Documents published in 2018 : Scipedia

Dynamic modelling of retrogressive landslides with emphasis on the role of clay sensitivity
X. Zhang, S. Sloan, E. Oñate

Papers Repository of the International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) (2018). 11

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed numerical study of the retrogressive failure of landslides in sensitive clays. The dynamic modelling of the landslides is carried out using a novel continuum approach, the particle finite element method, complemented with an elastoviscoplastic constitutive model. The multiwedge failure mode in the collapse is captured successfully, and the multiple retrogressive failures that have been widely observed in landslides in sensitive clays are reproduced with the failure mechanism, the kinematics, and the deposition being discussed in detail. Special attention has been paid to the role of the clay sensitivity on each retrogressive failure as well as on the final retrogression distance and the final run‐ out distance via parametric studies. Moreover, the effects of the viscosity of sensitive clays on the failure are also investigated for different clay sensitivities.
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed numerical study of the retrogressive failure of landslides in sensitive clays. The dynamic modelling of the landslides is carried out [...]
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Lagrangian versus Eulerian integration errors
S. Idelsohn, E. Oñate, N. Nigro, P. Becker

Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., (2015). Vol. 293, pp. 191–206; (preprint)

Abstract
The possibility to use a Lagrangian frame to solve problems with large time-steps was successfully explored previously by the authors for the solution of homogeneous incompressible fluids and also for solving multi-fluid problems [28-30]. The strategy used by the authors was named Particle Finite Element Method second generation (PFEM-2). The objective of this paper is to demonstrate in which circumstances the use of a Lagrangian frame with particles is more accurate than a classical Eulerian finite element method, and when large time-steps and/or coarse meshes may be used.
Abstract
The possibility to use a Lagrangian frame to solve problems with large time-steps was successfully explored previously by the authors for the solution of homogeneous incompressible [...]
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Surface tension problems solved with the Particle Finite Element Method using large time-steps
J. Giménez, N. Nigro, S. Idelsohn, E. Oñate

Computers and Fluids (2016). (preprint) Vol. 141, pp. 90-104

Abstract
In previous works [1,2], the authors have presented a highly efficient extension of the Particle Finite Element Method, called PFEM-2, to solve two-phase flows. The methodology which uses X-IVS [3] to treat convection terms allowing large time-steps was validated for problems where the gravity forces and/or the inertial forces dominate the flow. Although that is the target range of problems to solve with PFEM-2, most of real problems that fall in these categories also includes other flow regimes in certain regions of the domain. Maybe the most common secondary regime is when the surface tension dominates, as an example when drops or bubbles are released from the main flow, and this feature must be taken into account in any complete numerical strategy. Attending to that, in this work the treatment of the surface tension to PFEM-2 is included. An implicit CSF methodology is employed together with a coupling between the marker function with a Level Set function to obtain a smooth representation of the normal of the interface which allows an accurate curvature calculation. Examples for curvature calculation and isolated bubbles and drops are presented where the accuracy and the computational efficiency are analyzed and contrasted with other numerical methodologies. Finally, a simulation of a jet atomization is analyzed. This case presents the above mentioned features: it is a inertia-dominant flow with a surface tension phenomena on drops and ligaments break up that can not be neglected.
Abstract
In previous works [1,2], the authors have presented a highly efficient extension of the Particle Finite Element Method, called PFEM-2, to solve two-phase flows. The methodology [...]
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Temporal transitions in COPD severity stages within the GOLD 2017 classification system
C. Soriano

Respiratory Medicine (2018). 142: 81–85

Abstract
Background: The stability of the new GOLD 2017 COPD staging is unknown, as well as the frequency of individual transitions in COPD stages beyond one year. Methods: All COPD participants in the CHAIN cohort were re-analysed according to GOLD 2017 up to five years of follow-up. Their individual changes within COPD stages were aggregated into cohort-wide Markov chains; group stability was evaluated using joinpoint regression. Results: At baseline, 959 COPD patients were distributed according to GOLD 2017 stages as 37.7% in A, 38.3% B, 8.2% C, and 15.7% D. The group proportion of patients in each stage was maintained from years one to five. However, we found significant changes between stages at the individual patient level, especially in the more severe stages. The probability of a patient remaining in the same GOLD 2017 COPD stage for two consecutive years ranged during the five years of follow-up for stage C from 16% to 31% per year, while for D from 23% to 43% per year, indicating substantial variation either increasing or decreasing severity for the vast majority of patients. Conclusions: We conclude that group stability observed in COPD staging according to GOLD 2017 recommendations is paired with a large variability at the individual patient level.
Abstract
Background: The stability of the new GOLD 2017 COPD staging is unknown, as well as the frequency of individual transitions in COPD stages beyond one year. Methods: All COPD [...]
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Transmedia Political Journalism. Strategies for the Development of the Profession in the Current Media Ecosystem
K. Dioses, T. Rojas

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 13

Abstract
Through time, Journalism has faced changes about the emergence of new Media, but this process also involves issues of narrative and new audience management. So, adapting to the new environment becomes in a necessity, and specifically in political journalism is where it becomes more evident, because the type of information transmitted has great value to society. In this way, this research shows to transmedia storytelling as the best ally of journalism today for the distribution of news, especially political news. This communication model, because of his spreadability, multiplicity and drillability nature, will raise the level of audience participation in each media that transmit the newsworthy event.
Abstract
Through time, Journalism has faced changes about the emergence of new Media, but this process also involves issues of narrative and new audience management. So, adapting to [...]
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Peruvian International Relations covered by Perú21 Newspaper. News Framing in Journalistic Information about Foreign Affairs
P. Terán

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 20

Abstract
This article aims to analyze the journalistic content of the newspaper Perú21, on the focus of interest information on international relations to know the frames or episodic and thematic frames in the news, and the approach saved with the official agenda of foreign affairs. The corpus consisted of 1295 journalistic texts produced between the months of July 2011 to July 2015. The different framings were determined on the basis of the theory of framing and typology of frames proposed by Semetko and Valkenburg. The results indicate that the news production issues Chancellery is defined primarily by the “attribution of responsibility” and “economic consequences”, particularly on issues of free trade and market economy, security and defense, human rights, fight against drug trafficking, the environment and technical cooperation.
Abstract
This article aims to analyze the journalistic content of the newspaper Perú21, on the focus of interest information on international relations to know the frames or [...]
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Entrepreneurial Skills for Digital Journalist
M. Echevarría, J. Polar

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 26

Abstract
The socioeconomic impact has global effects and Media is not exempt from them as they follow global trends, leaving growing need evidence of the development of aptitudes and skills (personal and social) from Communication professionals, so that they are prepared to undertake their own projects either individually or collectively, with ability to plan and carry out with integrity and self-confidence and are able to persevere, especially in today’s digital environment, seeking to raise quality indexes, this means being able to achieve its objectives with responsibility, challenges in their performance and to control their reactions under pressure. In this sense for this research it has conducted an analysis of the entrepreneurial qualities of digital journalists for successful performance, which have their main source of vocational training to universities.
Abstract
The socioeconomic impact has global effects and Media is not exempt from them as they follow global trends, leaving growing need evidence of the development of aptitudes and [...]
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Tribes of Consumption. Towards Self-segmentation Consumer
N. Esaine

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 12

Abstract
The following article seeks to understand the consumer from a viewpoint of the tribes of consumption. In turn, position itself as a new alternative methodology for market research companies as an innovative approach to segmentation. Field explorations visits are exposed to various tribes’ consumption of Lima. In total we dive in nine cultural communities: skaters, gamers, surfers, k-popers, athletics, hipsters, otaku, music lovers and graffiti artists. We focus first on society and kindred relationship. In second hand, its features and applications of marketing. The article concludes with a reflection on key elements of the criterion of consumer segmentation tribes.
Abstract
The following article seeks to understand the consumer from a viewpoint of the tribes of consumption. In turn, position itself as a new alternative methodology for market [...]
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Social Movements, Social Media and Symbolic Resources
A. Rosa

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 25

Abstract
The paper presents an updated approach of the social media role in the contemporary social movements. Drawing from the explanation of some viewpoints about interaction in the social media, a brief review about social movements theory and their implications is presented, emphasizing in their relationship with communication processes and specific storytellings.. Finally, some symbolic resources used by social movements in diverse realities are described.
Abstract
The paper presents an updated approach of the social media role in the contemporary social movements. Drawing from the explanation of some viewpoints about interaction in [...]
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Professional Women’s Performance in Sports Journalism
L. Chanamé

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 24

Abstract
This paper aims to the analysis of Professional women’s performance in Sports Journalism, knowing the conditions, difficulties and challenges faced by feminine genre in this working field. This observation is also timely to define the space occupied Sports Journalism in Media. Communicative impact, produced by sports information, involves two dimensions: a personal nature (competitors and spectators) and a massive level (Media). Today, sport is the most widespread social activity in media and a specialized communication need in this “glocal” panorama.
Abstract
This paper aims to the analysis of Professional women’s performance in Sports Journalism, knowing the conditions, difficulties and challenges faced by feminine genre [...]
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Internal Communication in Corporate Identity of Public Health Workers in Lima Region
E. Cueva

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 23

Abstract
The main aim of this research was to determine the relation that exists between the internal communication as tool of Public Relations and the corporate identity of Public Health workers at Lima Region. It’s a non-experimental study with a correlational level. The sample was integrated by 224 employees. The research demonstrates (by means of the coefficient of Spearman’s correlation) that there is not a significant relation between internal communication and corporate identity in Public Health workers at Lima. Also, there is a weak relation between research variables.
Abstract
The main aim of this research was to determine the relation that exists between the internal communication as tool of Public Relations and the corporate identity of Public [...]
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Television Journalism, Journalistic Sources and Social Network Communication in TV News
E. Blanco

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 22

Abstract
This paper is aimed to understand the relation between Television Journalism, journalistic sources and social network communication. Also, it explains how television news production benefits of the contact with journalistic sources, which have changed since the use of virtual platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. This is a non experimental, applicative, descriptive, correlative and multivariable study. The sample consisted in thirty journalists from television news program “ATV Noticias” (Andina de Radiodifusion Company, Lima, Peru). The research concluded that the frequent use of Internet and Social Networks impacted television news programs. This happens during television production process: themes selection, contact with journalistic sources and reporters work, until the outline and the feedback generated by the Social Networks.
Abstract
This paper is aimed to understand the relation between Television Journalism, journalistic sources and social network communication. Also, it explains how television news [...]
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“Peruvian Olympic Athletes” Campaign. Audiovisual Narrative in Social Advertising
G. Padilla

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 21

Abstract
In the last two centuries, human society went through radical changes in the way they communicates. Consequence of constantly technology innovation, adverstising became into a main character inside this invigorated context, where all the audiovisual narratives forms evolve to create messages that reach the target attention. But more than commercial objectives, the social message has been developed in order to change attitudes in the entire population on the ad campaigns. These social messages produce some positive thoughts around important issues in society such us health, ecology, education, human rights, etc. and also generated several communicational strategies that leads to their own way for creating, producing or printing/posting/airing advertising which are important and reknown because of its common interests and strategies for narrative construction.
Abstract
In the last two centuries, human society went through radical changes in the way they communicates. Consequence of constantly technology innovation, adverstising became into [...]
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TV News Channels in Peru. Analyzing Information and Investigation
P. Cumpén

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 19

Abstract
TV News Channels in Peru exists since late nineties. This kind of media appeared as a public necessity because, in that moment, news coverage was coming from TV stations that negotiated its editorial terms with Fujimori and Montesinos. The second TV News Channel in Peru was Canal N (the first -Cable Canal de Noticias- also had negotiated with https Montesinos). This TV station was founded in 1999 and was the only one that presented balanced and impartial approaches to their audience in that time on TV. Since 2010, other channels have emerged, such as Willax TV, ATV+ Noticias, RPP TV and TV Perú 7.3. Recently, Capital TV and Exitosa appeared as an alternative space to present their radio news programmes but in an audiovisual format. Therefore this editorial diversity invites us to analyse in detail their approaches and contents. In this article, we will review the coverage of Rodolfo Orellana capture and the report about Óscar López Meneses’ irregular police safeguard, a man linked to Vladimiro Montesinos.
Abstract
TV News Channels in Peru exists since late nineties. This kind of media appeared as a public necessity because, in that moment, news coverage was coming from TV stations that [...]
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Peruvian International Relations covered by Perú21 Newspaper. News Framing in Journalistic Information about Foreign Affairs
C. García

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 18

Abstract
This article aims to analyze the journalistic content of the newspaper Perú21, on the focus of interest information on international relations to know the frames or episodic and thematic frames in the news, and the approach saved with the official agenda of foreign affairs. The corpus consisted of 1295 journalistic texts produced between the months of July 2011 to July 2015. The different framings were determined on the basis of the theory of framing and typology of frames proposed by Semetko and Valkenburg. The results indicate that the news production issues Chancellery is defined primarily by the “attribution of responsibility” and “economic consequences”, particularly on issues of free trade and market economy, security and defense, human rights, fight against drug trafficking, the environment and technical cooperation.
Abstract
This article aims to analyze the journalistic content of the newspaper Perú21, on the focus of interest information on international relations to know the frames or [...]
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Appropriations, Needs and Rights of Radio Communication in the North of Argentina
E. Venier

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 17

Abstract
Practices that link people with communication devices can be thought of as responses to needs of social groups that give rise to different ways of doing, thinking and managing communication. In this articulation between public, media and communication policies, a way of recognizing the right to communication would express. However, the demand by which the need for communication as a right is expressed not necessarily wear out the range of possible forms of communication rights nor the ways to address them. This paper proposes to test, in the case of Argentina, the arguments supporting the idea that current policies of public communication are based upon the principles of pluralism and democracy, and also it is possible to show a variety of forms of appropriation and use of means under diverse needs. It is essential for communication policies and development of diversity to recognize the multiplicity of symbolic needs and their ways of satisfying them.
Abstract
Practices that link people with communication devices can be thought of as responses to needs of social groups that give rise to different ways of doing, thinking and managing [...]
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Information Sources in Incident Journalism. Print Media Analysis
R. Carcela

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 16

Abstract
This article is focused on the use of the news sources by Print Media in incident & crime reports. Official sources and agencies have a greater presence in analyzed newspapers. The Police is the major official and specialized source, and EFE Agency is the mostly quoted by journalists. The unofficial sources more often used by reporters are, in first place, the unidentified or confidential sources (commonly quoted generically as “according to consulted sources”) following the family and neighborhood sources. Graphic sources are becoming increasingly important in crime & incident reports and come mostly from photographers working for the newspapers and agencies. Reporters employ a large number of sources inadequately identified.
Abstract
This article is focused on the use of the news sources by Print Media in incident & crime reports. Official sources and agencies have a greater presence in analyzed newspapers. [...]
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The Action in Colombia’s Fiction Cinematographic Works, before Peace Talks (1960-2011)
J. Botache

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 15

Abstract
The presence of “Conceptual Network of the Semantics of Action” components (Ricoeur, 2000) will be denoted in a large sample of cinematographic works of fiction (ie, based on the staging) previously made to dialogue to end the conflict, taking as a starting point the sixties (when insurgent groups were emerge). It was considered only films with narrative instances and ostensibly Colombian stories and with at least 70 minutes long, time required for being legally considered a long film in Colombia.
Abstract
The presence of “Conceptual Network of the Semantics of Action” components (Ricoeur, 2000) will be denoted in a large sample of cinematographic works of fiction [...]
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Jane Austen and C. S. Lewis: from Literature to Cinema. Analysis of Transposition
M. Sarapura

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 14

Abstract
The following is a proposal of an analysis of the transposition of literature to film of the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen and the essay A Grief Observed by C. S. Lewis. The first aim in both cases is to delve into the new contributions of the latest film version of Austin’s novel and the qualities and characteristics of the film version of the C. S. Lewis note pad, based on the theoretical contributions of such authors as Gerard Genette, Geoffrey Wagner, Brian Mcfarlane, among others. The second purpose is geared to the recognition of the exchange between film and literary language as a representative process of today society. The fact that the adaptations, historically seen with great skepticism, are now continually made and welcomed by the public, calls for a review and deepening of the studies made on that matter in order to know the current situation of the relationship between film and literature, its creative possibilities, audience expectations, prejudices and misgivings of experts, etc.
Abstract
The following is a proposal of an analysis of the transposition of literature to film of the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen and the essay A Grief Observed by C. [...]
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Persuasive Television Advertising in Bakery Sector
M. Lazo

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 2

Abstract
In recent years, a great diversity of new products has emerged in the sector of children’s pastries, but there are others that have long been in our daily lives. In spite of being more those that have failed than those that are maintained, it is crucial to analyze how its advertising has evolved over time, knowing how to adapt to the tastes of different generations of consumers. There has clearly been a movement of concern and awareness among the customers and consumers about the ingredients that make up the food, and because of the change in attitude and the proliferation of consumer rights associations, there has been an evolution in this type of products, both at the production level and at the communicative level. Through the content analysis of the messages from their spots and a discussion analysis, a comparative study of the same between the years of the eighties and the last years has been made to see their evolution.
Abstract
In recent years, a great diversity of new products has emerged in the sector of children’s pastries, but there are others that have long been in our daily lives. In [...]
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Advertising in the program “En Surco la basura sirve” and its socio-educational effect in solid residues recollection in Santiago de Surco District (2012-2013)
L. Salanitro

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 11

Abstract
People from Lima generate 8,000 tons of garbage a day; throwing solid, inorganic and non-biodegradable waste that pollute the environment, altering negatively their habitat conditions and generating serious problems in their health, life, economy and culture. In this context; the current investigation is carried out; considering the actual ecology and environment legal norm. The effect in reference has non-formal character; it is manifested in the memory and understanding of the advertisement; classification of the source of household solid waste; identification, degree of affinity, positioning, and evaluation of the program: “En Surco la basura sirve” and public management of The Empresa Municipal de Santiago de Surco (EMUSSA).
Abstract
People from Lima generate 8,000 tons of garbage a day; throwing solid, inorganic and non-biodegradable waste that pollute the environment, altering negatively their habitat [...]
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Two faces of Corporate Responsibility. Relationships between Celsia and the community of El Caney during the building of Hidromontañitas Hydroelectric Power Station
Á. Hoyos

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 10

Abstract
This paper gives an account of the most relevant aspects of the management of corporate responsibility and of the relations between the company Celsia and a group of inhabitants of El Caney in Santa Rosa de Osos, Colombia, during the construction of the Hidromontañitas plant. The methodology followed consisted of an in-depth interview with Celsia’s communications professional and the development of a focus group with members of the community. The information obtained has been contrasted taking into account what companies and community understand about what is corporate responsibility, as well as aspects associated with the relationship process, in terms of community participation and the fulfillment of the commitments agreed with its expectations.
Abstract
This paper gives an account of the most relevant aspects of the management of corporate responsibility and of the relations between the company Celsia and a group of inhabitants [...]
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Banalization of Cultural Journalism. Media Show and Cultural Content in Peruvian press
T. Atarama-Rojas, K. Ahumada

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 9

Abstract
Cultural Journalism is one of the most important fields of information in social life. Since its inception, it has been linked to the written press and to the world of sciences, arts and letters, and today, it has become a wide space of varied topics, which includes not only the most relevant events of the cultural world, but also those of entertainment and media show. Given this scenario, this research seeks to demonstrate, through a content analysis of three of the most important national newspapers in the peruvian written press (El Comercio, La República, Perú21) that cultural contents have been replaced by questions of “farandula”, gossip and mediatic facts, contributing to an increasingly negative meaning of entertainment journalism and the trivialization of true Cultural Journalism.
Abstract
Cultural Journalism is one of the most important fields of information in social life. Since its inception, it has been linked to the written press and to the world of sciences, [...]
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Advertising Strategies in Cultural Scenarios
E. García

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 8

Abstract
Our tool is marketing subject to the incipient cultural market that is booming and that does not cease to grow and that increasingly welcomes diverse sectors of the population thanks to all the disparity of offers. This market or cultural marketing we analyze from an advertising sphere, within one of the “4 P’s” of Marketing Mix, promotion, secured with examples in museums. It is a question of placing the work or artistic piece as the axis of all this network, through which the voracious market of buying and selling of the art, cultural terrain close and distant at the same time by their ignorance and unreasonable prices. This language of art in museums is approaching the society thanks to the publicity and tries to mitigate this dualism society-museums, taking advantage of the art to attract an audience more profane or on the contrary, strengthen those who demand culture.
Abstract
Our tool is marketing subject to the incipient cultural market that is booming and that does not cease to grow and that increasingly welcomes diverse sectors of the population [...]
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Communication and Education. Demand Analysis for Bachelor’s Degree Graduates in Organizational Social Communication
A. Gordillo

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 7

Abstract
Reflection “Communication-Education” is not limited to the analysis of practices, teaching-learning methodologies, the role of subjects in the dyad or the ideological issue that crosses the educational policies, but discuss the triad “teacher-knowledge-student” every time in a historical context. The binomial referred should also be enriched by scientific inquiry, which accounts for (among many other aspects) effective job placement of professionals (conceived as the fruit of this educational process of “Communication-Education”) in the immediate organizational environment of the higher education institutions. With this objective in view, an exploratory research was carried out (as a first and necessary step) to know more about the demand of social communicators in organizations (public, private or mixed) in the city of Chilecito, province of La Rioja (Argentina), an area which National University of Chilecito is inserted in period 2013-2014. Organizations are areas of professional intervention for Social Communicators with Institutional orientation: it is a wide and complex area of socio-cultural, administrative, economic, financial, political and ideological realities where they can deploy versatility of the competences and skills acquired during their degree training. On the other hand, investigating characteristics of the demand of these professionals constitutes a valuable resource at the moment of recognizing the feasibility and suitability of educational offer. These aspects have been the main motivations that have guided the development of the present paper.
Abstract
Reflection “Communication-Education” is not limited to the analysis of practices, teaching-learning methodologies, the role of subjects in the dyad or the ideological [...]
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Pseudo-understanding. An Agreement between Media and its Customers
C. Franco

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 6

Abstract
A relationship is established between the media and its clients that is not explained by appealing to the law of causes and effects. It could be said rather that it is a dialogic relationship, deeply rooted in the logic of supply and demand. In this text, from the relationship proposed by Heidegger (and that is also dialogical) between understanding and pseudo-understanding, speech and gossip (and referring to the notion of cultural industry), it is suggested that the often fallacious character of the exercise of information is determined not only by the means and interests they hold, but by those to whom we have called their clients.
Abstract
A relationship is established between the media and its clients that is not explained by appealing to the law of causes and effects. It could be said rather that it is a dialogic [...]
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Journalistic Socialization or the Principles of Objectivity Belief Production
P. Schleifer

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 5

Abstract
This article considers that the social function of journalism is based on the belief in the journalistic objectivity, true illusio which involves a set of explicit and implicit rules that structure and define this social game. For this reason, we propose to investigate the processes of socialization and subjectivation that imply the incorporation of the belief in the journalistic objectivity and a series of mechanisms intended for production. In this sense, and since we postulate the need to reinstate the agent of the practices, in theoretical methodological link the perspective of relational sociology with the journalistic experiences reconstructed on the basis of the experiences of the journalists interviewed in our research.
Abstract
This article considers that the social function of journalism is based on the belief in the journalistic objectivity, true illusio which involves a set of explicit and implicit [...]
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The Body in Cognitive Linguistics. Conceptual Metaphor and Embodiment
D. Gonzalez

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 4

Abstract
The present work approaches the way in which Cognitive Linguistics addresses the issue of the body in relation to language, which is understood as a correlate of thought. One of the axes of language addressing that characterizes this theoretical approach is the notion of conceptual metaphor postulated by Lakoff and Johnson (2001). These authors conceive metaphor as a phenomenon of thought that is reflected in language, is omnipresent in everyday life and allows the structuring of experience. The experience to which they refer is essentially corporal. The influence of body experience in conceptualizing is called embodiment or embodied mind (Lakoff, 1987: 12).
Abstract
The present work approaches the way in which Cognitive Linguistics addresses the issue of the body in relation to language, which is understood as a correlate of thought. [...]
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Magazine Design in Spanish Generalist Newspaper. Publico’s Covers
C. Chiang

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 3

Abstract
This paper details thematic, as well as style and graphic language in Público newspaper's covers (October 2007 - June 2008). We assume that poster design in Público covers, during the cited period, exploited many visual resources (familiar with publications aimed to young readers and users of portable technologies and multimedia) and helped to canalize a systematic critic to “conservative” political sectors in Spain, underlining the “progressive” nature of this newspaper.
Abstract
This paper details thematic, as well as style and graphic language in Público newspaper's covers (October 2007 - June 2008). We assume that poster design in Público [...]
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Ethical Perception for Journalistic Profession. Academic Reality vs. Occupational Reality
C. Hormazábal

correspondencias & análisis (2018). 1

Abstract
The report “Journalism’ students in Chile: Perception of the profession, their future work field and the performance of the media” (Mellado & cols., 2015), which includes their perspective about career field, evaluation and use of the media, threats and future of journalism, and ethics, among others, is the starting point of an exploratory investigation to account the ethical perception of journalism students, against controversial practices and their relation to join the labor market. Based on the analysis, getting deeper in the findings of this report and the contrast with the curricula of the participating journalism schools, the students’ vision is extrapolated from the reality observed in their first professional experience, based on the perception of the media editors. In this way, this report tries to determine how the student’s ethical perception is put to the test in his first professional experience.
Abstract
The report “Journalism’ students in Chile: Perception of the profession, their future work field and the performance of the media” (Mellado & cols., [...]
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Analysis of post-tensioned structures by means of a constitutive serial-parallel rule of mixtures
S. Jiménez, L. Barbu, S. Oller

Monograph CIMNE (2018). M178

Abstract
The main objective of this thesis is to present a novel methodology for the analysis of post-tensioned concrete structures, based on the potential offered by the use of the Serial-Parallel Rule of Mixtures when modelling composite materials. The advantages of this methodology are studied in comparison to the available approaches, i.e. the formulation proposed by the standards used in the design of structures and the mechanism used in numerical simulation based on the finite element method (FEM). The Serial-Parallel Rule of Mixtures allows the modelization of each component material in depth, working as a constitutive model manager in order to simulate the composite material being studied. The prestressed concrete is modelled as a composite material with long fibres where the fibre orientation is defined by the steel tendon direction. Therefore, the most suitable constitutive model can be used in each case. In the present thesis this is: for the matrix - concrete an isotropic damage model and for the fibre - steel a viscoelasticity model, achieving an extraordinary accuracy in the micro-scale. The analysis is based on the FEM, which combined with the Serial-Parallel Rule of Mixtures theory allows the study of large-scale structures, taking into account the specific geometric requirements of the construction. Three application examples are included which are used for validating the methodology and the potential of this approach. The first two cases are two isostatic beams that allow the comparison with the results obtained through the study using analytical methods. Finally, the third case shows the results obtained recently for the analysis of a Benchmark, in which the behaviour of a mock-up of a reactor containment building has been studied.
Abstract
The main objective of this thesis is to present a novel methodology for the analysis of post-tensioned concrete structures, based on the potential offered by the use of the [...]
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La simplificación en ingeniería, ventajas e inconvenientes.
F. Zarate, J. Cuellar, A. Regalado

Revista Mexicana de Métodos Numéricos (2018). Vol. 2, 1

Abstract
Siempre que se realiza una simplificación, se suele cometer un error asociado, la capacidad del ingeniero en cuantificar o poder compensar dicho error con coeficientes de seguridad u otros mecanismos permite adoptar dichas simplificaciones en la mayoría de las situaciones. Sin embargo, no en todos los casos es posible aplicar dichas simplificaciones en los cálculos. Los procedimientos y programas de cálculo son muy diferentes en ambos casos. El presente trabajo muestra dos ejemplos de cálculo numérico asociado a una misma obra. Mientras que el primero tiene como finalidad el dimensionamiento y verificación de la capacidad estructural, el segundo pone de manifiesto la necesidad de considerar en detalle aspectos que han sido obviados o simplificados a fin de dar una respuesta adecuada. Los códigos usados son muy distintos, en el primer caso, es posible aplicar códigos comerciales, mientras que en el segundo es necesario usar programas diseñados para la investigación.
Abstract
Siempre que se realiza una simplificación, se suele cometer un error asociado, la capacidad del ingeniero en cuantificar o poder compensar dicho error con coeficientes [...]
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Analysis of time dependent problems using exponential basis functions
B. Movahedian, B. Boroomand

(2011). Research Report, Nº PI364

Abstract
In this research we present a method based on using Exponential Basis Functions (EBFs) to solve a class of time dependent engineering problems. The solution is first approximated by a summation of EBFs satisfying the differential equation and then completed by satisfying the time dependent boundary conditions as well as the initial conditions through a collocation method. This can be performed by considering two approaches. In the first one the solution is split into three parts, i.e. a homogeneous solution obtained by homogeneous boundary conditions, a homogeneous solution obtained by non-homogeneous solution and finally a particular solution induced by source terms. In the second approach the solution is split into two parts, i.e. a homogeneous solution and a particular solution induced by source terms. The two approaches are then employed to construct a time marching algorithm for the solution of problems over a long period of time. We shall present the details of the application of the two approaches introduced to some mathematical and engineering problems. The details of the time marching algorithm proposed are explained. Several problems are solved to show the capabilities of the approaches used. Some benchmark problems are also devised and solved for further studies. It is shown that the one of the introduced approaches is capable of solving a class of problems with moving boundaries.
Abstract
In this research we present a method based on using Exponential Basis Functions (EBFs) to solve a class of time dependent engineering problems. The solution is first approximated [...]
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Exponential basis functions in solution of incompressible fluid problems with moving free surfaces
S. Zandi, B. Boroomand, S. Soghrati

(2011). Research Report, Nº PI363

Abstract
In this report, a new simple meshless method is presented for the solution of incompressible inviscid fluid flow problems with moving boundaries. A Lagrangian formulation established on pressure, as a potential equation, is employed. In this method, the approximate solution is expressed by a linear combination of exponential basis functions (EBFs), with complex-valued exponents, satisfying the governing equation. Constant coefficients of the solution series are evaluated through point collocation on the domain boundaries via a complex discrete transformation technique. The numerical solution is performed in a time marching approach using an implicit algorithm. In each time step, the governing equation is solved at the beginning and the end of the step, with the aid of an intermediate geometry. The use of EBFs helps to find boundary velocities with high accuracy leading to a precise geometry updating. The developed Lagrangian meshless algorithm is applied to variety of linear and nonlinear benchmark problems. Non-linear sloshing fluids in rigid rectangular two-dimensional basins are particularly addressed.
Abstract
In this report, a new simple meshless method is presented for the solution of incompressible inviscid fluid flow problems with moving boundaries. A Lagrangian formulation [...]
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Paralelización del código Stampack v7.10
W. Castelló, F. Flores

(2011). Research Report, Nº PI362

Abstract
El objetivo principal del presente informe es mostrar las mejoras en la performance del código Stampack, cuando se lo emplea en conjunto con OpenMP en máquinas del tipo multi-núcleo (ej.: Intel Core2 Duo, Intel Core2 Quad, etc) o multi-thread (ej.: Intel Core i3, i5, i7, etc). Esta última tecnología en los procesadores (multi-thread) permite aumentar de manera importante la potencia de cálculo, dado que además de contar con más de un procesador, permite aumentar los hilos (threads) de tareas simultaneas de cada núcleo. Por ejemplo un procesador Intel Core i3, puede tener dos procesadores y realizar dos tareas simultaneas por cada procesador, lo cual es equivalente a tener una máquina con cuatro procesadores. En el caso del procesador Intel Core i7 empleado en este trabajo cuenta con cuatro núcleos y la posibilidad de realizar dos tareas simultaneas por núcleo, lo cual equivale a tener ocho procesadores. La paralelización del software Stampack se ha realizado siguiendo la idea básica de modificar o intervenir mínimamente los archivos fuente originales de la versión serial. Bajo estas condiciones, se ha realizado un análisis de tiempos para detectar zonas del código que representen un importante porcentaje del tiempo total de cálculo. Para finalizar se debe destacar que el software paralelizado debe funcionar también de manera correcta cuando es ejecutado en ordenadores con un solo procesador, de manera que la versión paralela debe ser compatible en su totalidad con la versión serial original del código Stampack.
Abstract
El objetivo principal del presente informe es mostrar las mejoras en la performance del código Stampack, cuando se lo emplea en conjunto con OpenMP en máquinas [...]
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Simplificación de mallas de triángulos
M. Pasenau, C. Andújar

(2011). Research Report, Nº PI361

Abstract
El objetivo principal del proyecto de fin de carrera es el análisis, diseño, implementación y prueba de un algoritmo que permita simplificar rápidamente una malla de triángulos muy densa, tratando de minimizar tanto el error geométrico como el error de atributos definidos en la superficie, para que el usuario pueda interaccionar con ella en plataformas modestas.
Abstract
El objetivo principal del proyecto de fin de carrera es el análisis, diseño, implementación y prueba de un algoritmo que permita simplificar rápidamente [...]
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Possibilities of the particle finite element method for fluid-soil-structure interaction problems
E. Oñate, M. Celigueta, S. Idelsohn, F. Salazar, B. Suarez

(2011). Research Report, Nº PI357

Abstract
We present some developments in the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) for analysis of complex coupled problems in mechanics involving fluid-soil-structure interaction (FSSI). The PFEM uses an updated Lagrangian description to model the motion of nodes (particles) in both the fluid and the solid domains (the later including soil/rock and structures). A mesh connects the particles (nodes) defining the discretized domain where the governing equations for each of the constituent materials are solved as in the standard FEM. The stabilization for dealing with an incompressibility continuum is introduced via the finite calculus (FIC) method. An incremental iterative scheme for the solution of the non linear transient coupled FSSI problem is described. The procedure to model frictional contact conditions and material erosion at fluid-solid and solid-solid interfaces is described. We present several examples of application of the PFEM to solve FSSI problems such as the motion of rocks by water streams, the erosion of a river bed adjacent to a bridge foundation, the stability of breakwaters and constructions sea waves and the study of landslides.
Abstract
We present some developments in the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) for analysis of complex coupled problems in mechanics involving fluid-soil-structure interaction [...]
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El ciclo de las ideas en la I+D+I
E. Oñate

(2011). Research Report, Nº PI354

Abstract
Cuando se habla de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación (I+D+I en siglas, que yo escribo todas en mayúsculas [1]) es frecuente confundir fines, medios y responsabilidades. La última moda parece que es exigir que los grupos que investigan en Universidades y Centros de I+D, sean "rentables". Es decir, se pretende que su investigación se financie con créditos públicos, que los resultados de la misma se implementen en el mercado rápidamente y que los beneficios de su comercialización sirvan para devolver los créditos y para refinanciar esos grupos. También parece que se echa de menos que las empresas investiguen más, es decir, que inviertan recursos en descubrir nuevos conocimientos. El límite caricaturesco de esas aspiraciones sería pretender que las empresas produjeran premios Nobel y que un grupo universitario estuviera entre los 10 primeros puestos en el ranking de la actividad económica de un país. Ciertamente, esto no es imposible, pero es altamente improbable. Lo contrario desgraciadamente es más frecuente. Es decir, que los investigadores universitarios en su afán por la supervivencia económica de sus grupos, descuiden sus tareas investigadoras y que las empresas, confundiendo lo que es un Departamento Técnico o de Proyectos, con un Departamento de Innovación, se consideren autosuficientes y menosprecien u obvien el contacto con el mundo de la I+D real.
Abstract
Cuando se habla de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación (I+D+I en siglas, que yo escribo todas en mayúsculas [1]) es frecuente [...]
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On the use of exponential basis functions in the analysis of shear deformable laminated plates
M. Shahbazi, B. Boroomand, S. Soghrati

(2011). Research Report, Nº PI353

Abstract
In this report, we introduce a meshfree approach for static analysis of isotropic/orthotropic crossply laminated plates with symmetric/non-symmetric layers. Classical, first and third order shear deformation plate theories are employed to perform the analyses. In this method, the solution is first split into homogenous and particular parts and then the homogenous part is approximated by the summation of an appropriately selected set of exponential basis functions (EBFs) with unknown coefficients. In the homogenous solution the EBFs are restricted to satisfy the governing differential equation. The particular solution is derived using a similar approach and another series of EBFs. The imposition of the boundary conditions and determination of the unknown coefficients are performed by a collocation method through a discrete transformation technique. The solution method allows us to obtain semi-analytical solution of plate problems with various shapes and boundary conditions. The solutions of several benchmark plate problems with various geometries are presented to validate the results.
Abstract
In this report, we introduce a meshfree approach for static analysis of isotropic/orthotropic crossply laminated plates with symmetric/non-symmetric layers. Classical, first [...]
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Methodologies for tracking of load extremes and error estimation using probabilistic techniques
R. Flores, E. Ortega, R. López

(2012). Research Report, Nº PI375

Abstract
This work, conducted at CIMNE under ALEF project task 1.2.3, presents an investigation about the potential capabilities of neural networks to assist simulation campaigns. The discrete gust response of an aircraft has been chosen as a typical problem in which the determination of the critical loads requires exploring a large parameter space. A very simple model has been used to compute the aerodynamic loads. This allows creating a large database while at the same time retaining some of the fundamental properties of the problem. Using this comprehensive dataset the effects of network structure, training method and sampling strategy on the level of approximation over the complete domain have been investigated. The capabilities of the neural network to predict the peak load as well as the critical values of the design parameters have also been assessed. The applicability of neural networks to the combination of multi-fidelity results is also explored.
Abstract
This work, conducted at CIMNE under ALEF project task 1.2.3, presents an investigation about the potential capabilities of neural networks to assist simulation campaigns. [...]
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A four-noded quadrilateral element for composite laminated plates/shell using the refined zigzag theory
A. Eijo, E. Oñate, S. Oller

(2012). Research Report, Nº PI378

Abstract
A new bilinear 4-noded quadrilateral element (called QLRZ) for the analysis of composite laminated and sandwich plates/shells based on the refined zigzag theory (RZT) proposed by Tessler et al. [1] is presented. The element has seven kinematic variables per node. Shear locking is avoided by introducing an assumed linear shear strain field. The performance of the element is studied in several examples where the reference solution is the 3D finite element analysis using 20-noded hexahedral elements. Finally, the capability for capturing delamination effects is analyzed.
Abstract
A new bilinear 4-noded quadrilateral element (called QLRZ) for the analysis of composite laminated and sandwich plates/shells based on the refined zigzag theory (RZT) proposed [...]
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Puente Tensairity para pasarela peatonal en el PMT-UPC de Castelldefels (737-PRO-CA-5385)
C. Estruch, B. Suárez, J. Marcipar

(2012). Research Report, Nº PI380

Abstract
Actualmente el espacio formado por el “Parc Mediterrani de la Tecnologia” y el Campus Universitario de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (PMT-UPC) de Castelldefels está en expansión. Es por ello que se está pensando en la construcción de dos pasarelas peatonales para cruzar la laguna de laminación de la “Olla del Rei”, conectando de esta forma el PMT-UPC con el paseo del Pitort. Dado que el PMT-UPC pretende ser un referente ambiental y tecnológico, se plantea como alternativa óptima la construcción de una pasarela peatonal ligera diseñada mediante una novedosa tecnología neumática conocida y patentada con el nombre de Tensairity®. Las estructuras ligeras son un reto para el ingeniero estructural y un importante avance hacia una arquitectura sostenible. Tensairity® es un concepto que hace referencia a estructuras neumáticas ligeras basadas en una sutil interacción entre cables, elementos de compresión, membranas y aire a baja presión. En Tensairity®, compresión y tracción están físicamente separados por una membrana de tejido hinchada a baja presión, el fin de la cual es, por un lado pretensar el elemento de tracción, y por el otro estabilizar el elemento de compresión frente al pandeo. Esto permite llevar al material hasta su límite plástico, tanto para tracción como para compresión, dando como resultado vigas que pueden ser varios órdenes de magnitud más ligeras que las vigas metálicas convencionales, manteniendo siempre su misma capacidad de carga. Aplicaciones ideales para esta tecnología son cerchas, estructuras con grandes luces, estructuras temporales, pasarelas peatonales o incluso estructuras de despliegue rápido para casos de emergencia, entre otras. La pasarela peatonal objeto de este proyecto está compuesta por dos partes bien diferenciadas, una pasarela Tensairity® que cruza la laguna de laminación y dos estructuras de madera a modo de embarcaderos, una a cada lado de la pasarela y donde ésta se apoya hasta alcanzar los caminos que bordean el trazado de la laguna. La pasarela Tensairity® está formada por dos vigas Tensairity® compuestas cada una de ellas por un tubo hinchable de PVC en cuya parte superior se apoya una viga de madera a modo de elemento de compresión y en su parte inferior una cinta de carga a modo de elemento de tracción. Sobre estas dos vigas se sustenta la superestructura de la pasarela formada por vigas transversales de madera sobre las que se apoya el tablero y las barandillas, también de madera. Las estructuras de apoyo se construyen igualmente en madera, con una tipología estructural similar al de la pasarela y mediante el uso de pilotes que recuerda en cierta manera los embarcaderos presentes en los ríos, de forma que la estructura completa esté integrada en el entorno.
Abstract
Actualmente el espacio formado por el “Parc Mediterrani de la Tecnologia” y el Campus Universitario de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (PMT-UPC) [...]
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Continuum modelling using the discrete element method. theory and implementation in an object-oriented software platform
M. Santasusana, E. Oñate

(2012). Research Report, Nº PI381

Abstract
The Discrete Element Method is a relatively new technique that has nowadays and intense research in the field of numerical methods. In its first conception, the method was designed for simulations of dynamic system of particles where each element is considered to be an independent and non-deformable entity that interacts with other particles by the laws of the contact mechanics and moves following the second Newton’s law. This first approach for the DEM has obtained excellent results for granular media simulations or another discontinuouslike case. The existing challenge nowadays for the DEM is to be able to simulate the behaviour on a continuous media discretized by a mesh of particles ruled by the equations of the DEM. Although there exist more adequate methods to solve the continuous problem as they are the different variants of the Finite Element Method, the DEM is expected to have a better behaviour when the failure of the media occurs; in terms of tracking the evolution of the fracture locally between the elements of the discretization and also the post-fractural behaviour of the material. Nowadays, there are several DEM codes that try to solve this problem although there is no one which can assure an accurate solution applicable universally to any case. The objective of the present work is to develop calculation software for the Discrete Element Method included in the platform for numerical methods KRATOS, which is developed in CIMNE. One of the goals of the so-called DEM-Application is to be able to reproduce a wide set of engineering problems; not only the discrete ones such as the excavation or agroalimentary applications but also to reproduce the continuous media, simulating compression test for concrete or asphalt samples for instance. In addition it is desired that the application permits the coupling with another methods, particularly the Finite Element Method. In order to do this, the present work includes the study of all the advances and ideas that, globally in the numerical method field and particularly in CIMNE, have been discussed to give other approaches and to keep improving and developing the to the Discrete Element Method.
Abstract
The Discrete Element Method is a relatively new technique that has nowadays and intense research in the field of numerical methods. In its first conception, the method was [...]
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Proper generalized decomposition for parameterized Helmholtz problems in heterogeneous and unbounded domains: Application to harbor agitation
D. Modesto, S. Zlotnik, A. Huerta

(2013). Research Report, Nº PI401

Abstract
Solving the Helmholtz equation for a large number of input data in an heterogeneous media and unbounded domain still represents a challenge. This is due to the particular nature of the Helmholtz operator and the sensibility of the solution to small variations of the data. Here a reduced order model is used to determine the scattered solution everywhere in the domain for any incoming wave direction and frequency. Moreover, this is applied to a real engineering problem: water agitation inside real harbors for low to mid-high frequencies. The Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) model reduction approach is used to obtain a separable representation of the solution at any point and for any incoming wave direction and frequency. Here, its applicability to such a problem is discussed and demonstrated. More precisely, the separability of the operator is addressed taking into account both the non-constant coe
Abstract
Solving the Helmholtz equation for a large number of input data in an heterogeneous media and unbounded domain still represents a challenge. This is due to the particular [...]
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Desarrollo y aplicación de un modelo de elementos finitos para cálculo de vigas con materiales compuestos laminados basado en la teoría de Timoshenko
A. Llanos, E. Oñate, F. Zárate

(2013). Research Report, Nº PI398

Abstract
Actualmente existen programas de MAT-fem para calcular vigas de material homogéneo, según la teoría de Euler-Bernoulli o de Timoshenko. El objetivo de la presente tesina es conseguir un nuevo programa capaz de calcular vigas de materiales compuestos con la teoría de Timoshenko. En el capítulo 1, se introducen los materiales compuestos describiendo las ventajas y aplicaciones que tienen hoy en día en el ámbito de la Ingeniería Cívil. En el capítulo 2 y 3 se expone la teoría de las vigas planas laminadas y, en particular, de las vigas compuestas de Timoshenko. El capítulo 4 explica cómo se ha llevado a cabo la implementación numérica y da paso al capítulo 5, en el que se exponen varios ejemplos. Por último, en el capítulo 6, se exponen las conclusiones que se extraen del trabajo realizado y de los resultados obtenidos. Finalmente se presentan los anejos. Primero, en el anejo 1, se muestra un ejemplo real de refuerzo de viga mediante materiales compuestos. En el segundo anejo se presentan más ejemplos de los expuestos en el quinto capítulo y, por último, se termina la tesina con el anejo 3, que presenta los distintos archivos de programación utilizados para el cálculo de vigas compuestas de Timoshenko.
Abstract
Actualmente existen programas de MAT-fem para calcular vigas de material homogéneo, según la teoría de Euler-Bernoulli o de Timoshenko. El objetivo de [...]
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Numerically stable formulas for a material point based explicit exponential integrator
P. Nadukandi

(2014). Research Report, Nº PI408

Abstract
We present numerically stable formulas for the analytical solution in the closed form of the so-called X-IVAS scheme in 3D. The X-IVAS scheme is a material point based explicit exponential integrator. An intermediate step in the X-IVAS scheme is the solution of tangent curves for piecewise linear vector fields defined on simplicial meshes. This is what we refer to as particle tracing of streamlines and independent formulas for the same can be easily distilled from the ones presented for the X-IVAS scheme. The formulas involve functions of matrices which are defined using the corresponding Newton interpolating polynomial. The evaluation of these formulas is stable, i.e. a certain number of significant digits in the computed values are guaranteed to be exact. Using the double-precision floating-point arithmetic specified by the IEEE 754 standard, we obtain at least 10 significant decimal digits in the worst case scenarios. These scenarios involve fourth-order divided differences of the exponential function. Additionally, an optimal series approximation of divided differences is presented which is an essential part of the exposition.
Abstract
We present numerically stable formulas for the analytical solution in the closed form of the so-called X-IVAS scheme in 3D. The X-IVAS scheme is a material point based [...]
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PARACHUTES: A computer program for calculating ram-air parachutes. Theory document
E. Ortega, R. Flores

(2016). Research Report, Nº PI415

Abstract
PARACHUTES is a computer program developed at the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) for the simulation of ram-air (gliding) parachute systems. The solution methodology in PARACHUTES is based on two unsteady calculation modules which work in a coupled manner. The aerodynamics of the gliding parachute is solved by a low-order panel method and a finite-element technique is used for the structure. The latter allows modelling the suspension lines, textile fabric and suspended payloads of a typical parachute system by means of cable, membrane and solid linear elements. For specified flight conditions, the simulation program solves the fluid-structural problem governing the behavior of arbitrary parachute-payload configurations and also allows analyzing user-defined maneuvers. This document describes the theoretical formulation and the numerical procedures adopted in PARACHUTES.
Abstract
PARACHUTES is a computer program developed at the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) for the simulation of ram-air (gliding) parachute systems. The [...]
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Analysis of Linear Systems Assisted with Scilab: An Approach from Electrical Engineering (2015 Review)
E. Brea

Gaceta Técnica (2018). Vol. 18, 13

Abstract
The analysis of the linear systems as well as of the signals that interact with the different elements of the system and the environment that surrounds it, requires a clear knowledge of the mathematical analysis and especially of what is known as operational calculation, as of the operational calculation it is possible, in some cases, to facilitate the search for the solutions of the problems of analysis that are raised in the investigation of the systems represented by mathematical models. Both the mathematical models that represent the systems and the signals can be defined in terms of continuous or discrete variables, for which each of these points of view requires its corresponding model, and the determination of its solution to the problem will be based on the domain over which the model is represented, whether continuous or discrete, as well as the concepts used in the spectral domain. The author assumes that the reader has a clear knowledge of Laplace, Fourier and Z transform, which are used as alternative tools for the analysis of problems in the domain where the mathematical models are described. On the other hand, brief explanations of some differential equation solving methods are presented in this book, which represent the relationships among the variables of the dynamic system defined in the continuous domain that is being studied. The purpose of introducing differential equations is to induce the method of solving difference equations, which are used as mathematical models of dynamic systems seen from a discrete domain perspective. It is important to note that the scope of this work does not include the analysis of linear systems from the stochastic perspective, because this approach requires clear knowledge of the probabilities and stochastic processes, and that this material It should form the textbook of the undergraduate course of Analysis of Linear Systems of the School of Electrical Engineering of the Central University of Venezuela, and this course studies the systems from the deterministic point of view. It should be noted that the author has used, in a very careful way, a notation that allows to discriminate clearly when the mathematical models are referred to the continuous or discrete domain. Moreover, the author makes a clear difference, in the case of the signals defined in the discrete domain, between what a function in the discrete domain means and its corresponding sequence of samples, both of which are used for the representation of the signals in the domain of discrete domain. In addition, the author has tried as far as possible to refer to the domain, without this being limited to the domain in continuous or discrete time, because in the opinion of the author, the concepts, methods and theoretical bases should not refer exclusively to the domain of time, but to any domain, thus leaving the possibility of generalizing the application of what is presented in the work, although in the area of Electrical Engineering it is very common to see the models and signals defined in the domain of time and frequency. It is appropriate to establish that throughout the work, the signals studied and their use in the analysis of the various systems, both in the continuous and discrete domain, are considered real. That is, they are signals that represent measures in the set of real numbers, or in mathematical terms are signals represented by functions whose ranges correspond to the set of real numbers. In addition, it must be taken into account that the signals are modeled by functions defined in the domain of real or integer numbers, depending on whether the signals represent measurements in the continuous or discrete domain, respectively.
Abstract
The analysis of the linear systems as well as of the signals that interact with the different elements of the system and the environment that surrounds it, requires a clear [...]
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Development and programming of sismic resistant types BFP and RBS connections according to ANSI/AISC 358-16
G. Pannillo, M. Chacón, H. Riera

Gaceta Técnica (2018). Vol. 18, 12

Abstract
Steel connections are a fundamental part in the design and construction process of metal structures. Making this connections design becomes an extensive mathematical procedure, which would generate delays manually due to the number of iterations necessary to obtain an adequate result. There are commercial programs that perform these procedures in an automated way, but their licenses tend to be very expensive, and emphasizing the above, this work has the purpose of creating a free and easy to use software for the design of BFP and RBS connections according to the guidelines established by the ANSI / AISC standard 358-2016. In addition, at the same time incorporate an additional tool for the teaching of matters related to connections in steel structures. The software is accompanied by a user manual that describes step by step some common examples of calculation, which can be used to teach the use of software. The results obtained by the program were compared with exercises developed by other authors, reflecting quite low percentages of difference and with them the acceptance of the results obtained with the program.
Abstract
Steel connections are a fundamental part in the design and construction process of metal structures. Making this connections design becomes an extensive mathematical procedure, [...]
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CIMNE workshop on Scipedia
J. García-Espinosa

Presentations Repository of Scipedia

Abstract
Scipedia (https://www.scipedia.com) is an innovative Open Science and Research Publishing Platform. Scipedia aims to connect researchers and professionals in science and technology and facilitate the sharing of knowledge, expertise and the outcome of their work. Scipedia.com was born to offer a complete solution for open science, and essentially integrates a collaborative social network for scientists with online editorial and document and data management tools. CIMNE has chosen Scipedia as the open publishing platform for its collections of monographs, articles and preprints, and technical and research reports (see https://www.scipedia.com/institution/cimne.upc.edu). The content of these collections will be compiled from the personal repositories in Scipedia of all CIMNE researchers. The objective of the workshop is to resolve the main doubts that may arise in the use of the platform, and specifically in the creation and management of document collections.
Abstract
Scipedia (https://www.scipedia.com) is an innovative Open Science and Research Publishing Platform. Scipedia aims to connect researchers and professionals in science [...]
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Inter institutional agreement Construction Camera of the Lara state school of civil engineering of UCLA
R. Arias

Gaceta Técnica (2018). Vol. 18, 6

Abstract
The Construction Camera of the Lara State in Venezuela has been encouraging courses through the agreement established with the School of Civil Engineering of the Centroccidental University Lisandro Alvarado, with the purpose of updating and maintaining a system of continuous training of its members in the construction area. It has specialized chairs taught at higher levels within the civil engineering career itself, as is the subject 'Construction Management' to specific courses in the structural area. Likewise, the Internship Unit is supported by locating students who need to complete professional internships in companies affiliated with the Camera; including consultancies in degree works from the civil engineering area.
Abstract
The Construction Camera of the Lara State in Venezuela has been encouraging courses through the agreement established with the School of Civil Engineering of the Centroccidental [...]
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Road accidents in Mexico and its relationship with daylight saving time
L. Vázquez, D. Aguirre, M. Demmler

Gaceta Técnica (2018). Vol. 18, 7

Abstract
The objective proposed in this work was to find out if there is a relationship between the beginning of summer time in Mexico and the number of road accidents, since the entrance of such schedule causes fatigue, which is reported as a cause of accidents. The permutations test was used and there was no evidence of an increase in accidents associated with the entry of summer time. The limitations of the study are, on the one hand, the lack of accident records prior to the implementation of summer time and, on the other, not having controlled the time of occurrence of the accidents analyzed; in future cases it is recommended to control this last variable. Summer time in Mexico was implemented since 1996 and its effects on road traffic accidents had not yet been studied; the originality of the present study lies in studying such effects. The findings suggest that vehicular driving with natural light provides greater safety even when the driver is fatigued.
Abstract
The objective proposed in this work was to find out if there is a relationship between the beginning of summer time in Mexico and the number of road accidents, since the entrance [...]
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Mechanical physical study of concrete substitutes with silica powder exposed in simulated aggressive environment
A. Giménez, M. Olavarrieta, L. Escalona, H. Gallegos

Gaceta Técnica (2018). Vol. 18, 8

Abstract
The present research resulted in a standardized laboratory test for the evaluation of properties in a simulated exposure environment by immersion in 3% NaCl solution. The physical and mechanical evaluation was performed on reinforced cylindrical specimens of 30 cm high and 15 cm in diameter, made of concrete with partial replacement of the cement by dose silica in 10% and 15% water cement ratio of 0,45 and 0,65 and design strength of 250 Kgf/cm². Settlement tests, porosity, capillary absorption and mechanical resistance were performed In a period of 5 months, the influence of the substitutions of silica dust in the concrete mixtures with respect to the standard mixtures was analyzed, obtaining an increase in the mechanical resistance with respect to the design, in the ratio a/c 0,45, for the a/c ratio 0,65 reached acceptable values for the substituted mixtures with respect to the mechanical strength compared with the design, as for the porosity and capillary absorption tests were not satisfactory for any relation to a/c probably due to lack of curing prior to exposure.
Abstract
The present research resulted in a standardized laboratory test for the evaluation of properties in a simulated exposure environment by immersion in 3% NaCl solution. The [...]
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Numerical simulation of the structural behavior of tubular profiles submitted to ultra-low cycles fatigue
L. Lopez, R. Picón, M. Marante

Gaceta Técnica (2018). Vol. 18, 9

Abstract
In the present work of investigation the numerical behavior of structural profiles of steel of thin wall is studied, of Venezuelan national production Conduven ECO, of square cross section, constructed in the form of beam type cantilever, under the effects of Fatigue of UltraLow Cycling. Experimental tests were carried out where histories of cyclic displacements were applied, with very low speed and acting in a range that goes from the yielding effort to the last effort of the element, obtaining a degradation of the resistant capacity of the profiles, these experimental results were compared with the numerical simulations made through a commercial program of finite elements, obtaining satisfactory results.
Abstract
In the present work of investigation the numerical behavior of structural profiles of steel of thin wall is studied, of Venezuelan national production Conduven ECO, of square [...]
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Effect of exposure time to fire in flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams
M. Aguirre, G. Aguirre

Gaceta Técnica (2018). Vol. 18, 10

Abstract
This paper discusses the flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams of square cross section, exposed to fire during different times. After being exposed to fire the beams were left to cool at room temperature for 24 hours, the changes produced by this phenomenon were evaluated by observation. The temperatures reached oscillated between 750 °C and 1050 °C. Through the ASTM C78 test it was determined that the flexural strength decreases drastically as the temperature and exposure time of the beams increases, showing different signs of degradation ranging from a slight calcination and change of coloration to the loss of section of the element. This research showed that the flexural strength decreased by more than 90% with respect to the beams not exposed to fire, this result was obtained when a temperature of 1050 °C was reached at 180 minutes of exposure to fire.
Abstract
This paper discusses the flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams of square cross section, exposed to fire during different times. After being exposed to fire the beams [...]
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Data-MSCA-IF: Sensitive clays
X. Zhang

Papers Repository of the International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) (2018). 6

Abstract
Properties of Norwegian clays, Canadian clays and offshore clays
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Data-MSCA-IF: Collapse Velocity
X. Zhang

Papers Repository of the International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) (2018). 7

Abstract
Variations of horizontal and vertical velocities of retrogressive landslides
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Particle finite element modelling of retrogressive slope failure in sensitive clays
X. Zhang, D. Sloan

15th IACMAG (2017). paper no 868

Abstract
In this paper, the slope failure in sensitive clays is studied numerically using the particle finite element method which is a novel approach capable of tackling extreme deformation problems. The sensitive clay is described using an elastoviscoplastic model with strain softening. This model can be considered a mixture of the Tresca model with strain softening and the classical Bingham model. The former is used to capture the solid-like behaviour, for example when the clay is intact, whereas the latter is to describe the semi-fluid behaviour of the fully remolded clay. The complete process of the collapse of a sensitive clay deposit is captured successfully and the widely-observed retrogressive failure mode is reproduced. The mechanism behind the failure is also discovered.
Abstract
In this paper, the slope failure in sensitive clays is studied numerically using the particle finite element method which is a novel approach capable of tackling extreme deformation [...]
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Advances in the Simulation of Ship Navigation in Brash Ice
J. García-Espinosa, B. Servan Camas, J. Colom Cobb, E. Oñate

13th World Congress in Computational Mechanics (WCCM 2018), New York (USA)

Abstract
Brash ice is the accumulation of floating ice made up of blocks no larger than two meters across. Navigation in brash ice is becoming more usual as new navigation routes are being opened in the Artic regions. This navigation brings new concerns regarding the interaction of ice blocks with the ship. This work presents recent advances towards the development of a computational model for simulation of this navigation condition including the interaction among the ship and the ice blocks. The computational tool developed in this work is based on the coupling of a Semi-Lagrangian Particle Finite Element Method (SL-PFEM) with a multi rigid-body dynamics tool. The Particle Finite Element Method (Idelsohn et al. 2004) is a versatile framework for the analysis of fluid-structure interaction problems. The PFEM combines Lagrangian particle-based techniques with the advantage of the integral formulation of the Finite Element Method (FEM). It has been shown (Idelsohn et al. 2014 and Nadukandi et al. 2017) to successfully simulate a wide variety of complex engineering problems, e.g. free-surface/multi-fluid flows with violent interface motions, multi-fluid mixing and buoyancy-driven segregation problems etc. The latest development within the framework of the PFEM is the X-IVAS (eXplicit Integration along the Velocity and Acceleration Streamlines) scheme. It is a semi-implicit scheme built over a Semi-Lagrangian (SL) formulation of the PFEM. In this work, the SL-PFEM model has been coupled with a multibody dynamics solver, able to handle the interactions between thousands of bodies, representing the different ice blocks. The interaction between the fluid flow and the ice blocks is taking into account by enriching the finite element space at the boundaries of the different blocks. This work is part of the research project NICESHIP sponsored by the U.S. Office of Naval Research under Grant N62909-16-1-2236.
Abstract
Brash ice is the accumulation of floating ice made up of blocks no larger than two meters across. Navigation in brash ice is becoming more usual as new navigation routes are [...]
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Caracterización experimental y numérica de hormigones porosos modificados con polímeros
A. Aguado, A. Josa, M. Pindado

Monograph CIMNE (1997). M37

Abstract
Se pretende realizar una revisión completa de la experiencia obtenida tanto en gabinete de obra, mostrando las conclusiones de las mismas.
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Analysis of fractional step finite element methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation
J. Blasco, R. Codina, A. Huerta

Monograph CIMNE (1997). M38

Abstract
This monograph is devoted to the study of fractional step, finite element methods for the numerical solution of incompressible, viscous flow equations, and in particular of the Navier-Stokes equations.
Abstract
This monograph is devoted to the study of fractional step, finite element methods for the numerical solution of incompressible, viscous flow equations, and in particular of [...]
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Metodología de evaluación del deterioro en estructuras de hormigón armado
A. Hanganu, A. Barbat, E. Oñate

Monograph CIMNE (1997). M39

Abstract
Se desarrolla la formulación de un Nuevo índice de daño global riguroso, general, selectivo y objetivo. En base a ésta se propone una metodología de evaluación de la degradación estructural apoyada en la correlación entre índices globales de distintas zonas. Dicha metodología tiene aplicaciones directas en el estudio de patologías de edificios, cálculo de cargas últimas y mecanismos de fallo.
Abstract
Se desarrolla la formulación de un Nuevo índice de daño global riguroso, general, selectivo y objetivo. En base a ésta se propone una metodología [...]
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Error estimation and adaptivity in strain localisation problems with softening materials
M. Arroyo, P. Díez, A. Huerta

Monograph CIMNE (1997). M40

Abstract
The study and prediction of failure is one of the most challenging issues of mechanical ans¡d structural engineering. In this context, an accurate analysis of strain localization, which typically triggers failure in many softening materials such as steel or concrete, is of great interest. The classical limit-state methods used to study localization phenomena are insufficient, and the finite element method appears as a proper analysis tool. Unfortunately, the numerical simulation of strain localisation in continuum mechanics has to face two important difficulties: the need of a mathematically consistent constitutive model on one side, and of a cost-effective computational strategy capable of capturing the multi-scale nature of localisation problems on the other side. Several formulations have appeared to overcome the fisrt challenge, usually known as regularization techniques or localisation limiters. On the order hand, adaptivity appears as the natural solution to the computational difficulty. In the present work, an adaptive remeshing procedure based on a residual type error estimator is presented in the context of quasi-static localisation problems with softening materials. Two well-known localisation limiters have been used: rate dependence has been used to regularize J2 softening plasticity (via Perzyna viscoplasticity) presenting shear band localisation, and the Mazars damage model with nonlocal regularization has been applied to simulate fracture localisation. These constitutive models simulate steel and concrete respectively. Numerical examples show the good performance of the presented procedure, that captures accurately and cost-effectively the micro-scale of strain localisation problems.Furthermore, this error estimator driven adaptive procedure constitutives an objective alternative to the usual approaches that are based on error indicators. Several topics of interest are also dealt with throughout the work, such as the analysis of the shear band width in quasi-static two-dimensional problems with Perzyna viscoplasticity, the influence of pollution errors in the adaptive process, or the use of error estimation analysis to deduce or test indicators.
Abstract
The study and prediction of failure is one of the most challenging issues of mechanical ans¡d structural engineering. In this context, an accurate analysis of strain [...]
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Scipedia and Science Shops
J. García-Espinosa

Presentations Repository of Scipedia (2018). 2

Abstract
Scipedia (https://www.scipedia.com) is a comprehensive and unparalleled solution for the needs of open access / open data / open innovation / open science. Scipedia.com essentially integrates an advanced online publishing and data management platform within a collaborative social network. Scipedia offers free (and premium) publishing and data repository management services on the platform Scipedia.com and the possibility to build customized solutions for institutions (institutional open science portals). This presentation focuses on the application of Scipedia for the implementation of Science shops in the context of the R&D project Scishops.
Abstract
Scipedia (https://www.scipedia.com) is a comprehensive and unparalleled solution for the needs of open access / open data / open innovation / open science. Scipedia.com [...]
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Reflexiones sobre el tránsito de la idea al producto en el entorno de la Escuela de Ingenieros de Caminos de Barcelona
E. Oñate

(2011). Research Report, Nº PI359

Abstract
Se presentan unas reflexiones sobre el ciclo que las ideas recorren desde que surgen en un entorno universitario hasta que se transforman en un producto industrial. Se concretan estas reflexiones en el contexto de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya y se presentan algunos ejemplos de éxitos en la implantación del denominado Círculo de las Ideas.
Abstract
Se presentan unas reflexiones sobre el ciclo que las ideas recorren desde que surgen en un entorno universitario hasta que se transforman en un producto industrial. Se concretan [...]
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Estabilización de la solución por elementos finitos de problemas de flujo incompresible con rotación, turbulencia, superficie libre y temperatura
O. Soto, R. Codina

Monograph CIMNE (1997). M41

Abstract
El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es el de plantear un método de solución por elementos finitos de las ecuaciones que rigen el flujo incompresible, tanto en su régimen laminar como turbulento. Adicionalmente se planteará un esquema para solucionar problemas que involucren el tratamiento de superficies libres y del flujo térmico. La solución a dichos problemas es la base para atacar diversos problemas de ingeniería que se presentan diariamente en la industria, tales como el llenado de moldes, el flujo en reactores químicos, el diseño de perfiles óptimos para ventiladores, barcos, etc. En este trabajo se presentan las ecuaciones que describen el comportamiento de un fluido incompresible en régimen laminar (ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes) y turbulento (ecuaciones de Reynolds), para luego plantear su solución por elementos finitos utilizando el método clásico o método de Galerkin.
Abstract
El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es el de plantear un método de solución por elementos finitos de las ecuaciones que rigen el flujo incompresible, [...]
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High-order accurate time-stepping schemes for convection-diffusion problems
J. Donea, B. Roig, A. Huerta

Monograph CIMNE (1998). M42

Abstract
In this work, a study has been made of other high order time-stepping methods with the view of identifying schemes that could possibly be used for a time accurate finite element solution of transient problems describing convective-diffusive transport. Both explicit and implicit methods are considered.
Abstract
In this work, a study has been made of other high order time-stepping methods with the view of identifying schemes that could possibly be used for a time accurate finite element [...]
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Analysis of beams and shell using a rotation - free finite element - finite volume formulation
J. Jovicevic, E. Oñate

Monograph CIMNE (1998). M43

Abstract
In this research work, the studies of the previous authors have been applied and expanded to other types of structural problems: Euler-Bernoulli beams, axisymmetric shells and arbitrary shape shells. The main novelty of the particular interest in this work is recasting the mentioned developments in the framework of the mixed Hu-Washizu type variational formulation. Different FE/EV approximations have been accommodated owing to such a variational formulation, in particular Cell Centered and Cell Vertex FV schemes combined with simple linear finite element interpolation have been studied.
Abstract
In this research work, the studies of the previous authors have been applied and expanded to other types of structural problems: Euler-Bernoulli beams, axisymmetric shells [...]
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Localización de deformaciones: análisis y simulación numérica de discontinuidades en mecánica de sólidos
O. Manzoli, J. Oliver, M. Cervera

Monograph CIMNE (1998). M44

Abstract
El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es extender la clase de aproximación de discontinuidad fuerte, originalmente propuesta por Simó, Oliver y Armero (1993), con objeto de contemplar la posibilidad del empleo de leyes de endurecimiento cualesquiera para representar el comportamiento del material. Además, se busca establecer el vínculo definitivo entre los modelos teóricos continuos, que consideran que la localización se asocia a la formación de superficies de discontinuidad débil, y la teoría discontinua, que asocia la localización con la formación de superficies de discontinuidad fuerte.
Abstract
El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es extender la clase de aproximación de discontinuidad fuerte, originalmente propuesta por Simó, Oliver y Armero (1993), [...]
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Lagrangian FE methods for coupled problems in fluid mechanics
P. Ryzhakov, E. Oñate, R. Rossi, S. Idelsohn

Monograph CIMNE (2010). M121

Abstract
Lagrangian finite element methods emerged in fluid dynamics when the deficiencies of the Eulerian methods in treating free surface flows (or generally domains undergoing large shape deformations) were faced. Their advantage relies upon natural tracking of boundaries and interfaces, a feature particularly important for interaction problems. Another attractive feature is the absence of the convective term in the fluid momentum equations written in the Lagrangian framework resulting in a symmetric discrete system matrix, an important feature in case iterative solvers are utilized. Unfortunately, the lack of the control over the mesh distortions is a major drawback of Lagrangian methods. In order to overcome this, a Lagrangian method must be equipped with an efficient re-meshing tool. This work aims at developing formulations and algorithms where maximum advantage of using Lagrangian finite element fluid formulations can be taken. In particular we concentrate our attention at fluid-structure interaction and thermally coupled applications, most of which originate from practical “real-life” problems. Two fundamental options are investigated - coupling two Lagrangian formulations (e.g. Lagrangian fluid and Lagrangian structure) and coupling the Lagrangian and Eulerian fluid formulations. In the first part of this work the basic concepts of the Lagrangian fluids, the so-called Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) [1], [2] are presented. These include nodal variable storage, mesh re-construction using Delaunay triangulation/tetrahedralization and alpha shape-based method for identification of the computational domain boundaries. This shall serve as a general basis for all the further developments of this work. Next we show how an incompressible Lagrangian fluid can be used in a partitioned fluid-structure interaction context. We present an improved Dirichlet-Neumann strategy for coupling the incompressible Lagrangian fluid with a rigid body. This is finally applied to an industrial problem dealing with the sea-landing of a satellite capsule. In the following, an extension of the method is proposed to allow dealing with fluid-structure problems involving general flexible structures. The method developed takes advantage of the symmetry of the discrete system matrix and by introducing a slight fluid compressibility allows to treat the fluid-structure interaction problem efficiently in a monolithic way. Thus, maximum benefit from using a similar description for both the fluid (updated Lagrangian) and the solid (total Lagrangian) is taken. We show next that the developed monolithic approach is particularly useful for modeling the interaction with light-weight structures. The validation of the method is done by means of comparison with experimental results and with a number of different methods found in literature. The second part of this work aims at coupling Lagrangian and Eulerian fluid formulations. The application area is the modeling of polymers under fire conditions. This kind of problem consists of modeling the two subsystems (namely the polymer and the surrounding air) and their thermomechanical interaction. A compressible fluid formulation based on the Eulerian description is used for modeling the air, whereas a Lagrangian description is used for the polymer. For the surrounding air we develop a model based upon the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Such choice is dictated by the presence of high temperature gradients in the problem of interest, which precludes the utilization of the Boussinesq approximation. The formulation is restricted to the sub-sonic flow regime, meeting the requirement of the problem of interest. The mechanical interaction of the subsystems is modeled by means of a one-way coupling, where the polymer velocities are imposed on the interface elements of the Eulerian mesh in a weak way. Thermal interaction is treated by means of the energy equation solved on the Eulerian mesh, containing thermal properties of both the subsystems, namely air and polymer. The developments of the second part of this work do not pretend to be by any means exhaustive; for instance, radiation and chemical reaction phenomena are not considered. Rather we make the first step in the direction of modeling the complicated thermo-mechanical problem and provide a general framework that in the future can be enriched with a more detailed and sophisticated models. However this would affect only the individual modules, preserving the overall architecture of the solution procedure unchanged. Each chapter concludes with the example section that includes both the validation tests and/or applications to the real-life problems. The final chapter highlights the achievements of the work and defines the future lines of research that naturally evolve from the results of this work.
Abstract
Lagrangian finite element methods emerged in fluid dynamics when the deficiencies of the Eulerian methods in treating free surface flows (or generally domains undergoing [...]
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Elementos estabilizados de bajo orden en mecánica de sólidos
Q. Valverde, C. Saracibar, M. Cervera, M. Chiumenti

Monograph CIMNE (2002). M69

Abstract
El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar e implementar una formulación específica, robusta y precisa de elementos, capaz de abordar el problema de incompresibilidad en mecánica de sólidos, con modelos constitutivos elásticos y elasto-plásticos J2, tanto en el contexto de las deformaciones infinitesimales como de las grandes deformaciones.
Abstract
El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar e implementar una formulación específica, robusta y precisa de elementos, capaz de abordar el problema de incompresibilidad [...]
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Pre y postprocesadores para el cálculo de estructuras. Interface GiD-Sap90
F. Muñoz, J. Maristany

Monograph CIMNE (1999). M52

Abstract
La integración (interface) de los programas, por un lado el pre y postproceso y por el otro el análisis de estructuras por medio del MEF, GiD y Sap90 nos permiten de forma ágil y sencilla realizar el análisis de cualquier género estructural, por compleja que sea.
Abstract
La integración (interface) de los programas, por un lado el pre y postproceso y por el otro el análisis de estructuras por medio del MEF, GiD y Sap90 nos permiten [...]
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Scipedia's hosting plans for journals
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A non-linear finite element method on unstructured meshes for added resistance in waves
J. García-Espinosa, B. Servan Camas

Ships and offshore structures (2018). 14:2, 153-164 (preprint)

Abstract
In this work a finite element method (FEM) is proposed to solve the problem of estimating the added resistance of a ship in waves in the time domain and using unstructured meshes. Two different schemes are used to integrate the corresponding free surface kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions: the first one based on streamlines integration (SLI); and the second one based on the Streamline-Upwind Petrov-Galerking (SUPG) stabilization. The proposed numerical schemes have been validated in different test cases, including towing tank tests with monochromatic waves. The results obtained in this work show the suitability of the present method to estimate added resistance in waves in a computationally affordable manner.
Abstract
In this work a finite element method (FEM) is proposed to solve the problem of estimating the added resistance of a ship in waves in the time domain and using unstructured [...]
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Excellent science with and for all: the case of CIMNE
C. Soriano

Presentations Repository of Scipedia (2018). 1

Abstract
This presentation was held on 5th July, 2018 at the VII Session of the Virtual Program on Open Science and Research Data Management (VII Sesión del Programa Virtual sobre Ciencia Abierta y Gestión de Datos de Investigación) organized by Columbus Foundation. The presentation shows different activities of the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) in the field of Open Science, and in particular it presents the innovative Open Science platform Scipedia.com.
Abstract
This presentation was held on 5th July, 2018 at the VII Session of the Virtual Program on Open Science and Research Data Management (VII Sesión del Programa Virtual [...]
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1st FIBRESHIP WORKSHOP - General Overview
I. GARCIA

Open Access Repository of the FIBRESHIP project (2018). 4

Abstract
This introductory presentation was made on the 1st Fibreship Workshop (14th May 2018, London).
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1st FIBRESHIP WORKSHOP - Breakout Session 3 - Engineering
S. paboeuf, A. CASSEZ

Open Access Repository of the FIBRESHIP project (2018). 3

Abstract
This presentation was made on the 1st Fibreship Workshop to show the advances made in the project regarding the engineering aspects (mainly related to fire assessment and structural design).
Abstract
This presentation was made on the 1st Fibreship Workshop to show the advances made in the project regarding the engineering aspects (mainly related to fire assessment and [...]
- 0
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1st FIBRESHIP WORKSHOP - Breakout Session 2 - Computational Analysis Tools
J. García-Espinosa, O. Casals

Open Access Repository of the FIBRESHIP project (2018). 2

Abstract
This presentation was made on the 1st Fibreship Workshop to show the advances made in the project regarding the development of different analysis tools to support design and inspection of large length FRP based ships.
Abstract
This presentation was made on the 1st Fibreship Workshop to show the advances made in the project regarding the development of different analysis tools to support design and [...]
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1st FIBRESHIP WORKSHOP - Breakout Session 1 - Materials
X. Martinez

Open Access Repository of the FIBRESHIP project (2018). 1

Abstract
Presentation made on the 1st Fibreship Workshop to show the advances made in the project regarding the material selection and characterization.
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On application of two superconvergent recovery procedures to plate problems
B. Boroomand, M. Ghaffarian, O. Zienkiewicz

(2004). Research Report, Nº PI247

Abstract
In this paper a study is performed on application of two recovery methods, i.e. Superconvergent Patch Recovery (SPR) and the Recovery by Equilibrium of Patches (REP), to plate problems. The two recovery methods have been recognized to give similar results in adaptive solutions of two dimensional stress problems. While the former applies a least square fit over a set of values at the so called superconvergent points, the latter does not need any knowledge of such points and thus has a wider application especially in non-linear problems. The formulation of REP is extended to Reissner-Mindlin plate problems. The convergence rates of the recovered fields of the gradients obtained from application of the two methods are compared using series of regular triangular and rectangular meshes for thick and thin plate solution cases. Assumed strain formulation based elements, i.e. the elements formulated by Mixed Interpolation of Tensorial Components, as well as conventional from of elements based on selective integration schemes are employed for the study. In order to investigate the possibility of any improvement in the results by adding equilibrium constraints to SPR, as some authors suggest for simple two-dimensional problems, some weighted forms of such conditions are designed and added to the formulation. Comprehensive study has been given first by varying the weight terms to obtain the best enhanced results and then using the optimal values to investigate the effects of the constraints on the rate of convergence. It is observed that despite of the cost of this approach, due to the coupling of the gradient terms, no significant improvement is achieved.
Abstract
In this paper a study is performed on application of two recovery methods, i.e. Superconvergent Patch Recovery (SPR) and the Recovery by Equilibrium of Patches (REP), to plate [...]
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Advances in the Simulation of Ship Navigation in Ice
J. García-Espinosa, B. Servan Camas, J. Colom Cobb, E. Oñate, S. Latorre, M. Celigueta

37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore & Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2018), Madrid (Spain)

Abstract
Brash ice is the accumulation of floating ice made up of blocks no larger than two meters across. Navigation in brash ice is becoming more usual as new navigation routes are being opened in the Artic regions. This navigation brings new concerns regarding the interaction of ice blocks with the ship. This work presents recent advances towards the development of a computational model for simulation of this navigation condition including the interaction among the ship and the ice blocks. The computational tool developed in this work is based on the coupling of a Semi-Lagrangian Particle Finite Element Method (SL-PFEM) with a multi rigid-body dynamics tool. The Particle Finite Element Method (Idelsohn et al. 2004) is a versatile framework for the analysis of fluid-structure interaction problems. The PFEM combines Lagrangian particle-based techniques with the advantage of the integral formulation of the Finite Element Method (FEM). It has been shown (Idelsohn et al. 2014 and Nadukandi et al. 2017) to successfully simulate a wide variety of complex engineering problems, e.g. free-surface/multi-fluid flows with violent interface motions, multi-fluid mixing and buoyancy-driven segregation problems etc. The latest development within the framework of the PFEM is the X-IVAS (eXplicit Integration along the Velocity and Acceleration Streamlines) scheme. It is a semi-implicit scheme built over a Semi-Lagrangian (SL) formulation of the PFEM. In this work, the SL-PFEM model has been coupled with a multibody dynamics solver, able to handle the interactions between thousands of bodies, representing the different ice blocks. The interaction between the fluid flow and the ice blocks is taking into account by enriching the finite element space at the boundaries of the different blocks. This work is part of the research project NICESHIP sponsored by the U.S. Office of Naval Research under Grant N62909-16-1-2236.
Abstract
Brash ice is the accumulation of floating ice made up of blocks no larger than two meters across. Navigation in brash ice is becoming more usual as new navigation routes are [...]
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El sector Náutico en España - 2012
F. ANEN

Informes Nauticos (2018). 2

Abstract
Informe del Sector Náutico en España ( 2012). La Náutica deportiva y de Recreo. Informe elaborado por del departamento de Investigación y estrategia de mercado de la Fira de Barcelona en colaboración con la Asociación Nacional de Empresas Náuticas (ANEN)
Abstract
Informe del Sector Náutico en España ( 2012). La Náutica deportiva y de Recreo. Informe elaborado por del departamento de Investigación y estrategia [...]
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Informe sobre el sector del chárter en España Temporada 2015
R. Nautal

Informes Nauticos (2018). 1

Abstract
La empresa Nautal, nos facilita este informe del sector del chárter en España obtenido de su actividad como como agencia. es de los primeros informes sobre la actividad del charter
Abstract
La empresa Nautal, nos facilita este informe del sector del chárter en España obtenido de su actividad como como agencia. es de los primeros informes sobre la [...]
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Intervenció professor Andreu Mas-Colell
A. Mas-Colell

Acte final del 3r Congrés d'Economia i Empresa de Catalunya (2018). 3
- 8
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Catalunya en clau macroeconòmica en un entorn global
T. Garcia-Milà

Acte final del 3r Congrés d'Economia i Empresa de Catalunya (2018). 2
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L’empresa com a procés continu d’adaptació
J. Pont

Acte final del 3r Congrés d'Economia i Empresa de Catalunya (2018). 1
- 2
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Quality management in the university classroom
W. Ortiz

Gaceta Técnica (2018). Vol. 18, 5

Abstract
This study aimed to address quality management in the university classroom, specifically in the Department of Basic Sciences of the Dean of Civil Engineering of the Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado. It was conceived under the modality of qualitative research of ethnographic type with an interpretive character. The research process involved three phases: obtaining information, in which key informants were selected from a group of four (4) teachers and three (3) students in an intentional sampling, interview techniques were applied and participant observation to record and categorize the informants' opinions. In the second phase, the analysis and interpretation of the information was done using the GLATER model, which allowed orientating it from four stages: the first stage assignment of codes and dimensions, second stage of description, third of categorization and fourth stage of interpretation. In the third and final phase the construction of a theoretical approach of the quality management based on the managerial method PDCA, proposed by the researcher, was carried out starting from the analysis of the categories and their properties. As a result of this process, the thematic categories emerged: Integral Training, Availability and Use of School Media, Dynamics of Organizational Learning and Institutional Leadership.
Abstract
This study aimed to address quality management in the university classroom, specifically in the Department of Basic Sciences of the Dean of Civil Engineering of the Universidad [...]
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Alternative procedure to determine the response reduction factor for ductile RC framed buildings
J. Perez, M. Oca, W. Quintero

Gaceta Técnica (2018). Vol. 18, 11

Abstract
The seismic design is based on the results of the structures elastic analysis, even though now days the nonlinear analysis is increasingly accessible. To perform the seismic analysis of structures that are modeled with elastic behavior, but known to venture into the plastic behavior, the standards establish the reduction of the elastic design spectra by the use of reduction factors, formulated essentially on the basis of the engineering judgment. This paper proposes a strategy to obtain response reduction factors, based on the results of non-linear analysis of soil response and structural systems with a degree of freedom, along with the nonlinear response of multiple grade of freedom framed structural systems by armed concrete, for the specific spectra of Venezuela. The results of response reductions factors were greater than the current values of response reduction prescribed by the Venezuelan seismic code, which can favorably lead to a displacement-based design instead strength-based design.
Abstract
The seismic design is based on the results of the structures elastic analysis, even though now days the nonlinear analysis is increasingly accessible. To perform the seismic [...]
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A river bed hydrokinetic turbine - a laminated composite material rotor design
S. Oller-Aramayo, L. Nallim, S. Oller, X. Martínez

Monograph CIMNE (2017). M169

Abstract
This work presents the composite materials applied to Water Current Turbine (WCT) hydrokinetic turbines. Here will be briefly described the features of these turbines, the fluid-dynamic behavior of the rotor, and its structure formed into a composite material. From the structural viewpoint an advanced composite material formulation that allows an appropriate structural design is introduced. The generalized composite formulations here introduced take into account the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the component materials (matrix and fiber), as the local behavior of plasticity and damage, its anisotropy, the fiber matrix debonding, its material composition via a general mixing theory, and also the homogenized structural damage index definition. Hydrokinetic turbines bring newer advantages and greater possibilities for green hydroelectric power generation. For this reason, achieving a very high lift blade rotor to take the maximum kinetic energy advantage for rivers with a slow velocity flow is very important. A very low inertia rotor permits a self-starting effect for the axial water flow turbine to take the maximum advantage of the river kinetic energy which is very important in this kind of devices. A turbine rotor hydrofoil made in composite material can be designed for this purpose. One of the most commonly used composite material analysis formulation is herein introduced. Specifically, a particular Serial/Parallel (S/P) Mixing Theory with a better relation between model accuracy vs. computational cost is provided. In front to other formulation, the S/P Mixing Theory not increasing the degrees of freedom of the problem because is a constitutive formulation. A brief introduction to fluid-dynamic concept involving in the analysis of a rotor of this type of turbines is presented. This allows seeing the origin of the actions applied to the rotor of this type of turbines. In addition, two simple examples that show the potentiality of the model are presented in this chapter. Then, an application to the design of a rotor blade of a passing turbine, made of carbon fiber-reinforced matrix composite material, is shown.
Abstract
This work presents the composite materials applied to Water Current Turbine (WCT) hydrokinetic turbines. Here will be briefly described the features of these turbines, the [...]
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Static and Seismic Analysis of the Janneh Arch-gravity Dam
L. Gracia, I. de-Pouplana, F. Salazar, E. Oñate

(2017). 14th International Benchmark Workshop on the Numerical Analysis of Dams. Stockholm, Sweden, 2017

Abstract
The static and seismic analysis of Janneh arch-gravity dam (157 m) is carried out by considering a combination of self-weight, hydrostatic, uplift and seismic loads. Linear and nonlinear analyses are performed for both static and seismic cases. Nonlinear behavior is studied by means of joint elements in the contact between the rock foundation and the dam following a bilinear cohesive law. The hydrodynamic effects derived to seismic loads are also considered. Hydrodynamic Westergaard’s approach is applied in the pseudo-static analysis, and the Westergaard’s generalized added mass is used for time-history case.
Abstract
The static and seismic analysis of Janneh arch-gravity dam (157 m) is carried out by considering a combination of self-weight, hydrostatic, uplift and seismic loads. Linear [...]
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Avances en la formulación de membranas
J. Valdés

(2004). Research Report, Nº PI266

Abstract
Avances en el análisis mediante elementos finitos de membranas curvas con ''wrinkling'' sujetas a grandes desplazamientos son presentados. Este reporte trata el estudio de membranas por el método de los elementos finitos mediante un análisis con no linealidad geométrica para materiales hiperelásticos. Una formulación sencilla en términos del tensor gradiente de deformación es usada para elementos finitos triangulares lineales. También se hace el análisis de membranas presforzadas, como se encuentran generalmente en la vida cotidiana.
Abstract
Avances en el análisis mediante elementos finitos de membranas curvas con ''wrinkling'' sujetas a grandes desplazamientos son presentados. Este [...]
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Tratamiento del fenómeno de fatiga mediante la mecánica de medios continuos
A. Suero, S. Oller

Monograph CIMNE (1998). M45

Abstract
En el presente trabajo se desarrolla un nuevo modelo constitutivo, basado en la mecánica de medios continuos, que permite modelar el comportamiento a fatiga isotérmica bajo cargas periódicas. Este modelo permite tratar en forma conjunta fenómenos acoplados, tales como la combinación de fatiga con daño, plasticidad, fenómenos viscosos y temperatura. Se presenta una formulación basada en la teoría de la plasticidad y daño y se establecen las modificaciones necesarias a realizar en estas teorías, para garantizar la inclusión del fenómeno de fatiga. El estudio de la fatiga ha sido tema de continuos trabajos de investigación en los últimos setenta años. Esto ha echado luz sobre esta disciplina, generando una cantidad de publicaciones y teorías de distinta importancia. A pesar del gran volumen de trabajo que ha realizado la ingeniería sobre este tema, se encuentran aun grandes lagunas en cuanto a la simulación numérica del mismo y a la predicción de vida útil en las piezas. Sobre este último tema pocas teorías han acertado y por lo tanto no hay caminos claros para garantizar aciertos en este tema. Basado en el estado actual del tema, se ha querido en este trabajo avanzar en la dirección de la predicción de vida útil y utilizar las herramientas de la mecánica de medios continuos para garantizar la concreción de las ideas. Otra motivación del desarrollo de este trabajo se asienta en la peligrosidad que involucra la falta de conocimientos para la realización de la predicción de vida útil de las piezas. Las roturas por fatiga son especialmente peligrosas por que no suelen presentar indicios de fallo inminente, sino que este se produce de modo repentino y sin observar deformaciones plásticas de conjunto. Se trata pues de roturas frágiles que se caracterizan por presentar zonas bien diferenciadas, una de textura lisa con muestra de rotura dúctil y otra de textura gruesa rugosa más brillante que es donde se localiza la rotura final al rebasar la resistencia máxima disminuida por el fenómeno de fatiga. Hay que recordar que normalmente la fatiga no sobreviene sola y que siempre está acompañada de otros efectos mecánicos que en un principio pueden parecer secundarios, pero al final se tornan determinantes en la vida de las piezas. En la esperanza de abrir un camino para el tratamiento de este fenómeno desde la mecánica de medios continuos, es que se desarrolla el presente trabajo.
Abstract
En el presente trabajo se desarrolla un nuevo modelo constitutivo, basado en la mecánica de medios continuos, que permite modelar el comportamiento a fatiga isotérmica [...]
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Cálculo del comportamiento de la mampostería mediante elementos finitos
J. López, S. Oller, E. Oñate

Monograph CIMNE (1998). M46

Abstract
La mampostería es uno de los materiales de construcción con mayor abanico de usos, ya sea en el pasado como en el presente, así es como hoy en día también se puede encontrar en la construcción de edificaciones modernas. Los materiales utilizados a lo largo de la historia como elementos componentes de la mampostería han sido muchos y muy variados: desde la simple roca unida con mortero de cal (sillería), pasando por los enormes bloques de mármol usados en la construcción de los grandes monumentos del apogeo de la arquitectura del Renacimiento, hasta llegar a elementos cerámicos refractarios como los que se utilizan para la construcción de hornos, centrales nucleares e incluso como aislante térmico de naves espaciales. Los métodos de cálculo avanzado (modelos constitutivos de la mecánica del medio continuo) deben ser el pilar sobre el que desarrollar elementos más objetivos de análisis estructural de la mampostería. Los elementos finitos son una herramienta potente en la que apoyar el cálculo de la obra de fábrica pero, debido a que ésta tiene un tamaño pequeño respecto a las dimensiones globales de la estructura, se hacen inviables desde el punto de vista computacional. La necesidad de encontrar un método que equilibre sencillez, objetividad y rapidez de cálculo es la que motiva el desarrollo de formulaciones con tratamiento al nivel de macromodelo de la mampostería. La inquietud por conseguir este equilibrio hace a Jacob Lubliner y Sergio Oller sentar las bases que permitirán el desarrollo del modelo constitutivo homogeneizado que se presenta en este trabajo.
Abstract
La mampostería es uno de los materiales de construcción con mayor abanico de usos, ya sea en el pasado como en el presente, así es como hoy en día [...]
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Métodos evolutivos en la optimización topológica
J. Estupiñan, E. Oñate, B. Suárez

Monograph CIMNE (1999). M47

Abstract
En este trabajo se desarrollan diferentes métodos evolutivos para la optimización topológica de estructuras resistentes: Algoritmo Genético, Estrategias Evolutivas, Método de Escalada, Método de Baluja, Métodos de Segag y Schoenauer, Recocido Simulado
Abstract
En este trabajo se desarrollan diferentes métodos evolutivos para la optimización topológica de estructuras resistentes: Algoritmo Genético, Estrategias [...]
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Numerical modelling of compressible laminar and turbulent flow. The Cbs algorithm
M. Vázquez, R. Codina, O. Zienkiewicz

Monograph CIMNE (1999). M50

Abstract
This work is about the development of a general algorithm for the numerical solution of flow equations: the Navier-Stokes set. This set of differential equations models the time dependent behavior of fluids. It is formed by continuity, linear momentum and an energy transport equations. The algorithm here described is a general one since it can handle equally a great variety of problems, ranging from incompressible to compressible flows, viscous to inviscid, stationary and transient, all of them phisically modeled by the same set of differential equations. In the present work, a quest for a general algorithm is described, following one of many possible ways to tackle the problem. In general, this is done extending methods either from compressible to incompressible flows or from incompressible to compressible ones.
Abstract
This work is about the development of a general algorithm for the numerical solution of flow equations: the Navier-Stokes set. This set of differential equations models the [...]
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Un modelo termo-quimio-mecánico de hormigón a tempranas edades. Aplicación a la construcción de presas de HCR
M. Cervera, J. Oliver, T. Prato

Monograph CIMNE (1999). M51
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Modelo higro-termo-mecánico para estructuras hormigón armado expuestas al fuego
D. Capua, A. Marí, E. Oñate

Monograph CIMNE (2009). M113

Abstract
Cuando una estructura de hormigón armado queda expuesta a la acción del fuego se producen, tanto en el hormigón como en el acero, un conjunto de fenómenos físicoquímicos que pueden comprometer la estabilidad de la misma. Entre los procesos más importantes destaca el de eclosión (spalling). Se considera que las posibles causas del spalling pueden ser un elevado crecimiento de la presión en los poros (spalling hidráulico) o un exagerado aumento de las tensiones de compresión debidas a la dilatación térmica restringida. Para poder tener en cuenta en el análisis el spalling hidráulico es necesario considerar un modelo que tenga en cuenta la componente hídrica del hormigón. En esta monografía se presenta un modelo higro-termo-mecánico que permite representar el comportamiento general del hormigón armado expuesto a elevadas temperaturas y en particular simular el fenómeno de spalling. Se parte de proponer un marco termodinámico consistente a partir del cual se derivan las variables de estado que se utilizan posteriormente para el desarrollo de las ecuaciones de gobierno del problema. Asimismo se proponen modelos constitutivos para el comportamiento mecánico del hormigón y del acero. Una vez establecidos las ecuaciones de gobierno del problema se describen los aspectos numéricos para su resolución. Para la integración espacial del problema se utiliza el Método del los Elementos Finitos y para la integración temporal el Método de Diferencias Finitas. Se propone un esquema iterativo en bloque para el tratamiento del acoplamiento. Se ha desarrollado un programa de cálculo diseñado especialmente para materializar la metodología numérica propuesta en esta monografía. Para la validación del modelo propuesto se presentan ejemplos en los que se comparan los resultados obtenidos numéricamente con resultados experimentales. Finalmente, se presentan un conjunto de ejemplos que muestran la capacidad del modelo propuesto para captar el comportamiento general de una estructura de hormigón armado expuesta al fuego y en especial el fenómeno de spalling.
Abstract
Cuando una estructura de hormigón armado queda expuesta a la acción del fuego se producen, tanto en el hormigón como en el acero, un conjunto de fenómenos [...]
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Constitutive modeling and numerical analysis of thermo-mechanical phase-change systems
M. Chiumenti, C. Agelet de Saracibar, M. Cervera

Monograph CIMNE (1999). M48

Abstract
The main objective of the research presented in this work is the formulation, analysis and implementation of efficient numerical algorithms for dissipate dynamical systems in solids mechanics. The dissipate structure exhibited by the systems considered is described in detail for the coupled thermoviscoplastic problem including phase change phenomena and extended to the frictional thermomechanical contact problem.
Abstract
The main objective of the research presented in this work is the formulation, analysis and implementation of efficient numerical algorithms for dissipate dynamical systems [...]
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La tenacidad de hormigones reforzados con fibras de acero
L. Agulló, R. Gettu, A. Aguado, H. Saldivar

Monograph CIMNE (2000). M54

Abstract
En este documento se presentan la metodología seguida y los resultados obtenidos en el contexto de un exhaustivo estudio experimental encaminado a la caracterización del comportamiento de los hormigones reforzados con fibras de acero, utilizando distintos procedimientos de ensayo contemplados en las normativas internacionales vigentes. Esta campaña experimental se ha desarrollado sobre tres hormigones base (C-20, C-30 y C-70), a los cuales se han incorporado fibras metálicas de distinto tipo y en diferentes cantidades.
Abstract
En este documento se presentan la metodología seguida y los resultados obtenidos en el contexto de un exhaustivo estudio experimental encaminado a la caracterización [...]
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Generalidades sobre la modelización numérica de nuevos materiales
S. Oller

Monograph CIMNE (1998). M55

Abstract
El presente trabajo tiene por objeto hacer una revisión introductoria sobre el estado actual delos pulvimateriales y en particular sobre los nuevos cer´amicos ingenieriles. Sería interminable escribir una relación profunda sobre las distintas tipologías de cerámicos que existen en la actualidad; sin embargo es posible presentar conceptos que puedan delinear en forma general una respuesta a la pregunta: ¿qué son los nuevos cerámicos en ingeniería? Responder a esta pregunta es precisamente parte del trabajo que se presenta. Al ﬁnal, en el capítulo 4, se desarrolla una idea para tratar en forma global el comportamiento mecánico térmico de los pulvimateriales. Es decir, desde su fabricación a la puesta en servicio. Es conveniente resaltar, que esta primera presentación del tema solamente pretende introducir al lector en el conocimiento sobre el comportamiento mecánico de los pulvimateriales. Por lo tanto, es mi esperanza que sirva de utilidad para aclarar las dudas básicas y permita iniciar estudios más profundos.
Abstract
El presente trabajo tiene por objeto hacer una revisión introductoria sobre el estado actual delos pulvimateriales y en particular sobre los nuevos cer´amicos [...]
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