Collection of Achievements in the Life Sciences : Scipedia

Optimization of Bacillus subtilis SPB1 Biosurfactant Production Under Solid-state Fermentation Using By-products of a Traditional Olive Mill Factory
R. Zouari, S. Ellouze-Chaabouni, D. Ghribi-Aydi

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
Bacillus subtilis SPB1 is known to produce a highly effective biosurfactant that belongs to the class of lipopeptides. This biosurfactant has shown relevant properties that could be efficiently applied in various domains. However, high production and purification costs limit the use of B. subtilis SPB1 in high-volume applications. The present work aimed to promote an economical production of this lipopeptide biosurfactant. Statistical experimental designs and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the concentrations of agro-industrial residues, inoculum size and humidity for B. subtilis SPB1 biosurfactant production under solid-state fermentation. The best production yield was approximately 30.67 mg of crude lipopeptide biosurfactant per gram of solid material. This yield was obtained using a solid substrate ratio of 1.5, a moisture content of 90% and an inoculum size (OD600 ) of 0.08. These data support the utilization of a mixture of 6 g of olive leaf residue flour and 4 g of olive cake flour with a 10g total weight of the solid substrate. A mixture of two by-products of a traditional olive mill factory was demonstrated to be a suitable substrate for biosurfactant biosynthesis, providing enhanced bacterial growth and leading to a strong improvement in the yield of tensioactive lipopeptide production.
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis SPB1 is known to produce a highly effective biosurfactant that belongs to the class of lipopeptides. This biosurfactant has shown relevant properties that [...]
- 161
- read
Waterfowl Population Structure: Phylogeographic Inference
Y. Zhuravlev, I. Kulikova

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
Population genetics and the phylogeographic structure of dabbling duck species were investigated using 5′-end sequencing of the mtDNA control region and ODC-6 of nuclear DNA. Overall, a weak phylogeographic structure and low genetic differentiation in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos ) and European wigeons (Anas penelope ) were discovered, which was likely due to the presence of large, long-term population sizes and significant intracontinental dispersal. Haplotypes of the mtDNA of spot-billed ducks (Anas zonorhyncha ) and American wigeons (Anas americana ) were found in Mallard and European wigeon samples, respectively. This presence of closely related species haplotypes in the gene pools of these species is consistent with the occurrence of historical and contemporary hybridization and incomplete sorting of haplotype lineages in mallards and wigeons.
Abstract
Population genetics and the phylogeographic structure of dabbling duck species were investigated using 5′-end sequencing of the mtDNA control region and ODC-6 of nuclear [...]
- 12
- read
Genetic Markers for Studying the Current Distribution Area and Population Structure of the Sable Martes Zibellina L.
O. Zhigileva, S. Kashtanov, I. Golovacheva

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
Three types of genetic markers (restriction fragments of cytochrome b mtDNA gene, SSR and ISSR) were proposed for the study of genetic variability in the sable Martes zibellina within its geographic range. mtDNA haplotypes of different subspecies of the sable were described. Haplotypes of the eastern sable Martes zibellina princeps, which was introduced to Tyumen region in the 20th century, are rare in the gene pool of the modern sable populations of West Siberia. Haplotype diversity in the West Siberian sable M. z. zibellina is high due to introgressive hybridisation with the pine marten Martes martes . Nuclear genetic markers of M. zibellina × M . martes hybrids are more similar to the sable than to the pine marten.
Abstract
Three types of genetic markers (restriction fragments of cytochrome b mtDNA gene, SSR and ISSR) were proposed for the study of genetic variability in the sable Martes zibellina [...]
- 12
- read
The Use of Camera Traps for Monitoring the Population of Long-Tailed Gorals
O. Zaumyslova, S. Bondarchuk

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9

Abstract
The long-tailed goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus ) is a rare montane ungulate species with a patchy distribution. In the Sikhote-Alin Reserve, gorals occupy the northern part of their range, concentrated primarily in a small coastal area (6.4 km2 ) in Abrek Urochishe. Our pilot study tested the feasibility of individual photo-identification of gorals and population size estimation using the capture–recapture method. We used 10 camera traps spaced 0.6–2 km apart on coastal slopes to monitor the gorals. Four additional cameras were placed at the Reserve boundaries, mainly for law enforcement purposes, such as documenting trespassers. Between June 1 and December 31, 2013, we collected nearly 3000 photographs of gorals, 500 photographs of other wildlife, and 12 images of illegal activities within the Reserve. The total sampling effort was 1870 camera days. Photo data showed that goral horns are reliable biometric identifiers, distinguishable by size, shape, pattern, and the number of rings. The proportion of individually identified gorals in our photos was 0.64 (SE = 0.05). Most individuals (45) were marked (i.e., first detected on camera) in the fall, therefore, preliminary estimates of the goral population size were made between October 11 and December 20, 2013. A closure test confirmed that the population was, in fact, closed (z = − 2.670, P = 0.004). The best-fit closed population multiple recapture model for our data was the heterogeneity model Mh (programme CAPTURE), which assumes an unequal capture probability (χ2 = 112.19, d.f. = 9, P = 0.000). The average goral capture probability was 0.16, and the corresponding population size was estimated at 90 individuals (SE = 6.91, 95% CI: 77–125 individuals). The average goral population density in a 3.5 km2 effective sampled area (56% of the entire plot area) was 25 individuals/km2 (SE = 5.62). Extrapolation to locations that lacked data suggests that Abrek Urochishe supports a goral population of 160 individuals. Our results demonstrate that camera trap data can be used for photographic capture–recapture sampling of goral populations. This approach may be more effective than traditional visual surveys of montane ungulates that tend to underestimate the population abundance. The use of camera traps will undoubtedly enhance goral monitoring efforts, aiding in the conservation of this rare species.
Abstract
The long-tailed goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus ) is a rare montane ungulate species with a patchy distribution. In the Sikhote-Alin Reserve, gorals occupy the northern part of [...]
- 27
- read
Contemporary Conditions and Key Trends in Development of Groups of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina stejnegeri ) and Spotted Seals (Phoca largha ) in the Bering and Medny Islands (Komandorsky Archipelago)
S. Zagrebelniy, V. Fomin

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
The present paper elaborates on the status of both harbor and spotted (largha) seal populations on the Komandorsky Islands. Local populations of these seals have doubled since the 1980s. The total population of harbor and spotted seals at both Bering and Medny Islands is now estimated to be 4000–4300 animals. Various methods of counting have been applied. A methodological approach to counting seals on the Komandorsky archipelago is described.
Abstract
The present paper elaborates on the status of both harbor and spotted (largha) seal populations on the Komandorsky Islands. Local populations of these seals have doubled since [...]
- 7
- read
Coleoptera in the Diet of the Asian badger (Meles leucurus Hodgson 1847, Carnivora , Mustelidae ) in Forest-steppe Zone of Urals
O. Zagainova, N. Markov, E. Zinovjev

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016).

Abstract
We studied the remains of Coleoptera in Asian badger (Meles leucurus Hodgson, 1847) scats collected during 6 years in the northern forest-steppe zone of Urals region (Sverdlovsk Region). Species list and also ecological (habitat) groups and size classes' ratios were compared with the results of censuses of insects made by pitfall traps in the same study area and with literature data for the southern taiga and the northern forest-steppe zones of Urals region. Badgers consumed mainly the beetles living in the ground and herbal layers. The highest number of individuals was observed for big beetles (15–30 mm), while the highest number of species was found for small beetles (5–10 mm). Ecological (habitat) groups and size classes' ratios were different for the insects consumed by badger and those caught in pitfall traps. Such differences should be taken into account in the studies where predators' food remains are the main (or the only) source of information about the insect fauna. Assessments of the availability of insects for badgers cannot be based only on the data of pitfall-trap censuses, but other entomological methods should be used as well.
Abstract
We studied the remains of Coleoptera in Asian badger (Meles leucurus Hodgson, 1847) scats collected during 6 years in the northern forest-steppe zone of Urals region (Sverdlovsk [...]
- 15
- read
Organochlorine Pesticides in Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis Linnaeus, 1761) from the Coast of Eastern Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands
V. Tsygankov, M. Boyarova, O. Lukyanova

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides are persistent toxic substances of anthropogenic origin that affect biota. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (α-, β-, and γ-), DDT and its metabolites (DDD and DDE) were detected in five individuals of fulmars Fulmarus glacialis Linnaeus, 1761 from the coast of Eastern Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The average amount of HCH isomers in the organs of fulmars ranged from 608 ± 177 ng/g lipids in the total homogenate of the organs to 2093 ± 264 ng/g lipids in the feathers with skin. The average range of the amounts of DDT and its metabolites was from 3606 ± 333 ng/g lipids in the feathers with skin to 4076 ± 1624 ng/g lipids in the feathers. The results are discussed.
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides are persistent toxic substances of anthropogenic origin that affect biota. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (α-, β-, and γ-), DDT and its metabolites [...]
- 6
- read
Review on Brucellosis Sero-prevalence and Ecology in Livestock and Human Population of Ethiopia
M. Yilma, G. Mamo, B. Mammo

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016). Vol. 10

Abstract
The economic and public health impact of brucellosis remains of concern in developing countries. The disease can generally cause significant loss of productivity through abortion, still birth, low herd fertility and comparatively low milk production. In Ethiopia brucellosis prevalence studies have been conducted in different agro-ecology of the country. But, in general there was information gap on disease dynamics, identification of strain circulating in the region. The paper reviewed the distribution of brucellosis in different regions of Ethiopia and its prevalence among different livestock hosts. Risk factors for the occurrence of brucellosis and finally, different strategies for the control and prevention of brucellosis under Ethiopian conditions are discussed.
Abstract
The economic and public health impact of brucellosis remains of concern in developing countries. The disease can generally cause significant loss of productivity through abortion, [...]
- 304
- read
Quantitative Ethnobotanical Survey of Traditional Siddha Medical Practitioners from Thiruvarur District with Hepatoprotective Potentials through In Silico Methods
S. Vijayakumar, J. Harikrishnan, S. Prabhu, J. Yabesh, P. Manogar

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016). Vol. 10

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to document the knowledge of traditional Siddha medical practitioners from Thiruvarur district in Tamil Nadu, India, and to quantitatively analyze the data to identify some useful leads of medicinal plants and to screening the phytocomounds. Field study was carried out for a period of 1 year in Thiruvarur district of Tamil Nadu. The ethnomedicinal information were collected from Siddha medical practitioners. The collected data were analyzed through quantitative analysis. The molecular docking studies were performed three marketed drugs and eleven different medicinal plant compounds against HBeAg using Schrodinger suite. A total of 33 species of plants distributed in 22 genera belonging to 22 families were identified as commonly used ethno medicinal plants by traditional Siddha practitioners in Thiruvarur. An interesting point in molecular docking study is that luteolin is an effective inhibitor for the inhibition of HBV when compared to commercial drugs. Traditional Siddha medical practitioner and remarkable medicinal plant knowledge and uses were documented for the study area.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to document the knowledge of traditional Siddha medical practitioners from Thiruvarur district in Tamil Nadu, India, and to quantitatively [...]
- 79
- read
Activity of 1,3-β-D-Glucanases and Expression of CG-GLU1 in the Mussel Crenomytilus grayanus (Bivalvia) in Three Bays of the Sea of Japan
E. Vekhova, M. Kusaykin, K. Kiselev

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015).

Abstract
The level of the specific activity of digestive enzymes and expression of their corresponding glucanase genes (Cg-glu1 ) were studied in Grays mussels, Crenomytilus grayanus, collected from the mussels' assemblages in different parts of Peter the Great Bay (northwestern part of the Sea of Japan). Both methods demonstrated similar independent results: there is variability in the contribution of phytoplankton to the nutrition of mussels in different parts of Peter the Great Bay. The highest level of the specific activity of 1, 3-β-D-glucanases and expression of the glucanase genes were detected in the mussels from Amursky Bay: the differences were significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared with the level of the specific activity of the digestive enzyme 1, 3-β-D-glucanases in mussels from Vostok Bay and Ussuriisky Bay. In all three bays, young mussels consumed phytoplankton more actively than 20-year-old mussels.
Abstract
The level of the specific activity of digestive enzymes and expression of their corresponding glucanase genes (Cg-glu1 ) were studied in Grays mussels, Crenomytilus grayanus, [...]
- 8
- read
Dynamics of Geographic Range and Occurrence of Pine Marten (Martes Martes L.) in the South-East Forest Zone of Western Siberia
O. Tyutenkov, A. Budz

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the area and abundance of pine marten in the West Siberia during XX – XXI century.
- 11
- read
Sample Preparation Method for the Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Aquatic Organisms by Gas Chromatography
V. Tsygankov, M. Boyarova

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9

Abstract
Sample preparation can be used in biology and ecology for gas chromatographic determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCP), namely, α-, β- and γ-isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in various aquatic organisms (molluscs, fish, birds and mammals) containing lipids (because organochlorine pesticides are lipophilic) in the internal organs and tissues, fat, skin and feather cover. The method is easy to implement and economically profitable, it can be used in laboratories without special extraction equipment, as well as in the field, with a minimum set of glassware and reagents. The result of this process is an increase of efficiency and precision of research through a more complete extraction of pesticides chemically bonded with lipids using n -hexane and a reduction of the number of steps needed for the extraction and purification of co-extrusive substances with concentrated sulphuric acid.
Abstract
Sample preparation can be used in biology and ecology for gas chromatographic determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCP), namely, α-, β- and γ-isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane [...]
- 19
- read
Typology and Structure of Wetland Bird and Grouse Habitats in the Olekminsky Natural Reserve
D. Tirsky

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
The Olekminsky Natural Reserve is composed of four types of lake land, six types of river land and two types of wetlands. The wetlands can be classified into four types of spatial complexes. The main types of forest habitats may be incorporated into six types of land. Forest complex functional forms in the reserve are characterized by four types. In accordance with the predominance of land types and typological complexes, the territory can be divided into four areas.
Abstract
The Olekminsky Natural Reserve is composed of four types of lake land, six types of river land and two types of wetlands. The wetlands can be classified into four types of [...]
- 5
- read
Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors on the Distribution of the Field Mouse in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains
P. Simonov

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
This paper describes the distribution of the field mouse along the gradient heights in the primary vegetation formations affected by anthropogenic transformation of forest ecosystems in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains. Based on the obtained data, schemes of the altitude-biotopical accordance of this mouse in undisturbed and transformed habitats were built. The results demonstrated that the field mouse is able to penetrate into the upper belts of the mountains to heights of 1200 to 1400 m above sea level.
Abstract
This paper describes the distribution of the field mouse along the gradient heights in the primary vegetation formations affected by anthropogenic transformation of forest [...]
- 3
- read
Using Stripping Voltammetry to Analyse the Interactions of Metals with the Biomass of Acidophilic Algae
T. Shestakova, I. Tropin, S. Ostroumov

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9

Abstract
Interactions of metals with the biomass of plant organisms, including algae, are of interest for biology, biogeochemistry and biotechnology. This work studies the interactions of the unique thermophilic red algae Galdieria sulphuraria (Class: Rhodophyta, Family: Cyanidiaceae) with copper and lead in the aquatic environment. This extremophilic, acidophilic organism is found in such ecosystems as hot springs and geothermal habitats. This paper presents the results of experiments with the biomass and mortmass of this organism. The results indicate that the biomass of this organism immobilises copper after incubation in aquatic medium with heavy metals. Lead was also added to the incubation environment, but no immobilisation of lead from the aquatic environment was observed. The mortmass of G. sulphuraria immobilised neither copper nor lead.
Abstract
Interactions of metals with the biomass of plant organisms, including algae, are of interest for biology, biogeochemistry and biotechnology. This work studies the interactions [...]
- 7
- read
Pulsar Satellite Radio Beacon Application Experience in the Telemetry of Brown Bear (Ursus Arctos L.)
I. Seryodkin, V. Zaitsev, Y. Petrunenko

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
This study shows application experience of pulsar satellite radio beacons (Russian production) in studying brown bear ecology. During 2011–2013 three brown bears were equipped with satellite collars fitted with a radio beacon in the Primorsky region and the Kostroma region. The animals were tracked using satellite technology and telemetry. We obtained data on brown bear space use and daily and seasonal movements. Our results show possibility of using this method for the study and conservation of wild animals.
Abstract
This study shows application experience of pulsar satellite radio beacons (Russian production) in studying brown bear ecology. During 2011–2013 three brown bears were equipped [...]
- 16
- read
Behavior of Brown Bears During Feeding in the Sikhote-Alin
I. Seryodkin

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016). Vol. 10

Abstract
Feeding methods and habits of brown bear in Sikhote-Alin are varied and specific for each type of feeding behavior depending on the composition and condition of food, its availability and abundance, season, animals sex, age, physical condition, personal preferences and experience, the presence of competitors and disturbance from other predators and humans. A feature of the feeding behavior of bears in Sikhote-Alin is consumption of the remains of meals of tigers.
Abstract
Feeding methods and habits of brown bear in Sikhote-Alin are varied and specific for each type of feeding behavior depending on the composition and condition of food, its [...]
- 40
- read
Marking activity of the Kamchatka brown bear (Ursus arctos piscator )
I. Seryodkin

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
The marking activity of brown bears was studied in the Kronotsky Reserve (eastern shore of the Kamchatka Peninsula) between 2002 and 2005. The goal of this investigation was to document communication mechanisms within the species. We recorded descriptions of bears rubbing and marking trees, as well as individual marking behaviour of bears in the Valley of the Geysers. We recorded 203 marked trees in an area of 2.5 km2 . Bears marked mostly stone birches (Betula ermanii ) with a mean diameter at breast height of 24 cm. Most trees were freshly marked with scratches or teeth marks and also exhibited scarring from previous years. Well-worn tracks were often recorded approaching marked trees. Regarding tree markings, 10.3% of trees were marked intensively, and 32% of trees were clustered. In addition, 88.9% of marked trees were located on ridges, and 79.3% were located on bear trails. The most intensive marking period was between May and June, which corresponded to bear mating season. The most commonly observed behaviour prior to marking was a rigid walking approach, rubbing on the trunk, and biting and removing tree bark. The high density and diversity of rubbed trees in the reserve should be considered a model for monitoring. The conservation of the Valley of the Geysers is intricately related to the wellbeing of the regions bears. Monitoring human impact on bears in the Valley of the Geysers, specifically tourism traffic, should include monitoring of the intensity and frequency of bear marking activity.
Abstract
The marking activity of brown bears was studied in the Kronotsky Reserve (eastern shore of the Kamchatka Peninsula) between 2002 and 2005. The goal of this investigation was [...]
- 34
- read
Operant Behaviour Features of the Selection Preference of Lithogenic Feed for Experimental Purposes
A. Sergievich

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
In the present work, the influence of natural zeolites on the parameters of defensive behaviour was analysed in experiments with white laboratory rats and a modular device. The obtained data suggested that among the experimental individuals under conditions of tool stress, 76% preferred the food that contained a mineral additive in the form of a crushed zeolite, while the indicators of behavioural activity were optimized in the given category of animals.
Abstract
In the present work, the influence of natural zeolites on the parameters of defensive behaviour was analysed in experiments with white laboratory rats and a modular device. [...]
- 2
- read
Causes of the Decrease in the Number of Ermine (Mustela Erminea L., 1758) and Pelt Procurement in Yakutia
V. Sedalischev, V. Odnokurtsev, I. Okhlopkov

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
During the last four decades, a decrease in ermine pelt procurement has been noted in Yakutia. To determine the possible reasons for this, material on the ecology of ermine and sables in Northeast Yakutia was collected from 1980–1994. The study examined 2890 sable stomachs for feed, and 1167 ermine skulls for Skrjabingylus infection. It was revealed that ermine are hunted by sables, but their proportion of the diet is low (0.4–3.4%). It was found that sables displaced ermine from the taiga biocenosis. The most acute effects of this process occurred during the sable settlement in October–November and are exacerbated by small numbers of rodents and crop failure in the main taiga feed. The overall intensity of infestation with the Skrjabingylus nasicola nematode was 19%, suggesting that this parasite is unlikely to have significantly affected the number of ermine.
Abstract
During the last four decades, a decrease in ermine pelt procurement has been noted in Yakutia. To determine the possible reasons for this, material on the ecology of ermine [...]
- 7
- read
Features of Bird Distributions in Different Types of Macro Landscapes (Biotypes) in the Kyzyl Kum Desert
A. Sabilaev

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
One hundred and forty species of birds have been credibly recognised (during 1970–1990) as Kyzyl Kum desert inhabitants. They are distributed in seven arid landscapes that are unequal in edaphic and floristic characteristics. The most environmentally capacious landscape is the spates of artesian lakes and banks with grass–shrub complexes, where 83 bird species were found. The valleys of dry riverbeds occupied with tamarisk saxaul groves contained 56 bird species. The smallest species range (16) was observed in the variations of the takyr spaces with poor vegetation. This paper also outlines the relative abundance of 40 species of birds that are typical inhabitants of desert landscapes. We studied four of their habitats, and the effects of seasonal changes on the species composition of shorebirds in three artesian lakes were determined.
Abstract
One hundred and forty species of birds have been credibly recognised (during 1970–1990) as Kyzyl Kum desert inhabitants. They are distributed in seven arid landscapes that [...]
- 14
- read
A Taxonomic List of the Mayflies, Stoneflies and Caddisflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) of the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve
E. Potikha

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9

Abstract
Three orders of amphibiotic insects were examined from the eastern and western streams of the Sikhote-Alin State Nature Biosphere Reserve, which is located in the southern Russian Far East in the central portion of a mountain range with the same name. Data were obtained on Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) fauna inhabiting streams in the Sikhote-Alin State Nature Biosphere Reserve and its adjacent area. The data were collected by the author from 1980 to 2013. More than 30 thousand larvae and adult EPT were identified, and a systematic list of 220 species was formed. Among them, Ephemeroptera is represented by 63 species from 18 genera and 8 families. Plecoptera is represented by 61 species from 30 genera and 8 families. Trichoptera is represented by 96 species from 49 genera and 20 families. The EPT biodiversity study in the local protected areas is important for assessing the ecological preferences of aquatic organisms and understanding the formation of ecosystem structures under normal conditions, i.e., without anthropogenic influence. In addition, the EPT list is of great value, as it is widely used to control the quality of the environment via the EPT indicator index. The comprehensive list of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT complex) taxonomic species of Central Sikhote-Alin streams is submitted for the first time. In addition, a brief areal EPT fauna analysis is made.
Abstract
Three orders of amphibiotic insects were examined from the eastern and western streams of the Sikhote-Alin State Nature Biosphere Reserve, which is located in the southern [...]
- 22
- read
Bleb Formation in Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 Cancer Cell Line Is Positively Regulated by the Lipid Signalling Phospholipase D2 (PLD2)
G. Ponuwei, P. Dash

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2017).

Abstract
Blebs are spherical plasma membrane protrusions formed when the membrane detaches from the underlying cortex as a result of actomyosin contractility-powered increase of hydrostatic pressure in the cytoplasm. Different tumour cells metastasize using blebbing as alternative mode of migration by squeezing through pre-existing pores in the extracellular matrix (ECM). This study investigated the role of the lipid signalling phospholipases D1 and D2 (PLD1/PLD2) in bleb formation in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line in the extracellular matrix, and reports that pharmacological inhibition of PLD1 and PLD2 with a potent universal PLD inhibitor potently inhibited bleb formation in HT1080 cells embedded in three-dimensional (3D) matrigel matrix. Use of smartpool small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that target PLD1 and PLD2 isoforms at four different sequences revealed that PLD2, but not PLD1 is involved in blebbing of HT1080 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PLD2-mediated bleb formation is via the PA-LPAR-Rho-ROCK signalling pathway. Thus, PLD2 is a promising therapeutic target in combating metastasis of cancers of fibrous connective tissues.
Abstract
Blebs are spherical plasma membrane protrusions formed when the membrane detaches from the underlying cortex as a result of actomyosin contractility-powered increase of hydrostatic [...]
- 18
- read
Post-fire Successions of Vegetation and Pinus koraiensis Ectomycorrhizal Communities in Korean Pine–Broadleaf Forests of the Central Sikhote-Alin
E. Pimenova, M. Gromyko, S. Bondarchuk, V. Malysheva, E. Malysheva, A. Kovalenko

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016).

Abstract
The characteristics of four stages of demutational succession of a valley Korean pine–broadleaf forest are provided according to the parameters most vividly capturing the structure of the plant community and influencing the renewal and mycorrhization of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis ) seedlings. It was found that Korean pine seedlings grow in a competitive environment on the fresh burned site, hence the mycorrhization occurs from specialized symbiotes that provide competitive advantages and adaptation to stress factors. Mycorrhiza forms the least successful in the 50–60-year-old larch–birch–spiraea association during the seral stages of succession. The 90–100-year-old birch–broadleaf association offers the most suitable soil and cenotic conditions for the development of Korean pine seedlings that can successfully generate mycorrhiza from both the spores present in the thick soil layer, and through mycelia of shared mycorrhizal networks of seral and primary (including Korean pine) tree species. A 230–250-year-old climax community comprises all patterns to ensure that pine seedlings encounter a fungal component, in this community the greatest abundance of species and a balanced composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi communities of Korean pine are observed.
Abstract
The characteristics of four stages of demutational succession of a valley Korean pine–broadleaf forest are provided according to the parameters most vividly capturing the [...]
- 26
- read
Population and Habitat of the Amur Tiger in the Russian Far East
D. Pikunov

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
In the beginning of 19th century, the range (areal) of Panthera tigris altaica included the forest part of the Korean Peninsula, the northern provinces of China, and the left bank of the Amur River in Russia and approached Transbaikalia and Yakutia. By the late 1930s, the number of tigers in Russia had decreased to 20–30 individuals. Protections against hunting (1947), the entrapment of tiger cubs (1965), and a lack of a market for tiger derivatives contributed to growth in tiger numbers. By the 1960s, the tiger population in Russia had increased to 100–110 individuals. According to a count in 1970, the population of tigers had reached 140–150 individuals. At this point in time, the range covered the forest territory of Primorsky Krai and southern Khabarovsky Krai. The last two total counts (1995–96 and 2004–05) revealed a further increase in the numbers to 450–500 animals and a range of 156, 000 km2 . The latest recordings have confirmed the maximum numbers of tigers in the Sikhote-Alin and Lazovsky reserves and adjacent territories. However, the small areas of the reserves and their territorial separation preclude the maintenance of or increases in the population to or beyond 400–500 adult animals, which in genetic terms, would ensure the long-term conservation of the tiger. Further conservation of the region requires the assignment of two protective zones of 45, 000–50, 000 km2 with centres in the Sikhote-Alin and Lazovsky reserves. Within these protective zones, economic development involving any type of forest felling or ungulate hunting should be fully prohibited. The creation of protective zones is the only route to preserving the natural complex of the Sikhote-Alin, including the Amur tiger in Russia.
Abstract
In the beginning of 19th century, the range (areal) of Panthera tigris altaica included the forest part of the Korean Peninsula, the northern provinces of China, and the left [...]
- 21
- read
Arsenic and Cadmium Contamination in Water, Sediments and Fish is a Consequence of Paddy Cultivation: Evidence of River Pollution in Sri Lanka
P. Perera, T. Sundarabarathy, T. Sivananthawerl, S. Kodithuwakku, U. Edirisinghe

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2017).

Abstract
The upper Malwathu Oya is a seasonal river. The main livelihood of people living in the immediate vicinity of the river is paddy cultivation, and chronic kidney disease is reported among them. Farmers utilize different types of agricultural chemicals in their fields expecting bumper harvests. Several agricultural chemicals have been reported to contain toxic trace elements in Sri Lanka. Therefore, arsenic and cadmium might end up in the river water. The presence of these trace elements in the river water and sediments can result in their bioaccumulation in fish tissues. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of two trace elements in water and sediments, as well as in fish tissues (gills, kidney, liver and muscle) of three food fish species, Etroplus suratensis, Anabas testudineus and Channa striata during cultivating and non-cultivating seasons of the year. Further, the level of bioaccumulation of two trace elements in fish tissues in relation to the contamination level of water and sediments was assessed. Data were gathered for 43 months. Arsenic and cadmium concentration in water showed a significant (P < 0.05) seasonal variation. Generally, the two trace elements in the river water were highest during the cultivating seasons than in other seasons. In all species, both trace elements in the gills highly depended on the concentration in the water. In all species, two trace elements in water and sediment did not significantly affect the levels in muscle tissue. Therefore, the trace element levels in the edible parts of these three fish were well below the maximum permissible levels of international institutions.
Abstract
The upper Malwathu Oya is a seasonal river. The main livelihood of people living in the immediate vicinity of the river is paddy cultivation, and chronic kidney disease is [...]
- 87
- read
Distribution of Zokors (Rodentia, Spalacidae, Myospalacinae) in Eastern Russia Based on Genetic and Morphological Analysis
M. Pavlenko, M. Tsvirka, V. Korablev, A. Puzachenko

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
New data on the distribution of the endemic Asian rodents zokors (Myospalax sp.) in Eastern Russia (Transbaikalia and Khanka Plain) based on new taxonomic, genetic and morphological research are presented in this article. Both karyotype and mtDNA markers and morphological characteristics (craniometry) were used for species identification. The following four distinct species inhabit this region: Myospalax aspalax, Myospalax armandii, and Myospalax epsilanus in south Transbaikalia and Myospalax psilurus in Khanka Plain. Maps of species distribution and a list of localities for genetically and morphologically typed specimens are presented.
Abstract
New data on the distribution of the endemic Asian rodents zokors (Myospalax sp.) in Eastern Russia (Transbaikalia and Khanka Plain) based on new taxonomic, genetic and morphological [...]
- 18
- read
Causes of Geophagy by Ungulate Animals in the Caucasus Mountains
A. Panichev, S. Trepet, I. Chekryzhov, O. Loktionova, V. Krupskaya

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
This article is aimed at identifying the cause of rock eating by wild herbivores in the territory of the Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve in the Caucasus Mountains. The research focused on the mineralogical and geochemical features of the rocks eaten and the geological conditions of their formation. This report includes a comparative analysis of the mineral and chemical compositions of the consumed rocks and of animal faeces consisting almost entirely of mineral matter. It was found that the rocks consisted mainly of hydrous and chlorite and that they derived from Proterozoic schists altered in the zone of tectonic contact. The near complete absence of sodium consumed in the rocks as well as the selective removal of heavy rare earth elements from the body by mineral sorbents suggest that the geophagy by animals in the Caucasus is associated with features of the metabolism of lanthanide elements.
Abstract
This article is aimed at identifying the cause of rock eating by wild herbivores in the territory of the Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve in the Caucasus Mountains. The research [...]
- 37
- read
Phytospreading Proposed by S.V. Meyen as a Factor of Biological Evolution
V. Nevsky

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
Phytospreading, proposed by S.V. Meyen, depends on the role of biological evolutionary “mechanisms”. Some biological species that occupy a vast territory from the equator to the mid latitudes break up into two areas and form two populations. Later, the conditions arise for these populations (new related species) convergence at equatorial or middle latitudes, resulting in the hybridization of these species. This process takes place due to “return wave” of phytospreading during the next general cooling period or “second wave” phytospreading during the future warming period. Hybridization and the preceding heterochronies, which affect reproductive processes, create new biological species with progressive morphophysiological structures.
Abstract
Phytospreading, proposed by S.V. Meyen, depends on the role of biological evolutionary “mechanisms”. Some biological species that occupy a vast territory from the equator [...]
- 12
- read
Ecological Composition of Basin Flora in the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve
I. Nesterova

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9

Abstract
Ecological characteristics of the basin flora in the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve and its buffer zone are presented in this paper. The ecological groups, allocated according to plant and water environmental relationships, are presented as 93 species of aquatic flora and also as more numerous representatives of the near-water plant complex for a total of 153 species. Various aspects of the ecological analysis of the reserve basin flora are discussed, and some features of its ecological structure are specified.
Abstract
Ecological characteristics of the basin flora in the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve and its buffer zone are presented in this paper. The ecological groups, allocated according [...]
- 12
- read
Hepatoprotective effect of the Aqueous Extract and 5-Hydroxy, 7,8,2′ Trimethoxy Flavone of Andrographis alata Nees. in Carbon Tetrachloride Treated Rats
Y. Nagaraja, V. Krishna

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016). Vol. 7

Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract and isolated flavone (5-hydroxy, 7, 8, 2’trimethoxy flavone) compound of Andrographis alata against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. The hepatotoxicity was induced in albino rats CCl4 (i.p.). Analysis of serum ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase activities with the concentrations of albumin, total protein and bilirubin was carried out. The activities of all the marker enzymes reported a significant elevation in CCl4 treated rats, which were significantly recovered towards an almost normal level in animals simultaneously administered with aqueous extract and flavone compound. This work suggests that aqueous extract and isolated flavone compound of A. alata exert significant therapeutic effect on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract and isolated flavone (5-hydroxy, 7, 8, 2’trimethoxy flavone) compound of Andrographis [...]
- 11
- read
Comparison of Methods for Counting Hoofed Animal Density in Sikhote-Alin
A. Myslenkov, D. Miquelle

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9

Abstract
During four months in the winter period of 2002–2003, a census of four species of hoofed animals (red deer, sika deer, roe deer, and musk deer) was conducted in the study areas of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve and the surrounding area, including the territory of the planned Reserve Tavayza. The census was conducted on a monthly basis at two sites in the pine and broadleaved forest (nature Reserve and surrounding area) and at three sites in the oak and broadleaved forest. A total of 40 counts were made. Five fieldworkers were working at each site for two days. During the first day, the fieldworkers counted daily hoof prints and removed them. During the second day, newly appearing hoof prints were counted. In addition to the usual counting of crossings of hoofed animals, the number of individual animals was counted, as well. Thus, the census was conducted by two methods: counting of hoof prints in the tracks and counting of individual animals in a certain area. The results of these surveys were organized into a database which shows the relative density of hoofed animals (number of crossings of hoof prints per 10 km of the route) and absolute density of hoofed animals (number of individuals per km2 ). The analysis of absolute density of hoofed animals in different habitats and its correlation with the number of hoof prints per 10 km was performed.
Abstract
During four months in the winter period of 2002–2003, a census of four species of hoofed animals (red deer, sika deer, roe deer, and musk deer) was conducted in the study [...]
- 10
- read
Habitat of a Prikamsky Honeybee Population
A. Murylev, A. Petukhov

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
This article discusses the features of Apis mellifera mellifera associated with the expansion of their habitat to the north. The A. m. mellifera isolated in Kama Urals is considered the Prikamsky honeybee population and has retained the features of a pure gene pool. Here, we analysed the biological and physiological features of bees native to Kama Urals and the crossbreeding that occurs among these bee species.
Abstract
This article discusses the features of Apis mellifera mellifera associated with the expansion of their habitat to the north. The A. m. mellifera isolated in Kama Urals is [...]
- 6
- read
Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity During Nʹ-nitrosodiethylamine-induced Hepatic Damage
D. Mukherjee, R. Ahmad

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9

Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a key regulatory enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, catalyses the first rate-limiting reaction to produce ribose-5-phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis and NADPH to use in reductive biosynthesis. The available studies indicate an antioxidant role for G6PD and variation in its levels as a result of cellular insult. In this study, the activity of G6PD was monitored during Nʹ-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatic damage in Wistar rats. NDEA generates hepatotoxicity and possesses mutagenic effects. To induce hepatic damage, NDEA was administered at doses of 100 mg kg− 1 body weight week− 1 (i.p.) for 14 days. The animals of the control and treated groups were sacrificed each week. The extent of liver damage was ensured by LFT biomarkers, such as transaminases, ALP, bilirubin and the hepato-somatic index (HSI) along with histopathological observations of H&E and Massons trichrome stained liver specimens. The results of the present study show that at the selected doses, NDEA significantly elevates LFT proteins and bilirubin and damages the lobular architecture in a dose-dependent manner. Software analysis of zymograms indicates maximum activity of the hepatic G6PD levels in day-14 NDEA-treated animals. Our spectrophotometry data further support the above findings on hepatic G6PD levels and demonstrate an approximately 1.63 × and 1.66 × fold increase in day-7 and day-14 NDEA intoxicated animals (P < 0.05). It is concluded that elevation in the G6PD activity is apparently the consequence of NDEA-induced intoxication or oxidative stress, leading to hepatic damage to provide sufficient NADPH for microsomal detoxification and ribose-5-phosphate for DNA synthesis and repair, respectively, to maintain the cellular redox status.
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a key regulatory enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, catalyses the first rate-limiting reaction to produce ribose-5-phosphate [...]
- 13
- read
The Potential Role of Migratory Birds in the Spread of Tick-borne Infections in Siberia and the Russian Far East
N. Moskvitina, I. Korobitsyn, O. Tyutenkov, S. Gashkov, Y. Kononova, S. Moskvitin, V. Romanenko, T. Mikryukova, E. Protopopova, M. Kartashov, E. Chausov, S. Konovalova, N. Tupota, A. Sementsova, V. Ternovoy, V. Loktev

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
From 2006 to 2011, in the Tomsk region (south of Western Siberia), eight species of pathogens were detected in birds and the ticks feeding on them: Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), West Nile virus (WNV), Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., and Babesia spp. The identification of a number of strains of viruses and bacterial genovariants related geographically with the Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia, China and Japan and confirms the possibility of the role of birds in the spread of pathogens in the direction of Western Siberia and back. Most of the species that breed and migrate in Western Siberia are of Eastern origin and mostly fly for wintering to South-East Asia. Among these species in our samples, Phylloscopus proregulus was a carrier of both TBEV and Bartonella spp., Luscinia calliope were infected with both TBEV and Borrelia, while Tarsiger cyanurus were infected with WNV.
Abstract
From 2006 to 2011, in the Tomsk region (south of Western Siberia), eight species of pathogens were detected in birds and the ticks feeding on them: Tick-borne encephalitis [...]
- 8
- read
Sodium Bicarbonate as Inorganic Carbon Source for Higher Biomass and Lipid Production Integrated Carbon Capture in Chlorella vulgaris
K. Mokashi, V. Shetty, S. George, G. Sibi

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016). Vol. 10

Abstract
Chlorella vulgaris was isolated from sewerage treatment plant and grown in the presence of sodium bicarbonate as carbon source at 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g L− 1 . Highest specific growth rate (0.653 μ d− 1 ) was obtained with 1 g L− 1 bicarbonate followed by 0.5 g L− 1 (0.641 d− 1 ) on 15th day culturing. Total chlorophyll content of microalgae has increased in a dose dependent fashion with bicarbonate addition and maximum level recorded in 1 g L− 1 (0.769 ± 0.09 g L− 1 ). The biomass productivity was in the range of 0.237–0.996 g d− 1 L− 1 . Rate of CO2 fixation and carbon content, in terms of quantity was estimated. Results showed that at 1 g L− 1 sodium bicarbonate concentration, maximum CO2 fixation (0.497 g/dry weight) and carbon content (0.69 g mL− 1 day− 1 ) was found. Biomass concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in cultures (1.54 g L− 1 ) supplemented with 1 g L− 1 bicarbonate whereas there was no much difference in cellular lipid concentration (16 mg mL− 1 ). GC–MS analysis of fatty acids showed highest amounts of palmitic acid, myristic and stearic acid. In summary, the addition of sodium bicarbonate increases cellular abundance, chlorophyll content and to some extent in the case of lipid content in C. vulgaris integrated with CO2 sequestration.
Abstract
Chlorella vulgaris was isolated from sewerage treatment plant and grown in the presence of sodium bicarbonate as carbon source at 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g L− 1 . Highest specific [...]
- 120
- read
Assessing the Influence of Environmental Parameters on Amur Tiger Distribution in the Russian Far East Using a MaxEnt Modeling Approach
D. Matyukhina, D. Miquelle, A. Murzin, D. Pikunov, P. Fomenko, V. Aramilev, M. Litvinov, G. Salkina, I. Seryodkin, I. Nikolaev, A. Kostyria, V. Gaponov, V. Yudin, Y. Dunishenko, E. Smirnov, V. Korkishko, J. Marino

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
A better understanding of which biological and anthropogenic parameters are strong predictors of suitable habitats for tigers will help address conservation planning in those areas, which is crucial for maintaining connectivity and preventing further population fragmentation. The aim of this study was to develop a spatial model based on a number of environmental and anthropogenic variables as well as tiger presence data from a 2005 large-scale winter survey to predict Amur tiger distribution within its range in the RFE. Modeling the geographic distribution of Amur tigers required an application of the MaxEnt algorithm using a dataset of 1027 tiger track records and a set of environmental variables, such as distance to rivers, elevation and habitat type, and anthropogenic variables, such as distance to forest and main roads, distance to settlements and vegetation cover change. The models were divided into two groups based on elevation and habitat type. Elevation (AUC = 0.821) appeared to be a better predictor of habitat suitability for tigers than habitat type (AUC = 0.784).
Abstract
A better understanding of which biological and anthropogenic parameters are strong predictors of suitable habitats for tigers will help address conservation planning in those [...]
- 16
- read
Economic Production and Oil Recovery Efficiency of a Lipopeptide Biosurfactant from a Novel Marine Bacterium Bacillus simplex
P. Mani, P. Sivakumar, S. Balan

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016). Vol. 10

Abstract
The use and commercial applications of biosurfactants in the petroleum industries have been raised during the past decades. Marine bacteria and their efficiency in crude oil recovery has been less studied than terrestrial strain, hence this present study. A novel marine bacterium Bacillus simplex having promising biosurfactant production was isolated from a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated coastal sea sediment samples of Nagapattinam fishing harbor, Tamil Nadu, India. This strain showed most economical biosurfactant production with an agro-industrial waste substrate, sunflower oil cake at 54th h time incubation along with the cultural conditions of 20 ppt salinity, 35 °C temperature, and pH 7. The produced biosurfactant was purified, which was accounted at 908 ± 7 mg/L on dry weight basis. The biosurfactant was identified as lipopeptide with a molecular mass of 1111.1 Da which was deduced using TLC, biochemical estimation methods, FT-IR, NMR, and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Furthermore, this purified lipopeptide surfactant showed consistent and enhanced crude oil recovering efficiency under different salinity conditions (0–30%). Based on the above facts, the isolated novel marine bacterium proved its cheaper production of novel biosurfactant and its promising oil recovering efficiency even at hypersaline conditions. Further, this is the first report of a biosurfactant from the bacterium Bacillus simplex.
Abstract
The use and commercial applications of biosurfactants in the petroleum industries have been raised during the past decades. Marine bacteria and their efficiency in crude oil [...]
- 40
- read
New Data Regarding the Helminth Fauna of Wild Ruminants in Primorsky Krai
D. Maksimova, I. Seryodkin, D. Kuznetsov

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
The results of an investigation of the helminth fauna of musk deer, Siberian roe deer and Manchurian deer in Primorsky Krai are provided. Regarding the musk deer, the nematodes Spiculopteragia spiculoptera, Nematodirus filicolis, Pygarginema skrjabini and Trichuris sp. have been registered. The intensities of the infections ranged from 1 to 6 specimens. In one case, 66 specimens of P . skrjabini were found in the omasum of a musk deer. S . spiculoptera was registered in the musk deer for the first time. All of the examined roe deer were infected with helminths, S . spiculoptera dominated, and N . filicolis, P . skrjabini, Mazamastrongylus dagestanica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum were also recorded. Ostertagia antipini species and the minor morph of S . spiculoptera, “Rinadia mathevossiani ”, were registered for the first time in Primorsky Krai. The Manchurian deer carried S . spiculoptera and D . dendriticum .
Abstract
The results of an investigation of the helminth fauna of musk deer, Siberian roe deer and Manchurian deer in Primorsky Krai are provided. Regarding the musk deer, the nematodes [...]
- 6
- read
Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus ) Population Density Based on Pellet Group Count Method in Sikhote-Alin
D. Maksimova, I. Seryodkin, V. Zaitsev

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015).

Abstract
As a component of a complex program studying musk deer ecology in the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve, a survey of the musk deer population density, based on pellet group count method, was carried out at stationary posts from 2012 to 2014. The use of this method in the snowless season provides a means of surveying the most hard-to-reach areas of the musk deer habitat.
Abstract
As a component of a complex program studying musk deer ecology in the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve, a survey of the musk deer population density, based on pellet group count [...]
- 19
- read
Research Program of Musk Deer Ecology in the Sikhote-Alin Region
D. Maksimova, I. Seryodkin, V. Zaitsev, D. Miquelle

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
Since 2010, a comprehensive program of studying musk deer has been conducted in the Sikhote-Alin region. This musk deer study program has employed the methods of radio telemetry, visual observation, life activity traces survey and photo-video traps. New data on the use of space by musk deer, as well as their daily activity, nutrition, labeling and distribution activities, have been obtained. The research herein demonstrates the necessity for the application of scientific knowledge on the ecology of musk deer for conservation and sustainability.
Abstract
Since 2010, a comprehensive program of studying musk deer has been conducted in the Sikhote-Alin region. This musk deer study program has employed the methods of radio telemetry, [...]
- 12
- read
Organic Matter in the Small Lakes of the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve
T. Lutsenko, E. Chernova, E. Lysenko, D. Ryzhakov

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9

Abstract
The carbon concentration and distribution in dissolved organic matter (DOM) and particulate organic matter (POM) in the lagoon lakes Blagodaty and Golubichnoe located in the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve and Lake Vaskovskoye оf the Dalnegorsk urban district of Primorsky Krai were analysed using data collected in July–August of 2011–2014. The content of DOM carbon ranged from 1.9 to 8.6 mg/l, representing 68–90% of the total organic carbon. Reductions in the POM carbon concentration and organic carbon percentage of the particulate matter in the sequence of the lakes Blagodaty–Golubichnoe–Vaskovskoye were determined. Analysis of the SUVA254 dynamics and the fluorescence intensity revealed a trend of simplification of the molecular structure of DOM from the surface to a depth of 1 to 1.5 m in lakes Golubichnoe and Vaskovskoye as well as at the northern station in the brackish Blagodaty Lake.
Abstract
The carbon concentration and distribution in dissolved organic matter (DOM) and particulate organic matter (POM) in the lagoon lakes Blagodaty and Golubichnoe located in the [...]
- 10
- read
The Role of the Biogeochemical Conditions of the Marine Environment on the Trace Element Content in Pacific Salmon
N. Khristoforova, V. Tsygankov, M. Boyarova, O. Lukyanova

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
The levels of six chemical elements (mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, zinc and copper) were examined in two species of Pacific salmon, genus Oncorhynchus, pink salmon (O. gorbuscha ), and chum salmon (O. keta ) that were caught in the Kuril waters in July 2013. Concentrations of toxic elements (Hg, As, Pb, Cd) in both species were shown to be below the maximum concentration limits of these trace elements for seafood. The concentrations of these elements were compared between wild salmon and hatchery salmon of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Abstract
The levels of six chemical elements (mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, zinc and copper) were examined in two species of Pacific salmon, genus Oncorhynchus, pink salmon (O. [...]
- 8
- read
Helminth Fauna of the Siberian Roe (Capreolus pygargus ) Digestive Tract
D. Kuznetsov, I. Seryodkin, D. Maksimova, A. Khrustalev

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
A helminthological study of six adult Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus ) individuals from Primorsky Krai was performed. The abomasa and small intestine contents were assessed. All animals were infected with nematodes, and the intensity of infection ranged from tens to hundreds of specimens. Spiculopteragia spiculoptera was the dominant species, and Mazamastrongylus dagestanica and Nematodirus filicollis were also detected. Ostertagia antipini and a minor morph of S. spiculoptera, “Rinadia mathevossiani ”, were observed for the first time in Primorsky Krai. In addition, the Spirurida nematode Pygarginema skrjabini was detected in one roe, and the trematode Dicrocoelium dendriticum was found in the small intestines of two roes.
Abstract
A helminthological study of six adult Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus ) individuals from Primorsky Krai was performed. The abomasa and small intestine contents were [...]
- 8
- read
On the Helminthofauna of Moschus Moschiferus
D. Kuznetsov, I. Seryodkin, D. Maksimova, A. Khrustalev

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
A helminthological study of the digestive tracts of 15 Far Eastern musk deer (Moschus moschiferus turovi ) of Primorsky Krai detected single nematodes, which were assigned to the following taxons: Spiculopteragia spiculoptera, Nematodirus filicolis, Pygarginema skrjabini, and Trichuris sp. The species S. spiculoptera was registered for musk deer for the first time. Analyses of the literature data on the species composition of musk deer helminths concluded that there was a necessity for further helminthological studies examining these ruminants.
Abstract
A helminthological study of the digestive tracts of 15 Far Eastern musk deer (Moschus moschiferus turovi ) of Primorsky Krai detected single nematodes, which were assigned [...]
- 5
- read
Structure of Extracellular Polysaccharides (EPS) Produced by Rhizobia and their Functions in Legume–Bacteria Symbiosis: — A Review
P. Ghosh, T. Maiti

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2017).

Abstract
The symbiotic diazotrophs comprise with a very diverse group of Gram negative soil bacteria, collectively called as rhizobia found in nodule of legume plant. Rhizobia adopt themselves in different environment including soil, rhizosphere and grown within legume roots, where they fix nitrogen. The establishment of symbiosis is a very complicated process involving a coordinated exchange of signal between legume plants and the symbionts. The nodule development requires synthesis of signal molecules such as Nod factors that are important for induction of nodule development. There are different types of surface polysaccharides such as lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, neutral and acidic polysaccharides found in rhizobia. The production of symbiotically active polysaccharides may allow rhizobial strains to adapt themselves to changing environmental conditions and interact efficiently with legume plants. Despite extensive research, the actual molecular function of the surface polysaccharides of rhizobia in symbiosis remains unclear. This review emphasized on the structural composition of extracellular polysaccharide of different rhizobia isolated from different legume plants. The compositions of extracellular polysaccharides are different in different rhizobia. The various compositions of extracellular polysaccharides produced by the symbionts are considered as the signaling molecules essential for determining host plant specificity. The present status of the biological functions of the exo-polysaccharide in symbiosis such as host specificity, successful invasion, formation of infection thread and induction of nodule formation in legume plants is also summarized here.
Abstract
The symbiotic diazotrophs comprise with a very diverse group of Gram negative soil bacteria, collectively called as rhizobia found in nodule of legume plant. Rhizobia adopt [...]
- 195
- read
Grip Strength and Impact on Cognitive Function in Healthy Kitchen Workers
A. Choudhary, R. Jiwane, T. Alam, S. Kishanrao

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2017).

Abstract
Hand grip strength is often considered may predict cognitive functioning and has been established as associates of cognitive performance with individual differences in some particular cross-sectional studies. However, little is known about hand grip strength and cognitive performance in the elderly individuals, and it is not known whether changes in hand grip strength may be associated with preservation/decline in cognitive functioning. We have studied the impact of hand grip strength on cognition function in healthy kitchen workers. Participants (n = 90, age range: 25–40 years) randomly assigned in to two groups according to their nature of work: Group I-Control group (n = 47) - workers recruited for simple work such as dusting, cleaning dining tables and floor. Group II-Study group (n = 43) - workers recruited for firm work such as cooking large quantity of food, kneading dough, rolling chapattis, cut and sauté the vegetables and dish washing. For the analyses, we used at dominant and non- dominant hand, hand grip strength (HGS), reaction time task, sensory disability test (SDT) and cognitive function test (CFT) among both the groups. We observed that visual reaction time (VRT) and auditory reaction time (ART) were significantly improved in dominant hand of study group, when compare to control group, however it was comparable in non-dominant hand among both the groups. In addition to, among all control and study group female workers there was significant positive correlation between VRT & ART and significant negative correlation between at dominant hand HGS & VRT as well as between at dominant hand HGS & ART. We also observed that dominant hand HGS was a significant predictor of VRT and ART and however there was no any significant variation in body mass index (BMI), sensory disability test (SDT) and cognitive function test (CFT) among both groups. We found that muscle strength (as measured by hand grip strength) was associated with improved reaction time. Hence by using a simple muscle strength test, is one way of obtaining useful information for the development of nerve-muscle coordination. Increased handgrip strength would be associated with preservation of cognitive function.
Abstract
Hand grip strength is often considered may predict cognitive functioning and has been established as associates of cognitive performance with individual differences in some [...]
- 18
- read
Forest Vegetation Dynamics Along an Altitudinal Gradient in Relation to the Climate Change in Southern Transbaikalia, Russia
I. Kozyr

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
In this study, we examined the response forest dynamics (since 1982) on Sokhondo Mountain (2500 m a.s.l.) under climate change in Transbaikalia (southeast of Lake Baikal, Russia) over the last 60 years, using geobotanical and climate long-term monitoring as important tools to assess the effect of climate change on forest dynamics. We found that changes in ecosystems along an altitudinal gradient indicated that climate had changed in the direction of warming and aridization (drought). This supposition was also confirmed by analyses of regional climate data over the last 60 years, which showed an increase in air temperature of 1.8 °С and a decrease in atmospheric precipitation of more than 100 mm. Forest vegetation along an altitudinal gradient demonstrates various sensitivities to these effects. We found that the most stable forest vegetation types were the cedar–larch forests of the upper forest belt and the cedar subalpine forests. The least stable were the larch forests and pine forests of the lower forest belt.
Abstract
In this study, we examined the response forest dynamics (since 1982) on Sokhondo Mountain (2500 m a.s.l.) under climate change in Transbaikalia (southeast of Lake Baikal, [...]
- 12
- read
Environmental and Hygiene Health Problems in Primorye
P. Kiku, M. Yarygina

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
Using a systemic approach, this study highlights the problems of public health in the Primorsky Territory and demonstrates that the spread of ecology-related diseases depends on climatic, sanitary, and social factors. The indicators of health assessment that were selected include demographics, cancer and disease, and lung and urinary system diseases. Additionally, specific habitat parameters affecting the spread of ecology-related diseases were established. Ecological and hygiene evaluation of the system “environment–health–man” revealed that among the environmental factors, the greatest public health concerns in the Far East are climate, geochemical and biological features of the territories, consequences of human impact on the environment, nutrition, and housing. These results indicate that further studies of the specifics of particular territories are necessary to explain the emergence and development of diseases, to predict the level of public health, and to develop targeted health prevention programmes to level the influence of environmental factors on human rights.
Abstract
Using a systemic approach, this study highlights the problems of public health in the Primorsky Territory and demonstrates that the spread of ecology-related diseases depends [...]
- 11
- read
Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment
S. Jha, P. Sharma, R. Malviya

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2017).

Abstract
Over the past decades, cancer is the major cause of incidence of death increasing every day. Different forms of tumor therapy including radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used to treat cancer. However, hyperthermia is the technique that neglects the use of chemicals or harmful radiations. The elevated body temperature can damage the cancerous cells with minimum injury to the normal cells. Successful therapy method in combination with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy is provided to the cancer patient which proved to be beneficial to the patients. In this review, different studies of the clinical trials are reported on the patients with tumor and the therapy associated with it.
Abstract
Over the past decades, cancer is the major cause of incidence of death increasing every day. Different forms of tumor therapy including radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used [...]
- 70
- read
Extracellular/Circulating MicroRNAs: Release Mechanisms, Functions and Challenges
M. Sohel

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2017).

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously initiated, small non-coding RNAs and typically regulate the expression of mRNAs in post transcriptional level either via translational repression or mRNA degradation. Aberrant expression of miRNAs is observed in diverse disease and altered physiological states. Recently, it has been revealed that miRNAs are not only present in cells but also in extracellular milieu especially in different bio-fluids including blood plasma, follicular fluid and even in cell culture media. Such extracellular miRNAs (ECmiRNAs) are remarkably stable in the extracellular harsh environment with the presence of high RNAse activity. Although the precise mechanisms of release of cellular miRNAs to extracellular environment remain largely unknown, recent studies suggest that the expression of these ECmiRNAs can be associated with patho-physiological condition of an organism. Moreover, these ECmiRNAs may deliver to the recipient cells via certain pathways where they can regulate translational activity of target genes. This review will discuss the nature and stability of ECmiRNAs along with their release mechanisms. Furthermore, based on recent evidences, it also summarizes the possible function of these ECmiRNAs in distant cell-to-cell communication and the difficulties we may face during ECmiRNA research.
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously initiated, small non-coding RNAs and typically regulate the expression of mRNAs in post transcriptional level either via translational [...]
- 32
- read
A Study on the Coffee Spilling Phenomena in the Low Impulse Regime
J. Han

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016). Vol. 10

Abstract
When a half-full Bordeaux glass is oscillated sideways at 4 Hz, calm waves of wine gently ripple upon the surface. However, when a cylindrical mug is subject to the same motion, it does not take long for the liquid to splash aggressively against the cup and ultimately spill. This is a manifestation of the same principles that also make us spill coffee when we walk. In this study, we first investigate the physical properties of the fluid-structure interaction of the coffee cup, in particular, the frequency spectrum of each oscillating component is examined methodically. It is revealed that the cups oscillation is not monochromatic: harmonic modes exist, and their proportions are significant. As a result, although the base frequency of the cup is considerably displaced from the resonance region, maximum spillage is initiated by the second harmonic mode of driving force that the cup exerts on its contents. Thus, we spill coffee. As an application of these experimental findings, a number of methods to reduce liquid spillage are investigated. Most notably, an alternative method to hold the cup is suggested, in essence, by altering the mechanical structure of the cup-holding posture, we can effectively suppress the higher frequency components of the driving force and thus stabilize the liquid oscillation. In an attempt to rationalize all we have investigated above, a mechanical model is proposed. Due to practicalities, rather than to construct a dynamical system using Newtons equation of motion, we choose to utilize the Euler-Lagrangian equations. Extensive simulation studies reveal that our model, crude in its form, successfully embodies the essential facets of reality. This liberates us to make two predictions that were beyond our experimental limits: the change in magnitude of the driving force and the temporal stabilization process.
Abstract
When a half-full Bordeaux glass is oscillated sideways at 4 Hz, calm waves of wine gently ripple upon the surface. However, when a cylindrical mug is subject to the same motion, [...]
- 48
- read
Skull-Based Method of Age Determination for the Brown Bear Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758
V. Guskov

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
Due to the lack of a proper technique for determining the ages of brown bears, a simple and straightforward method that is based on published data and our own observations is proposed. This method is based on the simultaneous use of the following different skull parameters to more accurately determine the ages of brown bears: size and weight parameters, degree of obliteration of the joints, degree of wear of the teeth, and development of the flanges. The proposed method contributes to non-destructive age determination, allows for the discrimination of immature and adult bears and also classifies the skulls of adult animals into one of the five selected age groups.
Abstract
Due to the lack of a proper technique for determining the ages of brown bears, a simple and straightforward method that is based on published data and our own observations [...]
- 43
- read
The Emergence and Existence of Life in the World of Elements and the Physical Vacuum
S. Golubev

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
The physical vacuum affects not only the natural processes in deep space but also identifies the key features of the structure of ordinary matter. This sphere of work intersects the fields of chemistry and biology. The condition of the objective existence of elementary particles and the objectivity of quantum measurements require the presence of real physical analogues of clocks and lines that participate directly and literally in particle interactions. The analogue of the clock results from the existence of elementary particles in the form of the alternation of two states with different properties that can be modelled in terms of probabilistic behaviour, the uncertainty principle, and similar concepts. The analogue line appears due to the quasi-crystalline structure of the physical vacuum, thereby generating a real observed mass ratio and other features of the microworld. The emergence of life and sense is regulated by deterministic processes. Biological evolution is a process directed toward a slow and gradual adaptation to the physical vacuum as the real component of the environment. Because of such evolution, the geometric structure of living organisms transforms into a fractal increased in absolute terms by chemical simulation. Therefore, the analogue model defines the key structures of the vacuum. The geometric similarity of the structures allows cells to live in accordance with the laws of the quantum world without requiring the solving of equations.
Abstract
The physical vacuum affects not only the natural processes in deep space but also identifies the key features of the structure of ordinary matter. This sphere of work intersects [...]
- 42
- read
The History of the Settling of the Chinese Penduline Tit Remiz consobrinus (Remizidae, Passeriformes, Aves) in the Primorsky Krai Territory
Y. Gluschenko, О. Burkovskiy, I. Tiunov

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014). Vol. 8

Abstract
Presently, there are several nesting groups of the Chinese penduline tit in Primorsky Krai. In Russia, the first nest of the Chinese penduline tit was found in 1994 in the Hasansky region of Primorsky Krai near the border with the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea. The nest was from the previous year, which indicates that the nesting has already occurred in 1993. From 1998 to 1999, the population in the Hasansky area totalled 20–25 pairs. Further, there was an increase in the number and a northward advancement along the seacoast. Currently, the number is estimated to be between 400 and 450 pairs. On the coast of Lake Khanka, the Chinese penduline tit was noticed for the first time in 2000. In 2002, there were 35 pairs, and the currently estimate is between 100 and 150 pairs. From 2012 to 2014, some pairs began to nest in two sites near Ussuriisk. Wintering and nomadic individuals have been encountered in other regions of Primorsky Krai. It is assumed that the Chinese penduline tit appeared in the territory of Primorye sometime from the end of 1980s to the beginning of the 1990s. It is assumed that this bird nests in the territory of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea.
Abstract
Presently, there are several nesting groups of the Chinese penduline tit in Primorsky Krai. In Russia, the first nest of the Chinese penduline tit was found in 1994 in the [...]
- 12
- read
Trichophyton Soudanense and Trichophyton Mentagrophyte -treated Rice Husk Biomass Components and Effect of Yeast on the Bioethanol Yield
C. Ezeonu, I. Onwurah, C. Ubani, C. Ejikeme, A. Ogodo

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016).

Abstract
Trichophyton soudanense and Trichophyton mentagrophyte were isolated from the rice mill environment, cultured, and used singly and as co-culture in the treatment of measure quantities of pre-heated rice husk. Carboxymethyl cellulase activity of 57.61 μg/ml/min was optimum for T. mentagrophyte -treated rice husk crude enzymes at 50 °C and 80 °C, respectively. The duration of 120 h gave the highest CMCellulase activity of 75.84 μg/ml/min for crude enzyme of T. mentagrophyte heat-pretreated rice husk. The duration of 96 h gave maximum activity of 58.21 μg/ml/min for crude enzyme of T. soudanense heat-pretreated rice husk. Highest CMCellulase activities of 67.02 μg/ml/min and 69.02 μg/ml/min at pH of 5 were recorded for crude enzymes of monocultures of T. soudanense (TS) and T. mentagrophyte (TM) heat-pretreated rice husk. Heating before treatment with T. mentagrophyte gave 44.50 ± 10.90 cellulose as maximum, total lignin value of 28.90 ± 1.80 from co-culture of T. soudanense and T. mentagrophyte (TS + TM), hemicellulose content of 30.50 ± 2.12 (% ± SEM) from pre-heated rice husk treated with T. soudanense (TS), carbohydrate content of 16.79 ± 9.14, and reducing and non-reducing sugar values of 2.66 ± 0.45 and 14.13 ± 8.69 were all obtained from for pre- heated rice husk treated with T. mentagrophyte (TM). The pre-heated rice husk treated with T. mentagrophyte (TM) fermented with palm wine yeast gave bioethanol value of 11.11 ± 0.21 (% ± standard deviation) as the highest yield.
Abstract
Trichophyton soudanense and Trichophyton mentagrophyte were isolated from the rice mill environment, cultured, and used singly and as co-culture in the treatment of measure [...]
- 21
- read
The Content of Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments of the Streams of the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve and the Streams Draining Mines of the Transit Zone of the Reserve
E. Chernova, E. Potikha, O. Nesterenko

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9

Abstract
The concentrations of heavy metals in the bottom sediments (fraction < 0.1 mm) of streams of the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve and streams draining the mines of the protective and transit zone of the reserve, as well as in the tailing material, was examined. The background ranges of the Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd concentrations in bottom sediments of streams of the eastern and central Sikhote-Alin were defined. The concentrations of Zn are elevated, and the concentrations of Cd are comparable in the bottom sediments of the reserve compared to the approximate permissible concentration in the soil. Elevated concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Ni compared to the background were found in the bottom sediments of the streams draining the territory of the tin mines. The concentrations of Zn and Cd in these bottom sediments exceeded the approximate permissible concentration. Elevated concentrations of Cu were observed in the bottom sediments of the streams, even at a distance of 10 km from the mine. The content of metals in the bottom sediments in the stream draining the gold and silver mine did not exceed the approximate permissible concentration, whereas the concentrations of Cu, Mn and Pb were increased compared to the background. The surface layer of the sediments of the tin mines tailing ponds was enriched in Cu and Pb and starved of Cd, Ni, and Zn compared to the bottom sediments and the approximate permissible concentrations in the soil.
Abstract
The concentrations of heavy metals in the bottom sediments (fraction < 0.1 mm) of streams of the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve and streams draining the mines of the protective [...]
- 7
- read
Contents of 4-Nonylphenol in Surface Sea Water of Amur Bay (Japan/East Sea)
A. Cherniaev, A. Kondakova, E. Zyk

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016).

Abstract
The determination of 4-nonylphenols has been developed using HPLC with fluorescence detection method. 4-Nonylphenols in sea water samples were extracted using a liquid–liquid extraction. Acidification and adding salting-out agents (NaI) of water samples increased the extraction degree. The extraction of 4-nonylphenols was done twice with 20 mL of methylene chloride. The applied concentrated range was over 5–1000 ng/mL for the 4-nonylphenol. The recovery test ranged from 78.5 to 89.9% with relative standard deviations between 1.0 and 7.5% of 100 ng/mL of the standard phenols spiked with the water sample and the detection limit was 1 ng/mL. The proposed method was applied satisfactorily for the determination of 4-nonylphenole in sea water samples. Levels of 4-nonylphenol were determined in the sea waters of the Amur Bay. Water samples were collected every year from 2008 to 2015. Concentrations of 4-nonylphenol in the waters ranged from levels below the detection limits up to 1.24 μg/L.
Abstract
The determination of 4-nonylphenols has been developed using HPLC with fluorescence detection method. 4-Nonylphenols in sea water samples were extracted using a liquid–liquid [...]
- 37
- read
Study of the Young Growth of Main Forest-forming Coniferous Species in the Primary Forests of the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve
S. Bondarchuk

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9

Abstract
This paper presents the results of studies of the young growth of main forest-forming coniferous species in four types of native cedar forest of the Sikhote-Alin nature reserve. The following types of young growth were measured: Manchurian fir (Abies nephrolepis ), Ajan spruce (Picea ajanensis ), Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata ), and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis ). The research was conducted during 5 field seasons from 2008 to 2012 at 4 permanent study areas. For each species, the common silvicultural parameters, distribution of height, age of young growth and dynamics of the average apical growth data for the twenty-year period were identified and analysed. It was established that the size and strength of young growth are affected by complex forest site conditions that are determined by: the composition of the parent canopy, stand age, and position in the landscape. The growing conditions for young growth conifers are more favourable in mountain cedar forests compared to cedar forests in a valley. A parent canopy of a specific phytocenosis forms a unique microclimate, significantly weakening and softening the impact of macro-climate indicators of the growing area on the value of the apical growth of young growth. Spruce young growth is the most responsive to changes in climatic parameters and Korean pine young growth is the least responsive.
Abstract
This paper presents the results of studies of the young growth of main forest-forming coniferous species in four types of native cedar forest of the Sikhote-Alin nature reserve. [...]
- 10
- read
Effects of Lithium Nano-Scaled Particles on Local and Systemic Structural and Functional Organism Transformations Under Tumour Growth
N. Bgatova, O. Makarova, A. Pozhidayeva, Y. Borodin, L. Rachkovskaya, V. Konenkov

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2014).

Abstract
The results of a study of structural and metabolic changes in CBA mice with hepatocellular carcinoma caused by lithium carbonate nano-sized particles are presented. Light microscopy, electron microscopy and other biochemical methods were used to show that injection of lithium carbonate nano-sized particles to the periphery of the tumour results in enhanced destructive processes within the tumour. The number of neutrophils and macrophages in the tumour increased, whereas the density of blood vessels and haemoglobin concentration were reduced, the extent of tumour necrosis lipid peroxidation and production of nitric oxide was also increased. At the same time, the activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase remained the same. The introduction of lithium carbonate nano-scaled particles protects vital organs including the heart and lungs from the damaging effect of secondary products of lipid peroxidation.
Abstract
The results of a study of structural and metabolic changes in CBA mice with hepatocellular carcinoma caused by lithium carbonate nano-sized particles are presented. Light [...]
- 3
- read
Molecular Cloning and Homology Modeling of Novel Tyrosylprotein Sulfotransferase of Marine Mollusk
M. Avtushenko, S. Kovalchuk, G. Likhatskaya, T. Zvyagintseva, T. Haertlé

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016).

Abstract
The gene of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase, which was discovered in mammals, has been widely found in marine mollusk Littorina sitkana . High conservation of this gene indicates the functional importance of TPST in the metabolism of the living world. The cDNA encoding TPST in the mollusk was cloned and sequenced, and the enzyme was assigned on the basis of amino acid sequence similarity as tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-2 (TPST-2). The putative homology model for the catalytic domain of TPST from L. sitkana was constructed according to crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the human TPST-2. The putative model of dimer structure showed that the active site involved two monomers and the dimer contains two active centers.
Abstract
The gene of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase, which was discovered in mammals, has been widely found in marine mollusk Littorina sitkana . High conservation of this gene indicates [...]
- 6
- read
The Origin of Chronic Diseases Can Be in Capillary Pathology: An Evidence From Clinical Trials on Thermobalancing Treatment of Prostate Reveals
S. Allen

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2017).

Abstract
Etiology and pathophysiology of chronic internal disease was unknown until last days. This article challenges that two clinical trials have discovered the origin of chronic prostate diseases. The hypothesis of the chronic internal diseases cause due to pathological activity of capillaries with emerging micro-focus of hypothermia, a continuous trigger for disease development in any affected organ, was declared in the US patent “Therapeutic Device and Method”, i.e. thermobalancing therapy (TT) and therapeutic device. Two clinical trials before and 6 months after TT for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with the device, namely Dr. Allens therapeutic device (DATD) confirmed the effectiveness of TT. This device was used as mono-therapy for 124 patients with BPH and 45 men with CP/CPPS. Compared to controls, the TT groups showed significant improvements from baseline to endpoint. TT in men with BPH decreased urinary symptoms and PV, increased Qmax and improved quality of life index (QoL). At the same time, another clinical trial on TT in men with CP/CPPS has demonstrated decrease of pain score and PV mL, improvement of QoL and increase of Qmax mL/sec. The long-term application of the source of emitted body heat with DATD, i.e. TT, to the projection of affected prostate removes “micro-focus” of hypothermia at the capillary level that improves blood circulation in the organ and its function. Thus this article shows that the underlying cause for different chronic internal diseases, such as BPH and CP/CPPS is the same and is positioned at the microvascular level. More studies with thermobalancing therapy needed.
Abstract
Etiology and pathophysiology of chronic internal disease was unknown until last days. This article challenges that two clinical trials have discovered the origin of chronic [...]
- 29
- read
Chitosan Based Scaffolds and Their Applications in Wound Healing
S. Ahmed, S. Ikram

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016). Vol. 10

Abstract
Over the last decade, much interest has been developed in biopolymer based materials due to their biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic and non-allergenic nature. Chitosan is a unique biopolymer that exhibits outstanding properties, besides biocompatibility and biodegradability. Most of these peculiar properties arise from the presence of primary amines along the chitosan backbone. Many works have been done to obtain chitosan based scaffolds, including surface modifications, the fabrication of chitosan based blends, chitosan based composite scaffolds, and drug-loaded scaffolds. This study provides an overview of the key features of inherent properties of chitosan, their modification, and its use in biomedical engineering particularly toward anti-inflammatory and wound healing.
Abstract
Over the last decade, much interest has been developed in biopolymer based materials due to their biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic and non-allergenic nature. Chitosan [...]
- 270
- read
Vegetable Oils as Clearing Agents
I. Adeniyi, O. Adejoba, F. Akinlabi, O. Alao

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2016). Vol. 10

Abstract
Three types of vegetable oils namely, groundnut oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil were investigated in this study for their clearing ability in wood histology. The vegetable oils were compared with the conventional clearants like xylene and clove oil. Using a Riechet microtome sliding machine, sections of wood that were about 20 μm were prepared and cleared in each of the oils. Under a light microscope, the results showed that sections cleared in the vegetable oils did not show any sign of distortion as details of wood features were distinct and clear after processing in the vegetable oils. The study concluded that the vegetable oils could be used as substitutes for xylene and clove oil. The respective photo micrographs are hereby presented showing their efficacy after slide preparation. On the accounts of health hazards and cost of conventional clearing agents, the study also recommended groundnut oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil as alternative clearants in wood histological processes.
Abstract
Three types of vegetable oils namely, groundnut oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil were investigated in this study for their clearing ability in wood histology. The vegetable [...]
- 93
- read
Sub-acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) and its Consequence in Dairy Cattle: A Review of Past and Recent Research at Global Prospective
N. Abdela

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2017).

Abstract
Dairy producer increase milk production by over feeding grain diets that are high in starch and low in fiber to increase intake of energy and met dietary requirements of the high yielding dairy cows. However, these diets increase the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Thus, maximizing milk production without incurring Sub-acute ruminal acidosis is a challenging most dairy producers. The main aims of this paper were to review available article on general aspects of Sub-acute ruminal acidosis and its consequence in dairy cattle by focusing on past and recent article and helping to update the current knowledge for early recognition and limit the associated negative impact in dairy industry. Sub-acute ruminal acidosis is a well-recognized and economically important digestive disorder found particularly in well-managed dairy cattle. It is a consequence of feeding high grain diets to dairy cows and characterized by daily episodes of low ruminal which generally occurs when ruminal pH stays in the range of 5.2 and 6 for a prolonged period resulting in depresses fiber digestion and possibly milk production. There is no typical clinical sign of illness in SARA affected cows. However, SARA is said to be associated with inflammations of different organs and tissues in dairy cows. Rumenocentesis remains the most reliable means of diagnosing SARA. The cow at risk to develop SARA includes cows in the early lactation, Primiparous cows and Cows grazing or fed with rapidly fermentable low fiber grass. SARA has long-term health and economic consequences, which include feed intake depression, fluctuations in feed intake, reduced diet digestibility, reduced milk yield, reduced milk fat percent, gastrointestinal damage, liver abscesses, and lameness. Apart from compromises to dairy cow health and economics, SARA is of concern for animal welfare reasons, since lameness and laminitis impact significantly on cow comfort and general well-being. Thus, it represents a significant concern for dairy industry and the cattle should be regularly monitored to facilitate early recognition of the condition and limit the associated economic losses.
Abstract
Dairy producer increase milk production by over feeding grain diets that are high in starch and low in fiber to increase intake of energy and met dietary requirements of the [...]
- 701
- read
Discussion of the community detection algorithm based on statistical inference
L. Shuo, B. Chai

Perspectives in Science (2016). Vol. 7 pp. 122-125

Abstract
This paper aims to solve the model and parameters with the discussion from the algorithm characteristics of model, the analysis of each algorithm, solving the difficulties, problems and development direction. The paper tries to analyze and summarize the evolution law of algorithm and solution thinking. Some improvements are given on the existing community detection algorithm based on statistical inference.
Abstract
This paper aims to solve the model and parameters with the discussion from the algorithm characteristics of model, the analysis of each algorithm, solving the difficulties, [...]
- 11
- read
Study of the Musk Deer Population Structure in Sikhote-Alin Reserve
V. Zaitsev, I. Seryodkin, D. Maksimova, S. Soutyrina

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015).

Abstract
Research on population structure and behavior of musk deer has been conducted on defined areas within Sikhote-Alin Reserve (Russian Far East) since 1974 using a combination of techniques (snowtracking, visual observation, and radiotracking since 2012). We have acquired previously unknown data on the structure of the overall population and sub-groups, home range size, sex and age-related differences in habitat use, inheritance of home ranges and territories between generations, mechanisms regulating distribution of individuals and population structure. This knowledge is extremely valuable in understanding recent population declines of musk deer associated with habitat destruction, unregulated hunting and natural cycles in population size.
Abstract
Research on population structure and behavior of musk deer has been conducted on defined areas within Sikhote-Alin Reserve (Russian Far East) since 1974 using a combination [...]
- 22
- read
A Simple Plate Method for the Screening and Detection of Fucoidanases
A. Silchenko, H. Khanh, C. Hang, V. Kurilenko, A. Zakharenko, A. Zueva, B. Ly, M. Kusaykin

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015).

Abstract
A novel method was developed for the screening and detection of fucoidanase activity in bacterial colonies using fucoidan–agarose plates and staining with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (Cetavlon). Colonies with fucoidanase activity were indicated by a transparent halo. The medium containing undegraded fucoidan showed as a milk-colored background, but areas with degraded fucoidan under the colonies were visualized as a transparent halo.
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the screening and detection of fucoidanase activity in bacterial colonies using fucoidan–agarose plates and staining with hexadecyltrimethylammonium [...]
- 69
- read
Rare Earth Elements: Review of Medical and Biological Properties and Their Abundance in the Rock Materials and Mineralized Spring Waters in the Context of Animal and Human Geophagia Reasons Evaluation
A. Panichev

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9 pp. 95-103

Abstract
New data on the abundance of rare earth elements (REE) and their biological properties, which appeared in recent decades, force the researchers to reconsider the facts previously collected by different researchers related to the study of the geophagia phenomenon in animals and humans. From the standpoint of the new data it becomes apparent that one of the reasons for instinctively traditional form of geophagia, as well as for drinking water from mineralized sources by animals and a man with lengthy visits to the same places could be an instinctual drive of a specific organism to adjust in their bodies and tissues the concentration and ratio of the rare earth elements which are able to actively influence, either directly or indirectly (through the effects on metabolism of other chemical elements in the body) the biochemical and physiological processes that determine the quality of health. Since REE influence at the level of nerve tissue biochemistry, hormonal regulation of the body and even at the genetic level, it all can point to a higher order which they occupy in the hierarchy of elements in the composition of any organism. It seems that REE have reasons to claim to be the main causes of all instinctive forms of traditional geophagia and related consumption of mineralized water.
Abstract
New data on the abundance of rare earth elements (REE) and their biological properties, which appeared in recent decades, force the researchers to reconsider the facts previously [...]
- 37
- read
Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Water, Sediments and Fish from Lake Tashk, Iran
F. Kafilzadeh

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015). Vol. 9 pp. 107-111

Abstract
In this study, the levels of organochlorine (OC) pesticide residues in Lake Tashk have been investigated using water, sediment and fish (carp) samples as a case study to find out the extent of pesticide contamination and accumulation in the lake. Six OC pesticides namely DDT, DDE, lindane, endosulfan, heptachlor and chlordane were analyzed in four sites at four seasons. Water samples were processed using a liquid–liquid extraction technique and gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Soxhlet extraction was used for fish and sediment samples followed by clean up and gas chromatograph. DDE was the predominant residue in all the samples analyzed, at the mean concentrations of 0.075 ppb, 8.750 ppb and 4.446 ppb in water, sediment and fish samples, respectively. The lowest levels of OC pesticides were related to heptachlor and chlordane which none of them were found in water samples. Gonban and Midstream sites had the highest and the lowest concentrations of OC pesticides, respectively.
Abstract
In this study, the levels of organochlorine (OC) pesticide residues in Lake Tashk have been investigated using water, sediment and fish (carp) samples as a case study to find [...]
- 42
- read
Materials for the Study of the Spring Migration of Waterfowl (Anseriformes, Aves) on the Lake Khanka
V. Bocharnikov, Y. Gluschenko, D. Korobov, I. Korobova

Achievements in the Life Sciences (2015).

Abstract
The results of 11 years (2003–2013) monitoring activities, including estimation of number and gender structure of waterfowl on the Lake Khanka, are presented. The accounting work (50 days) took place in the first decade of April, in the period of mass spring migration of migratory birds. About 682,270 birds are registered. The comparison of the species composition and the ratio of the major groups of waterfowl of the two periods — 2003–2009 and 2010–2013 are given. The most minority group of migratory birds is Cygnus — less than 0.1% of all registered birds. More than 10,000 specimens of geese were accounted (17.7% of registered birds). The maximum number of birds was registered in 2008, the minimum number was registered in 2011. In all years of monitoring the part of Anas formosa was the largest among migratory birds — from 42 to 80% of all registered birds. The Anser albifrons dominates among all Ansers — about 50–80% of all identified species of Ansers. For the first time of all years of the ornithological investigations of the Prikhankayskaya lowland the gender structure of Anas was identified by visual estimates and photo data. The sample was 28.9 thousand birds. The average proportion of males for all years (2003–2013) was 58.9%, the maximum was recorded for Authya ferina (70.2%) and Authya foligula (70.3%).
Abstract
The results of 11 years (2003–2013) monitoring activities, including estimation of number and gender structure of waterfowl on the Lake Khanka, are presented. The accounting [...]
- 19
- read

information

About this publication

How to submit

Open access

Contact

information

Categories