Documents published in 2021 : Scipedia

Input Data in FEM Design: A Simple Example of the Structural Seismic Assessment of RC Stairs
A. Calvi, G. Savio

Alessandro Calvi's personal collection (2021). 4

Abstract
In this paper design parameters to be chosen in the input phase of the structural seismic assesment of RC stairs are emphasized. This structure is simply made of RC pillars which bear the inclined slab.
Abstract
In this paper design parameters to be chosen in the input phase of the structural seismic assesment of RC stairs are emphasized. This structure is simply made of RC [...]
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Dams Bibliography: A Disruptive Step Forward From Past Knowledge
A. Calvi

Alessandro Calvi's personal collection (2021). 3

Abstract
This paper is aimed to analyze how a bibliographic work should be considered not as rigid collection of publications but as an opportunity to discover knowledge which often turns into the development of new technical ideas and finally it translates into innovation.
Abstract
This paper is aimed to analyze how a bibliographic work should be considered not as rigid collection of publications but as an opportunity to discover knowledge which often [...]
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Structural calculation of a funerary aedicule prepared and drawn up according to the procedures provided in D.M. 14 January 2008
A. Calvi, G. Savio

Alessandro Calvi's personal collection (2021). 1

Abstract
In this article an example of calculation is presented for a structure located in a low seismicity area in Italy, in order to provide an application approach useful to designers in the definition phase of static and seismic actions and choice of materials, as well as a verification of the results in compliance with current legislation.
Abstract
In this article an example of calculation is presented for a structure located in a low seismicity area in Italy, in order to provide an application approach useful to designers [...]
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Design of an Arduino shield for ota programming
F. Camps Xicart, J. Mora

(2013). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013

Abstract
The International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) is a research organization, created in 1987, that does research in many areas, one of them is Information and Communication Technologies. In this area there is a line specialized in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) that uses many of existent technologies or devices to gather data from the real world and sent it to CIMNE server to feed simulation systems. CIMNE participates in many research projects with other companies and institutions. This project was born from the need of some research projects in ICT group of CIMNE as well as one of their associated companies. Research projects that lead to this project are relative to WSN. CIMNE used to use MicaZ sensor mote from Crossbow but its high cost made CIMNE to look for alternatives. One of the alternatives used in WSN is Arduino, a versatile board that have a microcontroller digital and analogic inputs and outputs to gather data from sensors and interact with actuators or other gadgets. Arduino is easily programmable and is open hardware. It has not the capability of wireless communications but it has the feature of using shields, boards that connect to Arduino, to expand its functionalities. Arduino is a growing technology that is used in many different fields; from domotics to professional applications to use it with educational purposes to teach students from high school to university. This grow is due to its low cost, its easiness to use and program. Since Wireless Sensor Networks usually are deployed in remote places, such as a vineyard or a highway bridge, it is very important to be able to manage and reprogram the sensor nodes remotely. Arduino has not this feature and after doing some research on the state of the art of wireless shields and not finding any shield with this feature. CIMNE has identified the needing of designing a Wi-Fi shield with Over-The-Air (OTA) programming feature. We have done a short review of applications, some of CIMNE, that will need this feature. Wi-Fi shield with OTA programming capabilities is also important to CIMNE since nowadays the Internet of Things is growing fast and with shield CIMNE can provide Internet to many objects, such as speakers. To design the shield we have used Cadsoft Eagle software since is one of the best circuit design software available in the market nowadays. At the end of the project we want to obtain a working Wi-Fi Arduino Shield with OTA capabilities.
Abstract
The International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) is a research organization, created in 1987, that does research in many areas, one of them is Information and [...]
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OPENFOAM COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF THERMAL WIND GENERATION IN MOUNTAIN/VALLEY CONFIGURATIONS
R. Athota¹, A. Montlaur, J. Rojas¹

Abstract
Thermal winds appear in mountainous areas and valleys due to temperature gradients caused by the buoyancy effects associated with the diurnal heating-cooling cycle of the lower atmosphere. These winds develop over complex topographies of multiple scales, and reverse their direction twice a day, driven by formation and dissipation of temperature inversions. Winds may flow up-slope (anabatic winds), up-valley, or from the plain to the mountain massif during day-time. Conversely, during night-time, winds may flow down-slope (katabatic winds), down-valley, or from the mountain massif to the plain. Previous investigations have shown that such winds can reach relatively high speeds [1], which can be interesting for wind energy applications. Moreover, thermal winds showing higher regularity and periodicity than synoptic winds [1], can thus be more predictable, which is of special interest to the current energy market, aiming to match the energy demand with the renewable energy production, given the fact that wind energy and solar energy production cannot be controlled at will. In this work, thermal wind generation is analysed using OpenFOAM, which is an open source computational fluid dynamics software. For this analysis, an idealized numerical model of a mountain-valley system with a mountain slope angle of 20º is used. Anabatic and katabatic winds are generated imposing altitude-dependent temperature boundary conditions on the slope. OpenFOAM’s solver buoyantBoussinesqPimpleFoam is used, and validation of different turbulence models and initial conditions is done by comparing OpenFOAM simulations with results from the literature. The effects of the fluid domain height and of the valley width on the flow behaviour are also discussed. Conclusion on anabatic and katabatic wind formation and on their possible application to wind energy generation is finally drawn.
Abstract
Thermal winds appear in mountainous areas and valleys due to temperature gradients caused by the buoyancy effects associated with the diurnal heating-cooling cycle of the [...]
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English as a Foreign Language Teachers’ Perceptions of their Unique language acquisition device Construction in Second Language Acquisition Process: (Grounded Theory)
M. Omidi, H. Khalaji, K. Mahmoudi

Journal (2021). ok

Abstract
In this study, the perceptions of selected experienced EFL teachers about the construction of their unique LAD in the SLA process is investigated. The grounded theory and constructive design were employed and open, axial, and selective coding after semi-structured interviews ranging from 30 to 90 was used. The teachers' perceptions showed seven categories related to the construction of their unique LAD, namely, (a) unique environment; (b) individual uniqueness; (c) Unique Socio-emotional factors; (d) entertainment; (e) Psychological problems; (f) genetic factors; and (g) cyberspace. Perceptions showed that the following mentioned factors have been affected uniquely by those mentioned categories separately and uniquely. Factors such as motivation, interest, self-confidence, self-esteem, attitude, viewpoint, opinion, intentions, learning styles and strategies, exposure to the TL, rate of acquisition, acquisition progress, IQ and intelligence, social interaction, mental status, memory capacity, concentration, learning potential, metaphorical thinking, and ideology so that they would be equipped with the ULAD in SLA.
Abstract
In this study, the perceptions of selected experienced EFL teachers about the construction of their unique LAD in the SLA process is investigated. The grounded theory and [...]
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A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE 1991 LIMÓN, COSTA RICA, EARTHQUAKE
A. Moya

RIDNAIC (2021). Vol. 21, 26

Abstract
Synthetic strong motion records for the 1991, Mw 7.6, Limón, Cosa Rica earthquake were computed for several hundred different source models. The rotd50 (response spectra) was used to compare synthetic and observed data at seven stations that recorded the event. The source model that minimized the misfit was selected to calculate new synthetic records at present-day stations. The result indicated that the fault length reached some 100 km long by 40 km deep. The largest peak ground acceleration would have been recorded in the stations located along the Caribbean coast, close to the epicenter. A post-earthquake bridge inspection calculation using our scenario earthquake predicted a high level of damage to several bridges that collapsed in 1991.
Abstract
Synthetic strong motion records for the 1991, Mw 7.6, Limón, Cosa Rica earthquake were computed for several hundred different source models. The rotd50 (response spectra) [...]
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WIDESPREAD SHALLOW MASS WASTING DURING HURRICANE MARIA: LONG-TERM SIGNIFICANCE OF SEDIMENTATION IN THE TROPICS
E. Irizarry-Brugman, D. Bayouth-García, K. Hughes

RIDNAIC (2021). Vol. 21, 25

Abstract
Hurricane María was an extreme atmospheric event that impacted Puerto Rico in 2017. As a result of the passage of hurricane María over the island more than 70,000 landslides were triggered, with the highest density of mass wasting found in the mountainous center of the island. This area is highly susceptible to slope failure given the local soils that form as a result of continuous tropical chemical weathering of the bedrock material. Copious amounts of sediment from these soils were mobilized and transported by the landslide-triggering event. The results of our study reveal the soil types that are most susceptible to mass wasting loss in order to better understand their susceptibility to failure and contribution to sedimentation across the rugged interior of the island. A preliminary analysis of area volume scaling statistics for thousands of landslide sites in the important Lago Dos Bocas basin reveals that Hurricane María likely liberated at least 1.7 million cubic meters of mostly superficial sediment in the lake’s contributing area (not including the Caonillas sub-basin). In an effort to determine the efficiency of the fluvial system to transport these sediments during and after the catastrophic hurricane event, bathymetric surveying was carried out in Lago Dos Bocas, where much of the sediment is hypothesized to have been deposited. This reservoir is a vital piece of infrastructure in the island as it supplies water to the San Juan metropolitan area. Based on the 2021 bathymetric survey and the historical data, the excess sediment deposition to the reservoir related to Hurricane María is estimated at approximately 2.1 million cubic meters. When compared with data from 1999-2010, this volume represents the equivalent of 18 years of background sedimentation. At present, the reservoir capacity loss since construction is at 64%. These analyses are pertinent to understand how the local sediment budget has been affected and to re-calculate the useful life of the reservoir and highlight the vulnerability of Caribbean infrastructure systems, given the forecasted likelihood of increased tropical cyclone activity in the years to come.
Abstract
Hurricane María was an extreme atmospheric event that impacted Puerto Rico in 2017. As a result of the passage of hurricane María over the island more than 70,000 [...]
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COMPOSITE SOILS USING SYNTHETIC LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES TO PREVENT SLOPE COLLAPSES AND FOR SETTLEMENT CONTROL
L. Daza, A. Grillasca, G. Ortiz

RIDNAIC (2021). Vol. 21, 24

Abstract
The Synthetic Lightweight Aggregates (SLA) is a patented aggregate composed of fly ash and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). It is considered as an eco-friendly material because its use would contribute to reduce the amount of waste going to landfills. One of most promising applications of SLA is related with the geotechnical engineering field because of its low density that when combined with natural soils may produce a composite backfill material with adequate mechanical properties. This research focuses on testing SLA material properties, including material characterization, trial mixes of SLA with natural aggregates, and compaction tests to obtain the optimum dry density. The composite soil meets the AASHTO classification standards for A-2-4 soils. The validation of the observed behavior lead to propose at least three basic applications related with natural disasters prevention: a) efficient design of retaining walls with lower lateral pressures, b) control of settlements using low density composite soils over compressible soils, and c) slope stability problems.
Abstract
The Synthetic Lightweight Aggregates (SLA) is a patented aggregate composed of fly ash and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). It is considered as an eco-friendly material because [...]
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DEVELOPMENT OF SPECTRA ELASTIC DESIGN FOR DIFFERENT MUNICIPALITIES OF PUERTO RICO
L. Suarez, J. López, J. Cruzado

RIDNAIC (2021). Vol. 21, 23

Abstract
The most recent update of the Seismic Hazard Map of Puerto Rico was carried out in 2003 when the first active seismic fault within the island, in the Cabo Rojo area, was considered. Since then, several geophysical studies have been carried out on various seismic faults within the island that have helped to expand the knowledge of these faults and, in some cases, to recognize their high seismic activity. The Seismic Sequence that began in December 2019 produced more than thirteen thousand earthquakes in 2020, with a large percentage of them having their epicenter within the Island. The overwhelming evidence of active seismic faults within the Island urges the prompt update of the Seismic Hazard Map. However, multiple studies are needed to determine with accepted precision the location, size and slip rate of these faults so that they can be included in the Seismic Hazard Map. In the meantime, engineers urgently require a proper estimate of the seismic loads that these faults, not thoroughly studied, can apply to the structures to be designed or rehabilitated. In this paper we use the current knowledge of the existing earthquake fault zones and the deterministic methodology of ASCE 7-16 to develop design spectra for twelve municipalities of Puerto Rico taking into consideration all the earthquake fault zones that constantly threaten the Island. In average, the proposed spectra almost double the design seismic loads required by the current 2018 IBC code.
Abstract
The most recent update of the Seismic Hazard Map of Puerto Rico was carried out in 2003 when the first active seismic fault within the island, in the Cabo Rojo area, was considered. [...]
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QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS OF GAS PIPELINES IN CÓRDOBA, ARGENTINA
A. Giudici, J. Stuardi, G.

RIDNAIC (2021). Vol. 21, 22

Abstract
A quantitative risk analysis is presented for a gas pipeline system in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. This is a part of a project on the vulnerability of infrastructure and physical environment associated with the storage and transport of combustible fluids. The developed model considers the identification of threats to the integrity of the pipelines, an estimate of the probabilities of failure of the identified threats, an estimate of the consequences of a failure, the determination and evaluation of the quantitative risk according to acceptance criteria, and the adoption of risk mitigation and control measures. For this study, the main data from the existing backbone network and the recently built gas pipelines in the province of Córdoba are used. This is complemented with a survey of the constructions near the route of the sections under study, as well as the crossings of roads and watercourses, based on available satellite images. The work is focused on establishing the individual and social quantitative risk levels of the gas pipelines with the highest qualitative risk level, already defined by previous work. Finally, and in the necessary cases, the adoption of mitigation measures is considered to adjust the risk levels to the international acceptance criteria. A quantitative risk analysis is presented for a gas pipeline system in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. This is a part of a project on the vulnerability of infrastructure and physical environment associated with the storage and transport of combustible fluids. The developed model considers the identification of threats to the integrity of the pipelines, an estimate of the probabilities of failure of the identified threats, an estimate of the consequences of a failure, the determination and evaluation of the quantitative risk according to acceptance criteria, and the adoption of risk mitigation and control measures. For this study, the main data from the existing backbone network and the recently built gas pipelines in the province of Córdoba are used. This is complemented with a survey of the constructions near the route of the sections under study, as well as the crossings of roads and watercourses, based on available satellite images. The work is focused on establishing the individual and social quantitative risk levels of the gas pipelines with the highest qualitative risk level, already defined by previous work. Finally, and in the necessary cases, the adoption of mitigation measures is considered to adjust the risk levels to the international acceptance criteria.
Abstract
A quantitative risk analysis is presented for a gas pipeline system in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. This is a part of a project on the vulnerability of infrastructure [...]
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FAILURE ANALYSIS OF THE ARECIBO OBSERVATORY M4N AUXILIARY CABLE
G. Harrigan, V. Goyal, P. Babuska, N. Trepal

RIDNAIC (2021). Vol. 21, 21

Abstract
Structural and forensic analysis concluded that the Arecibo Observatory M4N socket joint failure in August 2020 was due to a socket joint design with insufficient design criteria that did not explicitly consider socket constituent stress margins or time-dependent damage mechanisms. The socket attachment design was found to have an initially low structural margin with a finite service life, notably in the outer socket wires, which degraded primarily due to long-term zinc creep effects that were activated by longterm sustained loading and exacerbated by cyclic loading. Additionally, HAC and wire defects were found in a few outer wires that may also have contributed to initial outer wire failures. The design did not explicitly consider the time-dependent effects of creep and cyclic loading on design capability, account for a worstcase build condition traceable to in-service inspection of features (e.g., zinc creep/extrusion), specify an end-of-life capability requirement associated with service life degradation, or explicitly set service life inspection intervals with pass/fail inspection criteria. In-service inspections showed evidence of progressive zinc extrusion on several Arecibo sockets, which in hindsight were evidence of cumulative damage and effectively a missed opportunity to prevent cable failure. Open spelter sockets of this type are used throughout industry in stay cables. The following recommendations are proposed to prevent failures of similar socket joints: (1) Verification of positive stress margins in socket joint wires for all failure modes, (2) Periodic visual inspections with acceptance criteria for zinc extrusion that are tied to structural qualification, (3) Revisiting civil codes and industry standards based on lessons learned from this analysis.
Abstract
Structural and forensic analysis concluded that the Arecibo Observatory M4N socket joint failure in August 2020 was due to a socket joint design with insufficient design criteria [...]
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Vulnerability Assessment of Italian Unreinforced Masonry Churches Using Multi-Linear Regression Models
A. Marotta, D. Liberatore, L. Sorrentino

SAHC.

Abstract
The extensive damage occurred to the Italian historical and architectural heritage during the 2016-2017 earthquake sequence, and particularly to unreinforced masonry churches, highlights the need to better recognize the vulnerability of religious buildings. A sample of 158 churches belonging to the four stricken regions is studied and their performance analysed statistically. Structural behaviour of these churches is described in terms of mechanisms affecting the so-called macroelements, being portions of the building behaving more or less independently. In order to define fragility curves correlating the damage related to each collapse mechanism against ground motion intensity and churches’ specific characteristics, the observed behaviour of the sample is herein analysed by means of statistical procedures accounting for possible local collapse mechanisms. Several regressions strategies are considered, accounting for vulnerability modifiers increasing/reducing the vulnerability of each macroelement, since the severity of shaking alone is not capable to fully explain the observed damage, strongly influenced by structural details that can worsen the seismic performance or improve it through earthquake-resistant elements. A synthetic damage index, purely based on observed data, is used to summarise the overall severity of damage related to relevant mechanisms, highlighting the contributions of ground shaking and building vulnerability. Results show the relevance of the proposed multi-linear regression models for the national heritage of churches and the advisability of extending mechanism-based regressions to other countries besides Italy. The proposed global damage index can be used as predictive tool to support seismic vulnerability mitigation at a territorial scale.
Abstract
The extensive damage occurred to the Italian historical and architectural heritage during the 2016-2017 earthquake sequence, and particularly to unreinforced masonry churches, [...]
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Vulnerability Assessment of Italian Rationalist Architecture: Two Case Studies
P. Bernardi, R. Cerioni, E. Coïsson, E. Michelini

SAHC.

Abstract
The work is focused on the structural vulnerability assessment of two historical constructions, chosen as case-studies representative of a recurrent typology of Italian rationalist architecture, dating back to the Fascist period, often hosting public offices. Both examined buildings have similar dimensions and geometry, being characterised by five/six storeys and by an almost square plan with an inner courtyard, and are located in EmiliaRomagna, in zones of medium seismic hazard. The older building, dating back to the Thirties and located in Ravenna, has a mixed masonry-reinforced concrete structure, while the other one, built in the late forties and located in Parma, is characterised by an unreinforced masonry structure with some limited reinforced concrete elements. For the vulnerability assessment of the two buildings, a multi-disciplinary approach was followed, including the historical documents search concerning both the investigated buildings and the surrounding areas, the detailed geometrical and structural survey, the identification of materials, and in situ and laboratory tests to evaluate materials mechanical properties. These activities allowed reaching an adequate level of knowledge about the present conditions of the structures and their critical deficiencies. This knowledge path is not only necessary for the subsequent numerical analyses, but is also important as it allows targeting the repairing interventions, possibly reducing their final costs, in agreement with the “minimum intervention” approach for heritage buildings.
Abstract
The work is focused on the structural vulnerability assessment of two historical constructions, chosen as case-studies representative of a recurrent typology of Italian rationalist [...]
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Vulnerability Assessment of Dwellings in the Historic Center of Cusco (Peru)
G. Brando, G. Cocco, C. Mazzanti, M. Peruch, E. Spacone, C. Alfaro, K. Sovero, N. Tarque

SAHC.

Abstract
The seismic vulnerability assessment of the historic center of Cusco (Peru), an important UNESCO world heritage site, is dealt with in this paper. First, historical development of the city is presented through an in-depth historical analysis of its transformation over time, from the Inca empire to modern days. Then, an extensive in-situ survey activity, that allowed to collect several information about the main structural features concerning ordinary residential buildings, is shown. Based on the collected data, an empirical method calibrated on Italian historic centersfrom the authors is applied. It allowed to obtain Damage Probability Matrices and Fragility Curves for different earthquake intensities, as well as to assess the probability of exceeding certain levels of damage when seismic events of different intensities occur. Based on these predicted damage frequencies, it is possible to prevent irremediable losses and to propose retrofitting interventions which can lead to the seismic vulnerability mitigation for the whole historic center
Abstract
The seismic vulnerability assessment of the historic center of Cusco (Peru), an important UNESCO world heritage site, is dealt with in this paper. First, historical development [...]
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Using the Ultrasonic Tomography Method to Study the Condition of Wooden Beams from Historical Building
M. Zielińska, M. Rucka

SAHC.

Abstract
The need to evaluate the integrity of wooden structural elements is constantly increasing. Non-destructive methods are becoming more popular in this field of research. One type of non-destructive testing is the ultrasonic imaging method, which allows the analysis of internal wood structures without disturbing their state and integrity. In this study, we are interested in assessing the effect of wood condition on the ultrasound time of flight (TOF). The research was carried out on wooden beams, which were obtained from a historical building. The images obtained from ultrasound tomography were compared with results of a visual inspection.Places of discontinuities, voids and cracks in wood caused a much lower velocity of wave propagation.The location of the wood core was illustrated by the places with the highest velocity. The article proved the validity of using ultrasonic tomography to assess the technical condition of historic wooden beams.
Abstract
The need to evaluate the integrity of wooden structural elements is constantly increasing. Non-destructive methods are becoming more popular in this field of research. One [...]
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Using Information Technologies for Bridge Management in Mexico‘s Royal Roads Built Between XVI and XVIII Century
A. Torres-Acosta, J. Bustamanta-Altamirano, A. Esparza-Carrillo

SAHC.

Abstract
After the establishment of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in the 16th century, the interest in precious metals and the mining activities would influence the emerging economic activities and the communications network of the New Spain. All the communications were built based on two mutually perpendicular axes. The first axis, East to West, between Veracruz-Mexico-Acapulco and the other axis, north to South, linked the northern region of the Viceroyalty with Mexico City and to Oaxaca and Guatemala. As part of the road infrastructure needed to get a continuous flow of goods, bridges were very important for crossing rivers, cliffs, and mountains. The fabrication of these structural elements were mainly made using the roman old school. The geometry, length, and materials used were varied, depending on the technical improvements of the time, and local labour expertise. The Vice-regal bridge vestiges are now scattered in the 2 million square km of the Mexican territory. Most of them are still in use, but others were forgotten in the old Royal Roads when they went out of use. This investigation deals with the methodology used (based on information technologies) to create a web-based management system for Viceregal bridges, that is now available to be used in Mexico by the three government levels (Municipality, State, and Federal) and research institutions.
Abstract
After the establishment of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in the 16th century, the interest in precious metals and the mining activities would influence the emerging economic [...]
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Unreinforced Masonry Structures‘ Seismic Improvement with F.R.C.M. : the Experience of the Vanvitellian Palazzo Murena of Perugia
R. Liberotti, F. Cluni, V. Gusella

SAHC.

Abstract
The aim of the contribution is to illustrate strengthening design in regard to the conservation of Palazzo Murena in Perugia, designed in the eighteenth century by the prominent Architect Luigi Vanvitelli. Starting from an accurate historical analysis and taking into account experimental campaign and results of numerical analysis, the vulnerable elements of the construction have been highlighted. A local reinforcement intervention is proposed with the aim of retain the historical value of the architectural characteristics; this consists of the application of plaster with Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix, F.R.C.M., to achieve an adequate strength, without adding supplemental weight to the masonry structure and therefore avoiding an increase of the seismic vulnerability. The benefits of the application of F.R.C.M. materials, also with respect to different reinforcement techniques are broaden.
Abstract
The aim of the contribution is to illustrate strengthening design in regard to the conservation of Palazzo Murena in Perugia, designed in the eighteenth century by the prominent [...]
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Understanding Traditional Anti-Seismic Strategies Beyond Their Disappearance and Distortions: Yazd Qajar Architecture Case Study
E. Crété, S. Yadav, N. Farahza, L. Arleo, M. Hajmirbaba, Y. Sieffert, P. Garnier

SAHC.

Abstract
Understanding traditional seismic strategies is necessary to conduct appropriate restoration of historic buildings and city centers located in earthquake-prone areas. But, the fast disappearance of vernacular built heritage and of the associated popular knowledge and know-how, along with the spread of inappropriate maintenance works, make it very difficult. To overcome these obstacles, it is suggested to broaden the scope of observations by including both larger geographical areas and elements that do not appear as seismic features at first consideration. This paper illustrates the relevance and the limits of this approach by applying it to the case study of Yazd historic city center. Yazd is located in a moderate seismic area and is famous for its well-preserved historic city center, with a high number of Qajar adobe buildings in various conditions. The authors combined literature review, direct observation of numerous buildings and a deeper study of four Qajar houses to conduct the first part of their research. The data collected mainly relates to the geometrical features, the materials used and the interconnections between elements at different scales. Their analyses led to the elaboration of several assumptions on the seismic behaviour of the studied adobe buildings and vaults and on the distortions some features may have suffered. To validate these assumptions, two methodologies were used. Both are illustrated in this paper through the study of the insertion of baked bricks in adobe vaults. The first one is based on observation campaigns on damaged houses. The second one is based on experimental works, with tests conducted on the shear strengths of masonry made with mud mortars and adobes or baked bricks to better understand how builders benefited from mixing these materials in an adobe vault. Finally, the authors discuss the limits of the method and the extent to which restoration projects can benefit from it.
Abstract
Understanding traditional seismic strategies is necessary to conduct appropriate restoration of historic buildings and city centers located in earthquake-prone areas. But, [...]
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Typological Classification and Observed Damage Patterns of Masonry Churches After the 2016 Central Italy Earthquake
G. Cianchino, C. De Matteis, G. Brando

SAHC.

Abstract
The seismic protection of cultural heritage is an important topic that has been faced by several researchers in the last decades. Seismic events of the past have highlighted the need of achieving a proper knowledge of the vulnerability of cultural heritage, in particular of churches, in order to put in the field proper mitigation measures at the large scale. According to this premise, this paper deals with the damage scenario observed on eighty seven churches hit by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake. In a first stage, the most important structural features of the studied churches are discussed and threated by the statistical standpoint. The reported information have been collected through the A-DC form, adopted by the Civil Protection Department and by the Ministry of Heritage and Cultural Activity and Tourism (MiBACT), which was used in the framing of the damage reconnaissance activity carried out by the ReLUIS Italian consortium in the aftermath of the earthquake. Also, the form has been used in order assess the damage of each macro-element and, then, to assign a damage index to each church. The presented work is framed in a wider research activity that aims at providing a predictive methodology for the vulnerability assessment of churches at the regional scale. This methodology was already calibrated on the basis of the 2009 L’Aquila seismic event. The outcomes presented in this paper will serve to further prove the reliability of the proposed model.
Abstract
The seismic protection of cultural heritage is an important topic that has been faced by several researchers in the last decades. Seismic events of the past have highlighted [...]
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Typological Characterization of Ancient Town Walls for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation. The MO.M.U. Project
A. De Falco, F. Giuliani, D. Ladiana, L. Rjolli, D. Bordo, F. Gaglio, M. Di Sivo

SAHC.

Abstract
The problem raised by the steadily increasing number of failures in ancient town walls has recently attracted much interest. This typology of cultural heritage has always played a critical role in shaping local identities and still holds great potential as a cultural resource but poses substantial challenges in management terms. In fact, multi-disciplinary methodologies for their study and analysis are missing. The MO.M.U. project aims to safeguard ancient town walls in Tuscany (Italy) by introducing an integrated framework for their knowledge, diagnostic, assessment, monitoring and management. The proposed approach employs innovative non-invasive technologies and introduces a multi-hazard risk prioritisation methodology to address preventive conservation and programme interventions.
Abstract
The problem raised by the steadily increasing number of failures in ancient town walls has recently attracted much interest. This typology of cultural heritage has always [...]
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TRM-Strengthened Timbrel Cross Vaults Subjected to Vertical Settlements
P. Calderón, E. Bertolesi, M. Buitrago, J. Moragues, J. Adam

SAHC.

Abstract
Two full-scale timbrel cross vaults subjected to vertical settlements in one of their supports were tested at the ICITECH laboratories of the Universitat Politècnica de València. In one of the vaults a support was moved downwards, while the other was subjected to upward-downward displacements in one support. Both tests are described and analysed in detail in Torres et al. [1,2]. Both vaults presented certain levels of post-test damage in the form of cracks and significant displacements. In order to analyse the effectiveness of the reinforcement of previously damaged vaults, both were strengthened with TRM and subjected to further testing in which vertical settlements were applied to one support. The TRM strengthening comprised an extrados layer composed of a 25x25mm glass grid embedded into two approximately 5 mm thick layers of cementitious matrix. The TRM strengthening was able to withstand higher peak loads and prevent the formation of cracks along the extrados surface of the structure, while as expected, ductility increased. A 3D macro-modelling FE strategy on Abaqus commercial software was also adopted to study the behaviour of the vaults during the tests.
Abstract
Two full-scale timbrel cross vaults subjected to vertical settlements in one of their supports were tested at the ICITECH laboratories of the Universitat Politècnica de València. [...]
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Treatment for Rising Damp and Natural Hydrodynamic Equilibrium in Masonry Walls
J. Dobón, M. Soria

SAHC.

Abstract
The water absorption, in the Historic Heritage Restoration, through porous materials of the different constructive elements, is certainly one of the factors that constitute the basis for most pathologies and degenerative phenomena on plastering and masonry walls. Particularly, the most critical humidity comes from the soil, because it contains salts (chlorides, sulphates, nitrates). Those salts impregnate the masonry and unleash humidity rises up to several meters. Humidity varies the physical and chemical behaviour of the wall, increasing the thermic conductivity and limiting the isolation power. In addition, due to surface crystallization of the salts, early disintegration of the building materials and rapid destruction of the wall are generated. A wall saturated with water diminishes its isolation power and favours the formation of mould and bacteria, worsening the healthiness of the environments and the well-being of the people who habit them. In nature, a natural hydrodynamic balance is established between the water absorbed by building materials through capillarity and osmosis, and the water transferred to the atmosphere through evaporation. The constant components within this equilibrium are the absorption of water through capillarity and osmosis of the building materials, and the chemical nature of the aqueous solution absorbed. The variable components are the temperature and relative humidity of the atmosphere. The evaporation surface, composed by masonry mortar, plastering, scraping and painting are the constructive elements on which we might make an intervention. The traditional constructive systems, exclusively based on using natural lime for the manufacture of masonry mortars and rendering, and on using lime paste for coatings and paints, used to create the natural effects of the breathable hydrodynamic balance of the masonry. The challenge is to reproduce today, on site, a range of natural lime products in order to carry out interventions completely comparable to the original construction techniques. The range of naturals products, ensures a natural balance between rising damp and surface humidity evacuation, exploits the natural qualities of microporosity and hygroscopicity of the NHL, and natural pozzolan. The lack of reaction with the salts ensures chemical stability of the rendering and the duration of the entire dehumidifying system. The aim of the paper is to present real cases.
Abstract
The water absorption, in the Historic Heritage Restoration, through porous materials of the different constructive elements, is certainly one of the factors that constitute [...]
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Towards a Methodology for Use of Sonic and Ultrasonic Tests in Earthen Materials
R. Martini, J. Rodríguez-Mariscal, J. Carvalho, M. Solís, H. Varum

SAHC.

Abstract
In many regions around the world, earth has been used through history as a traditional building material. Nowadays, there is a significant revival of its use due to its ecological value and architectural performance. However, there is still a significant lack of knowledge about its actual mechanical properties and behavior. This work aims at the development of consistent methodologies for the characterization of this building material based on non-destructive tests, NDT's. Ultrasonic and sonic tests on prismatic rammed earth specimens and adobe bricks were carried out. The paper presents an optimized method for estimating S-waves and P-waves based on direct and indirect non conventional sonic testing methods. Finally, the paper discusses methodological issues for estimating the earthen material properties through the propagation velocity of sonic waves.
Abstract
In many regions around the world, earth has been used through history as a traditional building material. Nowadays, there is a significant revival of its use due to its ecological [...]
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Towards a Digital Architectural Heritage Knowledge Management Platform: Producing the HBIM Model of Bait al Naboodah in Sharjah, UAE
R. Sabri, S. Abdalla, M. Rashid

SAHC.

Abstract
This paper explores the methodology for the production and integration of Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) into the museum management system of the Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The historic Bait Al Naboodah Museum is documented as a pilot study using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology. The scanning and modelling processes are explained in a seven-stage workflow: preliminary data acquisition, site surveying and terrestrial laser scanning, processing of the captured cloud point data, post-processing and modelling, quality control, final delivery of the digital model, and its validation. The architectural elements and details of Bait Al Naboodah have been reconstructed in a multilayered 3D digital model, and its accuracy has been tested. This HBIM model has been conceived as the basis of a shared inter-institutional platform for the Museum's management.
Abstract
This paper explores the methodology for the production and integration of Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) into the museum management system of the Emirate of [...]
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To Reach the Light: The Monumental Byzantine Stairs of Caesarea, a Conservation and Restoration Project
N. Maklada, S. Hadid, D. Abuhatsira, P. Gendelman, Y. Oz, D. Siboni

SAHC.

Abstract
Ancient Caesarea has founded in the years 25-10 BC and named after Emperor Augustus. Throughout history, from the early Roman until the Byzantine period, Caesarea was a major city and one of the largest and most important port cities in the Mediterranean. During the Byzantine period, the city encompassed an area three times larger than that delimited by the Herodian wall and became an important center of Christianity. The monumental stairs led to the Byzantine Octagonal Church built upon giant arch above the remains of the enormous Roman stairs of Augustus temple. Stairs led a large number of people from the vast harbor, to the Temple platform. The Byzantine arch located 17 meters from the ancient quay, is 8 meters width and 4-meter long, built with specific technology from local sandstone named Kurkar. The arch fall after the Byzantine period and the staircases severely damaged due to the long exposure of almost 1500 years and environmental conditions such as capillary rise, daily winds carrying sand, high temperature, moisture, salts, and deliberate destruction, for instance, stones robber and collapse parts from the wall. The characteristics of the Kurkar with sustained deterioration and this environmental condition have led to different conservation problems, at various levels of severity erosion, the disintegration in both bonding materials and stones. The conservation measures' purpose is to stop the ongoing weathering process and prevent a deterioration state of the staircases, to restore the arch and stabilize the structure of the stairs to carry 48 tons of the restore arch. The findings of the project show that a suitable solution to ensure effective and sustainable protection of complicated staircases structure from destruction and various weathering condition to carry new massive arch depends on understanding the ancient application of building technologies and techniques, the use of original bonding material, integrated monitoring, and ongoing maintenance.
Abstract
Ancient Caesarea has founded in the years 25-10 BC and named after Emperor Augustus. Throughout history, from the early Roman until the Byzantine period, Caesarea was a major [...]
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Timber Reinforcements: Local Construction Techniques in Italian Historical Buildings
S. Della Torre, L. Cantini

SAHC.

Abstract
The role of timber connections as reinforcement for vertical masonry walls is well known but still requiring a systematic study. Considering the main sources coming from the architectonic treatises, a real identification of the use of wooden poles as binding elements between walls is not recognized. Several important authors belonging to the 15th and 16th century recommended avoiding the use of timbering elements into the section of the walls, arguing that the perishability of this material cannot provide a long durable solution. Nevertheless, since the 17th century also some indications from the so called “high knowledge” seem to identify a reliable technique in the timber reinforcements for masonry walls. This work explores the contraposition between theoretical approaches and the building site practice, focusing on the mechanical function of orthostatic timbers inserted into masonry structures. Recent contributions based on archive studies indicated that the use of wooden reinforcements was widely diffused in Italy, but rarely documented by the architectural theorists. The technical documentation discovered into archives is instead a rich source of information concerning the persistence of timbers inside walls as a solution against the vulnerability of masonry structures to shear forces. The case of the building site documentation for the realization of Volpi Palace in Como offers an important occasion for improving the studies on a building practice that did not meet official credits by the theoretical experts in architecture.
Abstract
The role of timber connections as reinforcement for vertical masonry walls is well known but still requiring a systematic study. Considering the main sources coming from the [...]
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Thermal Behavior Assessment of Two Types of Roofs of the Dominican Vernacular Housing
E. Prieto-Vicioso, L. Ruiz-Valero, V. Flores-Sasso

SAHC.

Abstract
The Dominican vernacular architecture, based on the indigenous bohio with Spanish influence, is built with natural materials, such as the royal palm (Roystonea Hispaniolana) and the cana palm (Sabal Dominguensis). This model of housing has remained practically unchanged for five centuries, responding adequately to the Caribbean tropical climate. In the twentieth century, start to replace the traditional palm leaf roof by a corrugated sheet zinc, significantly affecting the temperature inside these houses and altering the conditions of living comfort. For this reason, the aim of this research is to evaluate the thermal behavior of two roof types of vernacular housing. One type is a cana palm leaf roof and the other is a corrugated sheet zinc roof. The houses are in the towns of Villa Sombrero and Sabana Buey, Peravia Province, in the southwest of the Dominican Republic, a region with a Tropical savanna climate (Aw) according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The climate is characterized by temperatures from 20°C to 38°C, with rainfall below 500 mm per year. The technique and tools used for this research are: Infrared Thermography (IRT) and digital thermometer for measure of thermal properties of roof materials, a thermometer and hygrometer to measure the relative humidity and temperature inside and outside of the houses, and carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) meter. Passive IRT is used to measures the temperature differences of a structure that are generated under normal conditions. The results indicate that there is a difference in temperature between one type of roofing material and the other. Finding that houses with palm leaf roofs have lower temperature than corrugated sheet zinc roof and present a temperature difference between the interior and exterior
Abstract
The Dominican vernacular architecture, based on the indigenous bohio with Spanish influence, is built with natural materials, such as the royal palm (Roystonea Hispaniolana) [...]
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The Use of a Building Information Model to Support Seismic Analysis: Application to the National Palace of Sintra, Portugal
M. Ponte, R. Bento, R. Machete, M. Godinho, A. Gonçalves, A. Falcão

SAHC.

Abstract
This work presents an application of a Building Information Model (BIM) to the National Palace of Sintra, Portugal, a large and complex building composed of different unreinforced masonry buildings that is included in the Cultural Landscape of Sintra, classified under the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1995. The developed H-BIM (Heritage Building Information Modelling) model has the ability to provide the geometric information of the structure of the building, together with its descriptive attributes, such as the mechanical characterization of the building materials, as inputs to the seismic structural analysis. The results of such analyses are also stored as attributes within the H-BIM model, providing an integrated platform usable by the building management. Geometric data was acquired using a Faro FocusS70, together with a Topcon Falcon 8+ UAV. The methodology applied in the construction of the H-BIM model was implemented with Autodesk Revit® software. Since the Palace is very complex, its seismic behaviour was studied for the different building units, considering the effect of the adjacent ones, and performing nonlinear static analyses through 3Muri software.
Abstract
This work presents an application of a Building Information Model (BIM) to the National Palace of Sintra, Portugal, a large and complex building composed of different unreinforced [...]
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The Unbuilt Musmeci Parabolic Cross Vault Reinvented as a Dry-Masonry Structure
C. Intrigila, N. Nodargi, P. Bisegna

SAHC.

Abstract
This paper investigates the unbuilt Musmeci parabolic vault, reinventing the original reinforced concrete structure as a dry-masonry vault. In the framework of rigid no-tension constitutive model with no sliding, the equilibrium analysis is conducted with the aim ofevaluating the design thickness of the masonry vault, respecting the original Musmeci shape. A parametric survey is performed to assess the minimum thickness of the vault, and its structural capacity under spreading supports. Attention is focused on the different collapse mechanisms and the corresponding crack patterns. For a better insight into the behaviour of the parabolic vault, the relevant case of the parabolic arch is first analysed and discussed. The numerical results show the feasibility of the project, with a thickness comparable with that proposed by Musmeci.
Abstract
This paper investigates the unbuilt Musmeci parabolic vault, reinventing the original reinforced concrete structure as a dry-masonry vault. In the framework of rigid no-tension [...]
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The Structural Function of the Dutch Buttressing of the East Curtain Wall of Elmina Castle, Elmina, Ghana
J. Sun, S. Tezcan, R. Perucchio

SAHC.

Abstract
Elmina Castle is the first of a series of European trading bases along Africa’s west coast, and it is the oldest and best preserved early European building in Sub-Saharan Africa. The structure shows a combination of mud-mortared and lime-mortared sandstone masonry macro elements and has undergone reconstructions and modification throughout time under Portuguese and Dutch occupation. This study focuses on the structural analysis of Elmina Castle’s east curtain wall, which features two massive masonry buttresses built only alongselected portions of the wall. The hypothesis that these buttresses were built in correspondence of deep voids in the foundation bedrock platform is numerically evaluated using pushover analysis. The lateral capacity is determined based on energy considerations using nonlinear FE models in Abaqus/CAE Explicit and concrete damaged plasticity. Results indicate that, at a later Dutch stage of structural modification, loose soil filling might have caused rotational instability of the curtain wall, requiring the addition of the buttresses.
Abstract
Elmina Castle is the first of a series of European trading bases along Africa’s west coast, and it is the oldest and best preserved early European building in Sub-Saharan [...]
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The State and Condition of Historical Buildings Located on Partisan Hill in Wroclaw
A. Hoła, J. Hoła, Ł. Sadowski, J. Szymanowski

SAHC.

Abstract
The paper presents fragments of original archival documentation, which are used to identify the historical outline of the colonnade building and the peristyle pavilion located on Partisan Hill in an old part of Wroclaw. Traces of these buildings date back to the Middle Ages. The state of preservation of these objects was presented on the basis of conducted assessments, drilling cores, and non-destructive and semi-non-destructive tests. Much attention was devoted to the brick walls, brick and reinforced concrete ceilings in flat roofs, as well as to the elements of architectural detail. The presented results include tests of the moisture content and salinity of walls, tests of the compressive strength of concrete and distribution of reinforcement in ceilings. They constitute the first stage of activities that aim to restore the buildings to their former glory.
Abstract
The paper presents fragments of original archival documentation, which are used to identify the historical outline of the colonnade building and the peristyle pavilion located [...]
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The Safety of Masonry Arches Subject to Vertical and Horizontal Forces. A Numerical Method Based on the Thrust Line Closest to the Geometrical Axis
S. Galassi, G. Tempesta

SAHC.

Abstract
In this paper the topic of the safety assessment of masonry arches based upon their geometry is investigated. The theoretical background is the Heymanian master safe theorem along with the no-tension assumption of masonry. The continuous arch is analyzed considering a discrete pattern of vertical loads, such as those of the self-weight and superimposed loads. Among all the lines of thrust contained within the profile of the arch, the one closest to the geometrical axis can be considered to be the best one thanks to the minimum bending moment and shear force present in each cross section. A numerical procedure for computing the line of thrust closest to the geometrical axis of an arch subject to its self-weight has been recently formulated by the authors. This procedure accounts for this line of thrust by minimizing the distances between the geometrical axis of the arch and the thrust line. In order to consider the action of both vertical loads and horizontal forces proportional to the vertical ones, such as those provoked by an earthquake, an extension of this procedure is herein presented. The safety of the arch is finally assessed by computing a domain of equilibrium thrust lines within the profile of the arch which provides, in analogy with the Heymanian geometrical factor of safety, the full range factor of safety. The procedure is described in the paper and illustrated with regards to the analysis of arches subject only to vertical loads and arches subject to also horizontal forces.
Abstract
In this paper the topic of the safety assessment of masonry arches based upon their geometry is investigated. The theoretical background is the Heymanian master safe theorem [...]
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The Safety Level of Concrete Pile Foundations under Industrial Monuments
S. Pasterkamp

SAHC.

Abstract
Prefabricated concrete piles have been used for the foundation of bigger buildings for about a century. Often a change in function, an addition (also vertically) or another type of alteration is required, resulting in different loads on the foundation. There are several complicating factors that return regularly in these assessments. The first one is a lack of data. Often drawings are missing or incomplete, e.g. showing only pile head dimensions or maximum calculated load but not the pile length, pile tip shape or material properties. Inspection is hard and only possible for the part directly under the pile head. And a third complication is that in The Netherlands there have only been official codes for piles since 1992. Various calculation and design methods from WWII until 1985 are discussed to see if there is any consistency that might lead to an indication of the load bearing capacity of piles in The Netherlands from that era. It is concluded that design rules for the load bearing capacity of concrete pile foundations in The Netherlands have been inconsistent over time. If the original detailed geotechnical calculations and/or structural drawings cannot be found in archives then the given ultimate loads cannot only not be exceeded; even if the load on a pile is currently less than stated on the technical specifications designers are advised not to increase the load.
Abstract
Prefabricated concrete piles have been used for the foundation of bigger buildings for about a century. Often a change in function, an addition (also vertically) or another [...]
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The Reuse of Housing Buildings in Barcelona. The Versatility of Old Constructive Structures
M. Mària, X. Monteys

SAHC.

Abstract
There are 1,463 buildings in Barcelona, from different times from the first century to the present day, that have changed their functions once or more times throughout their life. This paper analyses those cases in which changes in use relate to housing and it does it in two opposite ways: In one way, examining houses –mostly with building structures of bearing walls– that have endured functional modifications without losing its main attributes. In the opposite way around, studying buildings with other uses than housing – many of them built with isotropic structures or large structural spans– that have been converted into dwellings. On the other hand, and in both cases, the analysis addresses how the urban situation of the building conditions the use to which it will tend to be transformed.
Abstract
There are 1,463 buildings in Barcelona, from different times from the first century to the present day, that have changed their functions once or more times throughout their [...]
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The Restoration of the Medieval Walls of San Ginesio: a Dedicated Study for the Conservation, Repair and Enhancement of an Important Military Fortification
M. Saracco, F. Mariano, A. Giuliano, L. Petetta, F. Piccinini

SAHC.

Abstract
The seismic events that occurred in central Italy in 2016 severely damaged the rich cultural heritage system present in the area hit by the earthquake. Particularly significant is the situation of the Marche Region, here it is necessary to intervene quickly and effectively in order to preserve and secure the damaged historical architectural heritage. Following the agreement signed in 2019 between the administration of the Municipality of San Ginesio and the Marche Polytechnic University, a collaboration has been established, which is the basis of the present research work, aimed at studying and deepening the possible actions to be undertaken to be able to repair, preserve and enhance the medieval walls of the city. The city walls, dating from the fourteenth century A.D., almost completely surround the historic center of the city and are characterized by the presence of a large part of the ancient fortifications such as towers, access doors, defensive walkways, loopholes, etc. Since there is no complete survey of the planimetric configuration and of the elevations of the medieval walls, updated to the situation created after the earthquake, the first phase of the research focused on data acquisition. Combining DJI Spark MMA1 photogrammetric UAV images with cloud point by Mobile laser SLAM Kaarta Stencil, the 3D-dimensional modelling of the walls was obtained with the accuracy related to the output scale of 1:200 and with a detail and complexity useful for the following conservative analysis. Once the data was acquired and processed, it was possible to carry out a complete analysis of the walls structure, identifying the materials and construction techniques, the state of preservation of the materials, the damage situation to the structures, the various construction phases with the consequent relative dating. The analytical phase was concluded, therefore, with the identification and cataloging of the types of walls present. Each of these has been characterized both from a typological and a technical construction point of view, defining the wall quality (IQM) and the consequent mechanical parameters through the calculation process of the Wall Quality Index.
Abstract
The seismic events that occurred in central Italy in 2016 severely damaged the rich cultural heritage system present in the area hit by the earthquake. Particularly significant [...]
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The Restoration Interventions of “Forte Marghera” in Venice
F. Casarin, R. Cianchetti, T. Dalla Via, M. Meggiato, M. Mocellini

SAHC.

Abstract
In the framework of the Strategic Masterplan Cultural Heritage 2014-2018 of the Italian Ministry of Culture, a specific attention for the strengthening and constitution of relevant urban cultural centers is sought through the restoration and re-use of structural complexes of great architectural and historic value such as the case of Forte Marghera (Marghera Fort) of Venice. The need to build a fortress at the point where the mainland approached Venice was understood, after the fall of the “Serenissima” Republic (1797), by the Austrian Empire. The fort was therefore built in a marshy area on the edge of the Venice lagoon, crossed by a maze of canals. The works started in 1805. On the area there was already the old village of Malghera, home to warehouses and customs, which was incorporated into the Fort. However, the return of Napoleon's troops in 1806 surprised the works still in a early stage. The fortified work was then revised according to the plans of the French architect Marescò and conducted under the guidance of the general and military engineer François-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry and later the Chasseloup. The most significant buildings still present in the fortress – object of the current restoration works - are the two French barracks (1805-1814), located on the front near the dock. They are two-storey brickwork masonry structures with a 83x15 m rectangular plan and perimeter walls reaching a 3 m thickness, provided with decorative elements made of Istria stone. Visible decay is present in both two massive buildings, due to differential settlements mainly visible the long sides of both buildings, especially affecting the West one, also partially subjected to local collapse. A wide investigation campaign, aiming to the adequate characterization of the constituting materials and building techniques, was carried out in order to properly feed the design of conservative restoration interventions. Results indicate the use of good quality materials and proper layout also in the foundation system, indicating in the poor soil mechanical characteristics the main structural deficiency leading to the visible settlements. To date, the detailed design stage was reached for just one of the three buildings involved in the restoration, while the two remaining buildings are still in a preliminary design phase.
Abstract
In the framework of the Strategic Masterplan Cultural Heritage 2014-2018 of the Italian Ministry of Culture, a specific attention for the strengthening and constitution of [...]
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The Plaster Ceilings of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle: Their Construction, Condition and Conservation
S. Brookes, K. Clark, R. Frostick, R. Ireland, L. Randall

SAHC.

Abstract
Alan Conisbee & Associates and Richard Ireland were engaged by the Royal Household Property Section to inspect and assess the historic plaster ceilings and their supporting structure within Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. Following the partial collapse of the Apollo Theatre ceiling in London in 2013 great importance has been placed on the inspection and certification of all historic plaster ceilings throughout the United Kingdom. This paper presents the key challenges of the project included the facilitation of access to constrained spaces, asbestos removal and cleaning of delicate fabric, surveying, digital monitoring, structural and plaster defects. Furthermore we discuss the key project outcomes including lessons learnt and best practice methodologies and practicalities behind inspections of this kind. The paper concludes with an outline of significant discoveries and ongoing laboratory testing of undernailed historic timber connections.
Abstract
Alan Conisbee & Associates and Richard Ireland were engaged by the Royal Household Property Section to inspect and assess the historic plaster ceilings and their supporting [...]
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The NDT Investigations Carry out at the Arudj Cathedral, Armenia
S. Tonna, M. Cucchi, C. Tedeschi

SAHC.

Abstract
Arudj Cathedral, Armenia, is an example of early-Christian domed-hall that dates 671-672. A deep structural analysis of the building was developed by Politecnico di Milano, during the II° Level Master for Architects and Archaeologists named “Restoration Training and Support to Local Institutions for the Preservation and Conservation of Armenian Heritage”. The preservation project mainly focuses on deepen the knowledge level of the building in relation to the architectonical and structural aspects in order to offer a working method with the aim to propose and teach alternative solutions for static and seismic consolidation. This paper reports the NDT investigations of the surveys carried out at the Cathedral of Arudj and the results obtained at the laboratory of the Politecnico di Milano. The NDT investigations were carried out by the Authors and here following are briefly described. Sonic investigations on masonry structures were applied for a qualitative comparison of the walls, based on the variation of the sonic velocity values in the presence of areas with lower density, voids or cavities. The passive thermographic technique was applied to identify the distribution of capillary ascent in masonry structures. In order to offer a longterm verification of the evolution of the crack pattern, after having identify the cracks present on the masonry structures some displacement transducers have been fixed to state their evolution hourly. Finally, a series of laboratory tests were carried out to determine the main mechanical characteristics of the constituent stone.
Abstract
Arudj Cathedral, Armenia, is an example of early-Christian domed-hall that dates 671-672. A deep structural analysis of the building was developed by Politecnico di Milano, [...]
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The Modern Impossibility of Making Art like That of the Past. Intervention Proposal for the Temple of San Juan Bautista, Tochimilico, Puebla, Mexico
M. Luna

SAHC.

Abstract
Restoration proposal for the Temple of Saint John the Baptist in Tochimilco, Puebla, México, damaged by the earthquake on September 19th, 2017. This proposal is based on the restoration article by the Mexican architect José Villagrán García, his arguments are based on the modification of the architectural values after a restoration project. This must take into account the respect for the authenticity of the original element but must also seek to adapt to the time and requirements of its current environment. Taking these points, a recovery of the space is proposed, consolidating the ruin and using modern materials to fill the gaps left by the earthquake. It is sought that this line of restoration be followed more and more in order to identify the historical stages in the life of the monuments.
Abstract
Restoration proposal for the Temple of Saint John the Baptist in Tochimilco, Puebla, México, damaged by the earthquake on September 19th, 2017. This proposal is based on [...]
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The Iscarsah Guidelines on the Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage
P. Roca

SAHC.

Abstract
The paper introduces the main concepts and criteria presented in the Guidelines on the Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration elaborated by the ICOMOS/ISCARSAH committee. The guidelines have been developed with the aim to provide guidance to experts and practitioners working in the study and conservation of structures or the architectural heritage. The guidelines are based on the ICOMOS Charter on the Principles for he Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage elaborated by ISCARSAH and adopted by ICOMOS in 2003. The guidelines are intended to assist the multidisciplinary teams involved in the management of historical structures across all the stages of the study and operation, including the investigation and documentation works, the structural verification and the selection and design of appropriate minimum interventions.
Abstract
The paper introduces the main concepts and criteria presented in the Guidelines on the Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration elaborated by the ICOMOS/ISCARSAH [...]
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The Influence of the Passive Earth Pressure and other Factors on the Stability of the Underground Masonry Vaults of the Paris Metro
O. Regan, E. Bourgeois, J. Douroux, A. Desbordes

SAHC.

Abstract
The paper introduces the main concepts and criteria presented in the Guidelines on the Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration elaborated by the ICOMOS/ISCARSAH committee. The guidelines have been developed with the aim to provide guidance to experts and practitioners working in the study and conservation of structures or the architectural heritage. The guidelines are based on the ICOMOS Charter on the Principles for he Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage elaborated by ISCARSAH and adopted by ICOMOS in 2003. The guidelines are intended to assist the multidisciplinary teams involved in the management of historical structures across all the stages of the study and operation, including the investigation and documentation works, the structural verification and the selection and design of appropriate minimum interventions.
Abstract
The paper introduces the main concepts and criteria presented in the Guidelines on the Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration elaborated by the ICOMOS/ISCARSAH [...]
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The Influence of External Climate on Church Internal Microclimate
L. Balik, L. Kudrnacova, K. Nedvedova

SAHC.

Abstract
This paper deals with monitoring microclimate in the area of church and describes influence of exterior microclimate to interior microclimate, changes during one year. The basic parameters of the interior space (temperature, relative humidity, dew point and specific air humidity) were monitored in the long-term in the selected sacral building. These parameters were monitored at the same time as monitoring the surroundings in the exterior. The long-term monitoring of the internal microclimate of ossuary showed significant instability of the interior environment during the annual cycle, where the appropriate limits of humidity of the environment (excessive moisture in the spring and over-drying in the winter) are significantly exceeded. The microclimate behavior of ossuary is also different in different height levels, where the lower space acts as a pool with heavy cold air and vice versa, the space under the vault is moistened with vapor. The fact that under no circumstances of the exterior climate in winter is the temperature of the interior below freezing point is specific. The negative phenomenon of the internal environment of ossuary is the fact that in certain periods optimal conditions are created for condensation of water on the surfaces of walls and interior equipment of ossuary and also for the creation of ideal conditions for the formation and development of mold. Monitoring of the internal microclimate of ossuary during everyday operation has become the basis for the subsequent design of the reconstruction of the building. The remediation proposal must address several issues at once. It has to solve the issue of reducing moisture in the peripheral and inner walls of the building, restoring original materials while maximizing their preservation, stabilizing the internal microclimate in terms of humidity, creating optimum conditions for the natural drying of residual structural moisture and, last but not least, ensuring the mode of future operation with minimal effect on changes in the internal microclimate. Due to the historical value of the building and its layout, it is possible to use forced air treatment only to a limited extent, and great emphasis must be placed on addressing this issue by using the natural physical properties of air and phenomena involving its natural flow and controlled temperature exchange between spaces.
Abstract
This paper deals with monitoring microclimate in the area of church and describes influence of exterior microclimate to interior microclimate, changes during one year. The [...]
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The Influence of Civil Works on Heritage Architecture, El Vergel, Cuenca - Ecuador
M. Barsallo, F. Cardoso, E. Sinchi, T. Rodas, M. Achig-Balarezo

SAHC.

Abstract
In urban and rural areas of the Andean cities of Ecuador, construction based on earthen technologies has been an important alternative, which are carried out through ancestral customs, such as the minga, which benefit the cohesion of the community. Against this background, the World Heritage City Project of the University of Cuenca (Ecuador) has since the year 2011 undertaken interventions in heritage buildings inspired by the minga, so called Maintenance Campaigns, where the collective efforts of various actors (community, academy and organizations) are joined to recover buildings in highly vulnerable heritage neighborhoods, promoting preventive conservation, maintenance and monitoring of vernacular buildings. The fourth campaign, which was carried out in 2018, took place in the Las Herrerias Street in the historical El Vergel neighborhood of Cuenca, a World Heritage City since 1999. The methodology applied in the previous campaigns was essentially maintained, gaining experience and innovating at every opportunity. As a special aspect, the Las Herrerias Campaign was characterized by the existence of buildings with structures that were already affected by civil works previously carried out, such as re-pavements, drinking water installations, various services, etc. This research proposes to establish conservation strategies of vernacular heritage buildings and to mitigate the effects of poorly carried out civil works. The buildings intervened in the 2018 campaign are taken as reference, specifically those whose damages are the result of civil works. First, a review of bibliographic sources is undertaken to reveal historical data about the neighborhood and the civil works that have been carried out. The research continues with a diagnosis of the condition of the buildings before the Maintenance Campaign. Next, the daily maintenance records and the experience of the participants of the Campaign are investigated to identify and analyze those buildings affected by bad civil works practices and their impact on the damages of their structures. Subsequently, the condition of the buildings after the Campaign is evaluated. Finally, strategies are proposed that must be considered for the interventions of vernacular heritage architecture, built with traditional earth and wood systems. Furthermore, civil works guidelines are defined for these types of interventions. Accordingly, the preservation for future generations of the wealth of material as well as immaterial heritage is encouraged.
Abstract
In urban and rural areas of the Andean cities of Ecuador, construction based on earthen technologies has been an important alternative, which are carried out through ancestral [...]
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The Floor Stiffness Effect on Vulnerability Assessments and Intervention Designs of Historic Buildings: the Case Study of the “Procuratie Vecchie” in Venice, Italy
I. Rocca, L. Berto, S. Bellin, B. Dongmo, A. Saetta, R. Vitaliani

SAHC.

Abstract
In the Italian seismic scenario, and beyond, interventions on existing buildings focused on the evaluation and reduction of seismic risk of cultural heritage have gained more and more importance in the engineering field. Therefore, for the designer it becomes increasingly useful to have a methodology that allows to carry out, in the study of an existing structure behavior, the vulnerability assessment of both the actual state and the design state, evaluating the adequacy of potential intervention of seismic improvement. In this paper some phases of this methodology are presented in the context of the restoration work started in November 2017, and currently in progress, of the historical building of Procuratie Vecchie in Piazza San Marco in Venice, with particular focus on the consolidation intervention of the timber floors which satisfy the conservation requirements imposed by the Superintendence of Venice. Actually, the influence of floor diaphragms on structural behavior of existing masonry building subjected to seismic action is critically discussed with particular reference to the effects of in-plane stiffness of floors on the seismic distribution of forces on lateral walls and on the out–of–plane mechanism of the walls.
Abstract
In the Italian seismic scenario, and beyond, interventions on existing buildings focused on the evaluation and reduction of seismic risk of cultural heritage have gained more [...]
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The Dome of the Temple of Diana in Baiae: Geometry, Mechanics and Architecture
A. Sinopoli, D. Aita

SAHC.

Abstract
The purpose of this paper, which is part of a multi-disciplinary research project started in 2018 [1], is to investigate both the geometry and stability of the dome of the temple of Diana, which partially survived for many centuries. Important observations made by De Angelis d’Ossat [2] and results of the architectonic survey performed by Rakob [3] will be presented and discussed; they introduce the delicate issue concerning the identification of the geometric profile of the dome, on which its structural stability depends. It is the Authors’opinion that ascertaining the geometric profile of a dome is not only a matter of measuring, but also of historical context, geometric knowledge and traditions in construction. Thus, by taking all the above issues into account and making use of data from a recent architectonic survey [1], this paper searches for possible connections with consolidated traditions of the Sassanid architecture imported by the Emperor Alexander Severus, verifies the geometric knowledge presumed to have been acquired by the time of the dome’s construction and identifies the most probable theoretical design: the dome’s meridian profile is a unique curve – to be precise, a parabola, the best approximation of a catenary. Thus, once the profile of the dome has been identified, structural analysis confirms not only the stability of the dome, but also that the Romans were aware of the dome’s behaviour in relation to the construction solutions adopted.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper, which is part of a multi-disciplinary research project started in 2018 [1], is to investigate both the geometry and stability of the dome of the [...]
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The Dar al Consul Complex in Jerusalem: Improving the Living Conditions and the Structural Capacity
F. Casarin, L. Di Marco, M. Mocellini, R. Sidawi, P. Dahabreh, A. Taweel

SAHC.

Abstract
The Custody of the Holy Land, with own and EU funds, and in Partnership with UNHabitat, is implementing a comprehensive rehabilitation Project in Dar Al Consul civic and residential complex, which is one of the Custody properties in the heart of the Old City of Jerusalem. The complex, which corresponds to a urban block of relevant dimensions (80 x 50m x 5 levels above and below the ground) and intersects the Roman Cardo, consists of 40 Houses and a basement floor used as a closed storage at the street level, besides sharing part of its ground floor with the old city market. Prior to the planned rehabilitation works in the houses - to improve the living conditions – and in the basement - to be reused as public space- the Custody intended to conduct a safety assessment of the complex for both static and seismic loads, in order to integrate any needed strengthening work within the planned restoration activities. A series of technical activities were then carried out aimed at evaluating the safety conditions of the structures. A comprehensive investigation campaign was planned and executed in order to characterize the structural materials and define the constructive techniques. Several modelling strategies of the structures, which resulted particularly complex for the historical stratification of the site, were then used. By means of numerical modelling, the stresses were defined in the masonry elements by weight and by occurrence of a seismic event, allowing to highlight the insufficient safety conditions of the main resisting elements of the basement and subsequently to define adequate structural consolidation strategies. During the works, the need for archaeological excavation implied further engineering efforts in order to allow deep excavations avoiding any harm to the above positioned levels and structural portions.
Abstract
The Custody of the Holy Land, with own and EU funds, and in Partnership with UNHabitat, is implementing a comprehensive rehabilitation Project in Dar Al Consul civic and residential [...]
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The Damage Survey of Cultural Built Heritage Between Simplified Procedures and Needs for Implementation: the Case Study of Emilia-Romagna Cemeteries
V. Vona, M. Zuppiroli

SAHC.

Abstract
Seven years after the earthquake occurred in Emilia-Romagna, the planning phases related to the cultural heritage reconstruction are coming to a conclusion. At this point, the Agency for reconstruction - earthquake 2012 has launched an unprecedented process aimed at verifying, also through the recognition of the main critical issues, the simplified damage assessment procedures whose application has allowed an aware and sustainable management of the emergency. The Guidelines for the evaluation and reduction of seismic risk on Cultural Heritage, and the Directive 12/12/2013 “Procedures for management of activities for cultural heritage securing and safeguarding in the event of emergencies caused by natural disasters” of MiBAC identify as first cognitive procedure the compilation of sheet to provide vulnerabilities and damage level representation on movable and immovable assets. In particular, they establish two important survey instruments: the A-Church and the B-Palaces sheets. These are the only two instruments used between 2012 and 2013 for the damage level characterization of the cultural heritage caused by the “Emilia 2012” earthquake. The widespread use of these sheets has brought to light several problems that have negatively affected the successive economic assessment of the intervention. In fact, if these sheets well describe the vulnerabilities of the specialized types Churches or Palaces, they are ill suited to types with different features, which, in the Emilia-Romagna case, represent about 30% of damage cultural heritage numerically and economically. In particular, the most relevant sample in this set are the cemeteries. After the analysis of sheets produced for the cemetery type, the need to implementation for the already consolidated procedures has become clear, in order to be able to manage the post-emergency phases on those types that, as cemeteries, represent an important part of the local cultural identity, but that are not addressed in existing tools.
Abstract
Seven years after the earthquake occurred in Emilia-Romagna, the planning phases related to the cultural heritage reconstruction are coming to a conclusion. At this point, [...]
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The Column-Less Stair at Loretto Chapel in Santa Fe, New Mexico: Strength Analysis
A. Sumali

SAHC.

Abstract
A spiral staircase in Loretto Chapel in Santa Fe, New Mexico, has no center column to provide structural strength and stability. Some estimates say that the stair should have collapsed at first use. Yet, the stair has been used daily since its genesis in 1878. Explanations of the strength of the structure varied from “basic mechanics” to “miracle”. This article presents a stress analysis of the stair using a finite element model. The loading is 16 persons on steps 1, 3, 5, …, 31 of the stair (as shown in an old photograph), the weight of the stair, and the weight of the railing. Stress computation was performed with a finite element model built and run in Abaqus CAE (Dassault Systemme, 2016). The analysis shows that the center spiral is severely stressed. The maximum Von Mises stress, which occurs near the top of the center spiral, is 1.7MPa. The ultimate strength of strong Engelmann spruce is 2.0MPa. The absence of the center column is significant because a center column would reduce the maximum stress in the stair to about 0.3MPa.
Abstract
A spiral staircase in Loretto Chapel in Santa Fe, New Mexico, has no center column to provide structural strength and stability. Some estimates say that the stair should have [...]
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The CLT Panels in Structural Restoration: Characteristics and Technical Regulations
G. Frunzio, L. Di Gennaro, L. Massaro, F. D'Angelo

SAHC.

Abstract
Wood can represent a valid and important alternative to the most commonly used structural materials for the restoration of masonry buildings, with a view to efficient, effective and "conscious" renovation. Today, the modern technologies allows to overcome the structural limits of solid wood due to its own anisotropy. The use of composite wood elements makes possible to obtain excellent mechanical performances that consent to evaluate aspects such as the use of low environmental impact retrofit strategies. The aim of this work is the analysis of mechanical parameters related to CLT (cross laminated timber) panels in order to determine their possible use in the structural restoration of masonry buildings. The CLT panels consist of solid wood planks superimposed so that each layer has the fibres rotated ninety degrees with respect to the adjacent layer. The layers (always in odd number and at least three) can be connected by discrete joints, pins and nails, or glued together. This configuration enables to product large structural elements with considerable thickness. Two different experimental test campaigns were carried out on samples of panels with three and five glued layers. The purpose of experimentation activities was to evaluate the bending deformation of the wooden elements and shear strength of the bonding sections. All the tests were processed according to the provisions contained in the UNI standards. The test results were then compared with different theoretical calculation models to determine the one that best represents the tested material. The tests outcomes have shown that some characteristics of the material, such as the remarkable ductility, open different scenarios of use for the CLT panels in the field of structural restoration of masonry buildings.
Abstract
Wood can represent a valid and important alternative to the most commonly used structural materials for the restoration of masonry buildings, with a view to efficient, effective [...]
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The Bridge Over the Adda River in Brivio: History, Full-Scale Testing and FE Modelling
G. Zonno, C. Gentile

SAHC.

Abstract
Selected results from the investigation program of a historic R.C. bridge are presented in the paper. The bridge, crossing the Adda river between the Municipalities of Brivio and Cisano Bergamasco, consists of three tied arch spans, about 44.0 m length each, and represents a crucial node for the vehicular traffic of the region. After a maintenance intervention performed on one pier, the local Authorities committed to Politecnico di Milano an extensive investigation including: (i) documentary research and review of the bridge history; (ii) visual inspection and geometric survey of each span; (iii) full-scale load tests and ambient vibration tests; (iv) FE modelling of each span and validation of the numerical models (through comparison with the available experimental results) and (v) structural assessment of the bridge in its present condition. After a concise review of the bridge history, the paper summarizes the complete results of the experimental tests performed on one span (visual inspection, geometric survey, full-scale load tests and dynamic tests) as well as the development of numerical models.
Abstract
Selected results from the investigation program of a historic R.C. bridge are presented in the paper. The bridge, crossing the Adda river between the Municipalities of Brivio [...]
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