arbitration, Complaints and Deontology Commission
H. Aznar, J. Serrano-Moreno

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 94

Abstract
Self-regulation has received scarce attention in Spain in both the professional arena, where its practical utility is not valued, and also in the academic world. The situation has improved in recent years and should continue, given the role that selfregulation plays in complex societies. Academic research must: critically analyze the work of self-regulation mechanisms and disseminate that research among the expert community and future professionals. In addition to presenting these ideas in detail, this article describes the findings of an analysis of the first hundred decisions of the FAPE’s Arbitration, Complaints and Deontology Commission, drawing conclusions about the work of this agency of self-regulation.
Abstract
Self-regulation has received scarce attention in Spain in both the professional arena, where its practical utility is not valued, and also in the academic world. The situation [...]
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Sensationalism or public service in the information on missing children
A. Carratalá, D. Palau-Sampio

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 93

Abstract
Missing children pose to journalists the challenge of reporting on facts that offer high human interest, but this requires rigor and caution. Media coverage can exploit the emotional components of the event in order to increase the audience or it can cooperate with the investigation by facilitating citizen collaboration and avoiding speculation. This paper examines the key features in this kind of news and information for this article is drawn from the study of four Spanish newspapers’ (El país, ABC, La vanguardia, and El periódico) coverage about the 15 missing cases reported in the SOS Desaparecidos association’s website –which all occurred between 1977 and 2015. The analysis detects an unequal amount of media attention paid to the disappearances and a predominantly sensationalist approach.
Abstract
Missing children pose to journalists the challenge of reporting on facts that offer high human interest, but this requires rigor and caution. Media coverage can exploit the [...]
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Mapping media accountability instruments in sports journalism
X. Ramon-Vegas, J. Rojas-Torrijos

El profesional de la información (2017). Vol. 26, (2), 92

Abstract
El periodismo deportivo se ha caracterizado por una serie de deficiencias éticas que han soslayado los estándares normativos de la profesión. Los instrumentos de rendición de cuentas pueden jugar un papel valioso para superar estas disfunciones. Teniendo esto en mente, el artículo identifica y examina los mecanismos de rendición de cuentas más relevantes en el ámbito del periodismo deportivo, incluidos aquellos producidos de forma interna y externa a los medios. Los investigadores han inspeccionado los códigos éticos en esta área, los libros de estilo promovidos por los principales medios deportivos y las prescripciones formuladas por las agencias informativas, medios de información generalistas y organismos clave a nivel internacional. Prácticas innovadoras como los chats, redes sociales, defensores del lector en línea, observatorios y blogs también se han identificado como ejemplos positivos del cultivo de una conversación bidireccional sobre los estándares y la calidad de los contenidos deportivos. AbstractSports journalism has been characterized by a series of ethical deficiencies that have challenged the normative standards of the profession. Media accountability instruments can play an invaluable role in addressing these shortcomings. With this in mind, this article identifies and examines the most relevant accountability instruments in the field of sports journalism, including those produced within media organizations and those created outside of them. The researchers have scrutinized the specialized codes in this area and the stylebooks promoted by major sports media, as well as the recommendations proposed by news agencies, general information outlets and key stakeholders worldwide. Innovative practices such as chats, social media, online ombudsmen, observatories and blogs have also been identified as positive examples of the cultivation of a two-way conversation about the standards for and quality of sports content.
Abstract
El periodismo deportivo se ha caracterizado por una serie de deficiencias éticas que han soslayado los estándares normativos de la profesión. Los instrumentos de rendición [...]
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