Documents published in 2016 : Scipedia

Combined application of multi-criteria optimization and life-cycle sustainability assessment for optimal distribution of alternative passenger cars in US
Q. Zheng, M. Kucukvar, N. Onat, O. Tatari

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 69

Abstract
This research aims to advance the existing sustainability assessment framework for alternative passenger cars with a combination of life-cycle sustainability assessment and multi-criteria decision-making. To this end, sixteen macro-level sustainability impacts are evaluated for seven different vehicle types: internal combustion vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with all-electric ranges of 16, 32, 48, and 64 km of electric powered drive, and battery electric vehicles. Additionally, two battery charging scenarios are considered in this analysis with respect to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles; Scenario 1 is based on existing electric power infrastructure in the U.S., while Scenario 2 is an extreme scenario in which electricity to power battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is generated entirely via solar charging stations. In this study, optimal vehicle distributions are calculated based on the environmental, social, and economic impacts of all vehicle types for each scenario. Various distributions are presented in accordance with the relative importance assigned to each indicator, with different weighting scenarios applied to account for variability in decision-makers' priorities, such as the assignment of higher weights to socio-economic indicators (e.g. maximizing employment) and lower weights to environmental indicators (e.g. minimizing greenhouse gas emissions). In a balanced weighting case (i.e. when environmental and socio-economic indicators have equal importance) under Scenario 1, hybrid electric vehicles have the largest fleet share, comprising 91% of the optimal U.S. passenger car fleet, while internal combustion vehicles dominate the optimal fleet with 99.5% of the optimal fleet share when only socio-economic indicators are given priority. On the other hand, in a balanced weighting case under Scenario 2, the optimal U.S. passenger car fleet consists entirely (100%) of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with 16 km of all-electric range. In the majority of the considered weighting scenarios, battery electric vehicles were not given any share of the optimal vehicle fleet. The proposed framework can be used as a practical decision-making platform when deciding which vehicle type to promote given each vehicle type's respective environmental, social, and economic impacts. Considering that decision makers are often highly influenced by the “silo effect”, i.e. a lack of communication among different agencies and departments (national or international), the proposed framework provides a holistic system-based approach to minimize the silo effect and can enhance the efficiency of future inter/cross/trans-disciplinary works. Furthermore, the outcomes of this study can pave the way for advancement in the state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice of current sustainability research.
Abstract
This research aims to advance the existing sustainability assessment framework for alternative passenger cars with a combination of life-cycle sustainability assessment and [...]
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Application of the TOPSIS and intuitionistic fuzzy set approaches for ranking the life cycle sustainability performance of alternative vehicle technologies
M. Kucukvar, S. Gumus, N. Onat, O. Tatari

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 68

Abstract
This research involves two novel elements to advance the body of knowledge in existing sustainability assessment frameworks for alternative vehicle technologies. First, we developed an input–output based hybrid life cycle sustainability assessment model using several macro-level social, economic, and environmental indicators, taking into consideration the manufacturing of vehicles and batteries, operation, and end-of-life phases. Second, the results of a hybrid life cycle sustainability assessment for different conventional and alternative vehicles technologies (internal combustion electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles, and battery electric vehicles) are incorporated into the Technique for Order-Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets. Two policy scenarios are considered in this analysis, with Scenario 1 being based on existing electric power infrastructure in the U.S. with no additional infrastructure requirements, while Scenario 2 is an extreme scenario in which the electricity to power electric vehicles is generated exclusively via solar charging stations. The Intuitionistic Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution methods are then utilized to rank the life cycle sustainability performance of alternative passenger vehicles. Furthermore, since expert judgments play an important role in determining the relative performance of alternative vehicle technologies, a sustainability triangle analysis is also presented to show how the weighting applied to each dimension affects the selection of different alternatives. The results indicate that hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are the best alternatives for both Scenarios 1 and 2 when all of the indicators are considered. On the other hand, the ranking of vehicles changes significantly when each of the environmental, economic, and social indicators are evaluated individually. This proposed method can be a useful decision making platform for decision-makers to develop more effective policies and guide the offering of incentives to the right domains for sustainable transportation.
Abstract
This research involves two novel elements to advance the body of knowledge in existing sustainability assessment frameworks for alternative vehicle technologies. First, we [...]
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Travel Demand Management (TDM) case study for social behavioral change towards sustainable urban transportation in Istanbul
M. Koç, I. Batur, İ. Batur

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 73

Abstract
In order to realize sustainable cities, it is vital to achieve and maintain social behavioral change for shifting our modes of mobility from inefficient, wasteful and motorized means to cleaner, greener, healthier and more economic means such as walking, cycling and public transportation in addition to smart use of land, intelligent transportation systems, and clean and green vehicles. This study is based on a critical review of literature in order to establish a framework of social behavioral change policies, particularly developed and tested for urban mobility and traffic congestion. First, various mega cities were compared on different sustainability indicators to better understand the case of Istanbul. Then, selected policy potentials, namely Travel Demand Management (TDM), were evaluated for Istanbul following a set of personal interview surveys aiming to reveal travel patterns of residents, their perceptions and attitudes on current transport system performance, and their opinions for possible TDM interventions in the future. We proposed a multiplicative model to process data from these surveys as inputs, which would then be used to determine travel demand. A simulation model was constructed using PTV-VISSIM tool and validated with current traffic congestion metrics obtained from field measurements in a selected district of Istanbul. Based on this validated simulation model, projections of traffic conditions in the future under different TDM scenarios were predicted with the help of determined TDM potentials obtained from the survey results. As a result of this study, it was revealed that the traffic congestion levels in Istanbul tend to become worse year by year under existing conditions, but it was also found that the TDM policies offer significant potential for reducing congestion, hence its consequent hazards, via increased use of sustainable mobility modes without the need for new infrastructure investments.
Abstract
In order to realize sustainable cities, it is vital to achieve and maintain social behavioral change for shifting our modes of mobility from inefficient, wasteful and motorized [...]
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Integration of system dynamics approach toward deepening and broadening the life cycle sustainability assessment framework: a case for electric vehicles
N. Onat, G. Egilmez, M. Kucukvar, O. Tatari

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 67

Abstract
Quantitative life cycle sustainable assessment requires a complex and multidimensional understanding, which cannot be fully covered by the current portfolio of reductionist-oriented tools. Therefore, there is a dire need on a new generation of modeling tools and approaches that can quantitatively assess the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability in an integrated way. To this end, this research aims to present a practical and novel approach for (1) broadening the existing life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) framework by considering macrolevel environmental, economic, and social impacts (termed as the triple bottom line), simultaneously, (2) deepening the existing LCSA framework by capturing the complex dynamic relationships between social, environmental, and economic indicators through causal loop modeling, (3) understanding the dynamic complexity of transportation sustainability for the triple bottom line impacts of alternative vehicles, and finally (4) investigating the impacts of various vehicle-specific scenarios as a novel approach for selection of a macrolevel functional unit considering all of the complex interactions in the environmental, social, and economic aspects. To alleviate these research objectives, we presented a novel methodology to quantify macrolevel social, economic, and environmental impacts of passenger vehicles from an integrated system analysis perspective. An integrated dynamic LCSA model is utilized to analyze the environmental, economic, and social life cycle impact as well as life cycle cost of alternative vehicles in the USA. System dynamics modeling is developed to simulate the US passenger transportation system and its interactions with economy, the environment, and society. Analysis covers manufacturing and operation phase impacts of internal combustion vehicles (ICVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). In total, seven macrolevel indicators are selected; global warming potential, particulate matter formation, photochemical oxidant formation, vehicle ownership cost, contribution to gross domestic product, employment generation, and human health impacts. Additionally, contribution of vehicle choices to global atmospheric temperature rise and public welfare is investigated. BEVs are found to be a better alternative for most of sustainability impact categories. While some of the benefits such as contribution to employment and GDP, CO2 emission reduction potential of BEVs become greater toward 2050, other sustainability indicators including vehicle ownership cost and human health impacts of BEVs are higher than the other vehicle types on 2010s and 2020s. While the impact shares of manufacturing and operation phases are similar in the early years of 2010s, the contribution of manufacturing phase becomes higher as the vehicle performances increase toward 2050. Analysis results revealed that the US transportation sector, alone, cannot reduce the rapidly increasing atmospheric temperature and the negative impacts of the global climate change, even though the entire fleet is replaced with BEVs. Reducing the atmospheric climate change requires much more ambitious targets and international collaborative efforts. The use of different vehicle types has a small impact on public welfare, which is a function of income, education, and life expectancy indexes. The authors strongly recommend that the dynamic complex and mutual interactions between sustainability indicators should be considered for the future LCSA framework. This approach will be critical to deepen the existing LCSA framework and to go beyond the current LCSA understanding, which provide a snapshot analysis with an isolated view of all pillars of sustainability. Overall, this research is a first empirical study and an important attempt toward developing integrated and dynamic LCSA framework for sustainable transportation research.
Abstract
Quantitative life cycle sustainable assessment requires a complex and multidimensional understanding, which cannot be fully covered by the current portfolio of reductionist-oriented [...]
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Networks of fixed-cycle intersections
M. Boon, J. Leeuwaarden

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 66

Abstract
We present an algorithmic method for analyzing networks of intersections with static signaling, with as primary example a line network that allows traffic flow over several intersections in one main direction. The method decomposes the network into separate intersections and treats each intersection in isolation using an extension of the fixed-cycle traffic-light (FCTL) queue. The network effects are modeled by matching the output process of one intersection with the input process of the next (downstream) intersection. This network analysis provides insight into wave phenomena due to vehicles experiencing progressive cascades of green lights and sheds light on platoon forming in case of imperfections. Our algorithm is shown to match results from extensive discrete-event simulations and can also be applied to more complex network structures.
Abstract
We present an algorithmic method for analyzing networks of intersections with static signaling, with as primary example a line network that allows traffic flow over several [...]
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Improved one-dimensional models for rapid emptying and filling of pipelines
A. Tijsseling, J. Laanearu, Z. Bozkuş, Q. Hou

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 65

Abstract
Improved one-dimensional (1D) models—compared to previous work by the authors—are proposed which are able to predict the velocity, length, and position of the liquid column in the rapid emptying and filling of a pipeline. The models include driving pressure and gravity, skin friction and local drag, and holdup at the tail and gas intrusion at the front of the liquid column. Analytical and numerical results are validated against each other, and against experimental data from a large-scale laboratory setup.
Abstract
Improved one-dimensional (1D) models—compared to previous work by the authors—are proposed which are able to predict the velocity, length, and position of the liquid column [...]
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How can fuel cell vehicles bring a bright future for this dragon? Answer by multi-criteria decision making analysis
J. Yu, J. Ren, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, H. Liang, W. Zhang, L. Ma

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 64

Abstract
Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) has been introduced to the market around the world in recent years. As the largest automobile market of the world, China is also one of the potential FCVs market. However, a series of factors and barriers influence the willingness of China's customers to accept FCVs. By using Fishbone Diagram, field survey and workshop discussions, this paper proposes a group of factors that may affect customers' preferences on FCVs. Furthermore, Fuzzy AHP and Pareto Analysis are employed to prioritize these factors, and identify the critical ones. The results indicate that fuel availability, vehicle performance, and economic costs are the most important dimensions in affecting customers' attitude towards FCVs. More specifically, vehicle reliability and safety, purchasing cost, industry development, vehicle model and space contribute the most significance in customers' purchase decision. According to the results, some policy implications are proposed from the prospective of improving and demonstrating vehicle performance, government leading facility construction and operation, and costs reductions. (C) 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract
Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) has been introduced to the market around the world in recent years. As the largest automobile market of the world, China is also one of the potential [...]
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Security vulnerability assessment of gas pipelines using Discrete-time Bayesian network
V. Cozzani, N. Khakzad, G. Reniers, D. Fakhravar

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 70

Abstract
Security of chemical and oil & gas facilities became a pressing issue after the terrorist attacks of 9/11, due to relevant quantities of hazardous substances that may be present in these sites. Oil & gas pipelines, connecting such facilities, might be potential targets for intentional attacks. The majority of methods addressing pipeline security are mostly qualitative or semi-quantitative, based on expert judgment and thus potentially subjective. In the present study, an innovative security vulnerability assessment methodology is developed, based on Discrete-time Bayesian network (DTBN) technique to investigate the vulnerability of a hazardous facility (pipeline in this study) considering the performance of security countermeasures in place. The methodology is applied to an illustrative gas pipeline in order to rank order the pipeline segments based upon their criticality.
Abstract
Security of chemical and oil & gas facilities became a pressing issue after the terrorist attacks of 9/11, due to relevant quantities of hazardous substances that may be present [...]
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Modelling ICT Perceptions and Views of Urban Front-liners
K. Montfort, G. Cohen-Blankshtain, P. Nijkamp

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 62

Abstract
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have become important tools to promote an achieve a variety of public goals and policies. The growing importance of ICT in daily life, business activities and governance prompts the need to consider the role of ICT more explicitly in urban administrations and policies. What are the city-makers' expectations of ICT? And how do they assess the future implications of ICT for their city? An analysis of these questions is needed to provide us with a better understanding of the extent to which urban authorities are willing to invest in, and to adopt, ICT policy. This paper offers both a conceptual and an operational model that aims to map out the causes and implications of ICT perceptions and views of urban policy-makers and/or administrative officials (denoted as urban front-liners). This is followed by the presentation of an operational path model-i.e. a linear structural equations model (Lisrel). The model serves to describe and test the relationships between perceptions of the city, policy-makers' beliefs about ICT and the associated urban ICT policy. According to the model, respondents who perceive their city as having many urban functions (such as commercial centre, service centre, higher education centre) have more awareness of various ICT tools and are likely to consider a multiplicity of ICT measures as relevant to their city. Respondents who consider their city as having severe bottlenecks (such as traffic congestion, housing shortage) are less likely to think of ICT measures and ICT-related goals as relevant to their city, and nor do they think that the municipality impacts significantly on ICT in the city. Furthermore, respondents who perceive their city as suffering from many socioeconomic problems (unemployment, ageing population, industrial decline and so on) are likely to consider many ICT tools as relevant to their city, although they have a low awareness of the specific tools to be deployed. Finally, respondents who believe that ICT will significantly (and positively) affect the city and its administration also tend to believe that the municipality has a high municipal influence on ICT and consider many ICT initiatives as relevant to their city. © 2004 The Editors of Urban Studies.
Abstract
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have become important tools to promote an achieve a variety of public goals and policies. The growing importance of ICT in [...]
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Division of activities and tasks-challenges and efficient structures for market-based procurement of public transport services
K. Kallio, J. Jukka, M. Tinnilä

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 68
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Assessment of cathodic protection by close interval survey incorporating the instant off potential method
V. Ojeda, J. Bastidas, L. Lázaro, J. Benito

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 61

Abstract
This paper reviews five field assessments of the cathodic protection of coated steel pipelines buried in soils of an average resistivity of 4300 Ω cm, performed using the close interval survey (CIS) technique and incorporating the instant off potential (IOP) method to measure any voltage drop. Multiple current sources were identified in the surveys, and simultaneous interruption of all the current sources was achieved using synchronised switches. The results presented here highlight the importance of incorporating the IOP method when performing CIS in order to quantify the voltage drop factor and thus improve the interpretation of potential measurements. Unexpected field situations encountered when performing the CIS technique are discussed and the practicality of using corrosion coupons is analysed. The authors express their gratitude to Eng. C. K. Meier from Corrosion Control Inc., Rutledge, Ga, USA for the many discussions, and to CICYT, Spain (Project Nº DPI2011-26480) for financial support. Peer Reviewed
Abstract
This paper reviews five field assessments of the cathodic protection of coated steel pipelines buried in soils of an average resistivity of 4300 Ω cm, performed using the [...]
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A new statistical method of assigning vehicles to delivery areas for CO 2 emissions reduction
K. Valenzuela, J. Fransoo, E. Blanco, J. Martinez

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 60

Abstract
Transportation CO2 emissions are expected to increase in the following decades, and thus, new and better alternatives to reduce emissions are needed. Road transport emissions are explained by different factors, such as the type of vehicle, delivery operation and driving style. Because different cities may have conditions that are characterized by diversity in landforms, congestion, driving styles, etc., the importance of assigning the proper vehicle to serve a particular region within the city provides alternatives to reduce CO2 emissions. In this article, we propose a new methodology that results in assigning trucks to deliver in areas such that the CO2 emissions are minimized. Our methodology clusters the delivery areas based on the performance of the vehicle fleet by using the k-means algorithm and Tukey’s method. The output is then used to define the optimal CO2 truck-area assignment. We illustrate the proposed approach for a parcel company that operates in Mexico City and demonstrate that it is a practical alternative to reduce transportation CO2 emissions by matching vehicle type with delivery areas.
Abstract
Transportation CO2 emissions are expected to increase in the following decades, and thus, new and better alternatives to reduce emissions are needed. Road transport emissions [...]
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A brief introduction to the bird strike numerical simulation
A. Riccio, S. Saputo, R. Cristiano

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 59

Abstract
Bird impacts can be extremely critical events for the air transport safety. Since aircraft structures have become more and more complex components, the numerical prediction of the damage onset and evolution induced by a bird impact has become a very challenging task. The aim of this work is to provide a brief overview of the numerical techniques adopted for the prediction of the bird impact phenomenon on a leading edge of a regional aircraft wing. Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), Rigid and Lagrangian models have been investigated and the results have been compared and critically assessed.
Abstract
Bird impacts can be extremely critical events for the air transport safety. Since aircraft structures have become more and more complex components, the numerical prediction [...]
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Are technology myths stalling aviation climate policy?
D. Kutzner, P. Peeters, S. Cohen, J. Higham, S. Gössling

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 58

Abstract
Emissions from aviation will continue to increase in the future, in contradiction of global climate policy objectives. Yet, airlines and airline organisations suggest that aviation will become climatically sustainable. This paper investigates this paradox by reviewing fuel-efficiency gains since the 1960s in comparison to aviation growth, and by linking these results to technology discourses, based on a two-tiered approach tracing technology-focused discourses over 20 years (1994-2013). Findings indicate that a wide range of solutions to growing emissions from aviation have been presented by industry, hyped in global media, and subsequently vanished to be replaced by new technology discourses. Redundant discourses often linger in the public domain, where they continue to be associated with industry aspirations of 'sustainable aviation' and 'zero-emission flight'. The paper highlights and discusses a number of technology discourses that constitute 'technology myths', and the role these 'myths' may be playing in the enduring but flawed promise of sustainable aviation. We conclude that technology myths require policy-makers to interpret and take into account technical uncertainty, which may result in inaction that continues to delay much needed progress in climate policy for aviation.
Abstract
Emissions from aviation will continue to increase in the future, in contradiction of global climate policy objectives. Yet, airlines and airline organisations suggest that [...]
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V2V protocols for traffic congestion discovery along routes of interest in VANETs: a quantitative study
L. Foschini, A. Boukerche, P. Bellavista, G. Martuscelli

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 56

Abstract
One of the most interesting and promising challenges for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) relates to the traffic congestion problem. Congestion is a relevant issue for transportation because it reduces the efficiency of infrastructure and increases travel time, air pollution, and fuel consumption. Nowadays, the most promising technology in support of ITSs is found in the domain of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). In this paper, we propose three protocols that are able to transmit traffic information for routes of interest on VANETs without any Road Side Unit (RSU) support. The proposed protocols adopt strategies to improve the performance of packet routing based on the density and location of vehicles; moreover, they enable an interesting comparison of the performance achievable with either reactive or proactive approaches. The extensive performance results reported show how it is possible to limit the congestion monitoring overhead along Routes of Interest (ROIs), while maintaining a sufficiently high performance in terms of traffic reporting. This may be done by employing context-aware data delivery techniques that autonomously adapt to runtime conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abstract
One of the most interesting and promising challenges for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) relates to the traffic congestion problem. Congestion is a relevant issue [...]
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A regression model for terminal airspace delays
F. Çetek, A. Cavcar, Y. Kantar

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 64

Abstract
WOS: 000415149800005 Air Traffic Management (ATM) research generally focuses on achieving a safer, more effective and economical air traffic system. The current airspace system has become increasingly strained as the demand for air travel has steadily grown. Innovative, proactive and multi-disciplinary approaches to research are needed to solve flight congestion and delays as a consequence of this rapid growth. As a result of this growth, air traffic flow becomes more complex, especially in Terminal Airspaces (TMA) where climb and descent manoeuvres of departing and arriving flights take place around airports. As air traffic demand exceeds the capacity in a TMA, the resultant congestion leads to delays that spread all over the system. Therefore, the reduction of delays is critical for airspace designers to increase customer satisfaction and the perception of service quality. Numerous studies have been conducted to reduce delays within TMAs. This research focuses on defining the causes of delays quantitatively through statistical analysis. The first step was to create a fast-time simulation model of sample airspace for collecting delay data. After building up this model using the SIMMOD fast-time ATM simulation tool, simulation experiments were run to produce various traffic scenarios and to generate traffic delay data. The number of airports, entry points, fixes and flight operations in airspace and the probability of wide-body aircraft were considered as independent variables. The correlations between the considered variables were analysed, and the total delay data was modelled using a linear regression model. The findings of regression model present a statistical approach for airspace designers and air traffic flow planners. Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission [1203F052] This study was supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission under grant no: 1203F052.
Abstract
WOS: 000415149800005 Air Traffic Management (ATM) research generally focuses on achieving a safer, more effective and economical air traffic system. The current airspace [...]
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The Human Element and Autonomous Ships
S. Ahvenjärvi

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 54

Abstract
The autonomous ship technology has become a “hot” topic in the discussion about more efficient, environmentally friendly and safer sea transportation solutions. The time is becoming mature for the introduction of commercially sensible solutions for unmanned and fully autonomous cargo and passenger ships. Safety will be the most interesting and important aspect in this development. The utilization of the autonomous ship technology will have many effects on the safety, both positive and negative. It has been announced that the goal is to make the safety of an unmanned ship better that the safety of a manned ship. However, it must be understood that the human element will still be present when fully unmanned ships are being used. The shore-based control of a ship contains new safety aspects and an interesting question will be the interaction of manned and unmanned ships in the same traffic area. The autonomous ship technology should therefore be taken into account on the training of seafarers. Also it should not be forgotten that every single control algorithm and rule of the internal decision making logic of the autonomously navigating ship has been designed and coded by a human software engineer. Thus the human element is present also in this point of the lifetime navigation system of the autonomous ship.
Abstract
The autonomous ship technology has become a “hot” topic in the discussion about more efficient, environmentally friendly and safer sea transportation solutions. The time [...]
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Inventory theory, mode choice and network structure in freight transport
F. Combes, L. Tavasszy

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 52

Abstract
In passenger transport, hub-and-spoke networks allow the transportation of small passenger flows with competitive frequencies, in a way that direct line networks cannot. Equivalently, in freight transport, it can be expected that small shipper-receiver flows of high added value commodities transit through hub and spoke networks, while larger shipper-receiver flows of less expensive commodities are transported directly, without transhipment. The objective of this paper is first to present an analytical model, based on inventory theory, explaining how for a given commodity flow, the organisation of freight transport operations is closely related to the characteristics of the shipper-receiver relationship; second to assess empirically this model. Special emphasis is put on the number of transhipments in the transport operation, as an indication of organisation of the transport operations. The theoretical model is a simplified microeconomic model, built on principles of inventory theory. The empirical assessment of this model is based on the French shipment survey ECHO, which provides both the details of the transport operation and of the shipper-receiver relationships. With this database, we first provide a straightforward, graphical verification of the prediction of the theoretical model; secondly, we estimate it econometrically. © 2016, Editorial Board EJTIR. All rights reserved.
Abstract
In passenger transport, hub-and-spoke networks allow the transportation of small passenger flows with competitive frequencies, in a way that direct line networks cannot. Equivalently, [...]
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Finding effective pathways to sustainable mobility: bridging the science–policy gap
S. Gössling, S. Cohen, J. Higham, E. Eijgelaar, P. Peeters

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 51

Abstract
This overview paper examines three areas crucial to understanding why, despite clear scientific evidence for the growing environmental impacts of tourism transport, there is large-scale inertia in structural transitions and a lack of political will to enact meaningful sustainable mobility policies. These include the importance of addressing socio-technical factors, barriers posed by “technology myths” and the need to overcome “transport taboos” in policy-making. The paper seeks pathways to sustainable mobility by bridging the science–policy gap between academic research and researchers, and policy-makers and practitioners. It introduces key papers presented at the Freiburg 2014 workshop, covering the case for researcher engagement using advocacy and participatory approaches, the role of universities in creating their own social mobility policies, the power of social mechanisms encouraging long-haul travel, issues in consumer responsibility development, industry self-regulation and the operation of realpolitik decision-making and implementation inside formal and informal destination-based mobility partnerships. Overall, the paper argues that governments and the tourism and transport industries must take a more cautious approach to the technological optimism that fosters policy inertia, and that policy-makers must take a more open approach to implementing sustainable transport policies. A research agenda for desirable transport futures is suggested.
Abstract
This overview paper examines three areas crucial to understanding why, despite clear scientific evidence for the growing environmental impacts of tourism transport, there [...]
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Spatial planning for fisheries in the Northern Adriatic: Working toward viable and sustainable fishing
J. Nielsen, F. Fuga, C. Manfredi, A. Santojanni, G. Scarcella, F. Bastardie, M. Martinelli, L. Bolognini, F. Grati, S. Angelini

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 61

Abstract
Given the great overfishing of the demersal resources in the Northern Adriatic Sea (geographical sub-area [GSA] 17), along with the fishing pressure in marine habitats, evidence strongly supports the need to evaluate appropriate management approaches. Several fishing activities operate simultaneously in"br/"the area, and the need to minimize conflicts among them is also a social concern. We applied a spatially and temporally explicit fish and fisheries model to assess the impact of a suite of spatial plans suggested by practitioners that could reduce the pressure on the four demersal stocks of high commercial interest in the GSA 17 and that could promote space sharing between mutually exclusive activities. We found that excluding trawlers from some areas has lowered the effective fishing effort, resulting in some economic losses but providing benefit to the set netters. Not every simulated fishing vessel is impacted in the same way because some fishing communities experienced different economic opportunities, particularly when a 6-nautical mile buffer zone from the coast was implemented in the vicinity of important fishing grounds. Along this buffer zone, the four stocks were only slightly benefiting from the protection of the area and from fewer discards. In contrast, assuming a change in the ability of the population to disperse led to a large effect: Some fish became accessible in the coastal waters, therefore increasing the landings for rangelimited fishers, but the discard rate of fish also increased, greatly impairing the long-term biomass levels. Our evaluation, however, confirmed that no effort is displaced onto vulnerable benthic habitats and to grounds not suitable for the continued operation of fishing. We conclude that the tested spatial management is helpful, but not sufficient to ensure sustainable fishing in the area, and therefore, additional management measures should be taken. Our test platform investigates the interaction between fish and fisheries at a fine geographical scale and simulates data for varying fishing methods and from different harbor communities in a unified framework. We contribute to the development of effective science-based inputs to facilitate policy improvement and better governance while evaluating trade-offs in fisheries management and marine spatial planning
Abstract
Given the great overfishing of the demersal resources in the Northern Adriatic Sea (geographical sub-area [GSA] 17), along with the fishing pressure in marine habitats, evidence [...]
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When signal processing meets human factors : in the driver's seat
G. Liu, K. Plataniotis, H. Chen, D. He, A. Aghaei, B. Donmez, C. Liu, Z. Sojoudi

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 49

Abstract
This article provides an interdisciplinary perspective on driver monitoring systems by discussing state-of-the-art signal processing solutions in the context of road safety issues identified in human factors research. Recently, the human factors community has made significant progress in understanding driver behaviors and assessed the efficacy of various interventions for unsafe driving practices. In parallel, the signal processing community has had significant advancements in developing signal acquisition and processing methods for driver monitoring systems. This article aims to bridge these efforts and help initiate new collaborations across the two fields. Toward this end, we discuss how vehicle measures, facial/body expressions, and physiological signals can assist in improving driving safety through adaptive interactions with the driver, based on the driver's state and driving environment. Moreover, by highlighting the current human factors research in road safety, we provide insights for building feedback and mitigation technologies, which can act both in real time and postdrive. We provide insights into areas with great potential to improve driver monitoring systems, which have not yet been extensively studied in the literature, such as affect recognition and data fusion. Finally, a high-level discussion is given on the challenges and possible future directions for driver monitoring systems.
Abstract
This article provides an interdisciplinary perspective on driver monitoring systems by discussing state-of-the-art signal processing solutions in the context of road safety [...]
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Unfamiliar fuel:How the UK public views the infrastructure required to supply hydrogen for road transport
P. Bellaby, R. Flynn, M. Ricci, P. Upham

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 48

Abstract
In 2007, under contract to the UK Department for Transport, we engaged with the public about the infrastructure to supply hydrogen for transport. We combined a quota-sample survey of 1003 across three disparate ‘travel-to-work areas’ in England with focus groups representative of them. We informed the groups ‘at arm's length’ through a purpose-made video, composed with advice from a hydrogen scientist and made by professional broadcasters. Participants saw benefits in hydrogen energy. None rejected it on safety grounds, though many discussed the risks. The costs were considered a problem. ‘The public’ was not of one mind. Regular car drivers were unwilling to reduce their car use. Bus users, cyclists and walkers often sought improvements in air quality. Motorists knew more than others about hydrogen energy. In discussion we seek psychological and socio-cultural explanations for these results. We conclude by drawing out implications for the future of hydrogen in transport.
Abstract
In 2007, under contract to the UK Department for Transport, we engaged with the public about the infrastructure to supply hydrogen for transport. We combined a quota-sample [...]
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The attitudes of shippers and forwarders
P. Langen, R. Berg

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 46

Abstract
The transport sector accounts for 25% of the global CO2 emissions. All firms in the transport industry share a responsibility for this environmental impact. This paper explores, as one of the first, the attitude of both shippers and forwarders, as the main purchasers of transport services, towards environmental sustainability in the sourcing of transport services. Based on a literature review we develop several hypotheses and test those through a survey among shippers and forwarders in the Netherlands. We conclude that shippers focus more on sustainability than forwarders, the size of shippers has a positive influence on the demand for transparency of the environmental performance, explicit sustainability targets have a positive influence on the demand for sustainable solutions and the vast majority of shippers and forwarders expect an increased importance of sustainable purchasing.
Abstract
The transport sector accounts for 25% of the global CO2 emissions. All firms in the transport industry share a responsibility for this environmental impact. This paper explores, [...]
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Aviation product lability insurance in US, UK, and Italian law systems
A. Masutti

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 59

Abstract
The complexity of the insurance liability from defective aeronautical product and the high-risk level of the air transport sector imply a highly specialized insurance market. This market is characterized by principles common to the US, UK and Italian insurance practices. Th e market in which insurance companies operate is characterized by continuous operating improvements and technical innovations that have allowed a reduction of aviation accidents. However, we have seen that the technologies bring new vulnerabilities due to new devices, as well as by the increasing regulation of the sector. Th is led to the confi guration of further assumptions of liability and reimbursable damage. Europe is now facing a new challenge with the initiative of the Single European Sky (SES-SESAR) aiming to improve the integration and effi ciency of air traffi c management, step up the air navigation services and increase safety. Therefore, the insurance practice should be re-evaluated in the light of SES and the introduction of new technologies. Among the risk factors that the insurance market will have to take into account there is certainly the human factor, which is still a major cause of aeronautical accidents, including those due to product liability, at least with regard to the design and installation of aircraft components. Therefore, it will be interesting to examine whether the development of SES will contribute not only to prevent aircraft accidents but also to develop new safeguards to protect the aviation sector, including the insurance services, allowing insurers to offer competitive policies appropriate for the future technological changes.
Abstract
The complexity of the insurance liability from defective aeronautical product and the high-risk level of the air transport sector imply a highly specialized insurance market. [...]
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The meeting of hydrogen and automotive: A review
M. Gurz, E. Baltacioglu, Y. Hames, K. Kaya

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 58

Abstract
1st International Mediterranean Science and Engineering Congress (IMSEC) WOS: 000412033800073 In this study, an overview has been presented a classification of the vehicles using hydrogen with different ways. The using of hydrogen in vehicles has been categorized into two main categories as designs in which hydrogen is burned and energy is generated by conversion to electricity. The designs of internal combustion vehicles with using hydrogen via burning, the designs of the fuel cell vehicles that using hydrogen by converting into electricity and their hybrid versions have been introduced. In the automotive industry, the structure and future advantages of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles have been handled in a separate title. Onboard storage, safety, the capital cost and operating cost of the different design of vehicles have been analyzed rigorously. (C) 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract
1st International Mediterranean Science and Engineering Congress (IMSEC) WOS: 000412033800073 In this study, an overview has been presented a classification of the vehicles [...]
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Design and analysis of a wireless power transfer system with alignment errors for electrical vehicle applications
S. Kuzey, S. Balci, N. Altin

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 57

Abstract
LTIN, Necmi/0000-0003-3294-9782; ALTIN, Necmi/0000-0003-3294-9782; WOS: 000406726000035 In this study, a 15 kW wireless power transfer system with high frequency and large air gap for electrical vehicle battery charge systems is designed and co-simulations with ANSYS-Maxwell and Simplorer software are performed. The air gap between the primary and the secondary windings are determined as 20 cm for the 15 kW wireless power transfer system. Operation of the designed system for different operation conditions such as completely aligned windings (ideal condition) and windings with alignment errors, which can occur because of user error or another reason, are analyzed and obtained results are reported. The resonant frequency of the designed system which has a 60 x 60 cm secondary winding and a 60 x 100 cm primary winding is 17.702 kHz, and the maximum efficiency of the system is obtained as 75.38% for completely aligned windings. The distribution and density of the electromagnetic flux, and variation of efficiency versus load level of the system and responses of the system in case of different alignment errors are also investigated and reported for both ideal operation conditions and in case of alignment errors. (C) 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract
LTIN, Necmi/0000-0003-3294-9782; ALTIN, Necmi/0000-0003-3294-9782; WOS: 000406726000035 In this study, a 15 kW wireless power transfer system with high frequency and large [...]
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Comparing the modeling of delay propagation in the US and European air traffic networks
I. Etxebarria, C. Ciruelos, P. Fleurquin, A. Arranz, B. Campanelli, V. Eguíluz, J. Ramasco

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 43

Abstract
Complex Systems are those in which a very large number of elements interact, usually in a non-linear fashion, producing emergent behaviors that are typically difficult to predict. Air transportation systems fall in this category, with a large number of aircraft following a pre-scheduled program. It has been shown that it is possible to understand and forecast delays propagation in these systems. The objective of this analysis is to compare the modeling in the US and in the European air traffic networks, analyzing the propagation of delays due to failures in the schedule or to disturbances. We use two different agent based models recently developed to simulate the delays propagation and assess the effect of disruptions in the networks (US and ECAC areas). Our results show that a first-come first-served protocol managing the flights produces larger congestion when compared with an ATFM (Air Traffic Flow Management) slots priority system. This work is co-financed by EUROCONTROL acting on behalf of the SESAR Joint Undertaking (the SJU) and the EUROPEAN UNION as part of TREE project under the Work Package E in the SESAR Programme. Bruno Campanelli is funded by the Conselleria d'Educació, Cultura i Universitats of the Government of the Balearic Islands and the European Social Fund. José J. Ramasco acknowledges funding from the Ramón y Cajal program of the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO). Peer reviewed
Abstract
Complex Systems are those in which a very large number of elements interact, usually in a non-linear fashion, producing emergent behaviors that are typically difficult to [...]
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Conceptual Design of a Small Hybrid Unmanned Aircraft System
U. Papa, S. Ponte, G. Core

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 48

Abstract
UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System) technologies are today extremely required in various fields of interest, from military to civil (search and rescue, environmental surveillance and monitoring, and entertainment). Besides safety and legislative issues, the main obstacle to civilian applications of UAS systems is the short time of flight (endurance), which depends on the equipped power system (battery pack) and the flight mission (low/high speed or altitude). Long flight duration is fundamental, especially with tasks that require hovering capability (e.g., river flow monitoring, earthquakes, devastated areas, city traffic monitoring, and archeological sites inspection). This work presents the conceptual design of a Hybrid Unmanned Aircraft System (HUAS), merging a commercial off-the-shelf quadrotor and a balloon in order to obtain a good compromise between endurance and weight. The mathematical models for weights estimation and balloon static performance analysis are presented, together with experimental results in different testing scenarios and complex environments, which show 50% improvement of the flight duration. Document type: Article
Abstract
UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System) technologies are today extremely required in various fields of interest, from military to civil (search and rescue, environmental surveillance [...]
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Light vehicle model for dynamic car simulator
A. Pieroni, C. Lantieri, A. Simone, H. Imine

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 41

Abstract
Driving simulators have been becoming little by little a suitable tool oriented to improve the knowledge about the domain of driving research. The investigations that can be conducted with this type of tool concern the driver’s behaviour, the design/control of vehicles, testing assistance systems for driving and the roadway infrastructure’s impact. The benefits of simulation studies are many: lack of any real risk to users, reproducible situations, time savings and reduced testing costs. In addition, their flexibility allows to test situations that do not exist in reality or at least they rarely and randomly exist. The topic of the present work concerns the development of a brand new dynamic model for an existing car simulator owned by LEPSIS laboratory (Laboratoire d’Expliotation, Perception, Simulateurs et Silulations – Laboratory for Road Operations, Perception, Simulators and Simulations) belonging to COSYS (COmposants et SYStems), which is a department of IFSTTAR institute (Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l’Aménagement et des Réseaux – French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Spatial Planning, Development and Networks) site. Once uses and advantages of driving simulators are listed and described, imperfections and limitations of the existing driving vehicle model belonging to the two Degrees of Freedom (DoF) driving simulator of the laboratory are highlighted. Subsequently, structure of the brand new vehicle model, designed by means of Matlab Simulink software, are illustrated through the theoretical framework. Since the vehicle model must refer to a real one, an instrumented Peugeot 406 has been chosen because all its technical features are provided and inserted both on the present model and Prosper/Callas 4.9 by OKTAL software to create a highly sophisticated and accurate virtual version of the commercial car. The validation of this new vehicle model is performed, where the results returned by several different driving scenarios are compared with the ones provided by Prosper software. All the scenarios are simulated with both existing and new vehicle model uploaded in the driving simulator, and the outputs are subsequently compared with the ones returned by Prosper in order to demonstrate the improvements done. Finally, being the number of outputs provided by the new model definitively higher with respect to previous one, additional validations concerning the further results are accomplished.
Abstract
Driving simulators have been becoming little by little a suitable tool oriented to improve the knowledge about the domain of driving research. The investigations that can [...]
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Toward Prevention of Pipeline Integrity Threats Using a Smart Fiber-Optic Surveillance System
J. Macias-Guarasa, F. Smet, J. Tejedor, M. Gonzalez-Herraez, S. Martin-Lopez, W. Postvoll, D. Piote, H. Martins, P. Guillen, J. Pastor-Graells

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 40

Abstract
9 págs.; INSPEC Accession Number: 16375077 This paper presents the first available report in the literature of a system aimed at the detection and classification of threats in the vicinity of a long gas pipeline. The system is based on phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry technology for signal acquisition and pattern recognition strategies for threat identification. The system operates in two different modes: 1) machine+activity identification, which outputs the activity being carried out by a certain machine; and 2) threat detection, aimed at detecting threats no matter what the real activity being conducted is. Different strategies dealing with position selection and normalization methods are presented and evaluated using a rigorous experimental procedure on realistic field data. Experiments are conducted with $\\text{eight}$ machine+activity pairs, which are further labeled as threat or nonthreat for the second mode of the system. The results obtained are promising given the complexity of the task and open the path to future improvements toward fully functional pipeline threat detection systems operating in real conditions. Copyright © 2016, IEEE GERG partners, European Research Council, Spanish “Plan Nacional de I+D+i”, Comunidad de Madrid, FP7 ITN ICONE program, European Commission, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competivity, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Peer Reviewed
Abstract
9 págs.; INSPEC Accession Number: 16375077 This paper presents the first available report in the literature of a system aimed at the detection and classification of threats [...]
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An integration of hybrid choice and random regret-based models
S. Rasouli, J. Kim, H. Timmermans

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 45

Abstract
Increasingly, the number of private car tends to exacerbate environmental problems such as emissions, decreasing exhaustible resources, taking land for road and parking spaces, and so forth. The severity of these damaging effects is even more problematic when it is realized that private cars spend the majority of time parked. Public transit could be a good alternative, though it has several shortcomings in terms of door-to-door accessibility, flexibility, personalization and carrying goods. In this context, carsharing systems have recently attracted considerable attention in many cities. These systems provide people the benefits of private cars without the costs and responsibilities of car-ownership. The shared-cars and their operating systems are owned and maintained by carsharing organizations. In order to use a shared-car, people need to join a carsharing organization with deposit and/or monthly membership costs. After that, they can use a shared-car by checking the availability of shared-cars, booking one of them, getting and returning the car at the same designated point-of-departure and paying the costs, including time-based, distance-based and fuel costs. According to the previous research, carsharing systems induce people to sell their own-vehicles and avoid purchasing a new vehicle. Therefore, knowledge of underlying decision-making processes related to joining carsharing system can help designing more attractive systems, thereby alleviating the environmental problems caused by private cars. Several studies have applied state choice experiments to investigate the intention of joining carsharing systems. Although these studies have produced some interesting findings, they have in common some critical limitations. First, prior studies did not consider any alternative behaviors to joining carsharing programs. One of the alternative behaviors is purchasing a new car. If the purchase and operation costs of a new car are reasonable compared to the membership and operation costs and the burdensome procedures of using a shared-car, people might prefer purchasing a new car to joining carsharing. The other alternative behavior is using the current transportation modes: own-car and/or public transit. People may not be interested in joining a carsharing program if current transportation systems sufficiently satisfy their needs. Second, uncertainties underlying carsharing decisions have been largely ignored in previous studies. Since a car is shared by a number of members, there is some inherent uncertainty in obtaining a car whenever they want. In addition, it is more difficult for people to anticipate the expected travel costs by a shared-car than those of a private car or public transit because the usage cost of a shared-car depends on various types of unit cost, which are greatly different from a private car and public transit, and are more sensitive to activity-travel durations. Therefore, it might be expected that these uncertainties play important roles in decisions to join carsharing. The present study develops an integrated model by incorporating random regret into a hybrid choice modeling framework in order to simultaneously consider satisfactions with the current transportation system and the uncertainties in the carsharing decision. Random regret is employed to account for people’s decision-making behavior under the uncertainties of the carsharing system. The model postulates that people choose an alternative which minimizes anticipated random regret. By integrating these modelling approaches, the proposed model allows us to simultaneously understand the effects of the satisfaction of the current system on the carsharing decision under the uncertainties. The parameters are estimated based on a stated choice data about the intention of joining carsharing against purchasing a new car and using the current systems. Before completing the stated choice experiment, respondents were asked the qualities of their current travel modes and their satisfaction with the systems. Some of these actual qualities were shown in the stated choice experiment as the attributes of the current systems and utilized as reference points to set attributes levels of a new car and a shared-car. The knowledge obtained by our empirical study would be useful to establish more effective strategies to increase the number of users of carsharing programs.
Abstract
Increasingly, the number of private car tends to exacerbate environmental problems such as emissions, decreasing exhaustible resources, taking land for road and parking spaces, [...]
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Assessment of Automated Driving Systems using real-life scenarios
E. Gelder, J. Paardekooper

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 43

Abstract
More and more Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are entering the market for improving both safety and comfort by assisting the driver with their driving task. An important aspect in developing future ADAS and Automated Driving Systems (ADS) is testing and validation. Validating the failure rate of an ADS requires so many operational hours that testing in real time is almost impossible. One way to reduce this test load is virtual testing or hardware in-The-loop testing. The major challenge is to create realistic test cases that closely resemble the situation on the road. We present a way to use data of naturalistic driving to generate test cases for Monte-Carlo simulations of ADS. Because real-life data is used, the assessment allows to draw conclusions on how the ADS would perform in real traffic. The method, developed in EU AdaptIVe, is demonstrated by testing an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system in scenarios where the predecessor of the ego vehicle is braking. We show that the probability of the occurrence of unsafe situations with the ACC system can be accurately and efficiently determined.
Abstract
More and more Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are entering the market for improving both safety and comfort by assisting the driver with their driving task. An important [...]
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Design and testing of an innovative monitoring system for railway vehicles
A. Gugliotta, N. Bosso, N. Zampieri

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 39

Abstract
In recent years there has been increased interest in developing a safer and more efficient railway system, as the railway has demonstrated the potential to become the most sustainable mode of transport. In Europe, significant investments have been made in order to increase the speed of both passenger and freight vehicles, but a good efficiency of railway transport can be achieved only if it is possible to ensure a high level of safety and reliability. These requirements can be achieved by adopting onboard diagnostic systems in order to increase the vehicle safety and to improve the strategies for a scheduled and corrective maintenance. This study shows the design and testing of an onboard monitoring system, which can be installed on different types of railway vehicles. The system is able to detect anomalies of the running behavior of vehicles and faults at the component level.
Abstract
In recent years there has been increased interest in developing a safer and more efficient railway system, as the railway has demonstrated the potential to become the most [...]
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Evolution toward an open value system for smart mobility services
V. Valovirta, T. Casey, T. Ali-Vehmas

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 41

Abstract
The markets around transport and mobility are undergoing significant changes. One of the central drivers for these changes is the deployment of information and communications technology throughout the transport system, which in turn enables a wide range of smart mobility services. At the moment, however, smart mobility services are rather fragmented and work in isolated silos. A key issue in future development is how these isolated systems will become interconnected and in general more open. In this article, we apply the framework introduced by Ali-Vehmas and Casey (2012) to model how the evolution toward an open value system for smart mobility services could occur in Finland. In particular, we apply analogies from the emergence of GSM-based mobile networks and the Internet where the former has followed a more centralized path and the latter a more decentralized path.
Abstract
The markets around transport and mobility are undergoing significant changes. One of the central drivers for these changes is the deployment of information and communications [...]
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A New Methodology for 3D Target Detection in Automotive Radar Applications
S. Lukin, V. Pascazio, G. Matuozzo, F. Baselice, G. Ferraioli, G. Schirinzi

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 38

Abstract
Today there is a growing interest in automotive sensor monitoring systems. One of the main challenges is to make them an effective and valuable aid in dangerous situations, improving transportation safety. The main limitation of visual aid systems is that they do not produce accurate results in critical visibility conditions, such as in presence of rain, fog or smoke. Radar systems can greatly help in overcoming such limitations. In particular, imaging radar is gaining interest in the framework of Driver Assistance Systems (DAS). In this manuscript, a new methodology able to reconstruct the 3D imaged scene and to detect the presence of multiple targets within each line of sight is proposed. The technique is based on the use of Compressive Sensing (CS) theory and produces the estimation of multiple targets for each line of sight, their range distance and their reflectivities. Moreover, a fast approach for 2D focus based on the FFT algorithm is proposed. After the description of the proposed methodology, different simulated case studies are reported in order to evaluate the performances of the proposed approach. Document type: Article
Abstract
Today there is a growing interest in automotive sensor monitoring systems. One of the main challenges is to make them an effective and valuable aid in dangerous situations, [...]
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Valuation of active blind spot detection systems by younger and older adults
N. Charness, D. Souders, R. Best

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 37

Abstract
Due to their disproportional representation in fatal crashes, younger and older drivers both stand to benefit from in-vehicle safety technologies, yet little is known about how they value such technologies, or their willingness to adopt them. The current study investigated older (aged 65 and greater; N = 49) and younger (ages 18-23; N = 40) adults’ valuation of a blind spot monitor and asked if self-reported visual difficulties while driving predicted the amount participants were willing to pay for a particular system (BMW's Active Blind Spot Detection System) that was demonstrated using a short video. Large and small anchor values ($250 and $500, respectively) were used as between subjects manipulations to examine the effects of initial valuation, and participants proceeded through a short staircase procedure that offered them either the free installation of the system on their current vehicle or a monetary prize ($25-$950) that changed in value according to which option they had selected in the previous step of the staircase procedure. Willingness to use other advanced driver assistance systems (lane-departure warning, automatic lane centering, emergency braking, adaptive cruise control, and self-parking systems) was also analyzed, additionally controlling for prior familiarity of those systems. Results showed that increased age was associated with a higher valuation for the Active Blind Spot Detection System in both the large and small anchor value conditions controlling for income, gender, and technology self-efficacy. Older adults valued blind spot detection about twice as much ($762) as younger adults ($383) in the large anchor condition, though both groups’ values were in the range for the current cost of an aftermarket system. Similarly, age was the most robust positive predictor of willingness to adopt other driving technologies, along with system familiarity. Difficulties with driving-related visual factors also positively predicting acceptance levels for adaptive cruise control and emergency braking systems. Results are discussed in comparison to older adults’ willingness to pay for other home-based assistive technologies aimed at improving well-being and independence.
Abstract
Due to their disproportional representation in fatal crashes, younger and older drivers both stand to benefit from in-vehicle safety technologies, yet little is known about [...]
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Challenges in Slug Modeling and Control for Offshore Oil and Gas Productions:A Review Study
P. Durdevic, Z. Yang, S. Pedersen

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 40

Abstract
The upstream offshore multi-phase well-pipeline-riser installations are facing huge challenges related to slugging flow: An unstable flow regime where the flow rates, pressures and temperatures oscillate in the multi-phase pipelines. One typical severe slug is induced by vertical wells or risers causing the pressure to build up and hence originates the oscillating pressure and flow. There exist many negative consequences related to the severe slugging flow and thus lots of investments and effort have been put into reducing or completely eliminating the severe slug. This paper reviews in details the state-of-the-art related to analysis, detection, dynamical modeling and elimination of the slug within the offshore oil & gas Exploration and Production (E&P) processes. Modeling of slugging flow has been used to investigate the slug characteristics and for design of anti-slug control as well, however most models require specific facility and operating data which, unfortunately, often is not available from most offshore installations. Anti-slug control have been investigated for several decades in oil & gas industry, but many of these existing methods suffer the consequent risk of simultaneously reducing the oil & gas production. This paper concludes that slug is a well defined phenomenon, but even though it has been investigated for several decades the current anti-slug control methods still have problems related to robustness. It is predicted that slug-induced challenges will be even more severe as a consequence of the longer vertical risers caused by deep-water E&P in the future.
Abstract
The upstream offshore multi-phase well-pipeline-riser installations are facing huge challenges related to slugging flow: An unstable flow regime where the flow rates, pressures [...]
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Climate change in asset management of infrastructure: A riskbased methodology applied to disruption of traffic on road networks due to the flooding of tunnels
E. Huibregtse, O. Napoles, L. Hellebrandt, D. Paprotny, S. Wit

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 35

Abstract
This paper presents a risk-based method to quantify climate change effects on road infrastructure, as a support for decision-making on interventions. This can be implemented in climate adaptation plans as an element of asset management. The method is illustrated by a specific case in which traffic on a road network is disrupted by the flooding of a tunnel due to extreme rainfall. Novel techniques to describe both probability of occurrence and consequences of an event are integrated into the proposed risk-based approach. To model a typical climate-change related phenomenon, i.e. rainfall intensity-duration, a model using copulas is proposed as well as a method to account for uncertainty using structured expert judgement. To quantify the consequences, an existing quick scan tool is adopted. The method calculates the risk of flooding of a tunnel, expressed in both probability of occurrence and subsequent additional travel duration on the road network. By comparison of this evolving risk to a societally acceptable threshold, the remaining resilience of the tunnel is evaluated. Furthermore, the method assesses the development of the resilience over time as a result of projected climate change. The maximum time-to-intervention is defined as the period up until the moment when the resilience is depleted. By application of the method to a tunnel in two different contexts, i.e. in a regional road network and a highway network, it is shown that the consequences of tunnel flooding may differ by an order of magnitude (25-fold for the example). Using a risk-based decision-making perspective leads to significant differences in the maximum time-to-intervention. In the example case the year of intervention is determined at 2020 for a tunnel in a highway network, while interventions can be postponed until 2140 in a regional road network. © 2016, Editorial Board EJTIR. All rights reserved.
Abstract
This paper presents a risk-based method to quantify climate change effects on road infrastructure, as a support for decision-making on interventions. This can be implemented [...]
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Robust Energy Scheduling in Vehicle-to-Grid Networks
Y. Li, Z. Chang, R. Shi, Z. Zhou, S. Zhou, C. Sun

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 39

Abstract
The uncertainties brought by intermittent renewable generation and uncoordinated charging behaviors of EVs pose great challenges to the reliable operation of power systems, which motivates us to explore the integration of robust optimization with energy scheduling in V2G networks. In this article, we first introduce V2G robust energy scheduling problems and review the stateof- the art contributions from the perspectives of renewable energy integration, ancillary service provision, and proactive demand-side participation in the electricity market. Second, for each category of V2G applications, the corresponding problem formulations, robust solution concepts, and design approaches are described in detail based on the characteristics of problem structures and uncertainty sets. Then, an adjustable robust energy scheduling solution is proposed to address the over-conservatism problem by exploring chance-constrained methods. Results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm not only can efficiently shift the peak load and reduce the total operation cost, but also provide great flexibility in adjusting the trade-off between economic performance and reliable operation. Finally, we present key research challenges and opportunities.
Abstract
The uncertainties brought by intermittent renewable generation and uncoordinated charging behaviors of EVs pose great challenges to the reliable operation of power systems, [...]
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The spatial scope of airline competition
M. Lijesen, C. Behrens

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 37

Abstract
We investigate whether alternative city- or airport pairs are viable substitutes and the extent to which they impact airline competition between the United Kingdom and continental Europe. To this end, we employ and measure airlines’ best responses in equilibrium. Using monthly airline-route seat capacity levels and two stage least-squares dummy-variables regression models, we estimate airlines’ strategic reaction to the competitors’ capacity levels, including competitors on other routes. We show that airlines’ relevant market extends beyond the airport-pair level. Strategic reactions depend on airline type, but all airline types have a similar strategic reaction towards high speed rail.
Abstract
We investigate whether alternative city- or airport pairs are viable substitutes and the extent to which they impact airline competition between the United Kingdom and continental [...]
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Value assessment of aggregated energy flexibility when traded on multiple markets
G. Deconinck, B. Ran, M. Klever, P. MacDougall

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 36

Abstract
ggregated demand response for smart grid services is a growing field of interest especially for market participation. A growing trend in research is to utilize aggregated demand response for multiple smart grid services. This could be multi-market trading (day ahead, intraday and imbalance) or a combination of market and ancillary services such offering reserve power or congestion management. However, there is a potential conflict of interest when offering the same resource for simultaneous services. This work investigates the impact, both from a monetary and network stability perspective, of applying a predictive control trading strategy which actively offers aggregated flexibility of electric vehicles on both the German EPEX day ahead and intraday markets. An artificial neural network was used to forecast the available ramp up and down capacity of a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) of 1000 electric vehicles. Using this information, the available flexibility is traded to ramp up in one quarter and down in the next depending on the price delta seen in the intraday market. A number of simulation runs are done, each with different levels of flexibility traded. In every run, one week of realistic VPP behaviour is simulated. The total earnings on the intraday market are calculated as well as imbalance cost and imbalance power generated over this period. It was seen that with an increased offer of available flexibility, there was an increase in both total revenues up to ∼4200 euros for one week of trade as well as imbalance generated, ∼1.6 MWh. Therefore, there is a clear need for effective regulation that limits imbalance without losing the future grid-stabilising effects of the flexibility aggregator.
Abstract
ggregated demand response for smart grid services is a growing field of interest especially for market participation. A growing trend in research is to utilize aggregated [...]
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A comparison between Carsonâs formulae and a 2D FEM approach for the evaluation of AC interference caused by overhead power lines on buried metallic pipelines
A. Cristofolini, L. Sandrolini, A. Popoli

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 31

Abstract
In this paper, the AC interference produced by an overhead power transmission line on a buried metallic pipeline is estimated using a circuital method based on the well-known Carsonâs formulae and a two-dimensional finite element numerical code. The finite element formulation used in this paper implicitly takes into account the mutual inductive coupling between all the considered conductors, and it allows a more detailed analysis in cases where a nonhomogeneous soil is present. The FEM approach includes a procedure which has been developed to enforce that the sum of the currents flowing through the soil, pipeline and eventual overhead ground wire is equal to zero. A case study has been identified, and the results obtained by the two approaches have been compared and discussed.
Abstract
In this paper, the AC interference produced by an overhead power transmission line on a buried metallic pipeline is estimated using a circuital method based on the well-known [...]
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Implications of the New EU Maritime Emission Monitoring Regulation on Ship Transportation of CO2
L. Kujanpää, T. Teir, S. Sebastian

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 30

Abstract
In the framework of the CCSP R&D program, the regulatory gaps have been assessed at VTT using the current monitoring rules for capture, pipeline transportation and geological storage of CO"sub"2"/sub" as a benchmark. The scope of the presented work includes: (i) definition of CO"sub"2"/sub" emissions from ship transportation of CO"sub"2"/sub"; (ii) review of EU regulations on MRV of maritime CO"sub"2"/sub" emissions; and (iii) review of the MRV regulation on capture, transport and geological storage of CO"sub"2"/sub" under the EU-ETS. The considered activities related to ship transportation of CO"sub"2"/sub" are liquefaction and intermediate storage with recirculation loop for boil-off CO"sub"2"/sub", loading and unloading facilities and CO"sub"2"/sub" transportation and handling during the ship voyage. Identification of the regulatory gaps, based on the above, shows what is needed to enable ship transportation of CO"sub"2"/sub" for geological storage in Europe. Based on the results, maritime transportation for CCS could be made possible with very limited new emission monitoring and verification practices. Also the trade-offs of using an MRV regulation analogous to pipeline transportation of CO"sub"2"/sub" is discussed in the results.
Abstract
In the framework of the CCSP R&D program, the regulatory gaps have been assessed at VTT using the current monitoring rules for capture, pipeline transportation and geological [...]
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Measuring connectivity in the air freight industry
T. Boonekamp, G. Burghouwt

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 28

Abstract
In this paper, we present an air transport connectivity model for air freight. For the purposes of this paper, connectivity is defined as all possible direct and indirect connections to or from an airport operated by wide-body aircraft, weighted for the quality of the connection in terms of transhipment and in-flight times. Using this model, we analyse the networks of seven European airports. Europeâ€™s largest hub airports carry most air freight thanks to their extensive intercontinental passenger networks, while smaller airports with a strong focus on air freight carry large amounts of cargo on dedicated freighter aircraft. For air freight operations, the catchment area of an airport is much larger than it is for passenger services, as shipments are being trucked to their departure airport throughout all of mainland Europe. Since there are many airports sharing the same catchment area, potential competition for air freight is fierce. We found that well located regions between the four large European airports have access to large air freight networks, whilst regional air freight connectivity in northern and southern parts of Europe is substantially lower.
Abstract
In this paper, we present an air transport connectivity model for air freight. For the purposes of this paper, connectivity is defined as all possible direct and indirect [...]
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Quantifying the impact of adverse weather conditions on road network performance
M. Snelder, S. Calvert

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 30

Abstract
dverse weather conditions regularly lead to severe congestion and large travel time delays on road networks all over the world. Different climate scenarios indicate that in the future adverse weather conditions are likely to become more frequent, last longer and will be more extreme. Although climate mitigation measures are being taken, it remains important to investigate how adverse weather events will affect the performance of the road network in the future. The main objective of this paper is to give an overview of how the impact of adverse weather conditions and adaptation measures on road network performance can be quantified. A literature review has been performed to show what is empirically known about the impact of adverse weather conditions on the road network performance. Furthermore, available methods to quantify the impact of adverse weather conditions and adaptation measures on the road network performance for future situations are reviewed. As an example, a case study for the municipality of Rotterdam has been carried out that shows how a combination of models can be used to analyse which links in the road network are most vulnerable for increasingly severe local weather related disturbances. The results of the case study allow local authorities to decide whether or not they need to take adaptation measures. © 2016, Editorial Board EJTIR. All rights reserved.
Abstract
dverse weather conditions regularly lead to severe congestion and large travel time delays on road networks all over the world. Different climate scenarios indicate that in [...]
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Integration of vulnerable road users in cooperative ITS systems
J. Scholliers, M. Van Sambeek, M. Moerman, K. Kees

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 26
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Charging cost optimization for EV buses using neural network based energy predictor
J. Jacob, S. Wilkins, S. Nageshrao

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 25

Abstract
For conventional buses, based on the decades of their operational knowledge, public transport companies are able to optimize their cost of operation. However, with recent trend in the usage of electric buses, cost optimal operation can become challenging. In this paper an offline optimal charging strategy is developed to minimize the energy cost. This is done by exploiting the periodicity and predictable operation of the city buses. For effective usage of the developed offline strategy, the actual energy demand of the electric bus must be known a-priori, which can be demanding. In order to address this issue, a predictor is designed. The neural network based predictor is able to estimate the energy demand for the next day. Using this, three different optimal charging strategies are implemented. Initially, only the operational constraints are considered to ensure the completion of a trip, later, a more involved problems consisting of battery state of charge (SoC) constraints and temperature constraints are included for the second and third optimization problems, respectively. All the three approaches result in significant energy cost minimization when compared to the non-optimal strategy of charging the electric bus to the full capacity at every available opportunity. Additionally, for the second and third formulations, namely, SoC and temperature constraints, by using a qualitative aging approach, some enhancements in the battery health is observed when compared to the non-optimal charging strategy.
Abstract
For conventional buses, based on the decades of their operational knowledge, public transport companies are able to optimize their cost of operation. However, with recent [...]
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"Us up here and them down there": how design, management and neighborhood facilities shape social distance in a mixed-tenure housing development
F. Pinkster, A. Tersteeg

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 28

Abstract
Despite the fact that social mix is an essential component of urban policies in Western Europe, it remains unclear at what spatial scale housing diversification programs may be most effective. When people with different backgrounds, household compositions, and lifestyles live in close proximity to one another, the emergence of close social ties is not always guaranteed. On the one hand, living in socially mixed environments may create bridges between residents of different social positions. On the other hand, it can lead to processes of social distancing and reproduce negative stereotypes. This article aims to provide insights into how these diverging experiences of social closeness or distance relate to place-specific features such as housing design, management practices, and the structure of local facilities. Lessons are drawn from a qualitative study on resident experiences of living with difference in a fine-grained mixed-tenure development in a newly built neighborhood in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Document type: Article
Abstract
Despite the fact that social mix is an essential component of urban policies in Western Europe, it remains unclear at what spatial scale housing diversification programs may [...]
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Transport of Human Organs in Italy: Location, Time, and Performances
A. Costa, S. Trapani, P. Fiaschetti, F. Paganelli, L. Mantecchini, L. Rizzato, D. Stabile, D. Peritore, V. Morabito, A. Oliveti

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 21

Abstract
Introduction The outcome of transplantation activities depends on a variety of unpredictable factors. Up-to-date criteria on organ allocation foresee an efficient transport chain along with compliant performance parameters. Methods and Objectives The Centro Nazionale Trapianti and the Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering of the University of Bologna (respectively, CNT and DICAM) have been updating a national database of organ transplantation activities to investigate performance parameters and the main causes of disruption. Results Between June 2015 and July 2016, 617 of 1061 organs have been shipped by air (making for 486 flight events), of which 407 were accompanied by medical equipment. Origin/destination and distance matrixes have been drawn for both road and air transport. Each airport node is ranked based on the n° of organs ingoing/outgoing and each route link on its frequency. Performance parameters such as average speed, distance covered, and time have been computed and compared with each organ's cold ischemia time (CIT). Average distance frontiers are rather homogeneous, but much effort is necessary to reduce the number of events performed with approximately 90% or more of CIT spent. Conclusions The monitoring of organ transplantation activities' performance is a standalone action within Europe to support strategic policies to optimize the system. Thus, a clearer awareness on performances and issues related to organ transport has been made possible: analyses show that the higher uncertainty associated with total time of displacement by air is due to the steps which take place by road (length and paths must be optimized) and lung transports generally perform weaker than heart transports due to longer average distances travelled and smaller average speeds, often resulting in a total displacement time greater than 90% of CIT.
Abstract
Introduction The outcome of transplantation activities depends on a variety of unpredictable factors. Up-to-date criteria on organ allocation foresee an efficient transport [...]
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Improving the gossiping effectiveness with distributed strategic learning (Invited paper)
C. Esposito, F. Palmieri, M. Ficco, A. Castiglione

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 20

Abstract
Gossiping is a widely known and successful approach to reliable communications, tolerating packet losses and link crashes. It has been extensively used in several middleware kinds, such as event notification services and application domains, like infrastructures for air traffic management, power grid control, health information exchange, just to cite some of them. Despite achieving a high loss-tolerance and scalability degrees, gossiping is affected by degraded performances and heavy traffic loads on the network. For this reason, it may be not optimal in applications where reliability must be provided jointly with timeliness and/or in congestion-prone networks. The crucial aspect for improving a gossiping scheme is deciding which nodes should receive a gossiping message, and our driving idea is to adopt a distributed strategic learning logic to determine such nodes in an efficient manner. This is able to resolve gossiping's weakness points and to achieve better performance and reduced traffic loads. This paper describes how to introduced strategic learning in a gossip scheme so as to determine the best set of nodes that can be used to send gossip messages and to optimize their utility. Such a solution has been experimentally assessed through a set of simulations demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposal.
Abstract
Gossiping is a widely known and successful approach to reliable communications, tolerating packet losses and link crashes. It has been extensively used in several middleware [...]
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Quantifying the effectiveness of ITS in improving safety of VRUs
A. Silla, P. Rämä, L. Leden, M. van Noort, J. de Kruijf, D. Bell, A. Morris, G. Hancox, S. Scholliers, J. Johan

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 19
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Implications of diesel emissions control failures to emission factors and road transport NOx evolution
G. Papadimitriou, S. Hausberger, L. Ntziachristos, N. Ligterink

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 26

Abstract
Diesel NOx emissions have been at the forefront of research and regulation scrutiny as a result of failures of late vehicle technologies to deliver on-road emissions reductions. The current study aims at identifying the actual emissions levels of late light duty vehicle technologies, including Euro 5 and Euro 6 ones. Mean NOx emission factor levels used in the most popular EU vehicle emission models (COPERT, HBEFA and VERSIT+) are compared with latest emission information collected in the laboratory over real-world driving cycles and on the road using portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS). The comparison shows that Euro 5 passenger car (PC) emission factors well reflect on road levels and that recently revealed emissions control failures do not call for any significant corrections. However Euro 5 light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and Euro 6 PCs in the 2014–2016 period exhibit on road emission levels twice as high as used in current models. Moreover, measured levels vary a lot for Euro 6 vehicles. Scenarios for future evolution of Euro 6 emission factors, reflecting different degree of effectiveness of emissions control regulations, show that total NOx emissions from diesel Euro 6 PC and LCV may correspond from 49% up to 83% of total road transport emissions in 2050. Unless upcoming and long term regulations make sure that light duty diesel NOx emissions are effectively addressed, this will have significant implications in meeting future air quality and national emissions ceilings targets. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
Abstract
Diesel NOx emissions have been at the forefront of research and regulation scrutiny as a result of failures of late vehicle technologies to deliver on-road emissions reductions. [...]
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First-order traffic flow models incorporating capacity drop: overview and real-data validation
Κ. Μαρια, K. Maria, Σ. Αναστασια, S. Anastasia, R. Claudio, R. Claudio, Π. Μαρκος, P. Markos

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 17

Abstract
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n. 321132, project TRAMAN21. Summarization: First-order traffic flow models of the LWR (Lighthill-Whitham-Richards) type are known for their simplicity and computational efficiency and have, for this reason, been widely used for various traffic engineering tasks. However, these first-order models are not able to reproduce significant traffic phenomena of great interest, such as the capacity drop and stop-and-go waves. This paper presents an overview of modeling approaches, which introduce the ability to reflect the capacity-drop phenomenon into discretized LWR-type first order traffic flow models; and also proposes a new approach. The background and main characteristics of each approach are analyzed with particular emphasis on the practical applicability of such models for traffic simulation, management and control. The presented modeling approaches are tested and validated using real data from a motorway network in the U.K. Presented on: Transportation Research Part B: Methodological
Abstract
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant [...]
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Transport reduction by crowdsourced deliveries – a library case in Finland
M. Lettenmeier, M. Lettenmeier, H. Paloheimo, H. Waris

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 24

Abstract
The paper presents a case study of applying crowdsourcing to library deliveries. The trial was conducted in the city of Jyvaskyla in Finland as part of the Resource Wise Communities program funded by The Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra. The city has a population of 120 000 inhabitants and is facing the shut-down of half of the public libraries in order to adapt its economy to lowered revenues and compulsory cost savings. The assumption was that the level of service for customers not able to settle for e-books would be lowered and/or customers would have to travel longer distances. However, a research pilot was carried out where –instead of lowering the level of service in the area– books and other library media were delivered to customers' homes by utilizing a novel crowdsourced delivery service called PiggyBaggy. Crowdsourced delivery means that citizens deliver goods to each other along their way. Ideally, the deliveries would be made with minimal detour, along the way, thus maximizing the reduction in natural resource use and related environmental impacts from the transport. However, the transport fuel forms only one part of the overall footprint and in practice rebound effects such as drivers traveling longer distances motivated by monetary compensation, can reduce the targeted environmental improvement. The objective of our study was to investigate whether an existing consumer service, in this case the library public service, can adopt crowdsourced deliveries quickly from scratch, and to whether consumers participate in the deliveries in a way that has real sustainability benefits. Despite prevailing regulative challenges, the study found that existing library deliveries can be successfully crowdsourced. Each crowdsourced delivery reduced an average of 1.6 km driven by car, despite 80 per cent of the deliveries being made within less than a 5-km distance. Mobility related footprint reduction potential for Finland is also estimated.
Abstract
The paper presents a case study of applying crowdsourcing to library deliveries. The trial was conducted in the city of Jyvaskyla in Finland as part of the Resource Wise Communities [...]
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Event-based, 6-DOF Camera Tracking from Photometric Depth Maps
G. Gallego, E. Mueggler, D. Scaramuzza, J. Lund, H. Rebecq, T. Delbruck

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 16

Abstract
Event cameras are bio-inspired vision sensors that output pixel-level brightness changes instead of standard intensity frames. These cameras do not suffer from motion blur and have a very high dynamic range, which enables them to provide reliable visual information during high-speed motions or in scenes characterized by high dynamic range. These features, along with a very low power consumption, make event cameras an ideal complement to standard cameras for VR/AR and video game applications. With these applications in mind, this paper tackles the problem of accurate, low-latency tracking of an event camera from an existing photometric depth map (i.e., intensity plus depth information) built via classic dense reconstruction pipelines. Our approach tracks the 6-DOF pose of the event camera upon the arrival of each event, thus virtually eliminating latency. We successfully evaluate the method in both indoor and outdoor scenes and show that---because of the technological advantages of the event camera---our pipeline works in scenes characterized by high-speed motion, which are still unaccessible to standard cameras. Comment: 12 pages, 13 figures. 2 tables. (in press)
Abstract
Event cameras are bio-inspired vision sensors that output pixel-level brightness changes instead of standard intensity frames. These cameras do not suffer from motion blur [...]
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Visual aids for safe operation of remotely piloted vehicles in the controlled air space
F. Giulietti, G. Avanzini, L. Pollini

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 23

Abstract
The paper presents a set of visual AIDS for enhancing remote pilot perception of potential violations of allowed fly areas or conflicts with conventional air traffic when operating remotely piloted aerial vehicles. Assuming a video stream from an on-board camera is available to the remote pilot, visual AIDS are provided in a head-up display modality by means of reality augmentation techniques. The main visual element consists of a dynamic set of fences allowing for a safe aircraft separation away from no-fly zones and from neighboring vehicles. The shape of the fences is varied according to aircraft current speed and altitude, in order to allow for a sufficient safety margin, also in case of a loss-of-control accident. As a further visual aid, the predicted future position of the aircraft is determined and fence color is changed in order to highlight potential violations of the allowed operational area. The proposed methodology is validated by means of simulations in a reference operational scenario. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in improving pilot awareness.
Abstract
The paper presents a set of visual AIDS for enhancing remote pilot perception of potential violations of allowed fly areas or conflicts with conventional air traffic when [...]
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Modeling the fuel flow-rate of transport aircraft during flight phases using genetic algorithm-optimized neural networks
T. Baklacioglu

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 22

Abstract
WOS: 000369198300006 Predicting the fuel consumption of transport aircraft is vital for minimizing the detrimental effects of fuel emissions on the environment, saving fuel energy sources, reducing flight costs, achieving more accurate aircraft trajectory prediction, and providing effective and seamless management of air traffic. In this study, a genetic algorithm-optimized neural network topology is designed to predict the fuel flow-rate of a transport aircraft using real flight data. This model incorporates the cruise flight phase and the fuel consumption dependency with respect to both the variation of true airspeed and altitude. Feed-forward backpropagation and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithms are applied, and a genetic algorithm is utilized to design the optimum network architecture regarding time and effort. The predicted fuel flow-rates closely match the real data for both neural network training algorithms. Backpropagation gives the best accuracy for the climb and cruise phases, whereas the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is optimal for the descent phase
Abstract
WOS: 000369198300006 Predicting the fuel consumption of transport aircraft is vital for minimizing the detrimental effects of fuel emissions on the environment, saving fuel [...]
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Joint Fact-Finding in Practice: Review of a Collaborative Approach to Climate-Ready Infrastructure in Rotterdam
T. Schenk, R. Vogel, N. Maas, L. Tavasszy

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 20

Abstract
Joint fact-finding has been advanced as a method for helping stakeholders grappling with technically intensive policy and planning challenges to collaboratively engage in research and arrive at shared sets of facts to inform their decision-making. This paper introduces joint fact-finding and considers its application in the context of infrastructure stakeholders aiming to assess and increase the resilience of their infrastructure systems to climate change. A set of evaluative criteria is introduced, which are proposed for assessing joint fact finding processes both procedurally and substantively in terms of the outcomes, considering them to be both arenas for collaborative governance and joint knowledge production efforts. These criteria are applied to a case in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. This case suggests that joint fact-finding can provide value, but also reveals some lessons. For the efforts themselves, these lessons relate to: The practical applicability of the outcomes; the inherently contingent nature of the outcomes when addressing wicked problems; questions of representation from stakeholder groups; and the importance of leadership and good process design. The following observations are made regarding the criteria: While they are typically interdependent, both process and outcomes should be evaluated; and more attention should be paid to the method and metrics of evaluation, while recognizing that there is no single formula or approach that can be applied, given the heterogeneity of the criteria. © 2016, Editorial Board EJTIR. All rights reserved.
Abstract
Joint fact-finding has been advanced as a method for helping stakeholders grappling with technically intensive policy and planning challenges to collaboratively engage in [...]
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North European Export Industry and the Shadows of Sulphur Directive
O. Hilmola, A. Tolli, E. Hämäläinen

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 16

Abstract
"jats:p"EU Directive of MARPOL Annex VI and its economic impact on the Nordic paper industry is theme of this research work. Empirical data for analysis purposes was gained from a large Nordic paper mill that exports bulk products mainly to Europe (70 % of its volume). The study shows that in the end the industry’s location still has an economical effect, and that the location has a distinct impact on competition through rising transportation costs. Environmental regulation continues and fosters long-term upwards trajectory of transportation cost, which has been experienced by the paper mill earlier during years 2001-2009. Sulphur regulation change to cleaner grades of maritime diesel did not turn as heavy cost increase in the 2015, however, possibility to gain cost benefits in rapidly deteriorating oil markets were not reached either. Therefore, in depressed industrial product markets, like paper industry, implications were such that margins of export industry remained low. Document type: Article
Abstract
"jats:p"EU Directive of MARPOL Annex VI and its economic impact on the Nordic paper industry is theme of this research work. Empirical data for analysis purposes was gained [...]
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Development and transport implications of automated vehicles in the Netherlands: Scenarios for 2030 and 2050
D. Milakis, M. Snelder, B. Arem, B. Wee, G. Correia

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 12

Abstract
utomated driving technology is emerging. Yet, little is known in the literature about when automated vehicles will reach the market, how penetration rates will evolve and to what extent this new transport technology will affect transport demand and planning. This study uses scenario analysis to identify plausible future development paths of automated vehicles in the Netherlands and to estimate potential implications for traffic, travel behaviour and transport planning on a time horizon up to 2030 and 2050. The scenario analysis was performed through a series of three workshops engaging a group of diverse experts. Sixteen key factors and five driving forces behind them were identified as critical in determining future development of automated vehicles in the Netherlands. Four scenarios were constructed assuming combinations of high or low technological development and restrictive or supportive policies for automated vehicles (AV ...in standby, AV ...in bloom, AV ...in demand, AV ...in doubt). According to the scenarios, fully automated vehicles are expected to be commercially available between 2025 and 2045, and to penetrate the market rapidly after their introduction. Penetration rates are expected to vary among different scenarios between 1% and 11% (mainly conditionally automated vehicles) in 2030 and between 7% and 61% (mainly fully automated vehicles) in 2050. Complexity of the urban environment and unexpected incidents may influence development path of automated vehicles. Certain implications on mobility are expected in all scenarios, although there is great variation in the impacts among the scenarios. Measures to curb growth of travel and subsequent externalities are expected in three out of the four scenario
Abstract
utomated driving technology is emerging. Yet, little is known in the literature about when automated vehicles will reach the market, how penetration rates will evolve and [...]
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Laboratory and field tests on photo-electric probes and ultrasonic Doppler flow switch for remote control of turbidity and flowrate of a water-sand mixture flow
M. Pellegrini, C. Saccani

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 11

Abstract
The paper describes the experimental apparatus and field tests carried on to remotely control through non-invasive and non-intrusive instruments turbidity and flowrate of a water-sand mixture flow conveyed by a pipeline. The mixture flow was produced by an innovative plant for seabed management. The turbidity was monitored by thru-beam infra-red photo-electric sensors, while flowrate was monitored by an ultrasonic Doppler flow switch. In a first phase, a couple of photo-electric sensors and a mechanical flow switch were preliminary tested in laboratory to verify installations concerns and measurement repeatability and precision. After preliminary test completion, photo-electric sensors and mechanical flow switch were installed in the real scale plant. Since the mechanical flow switch did not reach high reliability, an ultrasonic Doppler flow switch was identified and tested as alternative. Then, two couple of photo-electric sensors and ultrasonic Doppler flow switch were installed and tested on two pipelines of the plant. Turbidity and minimum flow signals produced by the instruments were integrated in the PLC logic for the automatic management of the plant. The paper also shows how ultrasonic Doppler flow switch measurement repeatability was negatively affected by the presence of the other ultrasonic Doppler flow switch working in a close pipeline and installed inside a steel casing.
Abstract
The paper describes the experimental apparatus and field tests carried on to remotely control through non-invasive and non-intrusive instruments turbidity and flowrate of [...]
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Weakest link or strongest node? : Comparing governance strategies for inland ports in transnational European corridors
P. Witte, T. Spit, C. Braun, B. Wiegmans

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 15

Abstract
Inland ports are becoming more important in enhancing hinterland accessibility of deep-sea ports. Their increasing size and number can however also pose a threat to quality of life in adjacent urban regions, for spatial conflicts between port and urban functions may arise. Therefore, inland port governance strategies are needed. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the findings of an international comparison of municipal governance strategies for inland port development in four different countries along the Rhine–Alpine Corridor. Our findings reflect the difficult position of inland ports relative to urban functions within a densely populated corridor. Sufficient capacity is needed to prevent the occurrence of bottlenecks on links and in nodes, which could limit flows on other parts of the corridor. Increasing inland port capacity should however also be aligned with policy measures in urban regions, to avoid the overlapping of inland port and urban functions which could lead to mutually exclusive land-uses. This poses challenges in terms of inland port governance. We observe that cases in which the port and urban administrations open up the policy process to relevant private stakeholders and the civil society, integrated governance strategies for inland port development are more likely to emerge.
Abstract
Inland ports are becoming more important in enhancing hinterland accessibility of deep-sea ports. Their increasing size and number can however also pose a threat to quality [...]
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Crowdsensing-based transportation services — An analysis from business model and sustainability viewpoints
J. Jokinen, T. Tinnilä, M. Markku, M. Heiskala

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 14

Abstract
Traffic and transportation are ongoing digitalisation. Travellers always carry smartphones everywhere they go. Smartphone-based crowdsensing can be used to collect and aggregate traffic information for services that contribute to smoother and more sustainable transportation and traffic — but only if the business model is profitable in the long-term. We analyse two existing crowdsensing services in traffic and transportation context (Waze, Moovit) and one being developed (TrafficSense) using findings from business model (two-sided markets; data use), crowdsensing (technical overview, participant incentives), and transportation (efficiency, sustainable urban transportation) literature. Waze may alleviate traffic congestion by helping its millions of users to avoid traffic jams. Moovit makes public transport more attractive by making it easier and smoother to use for travellers. TrafficSense service is developed in a research project. It uses crowdsensing to learn regular, multimodal routes of travellers. The information can be used to predict the general traffic and congestion levels based on the predicted intents of the crowd of travellers. Our contribution is to combine distinct but complementary viewpoints from two-sided markets, business models, crowdsensing, and transportation research to analyse the potential business and sustainability impacts of the emerging crowdsensing-based smart transportation services.
Abstract
Traffic and transportation are ongoing digitalisation. Travellers always carry smartphones everywhere they go. Smartphone-based crowdsensing can be used to collect and aggregate [...]
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Mobilities, Futures & the City: repositioning discourses – changing perspectives – rethinking policies
M. Freudendal-Pedersen, S. Kesselring

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 12

Abstract
The future of cities and regions will be strongly shaped by the mobilities of people, goods, modes of transport, waste and information. In many ways, the ‘why and ‘for what’ often get lost in discourses on planning and designing mobilities. The predominant planning paradigm still conceptualizes the future of cities and mobilities as a matter of rather more efficient technologies than of social cohesion, integration and connectivity. Sustainable mobility needs the mobilities of ideas and concepts and the reflexivity of policies. Communicative planning theory and the ‘argumentative turn’ have given significant attention to these shifts in societies’ discursive patterns and structures. For making up powerful and strong visions and policies for sustainable cities, ‘collaborative storytelling’ plays a key role. The theoretical outset for the research project ‘Mobilities, Futures & the City’, which grounds this article, was to explicitly provide an intersection for reflexivity, interdisciplinarity and e...
Abstract
The future of cities and regions will be strongly shaped by the mobilities of people, goods, modes of transport, waste and information. In many ways, the ‘why and ‘for [...]
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Modelling and Simulation of Wildland Fire in the Framework of the Level Set Method
A. Mentrelli, A. Mentrelli, G. Pagnini, G. Pagnini

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 11

Abstract
mong the modelling approaches that have been proposed for the simulation of wildfire propagation, two have gained considerable attention in recent years: the one based on a reaction-diffusion equation, and the one based on the level set method. These two approaches, traditionally seen in competition, do actually lead to similar equation models when the level set method is modified taking into account random effects as those due to turbulent hot air transport and fire spotting phenomena. The connection between these two approaches is here discussed and the application of the modified level set method to test cases of practical interest is shown.
Abstract
mong the modelling approaches that have been proposed for the simulation of wildfire propagation, two have gained considerable attention in recent years: the one based on [...]
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Integrated model for battery Electric Vehicles with energy harvesting active suspension system
M. Dhaens, C. Lauwerys, T. Pham, J. Jacob, S. Wilkins

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 6

Abstract
This paper presents an integrated vehicle model to simulate simultaneously the driver, powertrains, chassis, body, road condition, vehicle dynamics and the Active Suspension (AS) system with/without an energy harvesting module. The developed model is used to investigate the ride comfort and influences of energy harvesting AS system on the total energy consumption of battery Electric Vehicles (EVs) relative to EVs with a passive suspension system. Preliminary simulation results show that compared to EVs with a passive suspension system, the ones with AS system improve ride comfort, up to 31% reduction of the vehicle body acceleration RMS value, with an expense of higher energy consumption. This expense can be reduced to about 2.8% when using an energy harvesting AS system. Simulation results also demonstrate that the available energy for recuperation during the AS system operation is significant in relation to the regenerative braking energy of the propulsion system, up to approx. 70% on bumpy road surfaces.
Abstract
This paper presents an integrated vehicle model to simulate simultaneously the driver, powertrains, chassis, body, road condition, vehicle dynamics and the Active Suspension [...]
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Statistical characterization of deviations from planned flight trajectories in air traffic management
R. Mantegna, G. Gurtner, F. Lillo, S. Miccichè, C. Bongiorno

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 10

Abstract
Understanding the relation between planned and realized flight trajectories and the determinants of flight deviations is of great importance in air traffic management. In this paper we perform an in depth investigation of the statistical properties of planned and realized air traffic on the German airspace during a 28 day periods, corresponding to an AIRAC cycle. We find that realized trajectories are on average shorter than planned ones and this effect is stronger during night-time than daytime. Flights are more frequently deviated close to the departure airport and at a relatively large angle to destination. Moreover, the probability of a deviation is higher in low traffic phases. All these evidences indicate that deviations are mostly used by controllers to give directs to flights when traffic conditions allow it. Finally we introduce a new metric, termed difork, which is able to characterize navigation points according to the likelihood that a deviation occurs there. Difork allows to identify in a statistically rigorous way navigation point pairs where deviations are more (less) frequent than expected under a null hypothesis of randomness that takes into account the heterogeneity of the navigation points. Such pairs can therefore be seen as sources of flexibility (stability) of controllers traffic management while conjugating safety and efficiency. Comment: 16 pages; 11 figures; 3 table
Abstract
Understanding the relation between planned and realized flight trajectories and the determinants of flight deviations is of great importance in air traffic management. In [...]
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A green intermodal service network design problem with travel time uncertainty
M. Hrušovský, W. Jammernegg, E. Demir, E. Arikan, T. Woensel, W. Burgholzer

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 9

Abstract
In a more and more competitive and global world, freight transports have to overcome increasingly long distances while at the same time becoming more reliable. In addition, a raising awareness of the need for environmentally friendly solutions increases the importance of transportation modes other than road. Intermodal transportation, in that regard, allows for the combination of different modes in order to exploit their individual advantages. Intermodal transportation networks offer flexible, robust and environmentally friendly alternatives to transport high volumes of goods over long distances. In order to reflect these advantages, it is the challenge to develop models which both represent multiple modes and their characteristics (e.g., fixed-time schedules and routes) as well as the transhipment between these transportation modes. In this paper, we introduce a Green Intermodal Service Network Design Problem with Travel Time Uncertainty (GISND-TTU) for combined offline intermodal routing decisions of multiple commodities. The proposed stochastic approach allows for the generation of robust transportation plans according to different objectives (i.e., cost, time and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions) by considering uncertainties in travel times as well as demands with the help of the sample average approximation method. The proposed methodology is applied to a real-world network, which shows the advantages of stochasticity in achieving robust transportation plans.
Abstract
In a more and more competitive and global world, freight transports have to overcome increasingly long distances while at the same time becoming more reliable. In addition, [...]
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A random utility model for park & carsharing services and the pure preference for electric vehicles
S. Luca, E. Cascetta, A. Cartenì

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 7

Abstract
Most of the existing Carsharing business models mainly rely on gasoline vehicles and diesel vehicles, but in recent years there has been a significant increase in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and a resurgence in electric vehicles (EVs). Within this framework, this paper investigates and models the choice to switch from a private car trip to a carsharing service available in peripheral parks as well as the propensity to choose an electric vehicle for such a service. In particular, three issues are addressed: (i) investigating and modelling the propensity to choose carsharing as a transport alternative within a neighbourhood residential carsharing business model; (ii) estimating the effect of also having an EV option available; (iii) measuring the “pure preference”, if any, in using electric vehicles over traditional ones, in a context excluding factors that may bias such users preference (e.g. purchase price, energy costs, recharging facilities etc). The analyses are based on a stated preferences survey undertaken on 600 car drivers entering the city centre of Salerno (Southern Italy), and on the estimation of a binomial Logit model with serial correlation. Results allow an interpretation of the main determinants of the short-term choice of carsharing services (i.e. without any car-ownership changes), give general behavioural insights, make it possible to quantify the “pure preference” for EV and the demand elasticity with regard to different pricing strategies of the carsharing services.
Abstract
Most of the existing Carsharing business models mainly rely on gasoline vehicles and diesel vehicles, but in recent years there has been a significant increase in hybrid electric [...]
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Comparison of fatal motor vehicle accidents at passive and active railway level crossings in Finland
S. Laapotti

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 5

Abstract
The study compares accidents at passive and active railway level crossings, and both immediate and background risk factors are considered. Passive railway level crossings have no warning devices, although there might be a static warning sign. Active level crossings are equipped with automatic devices warning road users of approaching trains. The data covers all fatal motor vehicle accidents at level crossings in Finland during the years 1991 to 2011 (n = 142). All these accidents have previously been investigated in detail by Road Accident Investigation Teams. Most of the accidents took place at passive level crossings. Compared to active level crossings, and related to the number of fatal accidents, passive level crossings have become proportionally more risky during the study period. Almost all the immediate risk factors in the accidents were of the human error type. Observation errors on the part of the road user were typical at passive level crossings, and risk taking at active level crossings. The environment did not support safe crossing in most of the accidents at passive level crossings. The speed limits of both the road and rail were high, visibility was insufficient, and the level crossing was often situated uphill. Active warning devices are effective in preventing accidents due to road user errors. Equipping the most dangerous passive level crossings with warning devices – low cost or conventional – would increase safety. Alternatively, some level crossings could be removed altogether. A minimum requirement is that the environmental factors at passive level crossings support safe crossing.
Abstract
The study compares accidents at passive and active railway level crossings, and both immediate and background risk factors are considered. Passive railway level crossings [...]
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Quantifying the increase in lateral capacity of monopiles in sand due to cyclic loading
G. Nicolai, C. O'Loughlin, L. Ibsen, D. White

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 2

Abstract
The contribution of this paper is a simple method to predict the higher moment capacity of a monopile in dense silica sand after drained cyclic loading. The method accounts for the effect of cyclic load magnitude, symmetry and number of cycles, and is calibrated against a series of single gravity and centrifuge tests. The agreement between the model test data and the predictions is typically within 2%. Application of the method shows that the moment capacity of a monopile in dense sand, for the conditions tested here, is up to 36% higher after cycling. This contrasts with a 10% reduction that would be predicted using the existing industry standard p–y approach for cyclic loading in sand.
Abstract
The contribution of this paper is a simple method to predict the higher moment capacity of a monopile in dense silica sand after drained cyclic loading. The method accounts [...]
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Study of a New Quick-Charging Strategy for Electric Vehicles in Highway Charging Stations
X. Huang, L. Jin, C. Lixing, Z. Chen

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 56

Abstract
To solve the problem, because of which conventional quick-charging strategies (CQCS) cannot meet the requirements of quick-charging for multiple types of electric vehicles (EV) on highways where vehicle inflow is excessive, this paper proposed a new quick-charging strategy (NQCS) for EVs: on the premise of not affecting those EVs being charged, the remaining power of the quick-charging pile with multiple power output interfaces is used to provide a synchronous charging service for EVs waiting in the queue. To verify the effectiveness of this strategy, a power distribution model of charging pile and a queuing model of charging station (CS) were constructed. In addition, based on an actual highway service area where vehicle inflow is excessive during the simulation period (0:00–24:00), charging situations of CQCS and NQCS were respectively simulated in a charging station (CS), with different number of chargers, by basic queuing algorithm and an improved queuing algorithm. The simulation results showed that when the relative EV inflow is excessive, compared to CQCS, NQCS not only can reduce user waiting time, charging time, and stay time, but also can improve the utilisation rate of charging infrastructure and service capacity of CS and reduce the queue length of CS. At the same time, NQCS can reduce the impact on the power grid. In addition, in NQCS, the on-demand power distribution method is more efficient than the average power distribution method. Therefore, NQCS is more suitable for quick-charging for multiple types of EVs on highways where vehicle inflow is excessive. Document type: Article
Abstract
To solve the problem, because of which conventional quick-charging strategies (CQCS) cannot meet the requirements of quick-charging for multiple types of electric vehicles [...]
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Green Supply Chain Network Design with Economies of Scale and Environmental Concerns
L. Zhou, S. Li, F. Zou, D. Zhang

Collection of open articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 115

Abstract
This study considers a design problem in the supply chain network of an assembly manufacturing enterprise with economies of scale and environmental concerns. The study aims to obtain a rational tradeoff between environmental influence and total cost. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming model is developed to determine the optimal location and size of regional distribution centers (RDCs) and the investment of environmental facilities considering the effects of economies of scale and CO"jats:sub"2"/jats:sub" emission taxes. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the applications of the proposed model. Moreover, comparative analysis of the related key parameters is conducted (i.e., carbon emission tax, logistics demand of customers, and economies of scale of RDC), to explore the corresponding effects on the network design of a green supply chain. Moreover, the proposed model is applied in an actual case—network design of a supply chain of an electric meter company in China. Findings show that (i) the optimal location of RDCs is affected by the demand of customers and the level of economies of scale and that (ii) the introduction of CO"jats:sub"2"/jats:sub" emission taxes will change the structure of a supply chain network, which will decrease CO"jats:sub"2"/jats:sub" emissions per unit shipment. Document type: Article
Abstract
This study considers a design problem in the supply chain network of an assembly manufacturing enterprise with economies of scale and environmental concerns. The study aims [...]
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Risk Assessment of Distribution Networks Considering the Charging-Discharging Behaviors of Electric Vehicles
H. Wanmeng, J. Chen, J. Jin, L. Chen, J. Yang, F. Wang

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 55

Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) have received wide attention due to their higher energy efficiency and lower emissions. However, the random charging and discharging behaviors of substantial numbers of EVs may lead to safety risk problems in a distribution network. Reasonable price incentives can guide EVs through orderly charging and discharging, and further provide a feasible solution to reduce the operational risk of the distribution network. Considering three typical electricity prices, EV charging/discharging load models are built. Then, a Probabilistic Load Flow (PLF) method using cumulants and Gram-Charlier series is proposed to obtain the power flow of the distribution network including massive numbers of EVs. In terms of the risk indexes of node voltage and line flow, the operational risk of the distribution network can be estimated in detail. From the simulations of an IEEE-33 bus system and an IEEE 69-bus system, the demonstrated results show that reasonable charging and discharging prices are conducive to reducing the peak-valley difference, and consequently the risks of the distribution network can be decreased to a certain extent. Document type: Article
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) have received wide attention due to their higher energy efficiency and lower emissions. However, the random charging and discharging behaviors of substantial [...]
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Propulsive Qualities of Catamaran Vessels
J. Riola

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 54

Abstract
During the last decade the civil and military applications of catamaran vessels have developed rapidly. Their particular area of proliferation is the short sea shipping where their power, economy, habitability and behavior have provided them a market niche. The rapid market growth ha caused catamarans to experience design modifications regarding size, speed, cargo diversity (passengers, vehicles, containers). The purpose of this article is to show the work developed by the El Pardo Hydrodynamic Experiences Channel (CEHIPAR) regarding the propulsive qualities of catamaran vessels. This work is the result of the need expressed by the Ministry of Defense for provision of technical assistance and scientific research for an I+D program that established more adequate program parameters for a catamaran-type vessel from the propulsive point of view, in relation to its size and shape, so that it has the adequate information and trustworthiness when suggesting a vessel of this type as an alternative to other platforms, always within the scope of application of patrol-type or quick-attack-type vessels. Document type: Article
Abstract
During the last decade the civil and military applications of catamaran vessels have developed rapidly. Their particular area of proliferation is the short sea shipping where [...]
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The paradox of public acceptance of bike sharing in Gothenburg
A. Nikitas, O. Rexfelt, P. Wallgren

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 53

Abstract
Bike sharing is one of the most promising urban planning interventions to facilitate an all-necessary transition towards a more sustainable transport paradigm. Regardless of the fact that hundreds of schemes run in more than 50 countries worldwide, bike sharing is still moderately investigated by research. This paper reports on a primarily quantitative study of 558 responses that was set to frame attitudes reflecting public acceptance towards the rapidly expanding bike-sharing scheme in Gothenburg (Styr & Ställ), in an attempt to identify the ‘formula for success’. The respondents generally believed that Styr & Ställ is a pro-environmental, inexpensive and healthy transport mode, which complements the city’s public transport services and promotes a more human-friendly identity for Gothenburg.\\ud Even the respondents that self-reported a small (or no) likelihood to use bike sharing were positive towards the scheme. This means that they recognise that bike sharing has a significant pro-social potential and is not a system favouring a particular road-user segment over others that might not be interested or able to use it. The fact that the majority of the respondents do not Bike sharing is one of the most promising urban planning interventions to facilitate an all-necessary transition\\ud towards a more sustainable transport paradigm. Regardless of the fact that hundreds of schemes run in more than 50 countries worldwide, bike sharing is still moderately investigated by research. This paper reports on a primarily\\ud quantitative study of 558 responses that was set to frame attitudes reflecting public acceptance towards the rapidly expanding bike-sharing scheme in Gothenburg (Styr & Ställ), in an attempt to identify the ‘formula for success’. The respondents generally believed that Styr & Ställ is a pro-environmental, inexpensive and healthy transport mode, which complements the city’s public transport services and promotes a more human-friendly identity for Gothenburg. Even the respondents that self-reported a small (or no) likelihood to use bike sharing were positive towards the scheme. This means that they recognise that bike sharing has a significant pro-social potential and is not a system favouring a particular road-user segment over others that might not be interested or able to use it. The fact that the majority of the respondents do not use the scheme and yet its popularity is still vast indicates that there is much potential for more use in real terms. Document type: Article
Abstract
Bike sharing is one of the most promising urban planning interventions to facilitate an all-necessary transition towards a more sustainable transport paradigm. Regardless [...]
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Radiological Assessment of Atmospheric Release from Tehran Research Reactor during Normal Operation by Using Pc-Cream Code
N. Sadeghi, R. Ahangari

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 52

Abstract
In this work, radiological assessment of atmospheric release from Tehran’s Research Reactor (TRR) stack and assessment of public exposures under normal operation has been studied. To perform tasks mentioned above, Pc-Cream computer code which simulates Gaussian Dispersion air transport plume model as well as laboratory analysis of the soil and leaves samples and TLD (Thermo Luminescent Dosimeter) monitoring around the TRR site was used. Results of the Pc-Cream code showed that the annual committed and external dose received by the individual in the vicinity of the reactor is below the regulatory limit. Also, the results of laboratory analysis of available radionuclides in the soil and leaves samples showed that the concentrations are close to the background (K40=635, Th232=28, Cs137=0.29 up to 28.82, Ra226=25 (Bq[1]/Kg) in soil and K40=457, Be7≈70 (Bq/Kg) in leaves) and confirm the code results. The monitored dose values of the TLD detectors were positioned around the reactor within 500 m radius shows that the background dose in vicinity of TRR (113 μSv up to 150 μSv) is consistent with the background dose in Tehran province (125 μSv). Document type: Article
Abstract
In this work, radiological assessment of atmospheric release from Tehran’s Research Reactor (TRR) stack and assessment of public exposures under normal operation has been [...]
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Route Optimization of Pipeline in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Based on Genetic Algorithm
G. Liang, J. Zhou, T. Deng, J. Gong

Collection of open articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 110

Abstract
This paper describes the problems in route optimization of two-phase pipelines. Combining the hydraulic calculation with route optimization theory, this paper establishes an automatic route optimization model and adopts the general genetic algorithm (gGA) and steady-state genetic algorithm (ssGA) to solve the model, respectively, gets the optimal route, and discusses the influence of parameters setting to the result. This algorithm was applied in determining pipelines routes in coalbed methane gathering and transporting system in Shanxi Province, China. The result shows that the algorithm is feasible, which improves the hydraulic properties by reducing the pressure drop along the line while the pipeline length is still acceptable. Document type: Article
Abstract
This paper describes the problems in route optimization of two-phase pipelines. Combining the hydraulic calculation with route optimization theory, this paper establishes [...]
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Value creation of road infrastructure networks: A structural equation approach
A. Hartmann, F. Ling

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 51

Abstract
hough road agencies need to provide road infrastructure that is beneficial for road users, little is known about how the activities of the agencies influence the value creation of road infrastructure. From a service-dominant logic perspective, the importance of road maintenance and traffic management activities for the contribution of road infrastructure to the value-creation process of road users is investigated. Road agencies facilitate the value creation of road users by maintaining, upgrading or renewing road infrastructure, the provision of information about the current traffic situation, possible redirection routes in case of traffic jams, and suggestions for appropriate driving behavior. Based on a structured questionnaire, data were collected among motorists in Singapore and analyzed by means of a partial least square modeling approach. The analysis revealed that road cleanliness and road evenness have a significant effect on the experience of road maintenance. Important and significant indicators for the experience of traffic management are the clarity of road signs and the efficiency of traffic redirection. A main conclusion of the research is that for traffic-intensive networks, both road maintenance and traffic management activities are important contributors to the value creation of road infrastructure with a slightly stronger contribution of traffic management activities. Road agencies need to find appropriate maintenance strategies which reduce and coordinate simultaneous maintenance interventions on the network to such an extent that traffic management activities are able to minimize any considerable loss of traffic flow. Document type: Article
Abstract
hough road agencies need to provide road infrastructure that is beneficial for road users, little is known about how the activities of the agencies influence the value creation [...]
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Restart time correlation for core annular flow in pipeline lubrication of high-viscous oil
H. Yeung, A. Livinus, L. Lao

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 50

Abstract
One of the fundamental questions that must be addressed in the effective design and operation of pipeline lubrication of heavy oil is; “how much time will be needed to restart a blocked core annular flow (CAF) line after shutdown due to fouling or pump failures”, if the pipe is to be cleaned using water only. In this work, laboratory results of shutdown and restart experiments of high-viscous oil conducted in a 5.5-m-long PVC horizontal pipe with internal diameter of 26 mm are first presented. A new correlation for the prediction of the restart time of a shutdown core annular flow line is then formulated. The predictive capabilities of the correlation are checked against measured restart time and pressure drop evolution data. Somewhat high but still reasonable predictions are obtained. The restart time correlation, together with the associated correlations formulated as well, can be of practical importance during the engineering design of high-viscous oil pipeline transportation facility for predicting restart process. Document type: Article
Abstract
One of the fundamental questions that must be addressed in the effective design and operation of pipeline lubrication of heavy oil is; “how much time will be needed to restart [...]
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Integrated Optimization of Bus Line Fare and Operational Strategies Using Elastic Demand
C. Tang, A. Ceder, Y. Ge

Collection of open articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 107

Abstract
An optimization approach for designing a transit service system is proposed. Its objective would be the maximization of total social welfare, by providing a profitable fare structure and tailoring operational strategies to passenger demand. These operational strategies include full route operation (FRO), limited stop, short turn, and a mix of the latter two strategies. The demand function is formulated to reflect the attributes of these strategies, in-vehicle crowding, and fare effects on demand variation. The fare is either a flat fare or a differential fare structure; the latter is based on trip distance and achieved service levels. This proposed methodology is applied to a case study of Dalian, China. The optimal results indicate that an optimal combination of operational strategies integrated with a differential fare structure results in the highest potential for increasing total social welfare, if the value of parameter "mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"""mml:mrow""mml:mi"ε"/mml:mi""/mml:mrow""/mml:math" related to additional service fee is low. When this value increases up to more than a threshold, strategies with a flat fare show greater benefits. If this value increases beyond yet another threshold, the use of skipped stop strategies is not recommended. Document type: Article
Abstract
An optimization approach for designing a transit service system is proposed. Its objective would be the maximization of total social welfare, by providing a profitable fare [...]
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Surrogate Safety Analysis of Pedestrian-Vehicle Conflict at Intersections Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Videos
G. Yu, W. Zeng, Y. Wang, P. Chen

Collection of open articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 104

Abstract
Conflict analysis using surrogate safety measures (SSMs) has become an efficient approach to investigate safety issues. The state-of-the-art studies largely resort to video images taken from high buildings. However, it suffers from heavy labor work, high cost of maintenance, and even security restrictions. Data collection and processing remains a common challenge to traffic conflict analysis. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), known for easy maneuvering, outstanding flexibility, and low costs, are considered to be a novel aerial sensor. By taking full advantage of the bird’s eye view offered by UAV, this study, as a pioneer work, applied UAV videos for surrogate safety analysis of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts at one urban intersection in Beijing, China. Aerial video sequences for a period of one hour were analyzed. The detection and tracking systems for vehicle and pedestrian trajectory data extraction were developed, respectively. Two SSMs, that is, Postencroachment Time (PET) and Relative Time to Collision (RTTC), were employed to represent how spatially and temporally close the pedestrian-vehicle conflict is to a collision. The results of analysis showed a high exposure of pedestrians to traffic conflict both inside and outside the crosswalk and relatively risking behavior of right-turn vehicles around the corner. The findings demonstrate that UAV can support intersection safety analysis in an accurate and cost-effective way. Document type: Article
Abstract
Conflict analysis using surrogate safety measures (SSMs) has become an efficient approach to investigate safety issues. The state-of-the-art studies largely resort to video [...]
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Initial Energy Logistics Cost Analysis for Stationary, Quasi-Dynamic, and Dynamic Wireless Charging Public Transportation Systems
S. Jeong, Y. Jang, M. Lee

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 49

Abstract
This paper presents an initial investment cost analysis of public transportation systems operating with wireless charging electric vehicles (EVs). There are three different types of wireless charging systems, namely, stationary wireless charging (SWC), in which charging happens only when the vehicle is parked or idle, quasi-dynamic wireless charging (QWC), in which power is transferred when a vehicle is moving slowly or in stop-and-go mode, and dynamic wireless charging (DWC), in which power can be supplied even when the vehicle is in motion. This analysis compares the initial investment costs for these three types of charging systems for a wireless charging-based public transportation system. In particular, this analysis is focused on the energy logistics cost in transportation, which is defined as the cost of transferring and storing the energy needed to operate the transportation system. Performing this initial investment analysis is complicated, because it involves considerable tradeoffs between the costs of batteries in the EV fleet and different kinds of battery-charging infrastructure. Mathematical optimization models for each type of EV and infrastructure system are used to analyze the initial costs. The optimization methods evaluate the minimum initial investment needed to deploy the public transportation system for each type of EV charging solution. To deal with the variable cost estimates for batteries and infrastructure equipment in the current market, a cost-sensitivity analysis is performed. The goal of this analysis is to identify the market cost conditions that are most favorable for each type of wireless charging solution. Furthermore, the cost analysis quantitatively verifies the qualitative comparison of the three different wireless charging types conducted in the previous research. Document type: Article
Abstract
This paper presents an initial investment cost analysis of public transportation systems operating with wireless charging electric vehicles (EVs). There are three different [...]
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Smart Brix—a continuous evolution framework for container application deployments
M. Vogler, J. Schleicher, C. Inzinger, S. Dustdar

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 48

Abstract
Container-based application deployments have received significant attention in recent years. Operating system virtualization based on containers as a mechanism to deploy and manage complex, large-scale software systems has become a popular mechanism for application deployment and operation. Packaging application components into selfcontained artifacts has brought substantial flexibility to developers and operation teams alike. However, this flexibility comes at a price. Practitioners need to respect numerous constraints ranging from security and compliance requirements, to specific regulatory conditions. Fulfilling these requirements is especially challenging in specialized domains with large numbers of stakeholders.Moreover, the rapidly growing number of container images to be managed due to the introduction of new or updated applications and respective components, leads to significant challenges for container management and adaptation. In this paper, we introduce Smart Brix, a framework for continuous evolution of container application deployments that tackles these challenges. Smart Brix integrates andunifies concepts of continuous integration, runtimemonitoring, and operational analytics. Furthermore, it allows practitioners to define generic analytics and compensation pipelines composed of self-assembling processing components to autonomously validate and verify containers to be deployed.We illustrate the feasibility of our approach by evaluating our framework using a case study from the smart city domain. We show that Smart Brix is horizontally scalable and runtime of the implemented analysis and compensation pipelines scales linearly with the number of container application packages. Subjects Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems, Distributed and Parallel Computing, Software Engineering Document type: Article
Abstract
Container-based application deployments have received significant attention in recent years. Operating system virtualization based on containers as a mechanism to deploy and [...]
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Reconfigurable SRTM System for Road Traffic in Kingdom of Bahrain
T. Homeed, R. Al-Hakim, A. Al-Omary, W. El-Medany

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 46

Abstract
"jats:p"This paper presents reconfigurable hardware architecture for smart road traffic system based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The design can be reconfigured for different timing of the traffic signals according to the received and collected data read by the different sensors on the road; the design has been described using VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). The SRTM (Smart Road Traffic Management) System has some more features that help passenger to avoid traffic jamming by sending the collected information through web/mobile applications to find the best road between the start and destination points, which will be displayed on Google maps, at the same time it will also shows the points of traffic jamming on Google maps. SRTM system can also manage emergency vehicles such as ambulance and fire fighter and also can send snapshots and video streaming for different roads and junctions to show the points of traffic jamming. The design has been simulated and tested using ModelSim PE student edition 10.4. Spartan 3 FPGA starter kit from Xilinx has been used for implementing and testing the design in a hardware level. Document type: Article
Abstract
"jats:p"This paper presents reconfigurable hardware architecture for smart road traffic system based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The design can be reconfigured [...]
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Indicators of sustainable development performance: Case study of European Union countries
S. Šoja, D. Jelić

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 45

Abstract
"jats:p" A sustainable development strategy is an essential long-term strategy that aims to bring about a balance of three key policy factors: sustainable economic growth and economic and technological development, sustainable development of society based on social equality, and environmental protection with a rational use of natural resources. The sustainable development strategy is very complex and contains a large number of indicators, so one of the statistical methods that can be used for this complex problem is the I-distance method. It was created as a need to rank countries according to the level of socio-economic development and the problem was how to take advantage of all the indicators in order to calculate a synthetic indicator which would represent the rank. The I-distance method in this paper is used for the ranking of 18 countries of the European Union based on ten indicators that have been selected in accordance with the EU Sustainable Development Strategy. The used headline indicators come from the following areas: socio-economic development, sustainable consumption and production, social inclusion, demographic changes, public health, climate change and energy, sustainable transport, and global partnership. By analysing the initial set of indicators and their correlation coefficients with the found I-distance values, the following most important indicators were found: official development assistance as a share of the gross national income, employment rate of older workers, healthy life years and life expectancy at birth (males), energy consumption of transport relative to GDP etc. Countries that occupied the top three places were Sweden, Luxembourg, and Finland while Croatia, Poland, and Slovenia occupied the last three places. Document type: Article
Abstract
"jats:p" A sustainable development strategy is an essential long-term strategy that aims to bring about a balance of three key policy factors: sustainable economic growth [...]
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Influence of fuel (diesel and biodiesel) features and fleet vehicles transport group of NOx emissions in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
P. Bilotta, R. Neto, M. Filho, P. Janissek, W. Ribas

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 44

Abstract
RESUMO: O sistema de transporte coletivo da cidade de Curitiba, no Paraná, é reconhecido pelas suas soluções inovadoras e modelo para o Brasil. Neste trabalho foi analisada a influência do combustível (diesel e biodiesel) e das condições da frota de veículos do transporte coletivo de Curitiba nas emissões de NOx, e essa é uma iniciativa pioneira. Foram selecionados 188 veículos (9,7% do total) com motores de 7 a 12 L, denominados B7R, B10M, B12M e B215RH, e foram realizadas medições de NO e NO2 na saída dos escapamentos. Com relação ao tipo de combustível, as emissões de NO e NO2 para o biodiesel (B100) foram, respectivamente, 37 e 26% superiores aos valores observados com o combustível diesel (S10). Comparando motores B12M com até 3 e 10 anos de operação, as emissões médias de NOx foram próximas de 40% maior. Assim, foi possível observar que os veículos a biodiesel tiveram maior emissão de NOx quando comparados com veículos a diesel, em condições similares de operação e tempo de uso do motor. Entretanto, embora o uso de biodiesel traga vantagens ambientais, como energia renovável, novas tecnologias e dispositivos devem ser desenvolvidos para controlar emissões de NO e NO2 em motores que utilizam esse tipo de combustível. Para trabalhos futuros, os autores recomendam testes em dinamômetro, para simular emissões de NOx em motores a diesel e biodiesel em diferentes condições de carga e regime de rotação do motor. ABSTRACT: The public transportation system in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, is recognized by its innovative solutions; and is a model for Brazil. In this work, the influence of fuel (diesel and biodiesel) and the conditions of the public transport vehicle fleet of Curitiba in NOx emissions was assessed, and this is a pioneered initiative. A total of 188 vehicles (9.7% of the total) with engines of 7 and 12 L were selected, named B7R, B10M, B12M and B215RH, and measurements of NO and NO2 were performed in the exhaust output. In relation to the type of fuel, the emissions of NO and NO2 for biodiesel (B100) were, respectively, 37 and 26% superior to the values observed with the fuel diesel (S10). Comparing the engines B12M with up to 3 and 10 years of operation, the average emissions of NOx were close to 40% higher. Thus, it was possible to observe that the biodiesel vehicles had higher NOx emissions when compared with diesel vehicles in similar conditions of operation and engine wear time. Therefore, although the use of biodiesel brings environmental advantages, as renewable fuel, new technologies and devices must be developed to control emissions of NO and NO2 in engines that use this type of fuel. For future works the authors recommend tests on dynamometer to simulate NOx emission in diesel and biodiesel engine in different conditions of charge and engine speed. Document type: Article
Abstract
RESUMO: O sistema de transporte coletivo da cidade de Curitiba, no Paraná, é reconhecido pelas suas soluções inovadoras e modelo para o Brasil. Neste trabalho foi analisada [...]
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Substantiation of FAC rate and service life estimation under operation control data
O. Murzina, O. Gulina, N. Salnikov, V. Baranenko

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 43

Abstract
Flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) wear is the complex mechanism of damage of elements of NPP equipment and pipelines. FAC rate is determined by such factors as corrosion of metal, flow hydrodynamics, geometry of equipment elements and pipelines, applied water chemistry regimes (WCR), duration of operation, chemical composition of the metal, thickness of deposited corrosion product film and others. Approaches to the assessment of FAC rate according to the control data are addressed in the present study. Implemented investigation was aimed at the substantiation of the methodology of calculation of FAC rate. Absence of the methodology for calculation of FAC rate does not allow verification of calculation programs, as well as the use of data of regulatory documents on the minimum permissible thicknesses [1] for evaluating the residual lifetime. Processing of measured data allowed determining the main indexes of FAC process such as the values of wall thinning and thickening, rates of wall thinning and thickening, residual operation time to the moment of reaching the minimum permissible thickness. Reduction of thickness is determined by corrosion of metal and its increase is determined by the formation of deposited film of corrosion products. The process of corrosion products deposition on the internal surfaces of the element proceeds simultaneously with the process of thinning of the wall. Presence of this process results in the situation when the residual lifetime of equipment elements under the conditions of deposition of corrosion products is technically increased. At the same time the real state of the wall under the layer of deposited corrosion products is unknown, as well as the initial wall thickness. In order to bring the calculated results closer to the real situation it is necessary to use substantiated and verified methodology in the calculations of FAC rate according to the data of control measurements. The implemented study allowed suggesting the methodology of calculation of FAC rate taking into account the technological tolerances on the sizes and taking into account the influence of deposits on the initial and minimum thicknesses. Safety factor was also introduced for calculating the residual lifetime which is taken into account in the international practices because of the same reason. Introduction of correction coefficients allows enhancing the conservatism of calculations of residual lifetime characteristics by approximately 2.5 times compared with calculations performed on the base of nominal thickness. Document type: Article
Abstract
Flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) wear is the complex mechanism of damage of elements of NPP equipment and pipelines. FAC rate is determined by such factors as corrosion of [...]
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A benchmark for RNA-seq quantification pipelines
R. Irizarry, B. Graveley, D. Pervouchine, S. Djebali, A. Dobin, C. Davis, S. Li, X. Wei, M. Teng, M. Teng, C. Sloan, M. Love, C. Mason, L. Zhan, S. Olson

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 42

Abstract
Obtaining RNA-seq measurements involves a complex data analytical process with a large number of competing algorithms as options. There is much debate about which of these methods provides the best approach. Unfortunately, it is currently difficult to evaluate their performance due in part to a lack of sensitive assessment metrics. We present a series of statistical summaries and plots to evaluate the performance in terms of specificity and sensitivity, available as a R/Bioconductor package (http://bioconductor.org/packages/rnaseqcomp). Using two independent datasets, we assessed seven competing pipelines. Performance was generally poor, with two methods clearly underperforming and RSEM slightly outperforming the rest. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-0940-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Document type: Article
Abstract
Obtaining RNA-seq measurements involves a complex data analytical process with a large number of competing algorithms as options. There is much debate about which of these [...]
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Querying and Extracting Timeline Information from Road Traffic SensorData
P. Rao, F. Indikawati, J. Kwon, A. Imawan

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 41

Abstract
The escalation of traffic congestion in urban cities has urged many countries to use intelligent transportation system (ITS) centers to collect historical traffic sensor data from multiple heterogeneous sources. By analyzing historical traffic data, we can obtain valuable insights into traffic behavior. Many existing applications have been proposed with limited analysis results because of the inability to cope with several types of analytical queries. In this paper, we propose the QET (querying and extracting timeline information) system—a novel analytical query processing method based on a timeline model for road traffic sensor data. To address query performance, we build a TQ-index (timeline query-index) that exploits spatio-temporal features of timeline modeling. We also propose an intuitive timeline visualization method to display congestion events obtained from specified query parameters. In addition, we demonstrate the benefit of our system through a performance evaluation using a Busan ITS dataset and a Seattle freeway dataset. Document type: Article
Abstract
The escalation of traffic congestion in urban cities has urged many countries to use intelligent transportation system (ITS) centers to collect historical traffic sensor data [...]
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Relieving the Impact of Transit Signal Priority on Passenger Cars through a Bilevel Model
W. Qiao, D. Wang, C. Shao

Collection of open articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 95

Abstract
Transit signal priority (TSP) is an effective control strategy to improve transit operations on the urban network. However, the TSP may sacrifice the right-of-way of vehicles from side streets which have only few transit vehicles; therefore, how to minimize the negative impact of TSP strategy on the side streets is an important issue to be addressed. Concerning the typical mixed-traffic flow pattern and heavy transit volume in China, a bilevel model is proposed in this paper: the upper-level model focused on minimizing the vehicle delay in the nonpriority direction while ensuring acceptable delay variation in transit priority direction, and the lower-level model aimed at minimizing the average passenger delay in the entire intersection. The parameters which will affect the efficiency of the bilevel model have been analyzed based on a hypothetical intersection. Finally, a real-world intersection has been studied, and the average vehicle delay in the nonpriority direction decreased 11.28 s and 22.54 s (under different delay variation constraint) compared to the models that only minimize average passenger delay, while the vehicle delay in the priority direction increased only 1.37 s and 2.87 s; the results proved the practical applicability and efficiency of the proposed bilevel model. Document type: Article
Abstract
Transit signal priority (TSP) is an effective control strategy to improve transit operations on the urban network. However, the TSP may sacrifice the right-of-way of vehicles [...]
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Turnout Fault Diagnosis through Dynamic Time Warping and Signal Normalization
W. Chen, F. Hu, S. Huang, F. Zhang, R. Yu, D. Dong

Collection of open articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 94

Abstract
Turnout is one key fundamental infrastructure in the railway signal system, which has great influence on the safety of railway systems. Currently, turnout fault diagnoses are conducted manually in China; engineers are obliged to observe the signals and make problem solving decisions. Thus, the accuracies of fault diagnoses totally depend on the engineers’ experience although massive data are produced in real time by the turnout microcomputer-based monitoring systems. This paper aims to develop an intelligent diagnosis method for railway turnout through Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). We firstly extract the features of normal turnout operation current curve and normalize the collected turnout current curves. Then, five typical fault reference curves are ascertained through the microcomputer-based monitoring system, and DTW is used to identify the turnout current curve fault through test data. The analysis results based on the similarity data indicate that the analyzed five turnout fault types can be diagnosed automatically with 100% accuracy. Finally, the benefits of the proposed method and future research directions were discussed. Document type: Article
Abstract
Turnout is one key fundamental infrastructure in the railway signal system, which has great influence on the safety of railway systems. Currently, turnout fault diagnoses [...]
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REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA DEL PROBLEMA DE RUTEO DE VEHÍCULOS EN UN CONTEXTO DE TRANSPORTE VERDE
E. O., M. E., A. Z.

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 40

Abstract
In the efficient management of the supply chain the optimal management of transport of consumables and finished products appears. The costs associated with transport have direct impact on the final value consumers must pay, which in addition to requiring competitive products also demand that they are generated in environmentally friendly organizations. Aware of this reality, this document is intended to be a starting point for Master's and Doctoral degree students who want to work in a line of research recently proposed: green routing. The state of the art of the vehicle routing problem is presented in this paper, listing its variants, models and methodologies for solution. Furthermore, the proposed interaction between variants of classical routing problems and environmental effects of its operations, known in the literature as Green-VRP is presented. The goal is to generate a discussion in which mathematical models and solution strategies that can be applied within organizations that consider within their objectives an efficient and sustainable operation are posed. En el gerenciamiento eficiente de la cadena de suministro aparece la gestión óptima del transporte de insumos y productos terminados. Los costos asociados al transporte tienen impacto directo sobre el valor final que deben pagar los consumidores, que además de requerir productos competitivos también exigen que los mismos sean generados en organizaciones amigables con el medioambiente. Consientes de esa realidad este documento pretende ser un punto de partida para estudiantes de maestría y doctorado que quieran trabajar en una línea de investigación propuesta recientemente: el ruteo verde. En este trabajo se muestra un estado del arte del problema de ruteo de vehículos, enumerando sus variantes, modelos y metodologías de solución. Además, se presenta la interacción que se ha propuesto entre variantes clásicas de los problemas de ruteo y los efectos ambientales de su operación, denominados en la literatura como Green-VRP. El objetivo es generar una discusión donde se planteen modelos matemáticos y estrategias de solución que puedan ser aplicadas en organizaciones que consideren dentro de sus objetivos una operación eficiente y sustentable. Document type: Article
Abstract
In the efficient management of the supply chain the optimal management of transport of consumables and finished products appears. The costs associated with transport have [...]
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Intensive travel time: an obligation or a choice? : Intensive travel time: an obligation or a choice?Joly, I., Vincent-Geslin, S.European Transport Research Review, vol. 8, n° 1, pp. 1-14, February, 2016 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12544-016-0195-7
S. Vincent-Geslin, I. Joly

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 39

Abstract
International audience; This paper explores what prompts some individuals to spend a significant amount of time travelling. In the literature, travel time tends to be regarded as useless, unproductive time and, in some cases, as the worst time of the day. The actual behaviour of intensive travellers challenges this view of travel time. A mixed approach that combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies was adopted. A survival analysis of daily travel time in eight European cities gives a quantitative definition of intensive travellers. Qualitative interviews with intensive travellers explore the various dimensions of choice and/or obligation that are responsible for these extreme daily travel times. The results show that roughly 20 % of the individuals in the sample for each city have long travel times (more than 100 min a day). The quantitative analysis also suggests that the behaviour of these individuals is atypical and cannot be explained solely by the characteristics that are considered in standard travel surveys. A qualitative sociological approach supplements the quantitative approach and illustrates that the allocation of travel time is not only determined by the activity pursued at the destination or the mode of transport but also by other factors such as personal beliefs and the perception of travel time. The positive perception of travel time as time to be used constructively or enjoyed influences the decision to travel intensively and, above all, contributes to its long-term acceptability. A number of political issues depend on travel behaviour and therefore, to some extent, on time management. New patterns of behaviour with regard to time management help explain the expansion in the range of individual travel. Document type: Article
Abstract
International audience; This paper explores what prompts some individuals to spend a significant amount of time travelling. In the literature, travel time tends to be regarded [...]
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Formal specification and analysis of take-off procedure using VDM-SL
N. Zafar

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 38

Abstract
traffic management system is a complex adaptive and safety critical system which requires considerable attention for its modelling and verification. Currently Air traffic control (ATC) systems are heavily dependent upon human intervention at airport causing accidents and delays because of failure of communication. The purpose of this study is to develop, plan, manage and verify aircrafts movement procedures at the airport surface that prevent delays and collisions. The airport surface is decomposed into blocks and represented by the graph relation. The state space of the system is described by identifying all the possible components of the system. The ground and local controls monitor queues of the aircrafts moving from taxiway to take-off. It is insured that once an aircraft is inserted into a queue, it is eventually removed from it after the next queue has become available. The take-off procedure is provided using graph theory and Vienna Development Method Specification Language (VDM-SL) and analyzed using VDM-SL toolbox. Formal specification of graph-based model, taxiways, aircrafts, runways and controllers is provided in static part of the model. The state space analysis describing take-off algorithms is provided by defining optimal paths and possible operations in dynamic model expediting the departure procedure. The model is developed by a series of refinements following the stepwise development approach. The delays at airport surface require effective safety and guidance protocols to control air traffic at the airport. In static model, the safety criteria are described in terms of invariants over the data types carrying critical information. The safety is insured by defining pre/post conditions in description of operations for changing state space of the system. Although the proposed study is focussed more on the safety component, however, the efficiency is not ignored. Document type: Article
Abstract
traffic management system is a complex adaptive and safety critical system which requires considerable attention for its modelling and verification. Currently Air traffic [...]
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Sustainable Mobility: Longitudinal Analysis of Built Environment on Transit Ridership
K. Kim, S. Choi, D. Kim, Y. Ahn

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 37

Abstract
Given the concerns about urban mobility, traffic congestion, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, extensive research has explored the relationship between the built environment and transit ridership. However, the nature of aggregation and the cross-sectional approach of the research rarely provide essential clues on the potential of a transit system as a sustainable mobility option. From the perspective of longitudinal sustainability, this paper develops regression models for rail transit stations in the Los Angeles Metro system. These models attempt to identify the socio-demographic characteristics and land use features influencing longitudinal transit ridership changes. Step-wise ordinary least square (OLS) regression models are used to identify factors that contribute to transit ridership changes. Those factors include the number of dwelling units, employment-oriented land uses such as office and commercial land uses, and land use balance. The models suggest a negative relationship between job and population balance with transit ridership change. They also raise a question regarding the 0.4 km radius commonly used in transit analysis. The models indicate that the 0.4 km radius is too small to capture the significant influence of the built environment on transit ridership. Document type: Article
Abstract
Given the concerns about urban mobility, traffic congestion, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, extensive research has explored the relationship between the built environment [...]
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Effects of Human-Centered Factors on Crash Injury Severities
S. Jones, E. Adanu

Collection of open articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 86

Abstract
Factors related to drivers and their driving habits dominate the causation of traffic crashes. An in-depth understanding of the human factors that influence risky driving could be of particular importance to facilitate the application of effective countermeasures. This paper sought to investigate effects of human-centered crash contributing factors on crash outcomes. To select the methodology that best accounts for unobserved heterogeneity between crash outcomes, latent class (LC) logit model and random parameters logit (RPL) model were developed. Model estimation results generally show that serious injury crashes were more likely to involve unemployed drivers, no seatbelt use, old drivers, fatigued driving, and drivers with no valid license. Comparison of model fit statistics shows that the LC logit model outperformed the RPL model, as an alternative to the traditional multinomial logit (MNL) model. Document type: Article
Abstract
Factors related to drivers and their driving habits dominate the causation of traffic crashes. An in-depth understanding of the human factors that influence risky driving [...]
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Transportation of dangerous goods in green transport corridors - conclusions from Baltic Sea region
G. Prause, M. Schröder

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 36

Abstract
"jats:p"The Green Corridor concept represents a cornerstone in the development and implementation of integrated and sustainable transport solutions based on trans-nationality, multi-modality and a high involvement of public and private stakeholders, including the political level. Despite the fact that the Green Transport Corridor (GTC) concept is founded on the three dimensions of sustainability with a strong emphasis on environmental aspects, the corridor hubs as well as the whole transport corridors have to find ways to handle and transport dangerous goods by keeping the high sustainability standards."/jats:p" "jats:p"The paper addresses the research questions what kind of economical, ecological and social risks might occur in the context of handling and transportation of dangerous goods in a Green Transport Corridor in the Baltic Sea Region, what consequences they might have on the GTC design and how and with which measures they can be managed. Based on this analysis the development of a comprehensive risk management concept for the handling and transportation of dangerous goods in Green Transport Corridors in the Baltic Sea Region based on Schröder and Prause (2015) will be started. The concept will include practical implications and best practices. Document type: Article
Abstract
"jats:p"The Green Corridor concept represents a cornerstone in the development and implementation of integrated and sustainable transport solutions based on trans-nationality, [...]
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Will automated vehicles negatively impact traffic flow?
S. Calvert, J. Lint, W. Schakel

Collection of open articles in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 81

Abstract
With low-level vehicle automation already available, there is a necessity to estimate its effects on traffic flow, especially if these could be negative. A long gradual transition will occur from manual driving to automated driving, in which many yet unknown traffic flow dynamics will be present. These effects have the potential to increasingly aid or cripple current road networks. In this contribution, we investigate these effects using an empirically calibrated and validated simulation experiment, backed up with findings from literature. We found that low-level automated vehicles in mixed traffic will initially have a small negative effect on traffic flow and road capacities. The experiment further showed that any improvement in traffic flow will only be seen at penetration rates above 70%. Also, the capacity drop appeared to be slightly higher with the presence of low-level automated vehicles. The experiment further investigated the effect of bottleneck severity and truck shares on traffic flow. Improvements to current traffic models are recommended and should include a greater detail and understanding of driver-vehicle interaction, both in conventional and in mixed traffic flow. Further research into behavioural shifts in driving is also recommended due to limited data and knowledge of these dynamics. Document type: Article
Abstract
With low-level vehicle automation already available, there is a necessity to estimate its effects on traffic flow, especially if these could be negative. A long gradual transition [...]
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Vision-Based Steering Control, Speed Assistance and Localization for Inner-City Vehicles
H. Voos, F. Jiménez, P. Campoy, M. Olivares-Mendez, S. Sajadi-Alamdari, J. Sanchez-Lopez

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 35

Abstract
utonomous route following with road vehicles has gained popularity in the last few decades. In order to provide highly automated driver assistance systems, different types and combinations of sensors have been presented in the literature. However, most of these approaches apply quite sophisticated and expensive sensors, and hence, the development of a cost-efficient solution still remains a challenging problem. This work proposes the use of a single monocular camera sensor for an automatic steering control, speed assistance for the driver and localization of the vehicle on a road. Herein, we assume that the vehicle is mainly traveling along a predefined path, such as in public transport. A computer vision approach is presented to detect a line painted on the road, which defines the path to follow. Visual markers with a special design painted on the road provide information to localize the vehicle and to assist in its speed control. Furthermore, a vision-based control system, which keeps the vehicle on the predefined path under inner-city speed constraints, is also presented. Real driving tests with a commercial car on a closed circuit finally prove the applicability of the derived approach. In these tests, the car reached a maximum speed of 48 km/h and successfully traveled a distance of 7 km without the intervention of a human driver and any interruption. The work reported in this paper is the product of several research stages at the Computer Vision Group Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in collaboration with INSIA-UPM and Siemens España S.A. This project is partially funded by the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI). The authors would like to thank the company SIEMENS España S.A. that has made possible the research described in this paper through several contracts and the people at LABIE (INSIA-UPM) for their support. Peer Reviewed Document type: Article
Abstract
utonomous route following with road vehicles has gained popularity in the last few decades. In order to provide highly automated driver assistance systems, different types [...]
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