Documents published in 2016 : Scipedia

Un sistema para la reconstrucción de superficies mediante técnicas de interpolación de datos dispersos
J. Sánchez, P. Sánchez, G. Flores

Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Computación Científica y sus Aplicaciones (2016). 8

Abstract
La interpolación de datos dispersos es de gran utilidad en la ciencia e ingeniería para el análisis y modelación de una gran cantidad de fenómenos físicos y experimentos que se presentan en estos campos. Por ello, se ha desarrollado un sistema que resuelve este problema eligiendo entre varias técnicas como, distancia inversa, funciones de base radial, B-spline multinivel y kriging. En este escrito se describe a grandes rasgos el sistema y se mostrará su aplicación a la generación de mallas estructuradas en 3D.
Abstract
La interpolación de datos dispersos es de gran utilidad en la ciencia e ingeniería para el análisis y modelación de una gran cantidad de fenómenos [...]
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Modulación no-ortogonal mediante los modelos Legendre-Fourier y Taylor-Fourier
V. Rocha, J. Serna

Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Computación Científica y sus Aplicaciones (2016). 7

Abstract
Las bases de expansion ortogonales son ampliamente utilizadas tanto en los algoritmos de procesamiento digital de señales (DSP) como en el MOdulador-DEModulador (MODEM) de los sistemas de comunicaciones digitales. En el presente trabajo se explora desempeño de un par de esquemas de modulación no-ortogonal Legendre-Fourier (LF) y Taylor Fourier (TF) y se evalúa su razón de error binaria (BER) en un canal de ruido blanco aditivo gausiano (AWGN).
Abstract
Las bases de expansion ortogonales son ampliamente utilizadas tanto en los algoritmos de procesamiento digital de señales (DSP) como en el MOdulador-DEModulador (MODEM) [...]
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Modelado de islas de calor urbanas usando diferencias finitas generalizadas en mallas estructuradas
G. Yépez, F. Mota, M. Zavala, D. Quinteros, G. Guerrero

Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Computación Científica y sus Aplicaciones (2016). 6

Abstract
En este trabajo planteamos un esquema en diferencias finitas generalizadas en mallas estructuradas no rectangulares con dominios con secciones transversales planas, para calcular la solución numérica de la ecuación de difusión-advección en 2 dimensiones, el cual modela la concentración de contaminantes en capas horizontales adyacentes al nivel del suelo. Mostramos el desempeño del método con un breve estudio de la dispersión de contaminantes bajo el efecto de islas de calor urbanas en la ciudad de Morelia, asumiendo que los contaminantes son emitidos del suelo en zonas definidas a una tasa constante.
Abstract
En este trabajo planteamos un esquema en diferencias finitas generalizadas en mallas estructuradas no rectangulares con dominios con secciones transversales planas, para calcular [...]
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Lector Agrícola
J. Lara, M. Guerra, A. Clemente, L. Ponce, Y. García, J. Hernández

Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Computación Científica y sus Aplicaciones (2016). 5

Abstract
El Lector Agrícola es un prototipo que, utilizado en suelos agrícolas, toma muestras de temperatura y humedad para determinar la viabilidad de cultivo de maíz. El prototipo se desarrolló con la instrumentación de sensores integrados a un microcontrolador Arduino, éste obtiene datos que son almacenados en un sistema gestor de base de datos para, posteriormente, ser procesados e interpretados por un sistema de informacóon.
Abstract
El Lector Agrícola es un prototipo que, utilizado en suelos agrícolas, toma muestras de temperatura y humedad para determinar la viabilidad de cultivo de maíz. [...]
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Esquema local de precondicionamiento para resolver la ecuación de Poisson mediante funciones de base radial
J. García-López, J. Alavez-Ramírez, J. López-Estrada

Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Computación Científica y sus Aplicaciones (2016). 4

Abstract
En este trabajo se explora la construcción de un precondicionador basado en la aproximación de una función cardinal mediante una combinación lineal de funciones multicuádricas, con el objetivo de reducir el tiempo de cómputo y aminorar los efectos del mal condicionamiento en la solución numérica del sistema lineal asociado a la aproximación de la solución de la ecuación de Poisson mediante un esquema de colocación asimétrico. Se aproxima la función cardinal usando un esquema local, que permite aproximarla tomando en cuenta solo un pequeño subconjunto de nodos del dominio. Varios investigadores proponen reducir el error que ocurre en los nodos del dominio que se encuentran más distantes, mediante la introducción de un conjunto de nodos especiales. En este artículo también se propone una distribución de puntos en el cuadrado unitario, que permiten seleccionar el conjunto de nodos especiales destinados a complementar el esquema local. Finalmente, se hace una comparación entre el número de flops necesarios para calcular el procondicionador y para calcular la pseudoinversa de Moore Penrose.
Abstract
En este trabajo se explora la construcción de un precondicionador basado en la aproximación de una función cardinal mediante una combinación lineal [...]
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Modelo de clasificación acorde a parámetros de atención primaria de adultos mayores en el municipio de Saltillo, Coahuila.
J. Almanza, J. Valdés, R. Castañeda, M. Reyes, J. Díaz

Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Computación Científica y sus Aplicaciones (2016). 3

Abstract
La magnitud e importancia del crecimiento de la población de los adultos mayores a nivel mundial, ha obligado a los gobiernos a establecer políticas públicas idóneas para este sector de la población, como es el caso de políticas para el sistema de salud y la integración plena de las personas mayores como participantes activos en el desarrollo social. En este documento se presenta un modelo estadístico de clasificación que permite identificar las variables más significativas que presenta un adulto mayor en el caso de una urgencia médica. Con la identificación el modelo clasifica cuales son los principales síntomas, a partir del registro histórico de dichas variables. La información histórica de éstas fue obtenida a partir de los registros del FRAP de Patronato de Cuerpo de Bomberos en el período del 2013 al 2014 en la atención de urgencias de adultos mayores del municipio de Saltillo Coahuila, México. Adicionalmente se presenta las características del modelo y los fundamentos teóricos de éste, así como los resultados obtenidos con su aplicación al caso señalado.
Abstract
La magnitud e importancia del crecimiento de la población de los adultos mayores a nivel mundial, ha obligado a los gobiernos a establecer políticas públicas [...]
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Reconocimiento de Patrones en Imágenes Digitales a Color usando el Descriptor RFM
J. Verdugo-Olachea, S. Solorza-Calderón

Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Computación Científica y sus Aplicaciones (2016). 2

Abstract
En este trabajo se propone un sistema digital de reconocimiento de patrones para imágenes a color basado en firmas 1D invariantes a traslación, escala y rotación (RST). La invariancia a rotación se obtiene por medio de la transformada de Radon. Para la invariancia a escala se utiliza la transformada de Fourier-Mellin normalizada. La invariancia a traslación se consigue a través del espectro de amplitud de la transformada de Fourier de la imagen. Al trabajar en el espacio de color RGB la imagen se separa en tres imágenes monocromáticas, las cuales corresponden al canal rojo (R), verde (G) y azul (B). Al aplicar las transformadas integrales a cada una de las imágenes monocromáticas se generan tres imágenes, denominadas Radon-Fourier-Mellin (RFM) que son invariantes a traslación, escala y rotación, por lo que para una imagen a color se generan tres imágenes Radon-Fourier-Mellin. Para cada una de las imágenes Radon-Fourier-Mellin (señal 2D) se construye una firma 1D invariante a traslación, escala y rotación, de la cual se calcula su potencia. Como para la imagen se tienen tres firmas 1D (una para cada canal), entonces se tienen tres potencias. Las tres potencias son los atributos que se le asignan a la imagen a color para su clasificación y se utilizan para generar un espacio de clasificación 3D que tiene un nivel de confianza de al menos el 95.4 %. Para mostrar la eficiencia del sistema se emplea una base de datos de 18 imágenes de referencia a color que contienen mariposas, dicho conjunto fue seleccionado por la similitud que presentan en su morfología y gama de colores.
Abstract
En este trabajo se propone un sistema digital de reconocimiento de patrones para imágenes a color basado en firmas 1D invariantes a traslación, escala y rotación [...]
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Review of current study methods for VRU safety : Appendix 4 Systematic literature review: Naturalistic driving studies
T. Kidholm Osmann Madsen, C. Andersen, N. Kamaluddin, A. Várhelyi, H. Lahrmann

Collection of open reports in transport research (2016). 2

Abstract
With the aim of assessing the extent and nature of naturalistic studies involving vulnerable road users, a systematic literature review was carried out. The purpose of this review was to identify studies based on naturalistic data from VRUs (pedestrians, cyclists, moped riders and motorcyclists) to provide an overview of how data was collected and how data has been used. In the literature review, special attention is given to the use of naturalistic studies as a tool for road safety evaluations to gain knowledge on methodological issues for the design of a naturalistic study involving VRUs within the InDeV project. The review covered the following types of studies: Â Studies collecting naturalistic data from vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists, moped riders, motorcyclists). Â Studies collecting accidents or safety-critical situations via smartphones from vulnerable road users and motorized vehicles. Â Studies collecting falls that have not occurred on roads via smartphones. Four databases were used in the search for publications: ScienceDirect, Transport Research International Documentation (TRID), IEEE Xplore and PubMed. In addition to these four databases, six databases were screened to check if they contained references to publications not already included in the review. These databases were: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Springerlink, Taylor & Francis and Engineering Village. The findings revealed that naturalistic studies of vulnerable road users have mainly been carried out by collecting data from cyclists and pedestrians and to a smaller degree of motorcyclists. To collect data, most studies used the built-in sensors of smartphones, although equipped bicycles or motorcycles were used in some studies. Other types of portable equipment was used to a lesser degree, particularly for cycling studies. The naturalistic studies were carried out with various purposes: mode classification, travel surveys, measuring the distance and number of trips travelled and conducting traffic counts. Naturalistic data was also used for assessment of the safety based on accidents, safety-critical events or other safety-related aspect such as speed behaviour, head turning and obstacle detection. Only few studies detect incidents automatically based on indicators collected via special equipment such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, GPS receivers, switches, etc. for assessing the safety by identifying accidents or safety-critical events. Instead, they rely on self-reporting or manual review of video footage. Despite this, the review indicates that there is a large potential of detecting accidents from naturalistic data. A large number of studies focused on the detection of falls among elderly people. Using smartphone sensors, the movements of the participants were monitored continuously. Most studies used acceleration as indicator of falls. In some cases, the acceleration was supplemented by rotation measurements to indicate that a fall had occurred. Most studies of using kinematic triggers for detection of falls, accidents and safety-critical events were primarily used for demonstration of prototypes of detection algorithms. Few studies have been tested on real accidents or falls. Instead, simulated falls were used both in studies of vulnerable road users and for studies of falls among elderly people. Document type: Report
Abstract
With the aim of assessing the extent and nature of naturalistic studies involving vulnerable road users, a systematic literature review was carried out. The purpose of this [...]
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From Simulation Data to Test Cases for Fully Automated Driving and ADAS
C. Sippl, F. Bock, D. Wittmann, H. Altinger, R. German

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 71

Abstract
Part 3: Practical Applications International audience Within this paper we present a new concept on deriving test cases from simulation data and outline challenging tasks when testing and validating fully automated driving functions and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Open questions on topics like virtual simulation and identification of relevant situations for consistent testing of fully automated vehicles are given. Well known criticality metrics are assessed and discussed with regard to their potential to test fully automated vehicles and ADAS. Upon our knowledge most of them are not applicable to identify relevant traffic situations which are of importance for fully automated driving and ADAS. To overcome this limitation, we present a concept including filtering and rating of potentially relevant situations. Identified situations are described in a formal, abstract and human readable way. Finally, a situation catalogue is built up and linked to system requirements to derive test cases using a Domain Specific Language (DSL). Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Part 3: Practical Applications International audience Within this paper we present a new concept on deriving test cases from simulation data and outline challenging tasks [...]
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Cycling Futures
J. Bonham, M. Johnson

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 70

Abstract
Australasian researchers, practitioners, policy makers and community members are engaged in a global discussion on the role of cycling in addressing these concerns. Contributors to this book report on and extend this discussion as they explore the insights generated locally and internationally on the past, present and future of cycling. The focus of the first half of the book is largely on the current engagement with cycling, challenges faced by existing and would-be cyclists and the issues cycling might address. The second half of the book is concerned with strategies and processes of change. Contributors working from different ontological positions reflect on changing socio-spatial relations to enable the broadest possible participation in cycling.' Document type: Book
Abstract
Australasian researchers, practitioners, policy makers and community members are engaged in a global discussion on the role of cycling in addressing these concerns. Contributors [...]
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Market Integration and Poverty : Evidence from South Sudan
G. Varela, M. Calì, U. Pape, E. Rojas

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 69

Abstract
This paper examines the effects of market integration on household consumption using data on seven food and two energy markets across South Sudan. The analysis reveals that markets in South Sudan are highly segmented. Price differences for narrowly defined products, across cities exceed in some cases 100 percent. In addition, price volatility increased substantially following the imposition of the trade restrictions with Sudan. This increase tends to hurt disproportionately the poor, who cannot smooth purchasing decisions over time because of liquidity constraints. Transportation costs explain almost half of the variation in food prices across space, and improving the quality of roads has a large potential to reduce prices in the most expensive towns. On the basis of this price effect, the simulations suggest that bringing all road quality across states to that of primary roads can yield a reduction in poverty from the rate of 51.7 percent in 2009 to between 42.8 and 46.9 percent. These estimates have to be interpreted as conservative, as they do not take into account the second-order effects of road construction from increased trade that will result from better road connectivity. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper examines the effects of market integration on household consumption using data on seven food and two energy markets across South Sudan. The analysis reveals that [...]
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SOFC Auxiliary componentcharacterization
M. Henke, M. Tomberg

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 56

Abstract
Auxiliary components of the SOFC system (reformer, anode gas recirculation device) were investigated. In the hybrid system all devices will be operated with different biogases. The influence of biogas on the devices was investigated theoretically and experimentally. Document type: Book
Abstract
Auxiliary components of the SOFC system (reformer, anode gas recirculation device) were investigated. In the hybrid system all devices will be operated with [...]
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Augmented reality in the control tower a rendering pipeline for multiple head tracked head up displays
N. Masotti, F. De Crescenzio, S. Bagassi

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 68

Abstract
The purpose of the air traffic management system is to accomplish the safe and efficient flow of air traffic. However, the primary goals of safety and efficiency are to some extent conflicting. In fact, to deliver a greater level of safety, separation between aircrafts would have to be greater than it currently is, but this would negatively impact the efficiency. In an attempt to avoid the trade- off between these goals, the long-range vision for the Single European Sky in- cludes objectives for operating as safely and efficiently in Visual Meteorological Conditions as in Instrument Meteorological Conditions. In this respect, a wide set of virtual/augmented reality tools has been developed and effectively used in both civil and military aviation for piloting and training purposes (e.g., Head-Up Displays, Enhanced Vision Systems, Synthetic Vision Systems, Combined Vi- sion Systems, etc.). These concepts could be transferred to air traffic control with a relatively low effort and substantial benefits for controllers situation aware- ness. Therefore, this study focuses on the see-through, head-tracked, head-up dis- play that may help controllers dealing with zero/low visibility conditions and in- creased traffic density at the airport. However, there are several open issues as- sociated with the use of this technology. One is the difficulty of obtaining a con- stant overlap between the scene-linked symbols and the background view based on the users viewpoint, which is known as registration. Another one is the presence of multiple, arbitrary oriented Head-Up Displays (HUDs) in the control tower, which further complicates the generation of the Augmented Reality (AR) content. In this paper, we propose a modified rendering pipeline for a HUD sys- tem that can be made out of several, arbitrary oriented, head-tracked, AR dis- plays. Our algorithm is capable of generating a constant and coherent overplay between the AR layer and the outside view from the control tower. However a 3D model of the airport and the airports surroundings is needed, which must be populated with all the necessary AR overlays (both static and dynamic). We plan to use this concept as a basis for further research in the field of see-through HUDs for the control tower. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The purpose of the air traffic management system is to accomplish the safe and efficient flow of air traffic. However, the primary goals of safety and efficiency are to some [...]
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Matchmaking in nairobi the role of land use
P. Avner, S. Lall

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 67

Abstract
Well-functioning cities reduce the economic distance between people and economic opportunities. Cities thrive because they enable matchmaking -- among people, among firms, and between people and job opportunities. This paper examines employment accessibility in Nairobi, Kenya and evaluates whether modification of land use patterns can contribute to increases in aggregate accessibility. The assessment is based on simulation of counterfactual scenarios of the location of jobs and households throughout the city without new investments in housing or transport infrastructure. The analysis finds that modifications to the spatial layout of Nairobi that encourage land use clustering can increase the share of overall opportunities that can be accessed within a given time-frame. When commuters travel by foot or using the minibus network, the share of accessible economic opportunities within an hour doubles from 11 to 21 percent and from 20 to 42 percent respectively. The analysis also finds that spatial layouts that maximize the number of households that have access to a minimum share of jobs, through a more even jobs-housing balance, come at the expense of average accessibility. This result is interpreted as a trade-off between inclusive and efficient labor markets. Document type: Book
Abstract
Well-functioning cities reduce the economic distance between people and economic opportunities. Cities thrive because they enable matchmaking -- among people, among firms, [...]
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P. Christensen, L. Kørnøv, E. Nielsen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 65

Abstract
Despite being a basic tool for decision-making about the implementation and operation of enterprises with potential negative impacts on the environment, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) still facechallenges to its consolidation as an effective tool for achieving sustainable development. This study seeks to evaluate the EIAs available in the digital platforms of both federal and state agencies, with afocus on their development (based on regulatory laws), as well as to understand the perspectives of the professionals involved in the drafting and assessment of EIAs. A total of 151 EIA were analyzed and 27 questionnaires were applied to professional EIA drafters and evaluators. EIAs display as their main positive features a predominant authorship by multidisciplinary teams, while their main deficiency liesin their impact evaluations (including the valuation, significance and analysis of cumulative and synergistic impacts). Survey participants pointed out as potential improvement areas the phases of design, preparation, evaluation and implementation of EIAs. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Despite being a basic tool for decision-making about the implementation and operation of enterprises with potential negative impacts on the environment, Environmental Impact [...]
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Large Scale 4D Trajectory Planning
A. Islami, S. Chaimatanan, D. Delahaye

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 64

Abstract
International audience To sustain the continuously increasing air traffic demand, the future air traffic management system will rely on a so-called trajectory based operations concept that will increase air traffic capacity by reducing the controllers workload. This will be achieved by transferring tactical conflict detection and resolution tasks to the strategic planning phase. In this future air traffic management paradigm context, this paper presents a methodology to address such trajectory planning at nation-wide and continent scale. The pro-posed methodology aims at minimizing the global interaction between aircraft trajectories by allocating alternative departure times, alternative horizontal flight paths, and alternative flight levels to the trajectories involved in the interaction. To improve robustness of the strategic trajectory planning, un-certainty of aircraft position and aircraft arrival time to any given position on the trajectory are considered. This paper presents a mathematical formulation of this strategic trajectory planning problem leading to a mixed-integer optimization problem, whose objective function relies on the new concept of interaction between trajectories. A computationally efficient algorithm to compute interaction between trajectories for large-scale applications is presented and implemented. Resolution method based on hybrid-metaheuristic algorithm have been developed to solve the above large-scale optimization problems. Finally, the overall methodology is implemented and tested with real air traffic data taking into account uncertainty over the French and the European airspace, involving more than 30,000 trajectories. Conflict-free and robust 4D trajectory planning are produced within computational time acceptable for the operation context, which shows the viability of the approach. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience To sustain the continuously increasing air traffic demand, the future air traffic management system will rely on a so-called trajectory based operations [...]
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Jobs in the city explaining urban spatial structure in kampala
A. Goswami, S. Lall

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 61

Abstract
This paper examines the spatial organization of jobs in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, and applies the Lucas and Rossi-Hansberg (2002) model to explain the observed patterns in terms of the agglomeration forces and the commuting costs of workers. The paper suggests that: (i) Economic activities are concentrated in the downtown -- beyond which employment is spatially dispersed. (ii) Geographically weighted regressions identify five potential subcenters in 2011; however, none of these contribute significantly to employment. When explaining the variation in employment density across localities in Kampala, the research highlights that (i) density falls by 23.5 percent per kilometer increase in distance from the nearest potential subcenter; (ii) an increase in local production externalities of 10 percent increases density by 3.7 percent; and (iii) production externalities in Kampala's potential subcenters are extremely weak to have any significant impact even on nearby tracts. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper examines the spatial organization of jobs in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, and applies the Lucas and Rossi-Hansberg (2002) model to explain the observed [...]
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TVL Planarity Regularization for 3D Shape Approximation
E. Funk, L. Dooley, A. Börner

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2016, 60

Abstract
The modern emergence of automation in many industries has given impetus to extensive research into mobile robotics. Novel perception technologies now enable cars to drive autonomously, tractors to till a field automatically and underwater robots to construct pipelines. An essential requirement to facilitate both perception and autonomous navigation is the analysis of the 3D environment using sensors like laser scanners or stereo cameras. 3D sensors generate a very large number of 3D data points when sampling object shapes within an environment, but crucially do not provide any intrinsic information about the environment which the robots operate within. This work focuses on the fundamental task of 3D shape reconstruction and modelling from 3D point clouds. The novelty lies in the representation of surfaces by algebraic functions having limited support, which enables the extraction of smooth consistent implicit shapes from noisy samples with a heterogeneous density. The minimization of total variation of second differential degree makes it possible to enforce planar surfaces which often occur in man-made environments. Applying the new technique means that less accurate, low-cost 3D sensors can be employed without sacrificing the 3D shape reconstruction accuracy. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The modern emergence of automation in many industries has given impetus to extensive research into mobile robotics. Novel perception technologies now enable cars to drive [...]
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Disaster Risk Management and Fiscal Policy : Narratives, Tools, and Evidence Associated with Assessing Fiscal Risk and Building Resilience
R. Mechler, J. Mochizuki, S. Hochrainer-Stigler

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 59

Abstract
This paper addresses the question whether and how co-benefits, through disaster resilience building, can be further promoted. Co-benefits are defined as positive externalities that arise deliberately as a result of a joint strategy that pursues several objectives synergistically at the same time, such as disaster risk management and development goals, or disaster risk management and climate change adaptation. Of particular interest is the question of how the economic and broader benefits of disaster risk management can be recognized and realized by those in charge of fiscal policy decisions. The paper considers the interplay between public disaster risk management investment and fiscal policy, and provides an overview of the current debate as well as assessment methods, tools, and policy options. In fiscal budgeting, it has been standard practice to focus on direct liabilities and recurrent spending. Costs of disasters are often dealt with after the fact only, rather than being considered as contingent liabilities. As a consequence, the full costs of disasters have often not been budgeted for, and, with a price signal missing, there is lack of clear incentives for investing in disaster risk management. Overall, the paper identifies four steps and three dividends to be harnessed: (i) understanding fiscal risk; (ii) protecting public finance through risk financing instruments, the first dividend; (iii) managing disaster risk comprehensively, the second dividend; and (iv) pursuing a synergistic, co-benefits strategy of concurrently managing disaster risks and promoting development, the third dividend. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper addresses the question whether and how co-benefits, through disaster resilience building, can be further promoted. Co-benefits are defined as positive externalities [...]
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Semos a middleware for providing secure and mobility aware sessions over a p2p overlay network
D. Magoni

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 57

Abstract
International audience; Mobility and security are major features for both current and future network infrastructures. Nevertheless, the integration of mobility in traditional virtual private networks is difficult due to the costs of re-establishing broken secure tunnels and restarting broken connections. Besides session recovery costs, renegotiation steps also present inherent vulnerabilities. In order to address these issues, we propose a new distributed mobile VPN system called SEcured MObile Session (SEMOS). Based upon our CLOAK peer-to-peer overlay architecture, SEMOS provides security services to the application layer connections of mobile users. Secure and resilient sessions allow user connections to survive network failures as opposed to regular transport layer secured connections used by traditional VPN protocols. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience; Mobility and security are major features for both current and future network infrastructures. Nevertheless, the integration of mobility in traditional [...]
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Intelligent Vehicles
A. Broggi, A. Zelinsky, U. Ozguner, C. Laugier

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 56

Abstract
International audience; This chapter describes the emerging robotics application field of intelligent vehicles motor vehicles that have autonomous functions and capabilities. The chapter is organized as follows:- Section 62.1 provides a motivation for why the development of intelligent vehicles is important, a brief history of the field, and the potential benefits of the technology.- Section 62.2 describes the technologies that enable intelligent vehicles to sense vehicle, environment, and driver state, work with digital maps and satellite navigation, and communicate with intelligent transportation infrastructure.- Section 62.3 describes the challenges and solutions associated with road scene understanding a key capability for all intelligent vehicles.- Section 62.4 describes advanced driver assistance systems, which use the robotics and sensing technologies described earlier to create new safety and convenience systems for motor vehicles, such as collision avoidance, lane keeping, and parking assistance.- Section 62.5 describes driver monitoring technologies that are being developed to mitigate driver fatigue, inattention, and impairment.- Section 62.6 describes fully autonomous intelligent vehicles systems that have been developed and deployed.- Sections 62.7 and 62.8 conclude the chapter with a discussion of future prospects, and provide references to further reading and additional resources. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience; This chapter describes the emerging robotics application field of intelligent vehicles motor vehicles that have autonomous functions and capabilities. [...]
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The Morphology of African Cities
S. Antos, S. Lall, N. Lozano-Gracia

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 55

Abstract
This paper illustrates how the capabilities of GIS and satellite imagery can be harnessed to explore and better understand the urban form of several large African cities (Addis Ababa, Nairobi, Kigali, Dar es Salaam, and Dakar). To allow for comparability across very diverse cities, this work looks at the above mentioned cities through the lens of several spatial indicators and relies heavily on data derived from satellite imagery. First, it focuses on understanding the distribution of population across the city, and more specifically how the variations in population density could be linked to transportation. Second, it takes a closer look at the land cover in each city using a semi-automated texture based land cover classification that identifies neighborhoods that appear more regular or irregularly planned. Lastly, for the higher resolution images, this work studies the changes in the land cover classes as one moves from the city core to the periphery. This work also explored the classification of slightly coarser resolution imagery which allowed analysis of a broader number of cities, sixteen, provided the lower cost. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper illustrates how the capabilities of GIS and satellite imagery can be harnessed to explore and better understand the urban form of several large African cities (Addis [...]
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Russian federation how services contribute to competitiveness
S. Saez, E. van der Marel

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 54

Abstract
Globalization is creating many new trade and growth opportunities, with services trade increasingly becoming an issue for export-oriented economies. Services are important to country trade strategies, because they represent activities in which countries may have a comparative advantage, and they are drivers of competitiveness for the whole economy. This paper uses data from the World Development Indicators, two new databases (the Export in Value-Added database from the Global Trade Analysis Project, and Trade in Services data), and firm-level data. The paper employs a wide range of indicators to analyze the trade competitiveness of the services sector in the Russian Federation. Since service exports are less than would be expected considering Russia's level of development, the study finds that the contribution of services to export diversification could be heightened significantly. The scale of Russian business services exports is relatively low, although exports of traditional services, like transport and travel, are performing well. Despite the relatively minor importance of exports of modern services, the category of other business services has in recent years been growing fast, and business services have strengthened their revealed comparative advantages. Yet Russia still has much potential for expanding trade in modern services. There is also potential to diversify services exports to other markets, such as France, Germany, Japan, and elsewhere in Asia, which today seems underexploited. Finally, although exports of direct services are low, services such as transport, distribution, finance, and other business services are making major contributions to other exports, in particular energy. Document type: Book
Abstract
Globalization is creating many new trade and growth opportunities, with services trade increasingly becoming an issue for export-oriented economies. Services are important [...]
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The changing context for planning education in the uk and the prospects for research led practice engaged teaching
G. Ellis, B. Murtagh, L. Copeland

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 53

Abstract
The UKs Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) has celebrated its centenary in 2014, marking 100 years of close relationships between university-based planning schools and a professional body focused on planning practice. During this period, the context for university education and the very idea of planning have changed dramatically contributing to a continual renegotiation of the relationships between the planning profession and the educational institutions it accredits. These changes have been particularly pronounced in the last 10 years where a number of factors have forced a rapid change in the nature of planjavascript:void(0);ning education in the UK. This has included a boom and then slump in the number of planning students linked to the dynamics of national economic situation, a reorganization of many planning school curricula, and their merger with cognate disciplines such as geography and an increased focus on research output, rather than professional engagement as the key indicator of institutional success. This last factor adds a particularly new dimension to the profession-university relationship, which could potentially lead to either straining of tensions or a synergy through research-led teaching that could significantly benefit both. This chapter will briefly review the evolution of UK planning schools and of the main ideas informing planning education. It will then describe the current profile of UK planning schools, based on an extensive national survey conducted on behalf of the Royal Town Planning Institute. The paper will then critically review the main challenges and opportunities facing UK planning schools in the context of changes in both planning practice and higher education. It will then move on to the concept of research-led teaching, drawing on current practice in the UK and review how well this concept serves students and the idea of developing reflective planning practitioners. Finally, the paper will seek to draw broad lessons from the experience of the UK and reflect on the type of planning education that can best serve planning professions in a variety of international contexts in the future. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The UKs Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) has celebrated its centenary in 2014, marking 100 years of close relationships between university-based planning schools and [...]
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The Bicycle and the Arctic Resilient and Sustainable Transport in Times of Climate Change
A. Meitz, K. Ringhofer

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 46

Abstract
In Alaska, alternative transport modes to cars and other motorized, petrol powered vehicles are gaining in importance due to increasing urbanization and as adaptive responses to risks of infrastructural damage to transportation networks in facing the climate change. Bicycling functions as a transportation practice in response to increasing infrastructure disruptions, offering a strategy towards sustainable and resilient means of transportation in the times of global climate change and its associated challenges. Changing weather conditions and demographic changes lead to the necessity to establish more adapted infrastructures. The use of the bicycle hereby offers a suitable mode of transport in Arctic and Subarctic areas. New technologies such as fat bikes make bicycling throughout the winter season possible. The combination of the theoretical concepts of sustainability and resilience bears the potential to foster concrete solutions and action strategies for policy makers with respect to infrastructural challenges in the Arctic. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In Alaska, alternative transport modes to cars and other motorized, petrol powered vehicles are gaining in importance due to increasing urbanization and as adaptive responses [...]
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Lifting Economic Sanctions on Iran: Global Effects and Strategic Responses
E. Ianchovichina, S. Devarajan, C. Lakatos

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 51

Abstract
This paper uses a global general equilibrium simulation model to quantify the effects of lifting economic sanctions on Iran with and without strategic responses. Iran benefits the most, with average per capita welfare gains ranging from close to 3 percent, in the case when Iran's crude oil exports to the European Union recover to half their pre-embargo level, to 6.5 percent, in the best case of complete recovery of oil exports to the European Union, successful domestic reforms that enable a strong supply response, and increased market access for Iranian exports in developed markets. Iran could achieve benefits close to the upper range if Gulf Cooperation Council oil exporters limit their crude oil exports to support the oil price. If they do nothing, however, the price of oil will decline by 13 percent in the case of complete recovery of oil exports to the European Union, leaving net oil importers better off and net oil exporters worse off. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper uses a global general equilibrium simulation model to quantify the effects of lifting economic sanctions on Iran with and without strategic responses. Iran benefits [...]
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Agile testing on an online betting application
N. Gouveia

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 49

Abstract
Agile development with continuous integration and constant releases is only sustainable followed by a rock solid quality process. At blip/betfair we work very hard to build and continuously improve our quality process to provide at the same time a unique reliability experience to our customers and new features fast. Three major components of this process are: Mind maps to help us learn more about our product and represent our knowledge about it in a structure way, Exploratory Testing that must be free and creative and happen as soon as possible in the process to allow fast feedback cycles and CI pipelines with high levels of automation testing to avoid regression. Agile development with continuous integration and constant releases is only possible with a rock solid quality process. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Agile development with continuous integration and constant releases is only sustainable followed by a rock solid quality process. At blip/betfair we work very hard to build [...]
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International Air Transport Association (IATA)
B. Turner

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 48

Abstract
Founded in 1945 for inter-airline co-operation in promoting safe, reliable, secure and economical air services, IATA has approximately 250 members from 115 nations worldwide. IATA is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague in 1919, the year of the worlds first international scheduled services. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Founded in 1945 for inter-airline co-operation in promoting safe, reliable, secure and economical air services, IATA has approximately 250 members from 115 nations worldwide. [...]
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The Bhutan Electric Vehicle Initiative : Scenarios, Implications, and Economic Impact
D. Zhu, D. Patella, R. Steinmetz, P. Peamsilpakulchorn

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 47

Abstract
This report aims to help Bhutan think through various technical and policy issues of introducing electric vehicles in its own context. It analyses a variety of factors that will impact adoption of electric vehicles from technical, market and financial feasibility to consumer awareness and stakeholders capacity. It also addresses several policy questions which are at the heart of public debate such as affordability of the government to undertake the program, economic costs and benefits, distributional impact, fiscal, and macroeconomic implications. Document type: Book
Abstract
This report aims to help Bhutan think through various technical and policy issues of introducing electric vehicles in its own context. It analyses a variety of factors that [...]
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The Role of Regulation on Entry : Evidence from the Italian Provinces
F. Bripi

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 46

Abstract
This paper studies the effects of differences in local administrative burdens in Italy in the years 20052007 preceding a major reform that sped up firm registration procedures. Combining regulatory data from a survey on Italian provinces before the reform (costs and time to start a business) with industry-level entry rates of limited liability firms, it explores the effects of regulatory barriers on the average of the annual entry rates across industries with different natural propensities to enter the market. The estimates of the cross-sectional analysis show that lengthier and, to some extent, more costly procedures reduced entry in sectors with naturally high entry. A one-day delay in registration procedures reduces the entry rate in highly dynamic sectors by more than 1 percent. These results hold when I include measures of local financial development and of efficiency of bankruptcy procedures are included. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper studies the effects of differences in local administrative burdens in Italy in the years 20052007 preceding a major reform that sped up firm registration procedures. [...]
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Augmented Reality for the Control Tower: The RETINA Concept
N. Masotti, S. Bagassi, F. de Crescenzio

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 44

Abstract
The SESAR (Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research) Joint Undertaking has recently granted the Resilient Synthetic Vision for Ad- vanced Control Tower Air Navigation Service Provision project within the framework of the H2020 research on High Performing Airport Operations. Here- after, we describe the project motivations, the objectives, the proposed method- ology and the expected impacts, i.e. the consequences of using virtual/augmented reality technologies in the control tower. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The SESAR (Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research) Joint Undertaking has recently granted the Resilient Synthetic Vision for Ad- vanced Control Tower Air Navigation [...]
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The Impact of Convergence Cameras in a Stereoscopic System for AUVs
J. Aguiar, A. Pinto, N. Cruz, A. Matos

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 43

Abstract
Underwater imaging is being increasingly helpful for the autonomous robots to reconstruct and map the marine environments which is fundamental for searching for pipelines or wreckages in depth waters. In this context, the accuracy of the information obtained from the environment is of extremely importance. This work presents a study about the accuracy of a reconfigurable stereo vision system while determining a dense disparity estimation for underwater imaging. The idea is to explore the advantage of this kind of system for underwater autonomous vehicles (AUV) since varying parameters like the baseline and the pose of the cameras make possible to extract accurate 3D information at different distances between the AUV and the scene. Therefore, the impact of these parameters is analyzed using a metric error of the point cloud acquired by a stereoscopic system. Furthermore, results obtained directly from an underwater environment proved that a reconfigurable stereo system can have some advantages for autonomous vehicles since, in some trials, the error was reduced by 0.05 m for distances between 1.125 and 2.675 m. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Underwater imaging is being increasingly helpful for the autonomous robots to reconstruct and map the marine environments which is fundamental for searching for pipelines [...]
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Global ATM Security Management - D6.10 - SACom Prototype Verification Report
M. Finke

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 38

Abstract
Document type: Book
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Comparing Signal Setting Design Methods Through Emission and Fuel Consumption Performance Indicators
S. De Luca, R. Di Pace, S. Memoli, L. Pariota

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 41

Abstract
In order to address the Signal Setting Design at urban level two main approaches may be pursued: the coordination and the synchronisation approaches depending on the steps considered for the optimisation of decision variables (two steps vs. one step). Furthermore, in terms of objective functions mono-criterion or multi-criteria may be adopted. In this paper the coordination approach is implemented considering the multi-criteria optimisation at single junctions and mono-criterion optimisation at network level whereas the synchronisation is implemented considering the mono-criterion optimisation. The main purpose of the paper is the evaluation of the performances of two strategies not only considering indicators such as the total delay, the queue length etc. but also considering other indicators such as the emissions and the fuel consumption. The methodological framework is composed by three stages: (i) the decision variables (green timings and offsets) computation through optimisation methods; (ii) the implementation of optimal signal settings in a microscopic traffic flow simulator (Simulation of Urban MObility-SUMO); (iii) the estimation of emissions and fuel consumption indicators. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In order to address the Signal Setting Design at urban level two main approaches may be pursued: the coordination and the synchronisation approaches depending on the steps [...]
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An integrated framework for business continuity management of critical infrastructures
J. Xing, E. Zio

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 40

Abstract
International audience Business continuity of critical infrastructures (CIs) is exposed to various hazards including random failures, malicious threats, natural disasters and human errors, which could generate accidents with serious consequences (fatality, injury, environmental damage, business interruption and company reputation loss). We conceptualize the business continuity management (BCM) process as the integration of four active stages: prevention, mitigation, emergency and recovery. Integrated assessment and management is needed on all stages. On the contrary, the current approaches of BCM have not considered all phases in an integrated man-ner. We propose a new framework, which stands on an extension of the Bow-Tie model, to efficiently and effectively prevent and mitigate the potential consequences of an accident by properly designing and strengthening safety barriers for preventing and mitigating accidents, and making safety decisions for emer-gency and recovery. The proposed framework allows considering safety barriers and decisions in an integrated way. For operationalization, we explore the use of two complementary quantitative methods, Bayesian Network (BN) and Constraint Goal Method. BN takes the negative viewpoint of failure to determine the causes which lead to the final damage. CGM employs the positive perspective of the goal achievement process. An oil pipeline system is considered to show the application of the proposed approaches. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience Business continuity of critical infrastructures (CIs) is exposed to various hazards including random failures, malicious threats, natural disasters [...]
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Thermal Infrared Imaging Experiments of C-Type Asteroid 162173 Ryugu on Hayabusa2
T. Okada, T. Fukuhara, S. Tanaka, M. Taguchi, T. Imamura, T. Arai, H. Senshu, Y. Ogawa, H. Demura, K. Kitazato, R. Nakamura, T. Kouyama, T. Sekiguchi, S. Hasegawa, T. Matsunaga, T. Wada, J. Takita, N. Sakatani, Y. Horikawa, K. Endo, J. Helbert, T. Müller, A. Hagermann

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 39

Abstract
The thermal infrared imager TIR onboard Hayabusa2 has been developed to investigate thermo-physical properties of C-type, near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu. TIR is one of the remote science instruments on Hayabusa2 designed to understand the nature of a volatile-rich solar system small body, but it also has significant mission objectives to provide information on surface physical properties and conditions for sampling site selection as well as the assessment of safe landing operations. TIR is based on a two-dimensional uncooled micro-bolometer array inherited from the Longwave Infrared Camera LIR on Akatsuki (Fukuhara et al., 2011). TIR takes images of thermal infrared emission in 8 to 12 ?m with a field of view of \$16 \\times 12^{\\circ}\$ and a spatial resolution of \$0.05^{\\circ}\$ per pixel. TIR covers the temperature range from 150 to 460 K, including the well calibrated range from 230 to 420 K. Temperature accuracy is within 2 K or better for summed images, and the relative accuracy or noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) at each of pixels is 0.4 K or lower for the well-calibrated temperature range. TIR takes a couple of images with shutter open and closed, the corresponding dark frame, and provides a true thermal image by dark frame subtraction. Data processing involves summation of multiple images, image processing including the StarPixel compression (Hihara et al., 2014), and transfer to the data recorder in the spacecraft digital electronics (DE). We report the scientific and mission objectives of TIR, the requirements and constraints for the instrument specifications, the designed instrumentation and the pre-flight and in-flight performances of TIR, as well as its observation plan during the Hayabusa2 mission. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The thermal infrared imager TIR onboard Hayabusa2 has been developed to investigate thermo-physical properties of C-type, near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu. TIR is one of the [...]
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Intergenerational Education Mobility in Africa : Has Progress Been Inclusive?
T. Azomahou, E. Yitbarek

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 38

Abstract
This paper employs nationally representative household survey data on parents of adult individuals to analyze the intergenerational transmission of education in nine Sub-Saharan African countries. The paper provides the levels, trends, and patterns of intergenerational persistence of educational attainment over 50 years, with a special focus on gender differences. The study finds a declining cohort trend in the intergenerational educational persistence in all the countries, particularly after the 1960s. The increase in educational mobility coincides with drastic changes in educational systems and a huge investment in human capital accumulation in the region following independence. Nevertheless, the education of parents' remains a strong determinant of educational outcomes among the children in all the countries. Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, and Uganda experienced the highest intergenerational mobility, and the Comoros and Madagascar the lowest. In all the sample countries, more mobility is observed in the lower tail of the distribution of education. Intergenerational educational persistence is strong from mothers to children, and the effect is more pronounced among daughters than sons. The results highlight the need for targeted redistributive policies that improve intergenerational mobility in the region. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper employs nationally representative household survey data on parents of adult individuals to analyze the intergenerational transmission of education in nine Sub-Saharan [...]
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Overeducation and overskill in the Italian labour market: the role of fields of study
V. Meliciani, D. Radicchia

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 37

Abstract
This paper investigates the role of skill heterogeneity in affecting differences in occupational mismatch across fields of study. By relying on measures of overeducation and overskill collected in the 2014 ISFOL survey, we test to which extent the two phenomena differ across fields of study and the role played by merit and non-cognitive skills. We find that having an excellent graduate curriculum significantly decreases over-education and over-skill, while non-cognitive skills do not matter. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper investigates the role of skill heterogeneity in affecting differences in occupational mismatch across fields of study. By relying on measures of overeducation and [...]
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Towards an agent based model of passenger transportation
B. Hajinasab, P. Davidsson, J. Persson, J. Holmgren

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 36

Abstract
An agent-based simulation model for supporting the decision making in urban transport planning is presented. The model can be used to investigate how different transport infrastructure investments and policy instruments will affect the travel choices of passengers. We identified four main categories of factors influencing the choice of travel: cost, time, convenience, and social norm. However, travelers value these factors differently depending on their individual characteristics, such as age, income, work flexibility and environmental engagement, as well as on external factors, such as the weather. Moreover, instead of modeling the transport system explicitly, online web services are used to generate travel options. The model can support transport planners by providing estimations of modal share, as well as economical and environmental consequences. As a first step towards validation of the model, we have conducted a simple case study of three scenarios where we analyze the effects of changes to the public transport fares on commuters' travel choices in the Malmo-Lund region in Sweden. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
An agent-based simulation model for supporting the decision making in urban transport planning is presented. The model can be used to investigate how different transport infrastructure [...]
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GoodsPooling: An Intelligent Approach for Urban Logistics
J. Ferreira, A. Martins, R. Pereira

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 32

Abstract
Models supported by ICT tools are developed to raise collaboration and share of resources in urban logistics process, in a kind of "Logistics-as-uber" concept, which allows implementing operations such as GoodsPooling con-cept, equivalent to carpooling concept: daily use of home/work trips to pick and deliver goods on the way. This solution can also be integrated with the use of Taxis or even persons in a public transportation in a sharing solution of persons and goods transportation. This project aims to develop a conceptual model based on already existing city mobility alternatives to reduce dedicated transportation of goods. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Models supported by ICT tools are developed to raise collaboration and share of resources in urban logistics process, in a kind of "Logistics-as-uber" concept, which allows [...]
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Agricultural Technology Choice and Transport
R. Ali, A. Barra, C. Berg, R. Damania, J. Nash, J. Russ

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 35

Abstract
This paper addresses an old and recurring theme in development economics: the slow adoption of new technologies by farmers in many developing countries. The paper explores a somewhat novel link to explain this puzzle -- the link between market access and the incentives to adopt a new technology when there are non-convexities. The paper develops a theoretical model to guide the empirical analysis, which uses spatially disaggregated agricultural production data from Spatial Production Allocation Model and Living Standards Measurement Study survey data for Nigeria. The model is used to estimate the impact of transport costs on crop production, the adoption of modern technologies, and the differential impact on returns of modern versus traditional farmers. To overcome the limitation of data availability on travel costs for much of Africa, road survey data are combined with geographic information road network data to generate the most thorough and accurate road network available. With these data and the Highway Development Management Model, minimum travel costs from each location to the market are computed. Consistent with the theory, analysis finds that transportation costs are critical in determining technology choices, with a greater responsiveness among farmers who adopt modern technologies, and at times a perverse (negative) response to lower transport costs among those who employ more traditional techniques. In sum, the paper presents compelling evidence that the constraints to the adoption of modern technologies and access to markets are interconnected, and so should be targeted jointly. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper addresses an old and recurring theme in development economics: the slow adoption of new technologies by farmers in many developing countries. The paper explores [...]
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Travel in britain in 2035 future scenarios and their implications for technology innovation
C. Rohr, L. Ecola, J. Zmud, F. Dunkerley, J. Black, E. Baker

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 33

Abstract
Document type: Book
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Haitian Cities
N. Lozano-Gracia, M. Lozano

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 31

Abstract
Today, more than half of Haitis population calls cities and towns their home, in a major shift from the 1950s when around 90 percent of Haitians lived in the countryside. Urbanization is usually paired with economic growth, increased productivity, and higher living standards, but in Haiti it has taken a different course. Potential benefits have been overshadowed by immense challenges, all of which require immediate action. To better understand the factors that constrain the sustainable and inclusive development of Haitian cities, this Urbanization Review organizes the challenges along three dimensions of urban development namely planning, connecting, and financing. Planning reviews the challenges in supporting resilient growth to create economically vibrant, environmentally sustainable, and livable cities. Connecting focuses on the obstacles of physically linking people to jobs and businesses to markets, while financing focuses on identifying the key capital, governance, and institutional constraints that are hurdles to successful planning and connecting. Document type: Book
Abstract
Today, more than half of Haitis population calls cities and towns their home, in a major shift from the 1950s when around 90 percent of Haitians lived in the countryside. [...]
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The Labor Content of Exports Database
M. Calì, J. Francois, C. Hollweg, M. Manchin, D. Oberdabernig, H. Rojas-Romagosa, S. Rubinova, P. Tomberger

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 32

Abstract
This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database allows the examination of the direct contribution of labor to exports as well as the indirect contribution via other sectors of the economy for skilled and unskilled labor. The analysis of the new data sets documents several new findings. First, the global share of labor value added in exports has been declining globally since 1995, but it has increased in low-income countries. Second, in line with the standard Hecksher-Ohlin trade model, the composition of labor directly contained in exports is skewed toward skilled labor in high-income countries relative to developing countries. However, that is not the case for the indirect labor content of exports. Third, manufacturing exports are a key source of labor demand in other sectors, especially in middle- and low-income countries. And the majority of the indirect demand for labor spurred by exports is in services sectors, whose workers are the largest beneficiaries of exporting activities globally. Fourth, differences in the labor value added in exports share across developing countries appears to be driven more by differences in the composition of exports rather than in sector labor intensities. Finally, average wages typically increase rapidly enough with the process of economic development to more than compensate the loss in jobs per unit of exports. The paper also includes the necessary information to build the Labor Content of Exports database from the original raw data, including stata do-files and matlab files, as well as descriptions of the variables in the data set. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent [...]
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Sympathy for the Details: Dense Trajectories and Hybrid Classification Architectures for Action Recognition
C. Souza, A. Gaidon, E. Vig, A. López

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 31

Abstract
Action recognition in videos is a challenging task due to the complexity of the spatio-temporal patterns to model and the difficulty to acquire and learn on large quantities of video data. Deep learning, although a breakthrough for image classification and showing promise for videos, has still not clearly superseded action recognition methods using hand-crafted features, even when training on massive datasets. In this paper, we introduce hybrid video classification architectures based on carefully designed unsupervised representations of hand-crafted spatio-temporal features classified by supervised deep networks. As we show in our experiments on five popular benchmarks for action recognition, our hybrid model combines the best of both worlds: it is data efficient (trained on 150 to 10000 short clips) and yet improves significantly on the state of the art, including recent deep models trained on millions of manually labelled images and videos. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Action recognition in videos is a challenging task due to the complexity of the spatio-temporal patterns to model and the difficulty to acquire and learn on large quantities [...]
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Leveraging the Potential of Argentine Cities: A Framework for Policy Action
E. Muzzini, B. Eraso Puig, S. Anapolsky, T. Lonnberg, V. Mora

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 30

Abstract
Argentinas path to economic prosperity is through efficient, sustainable and economically thriving cities. Not only are cities a spatial concentration of people, but also they generate agglomeration economies by concentrating ideas, talent, and knowledge. Argentina is one of the most urbanized countries in Latin America, with 90 percent of Argentine people currently living in cities. Argentinas cities are geographically and economically diverse, and its largest urban area Metropolitan Buenos Aires is one of Latin Americas urban giants. Argentine cities need to address three main challenges to leverage their economic potential. Argentinas current patterns of urban development are characterized by (a) high primacy and unbalanced regional development, (b) limited global economic footprint of urban economies, with employment concentrated in nontradable and resource intensive sectors, and (c) unplanned low-density urban expansion. Argentine cities thus face the challenges of moving toward a more balanced regional development, transitioning from local to global cities, and from urban sprawl to articulated densities to take full advantage of the benefits of agglomeration economies. To address these challenges, Argentina needs the leadership of the federal government; the coordinating power of provinces; and the capacity of empowered, financially sound municipalities. Argentine cities also need system-wide policy reforms in areas such as territorial planning, municipal finance, housing, urban transport, and local economic development. Leveraging the Potential of Argentine Cities: A Framework for Policy Action aims to deepen our empirical understanding of the interplay between urbanization and agglomeration economies in Argentina by asking the following: (a) What are the main trends and spatial patterns of Argentinas urbanization that underlie agglomeration economies?, (b) Are urban policies leveraging or undermining the benefits of agglomeration economies?, and (c) Are Argentine cities fully reaping the benefits of agglomeration economies to deliver improvements in prosperity and livability? By addressing such questions and exploring their implications for action, this study provides a conceptual framework, empirical data, and strategic directions for leveraging the potential of Argentine cities. Document type: Book
Abstract
Argentinas path to economic prosperity is through efficient, sustainable and economically thriving cities. Not only are cities a spatial concentration of people, but also [...]
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Formation Control of Multi-Agent Systems with Location Uncertainty
M. Fröhle, H. Wymeersch, T. Charalambous, S. Zhang, D. Dammann, A. Armin

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 27

Abstract
In this chapter the impact of realistic communication channels and uncertain location information on formation control of multi-agent systems aiming to achieve a common task is highlighted. First, the work is motivated by elucidating the need to incorporate realistic communication models as well as the need to model the agents location uncertainty. Second, it is discussed how control can be utilised to reduce the agents positioning error in cooperative systems to achieve a higher level goal, such as steering a group of agents towards a destination. Third, the impact of location uncertainty on channel gain prediction is addressed for formation control. Finally, conclusions and an outlook on future directions for controlled multi-agent systems are provided. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In this chapter the impact of realistic communication channels and uncertain location information on formation control of multi-agent systems aiming to achieve a common task [...]
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Satellite Navigation Systems
W. Geri, B. Shebshaevich, M. Zanzi

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 29

Abstract
This chapter describes the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) used for positioning and navigation applications. Although a satellite navigation system is very complex, it is common to speak of a satellite navigation system sensor when referring to the tools that an end user needs in order to exploit the functionalities of a satellite navigation system, and this chapter will give a general survey of this topic. Firstly, the positioning problem within the framework of a positioning satellite system will be described. Then, general GNSS descriptions and prospects will be presented, outlining the main features of the American GPS GNSS gold standard; the Russian GLONASS (revived and modernized a few years ago); the European Galileo and the Chinese Bei Dou (formerly called Compass), both successfully developing; along with the Japanese QZSS and the Indian IRNSS regional navigation satellite systems. Following these will be sections that include sources of errors and receiver structures common to all GNSS. Modernization and augmentation (GBAS and SBAS) of satellite systems are treated in a specific paragraph. Finally, some brief outlines of the aerospace applications of satellite systems will conclude the chapter. Major attention has been paid to the principles of satellite positioning, to descriptions of the measurements that can be obtained from satellite signals, the way they are processed, the effects that affect the measurements and how they propagate. These choices were motivated by the fact that their principles are common to all the GNSS and can provide the reader with the tools to approach the following subject matter. Many references are also given in the bibliography for the study of particular topics in depth, but the most recent novelties are quickly outlined because the relevant research is still ongoing and new applications are emerging. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This chapter describes the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) used for positioning and navigation applications. Although a satellite navigation system is very complex, [...]
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On the evaluation of plug-in electric vehicle data of a campus charging network
I. Bayram, V. Zamani, R. Hanna, J. Kleissl, I. IEEE

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 28

Abstract
The mass adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires the deployment of public charging stations. Such facilities are expected to employ distributed generation and storage units to reduce the stress on the grid and boost sustainable transportation. While prior work has made considerable progress in deriving insights for understanding the adverse impacts of PEV chargings and how to alleviate them, a critical issue that affects the accuracy is the lack of real world PEV data. As the dynamics and pertinent design of such charging stations heavily depend on actual customer demand profile, in this paper we present and evaluate the data obtained from a $17$ node charging network equipped with Level $2$ chargers at a major North American University campus. The data is recorded for $166$ weeks starting from late $2011$. The result indicates that the majority of the customers use charging lots to extend their driving ranges. Also, the demand profile shows that there is a tremendous opportunity to employ solar generation to fuel the vehicles as there is a correlation between the peak customer demand and solar irradiation. Also, we provided a more detailed data analysis and show how to use this information in designing future sustainable charging facilities. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The mass adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires the deployment of public charging stations. Such facilities are expected to employ distributed generation and [...]
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Air transport in Africa : A portrait of capacity and competition in various market segments
H. Bofinger

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 26

Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa's air transport, though low in overall volume when compared to other regions in the world, has experienced significant growth in the last decade, both in international and domestic traffic. The sector, in part because of its relatively small size, still faces the challenges of high concentration in services and lack of competition, with only a few dominant airlines providing international services within the continent. In addition, Africa faces challenges in safety oversight, as well as having many smaller non-viable state-owned carriers. Document type: Book
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa's air transport, though low in overall volume when compared to other regions in the world, has experienced significant growth in the last decade, both in [...]
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Supporting export competitiveness through port and rail network reforms a case study of south africa
D. Pieterse, T. Farole, M. Odendaal, A. Steenkamp

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 26

Abstract
Transport and logistics infrastructure is a critical determinant of the competitiveness of a country's producers and exporters. Well-functioning transport and logistics infrastructure relies not just on hardware, but critically on the operating environment that emerges from the interaction between private sector operators; national policies and regulatory regimes; and, in many countries, state-owned owners and operators of core infrastructure. This paper looks at the case of South Africa, where constraints in access, pricing, reliability, and network interfaces, particularly in the port and rail network, are eroding the competitiveness of South African exporters. The paper draws on interviews with a wide range of exporters along with secondary research to examine South Africa's port and rail network, and explores the underlying factors contributing to these constraints, including chronic underinvestment, an inadequate regulatory environment, insufficient private sector participation, and weak regional integration. The paper concludes with a review of the reforms needed to deliver a more broadly accessible and competitive rail and port sector based on international case examples. It highlights the need for institutional reforms to promote competitive pricing; private sector participation to increase investment and improve service delivery; information and coordination to address market failures and improve access; and cooperation to improve intermodal, interregional, and institutional interfaces. Document type: Book
Abstract
Transport and logistics infrastructure is a critical determinant of the competitiveness of a country's producers and exporters. Well-functioning transport and logistics infrastructure [...]
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Estimation of the optimum speed to minimize the driver stress based on the previous behavior
M. Muñoz-Organero

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 25

Abstract
Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Ambient Intelligence (ISAmI 2016), Seville, Spain on June 1st3rd Stress is one of the most important factors in car accidents. When the driver is in this mental state, their skills and abilities are reduced. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to predict stress level on a road. Prediction model is based on deep learning. The stress level estimation considers the previous driver's driving behavior before reaching the road section, the road state (weather and traffic), and the previous driving made by the driver. We employ this algorithm to build a speed assistant. The solution provides an optimum average speed for each road stage that minimizes the stress. Validation experiment has been conducted using five different datasets with 100 samples. The proposal is able to predict the stress level given the average speed by 84.20% on average. The system reduces the heart rate (15.22%) and the aggressiveness of driving. The proposed solution is implemented on Android mobile devices and uses a heart rate chest strap. The research leading to these results has received funding from the HERMES-SMART DRIVER/CITIZEN projects TIN2013-46801-C4-2-R /1-R funded by the Spanish MINECO, from the grant PRX15/00036 from the Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Ambient Intelligence (ISAmI 2016), Seville, Spain on June 1st3rd Stress is one of the most important factors in car accidents. [...]
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The more stringent the better
J. Bonilla

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 24

Abstract
Document type: Book
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Out of school and out of work a diagnostic of ninis in latin america
R. de Hoyos, A. Popova, H. Rogers

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 23

Abstract
Using all the household survey data available in Latin America during the period 1992 to 2013, this paper estimates that in 2015, 20 million youth ages 15 to 24 years in the region were out of school and not working (making them ninis, for "ni estudian ni trabajan"). The share of out-ofschool, out-of-work youth in Latin America, at about 19 percent, is roughly equal to the global average of 22 percent. Although women make up over two-thirds of the ninis in the region, the number of male ninis grew by 46 percent between 1992 and 2010. As a result, the absolute number of ninis rose over the two-decade period, even as women's education and employment rates were improving. Global comparisons show that Latin America is the region of the world with the largest concentration of ninis among households in the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution. Coupled with the long-lasting harm it causes to the youth's future labor-market outcomes, the high incidence of ninis among the poorest households tends to lock in income disparities from one generation to the next, obstructing social mobility and poverty reduction in the region. Document type: Book
Abstract
Using all the household survey data available in Latin America during the period 1992 to 2013, this paper estimates that in 2015, 20 million youth ages 15 to 24 years in the [...]
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Vasco Morgado's Empire in Lisbon
G. Oliveira

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 23

Abstract
UID/EAT/00472/2013 This article aims to introduce the relationship between the mobility of music, symbolic power and urbanism in the context of an Entertainment Industry based on Commercial.Musical Theatre in Portugal. This relation will be shown through a Revista show entitled "Esta Lisboa que eu Amo", that premiered in September 24th, 1966 in the Monumental Theatre (Lisbon), promoted by Vasco Morgado's Company, the most prolific Impresario of theatre and music during the third quarters of the 20th Centurey. publishersversion published Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
UID/EAT/00472/2013 This article aims to introduce the relationship between the mobility of music, symbolic power and urbanism in the context of an Entertainment Industry based [...]
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Vision Pipelines and Optimizations
S. Krig

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 22

Abstract
This chapter explores some hypothetical computer vision pipeline designs to understand HW/SW design alternatives and optimizations. Instead of looking at isolated computer vision algorithms, this chapter ties together many concepts into complete vision pipelines. Vision pipelines are sketched out for a few example applications to illustrate the use of different methods. Example applications include object recognition using shape and color for automobiles, face detection and emotion detection using local features, image classification using global features, and augmented reality. The examples have been chosen to illustrate the use of different families of feature description metrics within the Vision Metrics Taxonomy presented in Chap. 5. Alternative optimizations at each stage of the vision pipeline are explored. For example, we consider which vision algorithms run better on a CPU versus a GPU, and discuss how data transfer time between compute units and memory affects performance. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This chapter explores some hypothetical computer vision pipeline designs to understand HW/SW design alternatives and optimizations. Instead of looking at isolated computer [...]
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The Atlas of Rural Marginalized Areas and of Local Human Development in Romania
E. Te?liuc, V. Grigora?, M. St?nculescu

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 21

Abstract
Romania aims to be a country in which all citizens are provided with an equal opportunity toparticipate in society, where their basic needs are met and their differences respected, and whereall people feel valued and can live in dignity.Our society is still far from this ideal. One in every five Romanian people is income poor. Most of the people living in relative poverty in Romania are in persistent poverty, meening that they have been in poverty for at least the last three years. Despite its relatively low unemployment rate, the country has a very high rate of poverty for in-work people, which is double the EU-27 rate (9 percent). As a response to this situation, the Government of Romania (GoR) has committed itself to lifting 580,000 people out of poverty by 20205 as part of the Europe 2020 Strategy.By 2020, Romania is committed to putting in place a set of policies and programs to (i) lift at least 580,000 people out of relative income poverty by 2020, compared to 2008; (ii) break the inter-generational cycle of poverty; (iii) prevent the recurrence of poverty and social exclusion; and (iv) ensure equal access to social assistance, cash transfers and services to strengthen social cohesion.the GoR asked for the World Banks support to develop detailed implementation plans for the 2015-2018 period in the form of nine Flagship Innitiatives that are expected to have the greatest impact in terms of reducing poverty and promoting social inclusion. This Atlas of Rural Marginalized Areas and Local Human Development in Romania represents the Flagship Initiative develop an instrument to identify poor villages and marginalized rural communities. Specifically the Banks technical assistance provided through this project has helped the GoR to develop: (i) a methodology for defining different types of rural marginalized areas based on a set of key criteria and indicators; (ii) detailed maps that present the spatial distribution of the rural marginalized communities by county; (iii) a methodology for defining degrees of local human development from low to comprehensive development, for rural and small urban settlements; and (iv) detailed county-level maps of local human development. In short, the Atlas helps to define which rural areas are marginalized, who lives in these areas (the profile of various disadvantaged groups), and where they are located in Romania. Document type: Book
Abstract
Romania aims to be a country in which all citizens are provided with an equal opportunity toparticipate in society, where their basic needs are met and their differences respected, [...]
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Decision Support System Design Requirements, Information Management, and Urban Logistics Efficiency
J. Parra Herrera, L. Palacios Argüello, J. Gonzalez-Feliu, W. Adarme Jaimes

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 20

Abstract
International audience; The task of feeding cities is a challenge that nowadays all governments face, which involves the coordination of multiple producers, distributors, logistics operators and traders of perishable foods. With the increasing population in cities, more food and better freight transport systems are required. This takes a particular importance in cities and urban zones, since the growing population needs to be fed, but freight transport is often seen as creating nuisances such as congestion or pollution, among others. In this context, several cities started to think on how improve the citys food supply system by combining proximity producers supply with advanced city logistics systems in order to decrease transport nuisances and improve the quality and sustainability of the food system.One of the possible actions is that of deploying proximity food hubs with a consequent urban food distribution system to supply the different urban zones of a city. However, this type of system is starting to be conceived and there is need of assessing the impacts of such alternative before thinking on its deployment possibilities. For this reason, this paper aims to propose a framework to assess different food delivery alternatives in the urban context focusing on a Food hub deployment and its impacts on urban development as a solution of urban consolidation center (UCC).The objective of this study is to enable municipalities to assess the consequences of food logistics flows centralization on an UCC-based food hub. Regarding the context of the research, the study focuses on a Food hub deployment to share the supplies for administrative restaurants of a city, following the sustainable food strategy of a French municipality. This municipality decided to show the example in terms of sustainable food supply and aims to increase the part of organic and local food for the administrative restaurants under its coordination. To do this, a specific food system needs to be conceived and assessed. To assess the suitability of such systems, it will be necessary to model both the demand and the logistics supply, to define the main indicators of sustainability and their estimation methods, then to construct the scenarios to assess and finally make the corresponding analyses. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience; The task of feeding cities is a challenge that nowadays all governments face, which involves the coordination of multiple producers, distributors, [...]
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Tramp Ship Routing and Scheduling with Voyage Separation Requirements
C. Vilhelmsen, R. Lusby, J. Larsen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 22

Abstract
In this paper we explore tramp ship routing and scheduling. Tramp ships operate much like taxies following the available demand. Tramp operators can determine some of their demand in advance by entering into long-term contracts and then try to maximise profits from optional voyages found in the spot market. Routing and scheduling a tramp fleet to best utilise fleet capacity according to current demand is therefore an ongoing and complicated problem. Here we add further complexity to the routing and scheduling problem by incorporating voyage separation requirements that enforce a minimum time spread between some voyages. The incorporation of these separation requirements helps balance the conflicting objectives of maximising profit for the tramp operator and minimising inventory costs for the charterer, since these"br/"costs increase if similar voyages are not performed with some separation in time. We have developed a new and exact branch-and-price procedure for this problem. We use a dynamic programming algorithm to generate columns and describe a time window branching scheme used to enforce the voyage separation requirements which we relax in the master problem. Computational results show that our algorithm in general finds optimal solutions very quickly and performs much faster compared to an earlier a priori path generation method. Finally, we compare our method to an earlier adaptive large neighbourhood search heuristic and find that on similar-sized instances our approach generally uses less time to find the optimal solution than the adaptive large neighbourhood search method uses to find a heuristic solution. Document type: Book
Abstract
In this paper we explore tramp ship routing and scheduling. Tramp ships operate much like taxies following the available demand. Tramp operators can determine some of their [...]
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An effective video processing pipeline for crowd pattern analysis
H. Yu, Z. Xu, J. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Fan

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 21

Abstract
With the purpose of automatic detection of crowd patterns including abrupt and abnormal changes, a novel approach for extracting motion textures from dynamic Spatio-Temporal Volume (STV) blocks formulated by live video streams has been proposed. This paper starts from introducing the common approach for STV construction and corresponding Spatio-Temporal Texture (STT) extraction techniques. Next the crowd motion information contained within the random STT slices are evaluated based on the information entropy theory to cull the static background and noises occupying most of the STV spaces. A preprocessing step using Gabor filtering for improving the STT sampling efficiency and motion fidelity has been devised and tested. The technique has been applied on benchmarking video databases for proof-of-concept and performance evaluation. Preliminary results have shown encouraging outcomes and promising potentials for its real-world crowd monitoring and control applications. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
With the purpose of automatic detection of crowd patterns including abrupt and abnormal changes, a novel approach for extracting motion textures from dynamic Spatio-Temporal [...]
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Rigorous Graphical Modelling of Movement in Collective Adaptive Systems
N. Zo?, S. Gilmore, J. Hillston

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 19

Abstract
Formal modelling provides valuable intellectual tools which can be applied to the problem of analysis and optimisation of systems. In this paper we present a novel software tool which provides a graphical approach to modelling of Collective Adaptive Systems (CAS) with constrained movement. The graphical description is translated into a model that can be analysed to understand the dynamic behaviour of the system. This generated model is expressed in CARMA, a modern feature-rich modelling language designed specifically for modelling CAS. We demonstrate the use of the software tool with an example scenario representing carpooling, in which travellers group together and share a car in order to reach a common destination. This can reduce their travel time and travel costs, whilst also ameliorating traffic congestion by reducing the number of vehicles on the road. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Formal modelling provides valuable intellectual tools which can be applied to the problem of analysis and optimisation of systems. In this paper we present a novel software [...]
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Identifying the economic potential of indian districts
M. Roberts

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 18

Abstract
Despite its rapid growth in recent decades, GDP per capita in India remains at a relatively low level by international standards, and the country continues to be marked by large subnational disparities in levels of well-being. These large disparities naturally lead to interest in Indias spatial landscape of potential for economic development. Against this backdrop, this paper presents the results of an analysis of underlying variations in economic potential across Indian districts, where economic potential is defined as the extent to which a district possesses factors that are important determinants of the ability to experience a high level of productivity. The analysis is based on a simple composite Economic Potential Index, which is constructed from variables for which robust evidence exists of their importance as determinants of local productivity. From the analysis, a picture emerges of a heterogeneous landscape of economic potential characterized by strong geographic clustering of districts. The paper also reveals particularly high levels of underperformance, relative to potential, for districts in Uttar Pradesh. Document type: Book
Abstract
Despite its rapid growth in recent decades, GDP per capita in India remains at a relatively low level by international standards, and the country continues to be marked by [...]
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Leveraging spatial abstraction in traffic analysis and forecasting with visual analytics
N. Andrienko, G. Andrienko, S. Rinzivillo

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 17

Abstract
A spatially abstracted transportation network is a graph where nodes are territory compartments (areas in geographic space) and edges, or links, are abstract constructs, each link representing all possible paths between two neighboring areas. By applying visual analytics techniques to vehicle traffic data from different territories, we discovered that the traffic intensity (a.k.a. traffic flow or traffic flux) and the mean velocity are interrelated in a spatially abstracted transportation network in the same way as at the level of street segments. Moreover, these relationships are consistent across different levels of spatial abstraction of a physical transportation network. Graphical representations of the flux-velocity interdependencies for abstracted links have the same shape as the fundamental diagram of traffic flow through a physical street segment, which is known in transportation science. This key finding substantiates our approach to traffic analysis, forecasting, and simulation leveraging spatial abstraction.\\ud \\ud We propose a framework in which visual analytics supports three high-level tasks, assess, forecast, and develop options, in application to vehicle traffic. These tasks can be carried out in a coherent workflow, where each next task uses the results of the previous one(s). At the 'assess' stage, vehicle trajectories are used to build a spatially abstracted transportation network and compute the traffic intensities and mean velocities on the abstracted links by time intervals. The interdependencies between the two characteristics of the links are extracted and represented by formal models, which enable the second step of the workflow, 'forecast', involving simulation of vehicle movements under various conditions. The previously derived models allow not only prediction of normal traffic flows conforming to the regular daily and weekly patterns but also simulation of traffic in extraordinary cases, such as road closures, major public events, or mass evacuation due to a disaster. Interactive visual tools support preparation of simulations and analysis of their results. When the simulation forecasts problematic situations, such as major congestions and delays, the analyst proceeds to the step 'develop options' for trying various actions aimed at situation improvement and investigating their consequences. Action execution can be imitated by interactively modifying the input of the simulation model. Specific techniques support comparisons between results of simulating different "what if" scenarios. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
A spatially abstracted transportation network is a graph where nodes are territory compartments (areas in geographic space) and edges, or links, are abstract constructs, each [...]
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Achieving energy savings by intelligent transportation systems investments in the context of smart cities
Y. Chen, A. Ardila-Gomez, G. Frame

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 16

Abstract
Faced with the challenge of providing adequate transport services with limited resources, cities have, for several decades, been investing in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). ITS utilize Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to make more efficient use of existing transport infrastructure with the aim of improving transport services and reducing congestion, accidents, and air pollution. In the past two decades, with the rapid advancement of ICT and intensive advocacy from big technology vendors, the concept of smart cities has gained great popularity and many cities have started to undertake a more holistic approach to improving urban services using technology in the name of smart city initiatives. Section two introduces these themes, which serve as the analytical framework to understand how smart mobility investments lead to energy savings. The comparison in the search for similarities among the case studies and interviews helped us develop a conceptual model, emphasizing cause and effect and presented in section three, of how ITS deployment and operation in the context of smart cities leads to energy saving benefits. This conceptual model is presented with detailed discussions of institutional, technological, and physical conditions at each step in the model. Section four focuses on energy savings with quantitative evidence of energy saving potential of ITS investments collected from literature and case studies. Section five links the results of this study to the Wuhan Integrated Transport Development Project and how the knowledge has been incorporated into project design. To further explore the energy efficiency potential of Wuhan and to mainstream ITS and smart transport solutions as a source of achieving energy efficiency using results of this study, a TRACE analysis was also completed as part of this research effort. This analysis focused on the passenger transport sector. Finally, policy recommendations on the major conditions under which ITS investments in the context of smart cities achieve energy savings are summarized in Section 6 with specific implications for cities in the developing countries. Document type: Book
Abstract
Faced with the challenge of providing adequate transport services with limited resources, cities have, for several decades, been investing in Intelligent Transportation Systems [...]
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Transit oriented development
A. McConville, B. Kober, C. Lane, J. Donham

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 15

Abstract
Although urban development around transit stations doesnt lead to a direct financial contribution for the Transit Agency (or other infrastructure or planning body) it is absolutely essential to the long term viability of the transit investment (SKMG 1996, p. 4). The transit accessible area around the stations is generally far larger than the Transit Companys real estate can reach. Many studies have been undertaken to define the influence zone of transit stations, i.e. the probability that at a certain distance from the station an employee or resident is ready to use transit as a transportation alternative for commuting or other travel purposes. Walking distance is the general qualification, that means five to fifteen minutes walking time, depending on the travel purpose, the travel alternatives and the system performance. It is obvious that the attraction is more important at stations of highly performing transit systems. Frequent Rapid Transit service has potentially more impact then Light Rail Service, especially when the Light Rail line is short and/or when the station is less frequented. Document type: Book
Abstract
Although urban development around transit stations doesnt lead to a direct financial contribution for the Transit Agency (or other infrastructure or planning body) it is [...]
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Model Predictive Current Control of a Slow Battery Charger for Electric Mobility Applications
D. Pedrosa, R. Gomes, V. Monteiro, J. Afonso, J. Afonso

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 14

Abstract
This paper presents a model predictive current control applied to a slow electric vehicle (EV) battery charger. Taking into account the similarities between the power converters inside the EV, it is possible to combine the battery charger and the motor driver in a single integrated converter, thus reducing the weight and volume of the proposed solution, and also contributing to reduce the final price of the EV. Due to the bidirectional power flow capability of the integrated power converter, when working as a slow EV battery charger it can operate in grid-to-vehicle (G2V) mode and in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode, contributing to make EVs an important assets in the future smart grids. The integrated power converter working as battery charger operates with sinusoidal current and unitary power factor, contributing to improve the power quality of the electrical grid. This paper provides simulation and experimental results that validate the model predictive control algorithm applied to the proposed integrated power converter working as slow EV battery charger. (undefined) info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This paper presents a model predictive current control applied to a slow electric vehicle (EV) battery charger. Taking into account the similarities between the power converters [...]
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Model predictive control of an on-board fast battery charger for electric mobility applications
D. Pedrosa, R. Gomes, V. Monteiro, J. Fernandes, J. Monteiro, J. Afonso

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 13

Abstract
Under the necessities of reducing emissions and air pollution, and also for increasing fuel economy, automotive companies have been developing electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Since these vehicles are parked when the batteries are being charged, it is possible to use the traction power converter as on-board charger, also allowing to reduce weight, volume and costs of components in the vehicle. In this context, this paper presents a model predictive control algorithm for an on-board fast battery charging that uses the traction power converter of an electric vehicle. Simulation results and system implementation are depicted, and finally, are presented some experimental results obtained with the proposed control system. (undefined) info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Under the necessities of reducing emissions and air pollution, and also for increasing fuel economy, automotive companies have been developing electric and plug-in hybrid [...]
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Mobility Management for Cellular Networks:From LTE Towards 5G
L. Gimenez

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 10

Abstract
Document type: Book
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The great recession and job loss spillovers impact of tradable employment shocks on supporting services
H. Nguyen, S. Rezaei

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 12

Abstract
This paper explores the spillover effects of job losses via input linkages during the Great Recession. Exploiting exogenous variation in tradable employment shocks across U.S. counties, the paper finds that job losses in the tradable sectors cause further job losses in local supporting services. The result is not due to reverse causation, construction job losses, or credit shortages. In addition, the paper finds that logistic supporting services are relatively more affected by local tradable job losses, while professional supporting services, such as information technology and management consulting, are more affected by the job losses in neighboring counties. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper explores the spillover effects of job losses via input linkages during the Great Recession. Exploiting exogenous variation in tradable employment shocks across [...]
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Structure and Dynamical Influence of Water Vapor in the Lower Tropical Troposphere
B. Stevens, H. Brogniez, C. Kiemle, J. Lacour, C. Crevoisier, J. Kiliani

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 8

Abstract
In situ, airborne and satellite measurements are used to characterize the structure of water vapor in the lower tropical tropospherebelow the height, (Formula presented.) of the triple-point isotherm, (Formula presented.) The measurements are evaluated in light of understanding of how lower-tropospheric water vapor influences clouds, convection and circulation, through both radiative and thermodynamic effects. Lower-tropospheric water vapor, which concentrates in the first few kilometers above the boundary layer, controls the radiative cooling profile of the boundary layer and lower troposphere. Elevated moist layers originating from a preferred level of convective detrainment induce a profile of radiative cooling that drives circulations which reinforce such features. A theory for this preferred level of cumulus termination is advanced, whereby the difference between (Formula presented.) and the temperature at which primary ice forms gives a first-mover advantage to glaciating cumulus convection, thereby concentrating the regions of the deepest convection and leading to more clouds and moisture near the triple point. A preferred level of convective detrainment near (Formula presented.) implies relative humidity reversals below (Formula presented.) which are difficult to identify using retrievals from satellite-borne microwave and infrared sounders. Isotopologues retrievals provide a hint of such features and their ability to constrain the structure of the vertical humidity profile merits further study. Nonetheless, it will likely remain challenging to resolve dynamically important aspects of the vertical structure of water vapor from space using only passive sensors. © 2017 The Author(s) Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In situ, airborne and satellite measurements are used to characterize the structure of water vapor in the lower tropical tropospherebelow the height, (Formula presented.) [...]
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Agent-based simulation to assess the performance of intersections with pre-signals: comparison with roundabouts
A. Vieira, L. Dias, G. Pereira, J. Oliveira

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 7

Abstract
Solving traffic congestion problems in intersections is a complex logistic problem that usually consists in building infrastructures, such as bridges, tunnels, or roundabouts, which represent the costliest solutions. Concerning the case of roundabouts, many parameters influence its performance, e.g. geometry and size. Thus, other less costlier solutions should be pondered. This paper introduces a low-cost approach to traffic intersections, by using pre-signals; and conducts simulation experiments to verify if this approach could be used to improve the performance of traffic intersections. In this sense, an agent-based traffic simulation model was developed that applies the object modelling paradigm of Simio to model the individual behaviour of vehicles. The simulation experiments results indicate that the flow of vehicles can be increased up to 20%, reducing the average queue sizes and crossing time per vehicle and saving the fuel consumed up to 64%. (undefined) info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Solving traffic congestion problems in intersections is a complex logistic problem that usually consists in building infrastructures, such as bridges, tunnels, or roundabouts, [...]
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Comparative analysis of public transport users' perception targeting sustainable transportation
Y. Murat, Z. Cakici

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2017). Vol. 2017, 5

Abstract
Public transport is one of the main actors of sustainable transportation. To make an increase in the use of public transport systems and a decrease in private car usage are one of the main purposes of decision makers in many countries. Usage of public transport system has a strong relation with the quality of service. Service quality includes many parameters such as comfort, frequency, information system etc. Fare is another important parameter on demand for public transport systems. All of these parameters are varied by users' perceptions. This study focuses on public transport systems of Denizli, Turkey and investigates users ' perceptions. Bus and paratransit (minibus) modes are regarded in the study. The public survey is performed for these modes. In the surveys, different questions have been asked to participants. Answer of each question is evaluated separately and distribution of each question for gender, ages and jobs are analyzed. Results obtained are summarized and discussed. © 2017, IGI Global. All rights reserved. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Public transport is one of the main actors of sustainable transportation. To make an increase in the use of public transport systems and a decrease in private car usage are [...]
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Follow the greens the controllers point of view results from a sesar real time simulation with controllers
K. Straube, M. Roßbach, B. Vieten, K. Hahn

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 9

Abstract
Although pilots are often supported by signage, markings and lighting when taxiing on the airport surface, navigation and monitoring remain workload intense tasks even in good weather conditions. Radio communication is near capacity limits on many airports today resulting in waiting times and delay. Apart from well-known safety issues this also constitutes a negative impact on the environment. The European aviation research program SESAR addressed this problem and came up with a solution: A new surface traffic management concept proposes the automated use of Airfield Ground Lighting with individually switched green taxiway centerline lights indicating the path to be followed. This paper presents official validation results indicating that SESAR developed a safer, quicker and greener surface traffic management concept. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Although pilots are often supported by signage, markings and lighting when taxiing on the airport surface, navigation and monitoring remain workload intense tasks even in [...]
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Transport Policies and Development
C. Berg, U. Deichmann, Y. Liu, H. Selod

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 8

Abstract
This survey reviews the current state of the economic literature, assessing the impact of transport policies on growth, inclusion, and sustainability in a developing country context. The findings are summarized and methodologies are critically assessed, especially those dealing with endogeneity issues in empirical studies. The specific implementation challenges of transport policies in developing countries are discussed. Document type: Book
Abstract
This survey reviews the current state of the economic literature, assessing the impact of transport policies on growth, inclusion, and sustainability in a developing country [...]
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Reactive Dynamic Assignment for a Bi-dimensional Traffic Flow Model
K. , S. , J. , . Lebacque

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 7

Abstract
International audience This paper develops a graph-theoretic framework for large scale bi-dimensional transport networks and provides new insight into the dynamic traffic assignment. Reactive dynamic assignment are deployed to handle the traffic contingencies, traffic uncertainties and traffic congestion. New shortest paths problem in large networks is defined and routes cost calculation is provided. Since mathematical modelling of traffic flow is a keystone in the theory of traffic flow management, and then in the traffic assignment, it is convenient to elaborate a good model of assignment for large scale networks relying on an appropriate model of flow related to very large networks. That is the zone-based optimization of traffic flow model on networks developed by [8], completed and improved by [9]. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience This paper develops a graph-theoretic framework for large scale bi-dimensional transport networks and provides new insight into the dynamic traffic [...]
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An agent-based simulation framework to evaluate urban logistics schemes
W. van Heeswijk, M. Mes, J. Schutten, A. Paias, M. Ruthmair, S. Voß

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 6

Abstract
Inefficient urban freight transport has a negative impact on both livability in cities and profit margins in the supply chain. Urban logistics schemes, consisting of governmental policies and company initiatives, attempt to address these problems. However, successful schemes are difficult to realize due to the divergent objectives of the agents involved in urban logistics. Traditional optimization techniques fall short when evaluating schemes, as they do not capture the required change in behavior of autonomous agents. To properly evaluate schemes, we develop an agent-based simulation framework that assesses the interaction between five types of autonomous agents. Compared to existing studies in this field, we contribute by (i) explicitly including company-driven initiatives, and (ii) adopting a supply chain-wide perspective. We illustrate the working of our framework by testing a number of schemes on a virtual network. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Inefficient urban freight transport has a negative impact on both livability in cities and profit margins in the supply chain. Urban logistics schemes, consisting of governmental [...]
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Portsmouth the island city 1 - mainline rail connectivity: a proposal for change
W. Menteth

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 5

Abstract
Proposals for a Portsmouth and Solent Region proposed mainline rail strategy. "br/"How Portsmouth and the Solent region with other south of England ring cities can inform future transportation strategy and development, to improve connectivity, sustainability and economic benefit. Document type: Book
Abstract
Proposals for a Portsmouth and Solent Region proposed mainline rail strategy. "br/"How Portsmouth and the Solent region with other south of England ring cities can inform [...]
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Short term traffic congestion forecasting using hybrid metaheuristics and rule based methods a comparative study
P. Lopez-Garcia, E. Osaba, E. Onieva, A. Masegosa, A. Perallos

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 4

Abstract
In this paper, a comparative study between a hybrid technique that combines a Genetic Algorithm with a Cross Entropy method to optimize Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems, and literature techniques is presented. These techniques are applied to traffic congestion datasets in order to determine their performance in this area. Different types of datasets have been chosen. The used time horizons are 5, 15 and 30 min. Results show that the hybrid technique improves those results obtained by the techniques of the state of the art. In this way, the performed experimentation shows the competitiveness of the proposal in this area of application. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In this paper, a comparative study between a hybrid technique that combines a Genetic Algorithm with a Cross Entropy method to optimize Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems, and literature [...]
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Communication and Communication Problems Between Autonomous Vehicles and Human Drivers
B. Färber

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 3

Abstract
Discussions of autonomous land vehicles often invoke the example of air traffic, where the autopilot is responsible for steering except for take-off and landing. The question arises: what can we learn from air traffic? What autonomously flying aircraft and autonomously driving vehicles have in common is that the pilot or driver bears the final responsibility. But, there are a number of differences between road traffic and air traffic (besides their type of locomotion) that make transferring the systems from one to the other impractical. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Discussions of autonomous land vehicles often invoke the example of air traffic, where the autopilot is responsible for steering except for take-off and landing. The question [...]
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Deep decarbonisation towards 1.5°C-2°C stabilisation
G. Luderer, E. Kriegler, L. Delsa, O. Edelenbosch, J. Emmerling, V. Krey, D. McCollum, S. Pachauri, K. Riahi, B. Saveyn, M. Tavoni, Z. Vrontisi, D. P., . Vuuren, D. Arent, A. Arvesen, S. Fujimori, G. Iyer, I. Keppo, K. Kermeli, S. Mima, E. Ó BROIN, R. Pietzcker, F. Sano, Y. Scholz, B. Van Ruijven, C. Wilson

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 2

Abstract
Limiting global mean warming to well below 2°C or even 1.5°C relative to pre-industrial levels requires a major transformation of the energy system. The ADVANCE project has analysed this mitigation challenge in detail, from the implications of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions INDCs) to decarbonisation bottlenecks in energy end-use sectors, taking into account both technological as well as behavioural emission reduction measures. Our key fndings are: The implementation of the Paris Agreement initiates a low-carbon transition for major emitting countries but an intensifcation of global effort is still required in order to limit global warming well below 2°C. In 2030, the implementation of the INDCs is expected to reduce GHG emissions by 10% of pre-Paris Reference emission levels. However, the global emissions gap relative to cost-optimal reduction pathways remains at 14 [4-25]1 GtCO2eq for the 2°C target and 25 [13-30] GtCO2eq for the 1.5°C target. The decarbonisation of the power sector accounts for more than half the CO2 reductions achieved by the INDCs in 2030. It also holds the greatest potential for further near-term eductions which would put the world on track for 1.5-2°C stabilisation. In 2030, the INDCs are expected to generate an increase in the share of zero carbon power supply by 5% [1-12%] relative to pre-existing trends, achieving a total share of 48% [40-66%]. Optimal 2°C and 1.5°C scenarios feature 57% [50-90%] and 73% [57-93%] zero carbon power supply respectively. In contrast, the INDCs have little effect on near-term emissions from non-electric end-use, even though progress in abating emissions, particularly from industry and transportation, is important for 1.5-2°C-consistent climate stabilisation. The 1.5°C temperature target requires reductions in emissions from energy supply and demand as well as removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. A warming limit of 1.5°C requires adherence to a stringent carbon budget of around 400 Gt CO2 or lower over the 2011-2100 period. As the supply-side sector already needs to eliminate nearly all of its emissions by 2050 for 2°C stabilisation, most of the additional emission reductions need to occur on the demand side. Effciency improvements, as well as an accelerated electrifcation, will play a key role in achieving the 1.5C° target. However our analysis also shows that energy supply and demand will still combine to generate at least 1000 Gt of residual CO2 emissions over the 2011-2100 period. Accordingly, a 1.5°C-consistent budget will require cumulative carbon dioxide removal of at least 500 Gt CO2 over the course of the century. Renewable energy from wind and solar power has great potential to produce environmentally friendly and economical electricity supply. Reaping the benefts of high and low-cost emission reduction of the power sector at an early stage is essential for climate change mitigation. We fnd that the sector could be almost fully decarbonised through wind and solar power alone, without the use of nuclear and carbon capture and storage (CCS). This would require, however, considerable additional investments into grid infrastructure and storage systems. Most previous modelling studies have underestimated the role of wind and solar because of overly conservative assumptions on technology costs and the challenges related to coping with a variable renewable electricity supply. We also fnd that the low-carbon transformation yields substantial environmental co-benefts, which outweigh adverse environmental side-effects. Among the alternative decarbonisation pathways available, strategies relying heavily on wind and solar are superior to those with substantial CCS and nuclear deployment, in terms of minimising environmental impacts. Technological developments promoting effciency, electrifcation and use of low-carbon fuels are the key to demand-side emission reductions. Technology options that promote energy effciency, electrifcation and a switch to low-carbon fuels in primary energy demand sectors (transport, industry and buildings), become increasingly important if a climate target of below 2°C is to be achieved. This is despite the continuously increasing demand for energy services. In the long-term, conventional fuels will have to be almost completely phased out from transportation energy use. This will largely depend on the development and adoption of new technologies, but also on life-style changes towards low-carbon transport modes. Policies influencing consumers’ attitudes will need to support the energy transformation. Policies targeting consumers’ behaviour and preferences can encourage the adoption of advanced technologies and use of cleaner fuels. These will ultimately speed-up the transition to a low-carbon energy system. For instance, in the transport sector we find that consumers have different attitudes towards vehicle choice, apart from pure fnancial concerns. This is why a rise in the market in alternative fuel vehicles will critically depend on non-fnancial measures, such as vehicle effciency standards and mandates, refuelling infrastructure investments and exclusive access to parking spaces and roadways. Also, with regard to energy access in developing countries, we fnd that household cooking decisions largely depend on income. Therefore subsidies for cleaner fuels and stoves can speed up the transition to universal clean cooking and even offset the negative effects of rising fuel costs spurred by climate policy. Document type: Book
Abstract
Limiting global mean warming to well below 2°C or even 1.5°C relative to pre-industrial levels requires a major transformation of the energy system. The ADVANCE project [...]
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Experimental Design of a Polymeric Solution to Improve the Mobility Ratio in a Reservoir previous implementation of a pilot project of EOR
V. Cuenca, R. Paredes, J. Cóndor

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (4), 78

Abstract
This paper describes experimental formulations of polymeric solutions through lab evaluations with the objective of finding optimum solution concentration to fluid mobility in reservoirs as previous step before implementing a pilot project of enhanced oil recovery. The polymers, firstly, were selected based on the properties from fluids from reservoir. Two types of polymers were used TCC-330 and EOR909 and the experimental tests were: thermal stability, compatibility, adsorption, salinity, and displacement. The design with the best results was with polymer TCC-330 at 1,500 ppm concentration.
Abstract
This paper describes experimental formulations of polymeric solutions through lab evaluations with the objective of finding optimum solution concentration to fluid mobility [...]
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Natural coagulation for the decontamination of industrial effluents
C. Banchón, R. Baquerizo, D. Muñoz, L. Zambrano

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (4), 77

Abstract
Industrial and agricultural pollution has generated undoubtedly a high environmental impact on the natural resources of our planet. Deficiencies in the provision of water for human consumption due to pollution from natural sources are expected. In response to this, the application of iron and aluminum coagulants are the first choice for wastewater treatment. However, the abundant use of aluminum is subject of discussion because of the potential impact on humans. Therefore, this article highlights the latest advances in the field of natural coagulation, an ancestral technology used for water decontamination. Its proven effectiveness is based on electrokinetic destabilization mechanisms that remove turbidity up to 99%. Experimental evidence agrees that concentrations of tannins and mucilages allow the remediation of effluents from chemical industries such as textile and tanneries.
Abstract
Industrial and agricultural pollution has generated undoubtedly a high environmental impact on the natural resources of our planet. Deficiencies in the provision of water [...]
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Design and implementation of a YAGI Microstrip antenna to 5.8 GHz
A. Gordón, R. Llugsi

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (4), 76

Abstract
In this paper the design of a Yagi microstrip antenna will be done. Two well know design techniques will be analyzed: tables and mathematical equations. The design of microstrip antennas is compact, lightweight and relatively cheap. The material selection is overriding and the RO4003c substrate has been chosen due to its satisfactory operation at 5.8 GHz. Later tests are carried out in an anechoic chamber assembled to operate from DC to 10 GHz. Finally antenna parameters such as directivity, impedance, VSWR, return losses and radiation pattern are determined.
Abstract
In this paper the design of a Yagi microstrip antenna will be done. Two well know design techniques will be analyzed: tables and mathematical equations. The design of microstrip [...]
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Influence of climatic variables on wireless: case study Base-Station Receiver
R. Najarro Quintero, E. Samaniego Mena, F. Fares Vargas, A. Puris Cáceres

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (4), 75

Abstract
The development of this research is done with the aim of finding the relationship betweenweather conditions and the loss of wireless connection. The data were obtained by ameteorological center of the area and a telecommunications company that operates in the sameplace. We studied different models based on fuzzy logic due to the easy interpretation the easyinterpretation of the rules and data management. We used the Weka application that providestools for pre-processing of data and Keel software tool for data classification. Nine classifiersbased on fuzzy rules were applied, where the Furia-C was that better results obtained in orderto quality and quantity of rules. In this scenario, a preprocessing of data were computed, wheresome techniques to improve the information was performed. Some of the obtained rulerscorroborate the influence of heavy rain over the loss of the signal, but other relationships thatincorporate new knowledge in the area, such as dew point and the average relative humidityappear.
Abstract
The development of this research is done with the aim of finding the relationship betweenweather conditions and the loss of wireless connection. The data were obtained by [...]
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Use of membrane technology and resins for the separation and purification of polyphenols purple tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav)
E. Beltrán, D. Pallet, E. Vera, J. Ruales

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (4), 74

Abstract
The polyphenols fractionation of mesocarp juices, placenta and purple tree tomato peel using the pore size of the membrane as a means of selection was performed using micro and ultrafiltration tangential; tests made with HPLC showed that fractionation of phenolic compounds was not performed. The processes of concentration of the clarified juices of placenta and tree tomato peel by reverse osmosis obtained a volumetric concentration factor of 2 and 2.2 respectively. The polyphenol concentration increased by 1.5 times for placenta and 2.4 times for peel and antioxidant capacity increased by 2.4 times for both juices. The anthocyanins of placenta increased by 2.6 times. The use of the resin XA 5071 FG concentrated phenolic compounds with an increase of antioxidant capacity in a range between 4 and 5.5, and anthocyanins concentration was increased 1.8 times in the placenta juice. In conclusion the process of polyphenols concentration of tree tomato was more efficient using the resin XA 5071 FG than the reverse osmosis applied in this research.
Abstract
The polyphenols fractionation of mesocarp juices, placenta and purple tree tomato peel using the pore size of the membrane as a means of selection was performed using micro [...]
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Strategies for conservation of highland ecosystem in Pulinguí San Pablo and Chorrera Mirador, Ecuador
P. Lozano, A. Armas, V. Machado

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (4), 73

Abstract
To drive conservation processes and sustainable use of an ecosystem implies, on the one hand, the understanding of the territory as a socio-ecosystem, and on the other hand, the application of the ecosystemic approach. For this reason, this is a tool that contributes to the highland ecosystem management of the communities Pulinguí San Pablo and Chorrera Mirador. This process was based on the socio-ecosystem characterization, determination of conservation elements and formulation of conservation and use of sustainable strategies. Data show that 186 habitants live in these socio-ecosystem and mainly benefit from three types of ecosystemic services: supply, regulation and cultural, carrying out agricultural, livestock and touristic activities. These settlements exert a moderated anthropic pressure in the socio-ecosystem due to the fact that only 98,65 hectares (out of 4567,20 hectares) are used for these activities. This is reflected in the state of the identified conservation elements that, evaluated according to their size, condition and landscaping context, obtained a mean of 3,3/4,0 (points) which means that they are in a decay process, nonetheless, their impacts may be diminished using established and executed strategies by local populations.
Abstract
To drive conservation processes and sustainable use of an ecosystem implies, on the one hand, the understanding of the territory as a socio-ecosystem, and on the other hand, [...]
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Effect of using hydrogen in the power and performance of an internal combustion engine
E. Tamayo, C. Rosales, A. Guzmán, P. Pazmiño

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (4), 72

Abstract
This study analyzed the real working parameters of an Otto cycle internal combustion engine, using as fuel hydrogen plus gasoline. Two stoichiometric equations were determined. In the first equation, the reagents are octane and air, in the second equation was added the quantity of 3.86 H2 moles obtained from a hydrogen cell. Two sets of equations, for consumption and power, were determined from the chemical equations, working at the conditions of Quito: altitude 2850 msnm, 72.794 kPa of atmospheric pressure and 300 K of temperature. A single cylinder engine powered with hydrogen plus gasoline was used for getting real data of engine power, using mixtures of air-gasoline and hydrogen; the theoretical power without H2 was 3.91 HP and with H2 5.41 HP, it increased 27.1%, the real power is 3.78 HP without H2 and 4.66 HP with H2, it increased 16.7%. Theoretical fuel consumption is 401.61 g/kWh and addition of H2 is less to 373.52 g/kWh, the actual consumption that indicates the manufacturer is 395 g/kWh.
Abstract
This study analyzed the real working parameters of an Otto cycle internal combustion engine, using as fuel hydrogen plus gasoline. Two stoichiometric equations were determined. [...]
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Evaluation of a pilot aerobic reactor with polyetilenterephtalate (PET) as support material for dairy wastewater treatment
M. Muñoz, J. Reina, M. Aldás

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (4), 71

Abstract
A pilot aerobic horizontal plug flow reactor filled with pieces of PET (polyethylene terephthalate), from plastic bottles was installed for treatment of a synthetic substrate prepared from lactic whey with COD values of 800 to 2100 mg/L. A bacterial inoculum previously acclimated to the substrate was used. Organic material removal efficiencies of 62.2%, 85% y 94% were obtained with retention times of 5.14, 6.01 and 8.01 hours, and with volumetric organic loads (Lv) of 7.68, 6.19 and 4.61 kg/day.m3, respectively. Also, the kinetic mass transfer constant (k) was calculated and it presented a value of 0.02 m/day. On the other hand, an F/M ratio of 0.4 was determined, indicating that the process had a similar performance to an extended aeration system. Finally, the biomass generated inside the reactor was analyzed, obtaining a value of 11560 mg /L, which is a higher value than those of conventional systems.
Abstract
A pilot aerobic horizontal plug flow reactor filled with pieces of PET (polyethylene terephthalate), from plastic bottles was installed for treatment of a synthetic substrate [...]
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GPON networks certification, standard ITU G.984.x
E. Quisnancela, N. Espinosa

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (4), 70

Abstract
This article describes the methodology to certify a FTTH GPON network, in order to minimize the errors that tend to show up during the execution of this process within an optical network. The work is based on national and international technical standards, ensuring optimal performance of the network. Empirical methods are used in the field through processes characterization, measurement and analysis of results, which will identify the factors allowing that measurements are within the range set with the use of tools and equipment properly configured and updated. The need for an effective regulation is established in the certification of a FTTH GPON network to bring maximum benefits for companies providing service in the country and meeting the demand for bandwidth of the end customer, ensuring the application of new technologies helping to optimize the use of convergence oriented service, the implementation of Next Generation Networks and towards infrastructure investment in strategic sectors.
Abstract
This article describes the methodology to certify a FTTH GPON network, in order to minimize the errors that tend to show up during the execution of this process within an [...]
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Interaction Based on Drawing Gestures to Complement the Teaching-Learning Process
A. Vicuña, O. Erazo

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (4), 69

Abstract
Interaction based on hand gestures has experienced a great progress in recent years. Its utility has been verified in several areas, particularly in the educational field, where it can contribute to enhance the quality of education. However, there are still some topics that have received little attention, such as the use of drawing gestures executed in the air with the hand. For this reason, this article analyzes the feasibility of using this type of gestures with educational purposes. With this aim, we conducted a study in which the participants interacted with the developed application by means of several drawing gestures. The obtained quantitative and qualitative results confirm the validity of our proposal. Specifically, the participants’ performance was acceptable according to the values of the used metrics. Moreover, the participants indicated the proposal is interesting and enjoyable. As a consequence, the use of applications of this type, in the classroom or at home, could contribute to increase the students’ interest in the corresponding subject, which should lead to obtain better marks.
Abstract
Interaction based on hand gestures has experienced a great progress in recent years. Its utility has been verified in several areas, particularly in the educational field, [...]
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Comparative study of emission of pollutant gases in vehicle M1, using fuel of the Andean Community
J. Antamba Guasgua, G. Reyes Campaña, M. Granja Paredes

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (3), 68

Abstract
The environmental pollution is a problematics that concerns all countries about the world as result of this pollution there take place the phenomena of climate change, greenhouse effect, acid rain, and diseases in people. To delimit the issues, there were selected the countries that integrate the Andean Community, the project goal is compare by means of static and dynamic tests the values of emission of pollutant gases, with the fuel that is distributed in each of the selected countries. The process of measuring and testing of static tests were developed under NTE INEN 2203:1999 standard, considering the idle condition (820 rpm) and high engine speed (2500 RPM), in both these cases, an constant engine oil temperature of 94 ° C and dynamic tests carried out according to ASM 25/25 and ASM 50/15 cycles, the results that have been achieved with the different fuels in a vehicle Chevrolet Sail, the best-selling in the country. Based on tests developed, the evaluated vehicle will be able to circulate without any disadvantage with any of the fuels of the Andean Community according NTE INEN 2204:2002 standard. Accordingly, the fuel with the lowest levels of emissions of gaseous pollutants is the distributed one in Peru.
Abstract
The environmental pollution is a problematics that concerns all countries about the world as result of this pollution there take place the phenomena of climate change, greenhouse [...]
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Data model management, with the use of artificial intelligence, for a geographic information system in the energetic sector
N. Sánchez Fleitas, R. Comas Rdoríguez, M. García Lorenzo, A. Riverol Quesada

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (3), 67

Abstract
A Geographic Information System (GIS), named SIGOBE v 3.0, for the electric sector is development. The Integral Management System of the ECIE (SIGECIE) and the Integrated Network Management System (SIGERE) databases are taxed alfanumeric information. Studies determined the need for a model for data management, contributing to the GIS development, on a conceptual schema domain capable of responding to different user requests, through automatic query as support decision making. To provide the GIS with a conceptual basis an ontology is determined, which will be expressed by logical descriptive, to generate the traits of a case-based reasoning that allows automation of consultations. The final quality of GIS was verified according to the quality standards of the ISO-9126:2002 standard. The proposed model and its functionality contributes to: facilitate decision-making at different levels, perform risk analysis to have the defects of electrical installations, reduce the time of failure to the key areas of the country, organize the travel of trucks more efficiently and locate electrical faults more accurately.
Abstract
A Geographic Information System (GIS), named SIGOBE v 3.0, for the electric sector is development. The Integral Management System of the ECIE (SIGECIE) and the Integrated [...]
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Quality baseline of the castilla blackberry (Rubus glaucus) in its food chain
F. Iza, X. Rojas-Lema, Y. Argüello

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (3), 66

Abstract
A proposal for improvement in the performance of the food chain of castilla blackberry (Rubus glaucus) in order to potentiate their productivity can only start from a baseline or situational diagnosis of the quality of the fruit and hence identify the main points of improvement. The food chain of the fruit identifies three stages, harvest, post-harvest (storage and transport) and marketing or sale. The diagnosis in each stage began with reverse mode. It was identified the most representative producer and the supplying for traders to the point of sale. The quality evaluation of the fruit was performed through chemical and physical characterization in the four stages. Weight loss or losses were evident in all stages, light no significant changes of color from bright red bluish hue in the collection stage until opaque bluish red or off, at the stage of sale due to the short cycle time and the characteristics non-climacteric fruit. However, at all stages of collection, storage, transportation and sale, they presented significant changes in the indices of maturity which meant an increase of sugars, decreased of pH, and increase acidity. The results indicate that the fruit changed its physicochemical characteristics during the stages of the food chain affecting its productivity.
Abstract
A proposal for improvement in the performance of the food chain of castilla blackberry (Rubus glaucus) in order to potentiate their productivity can only start from a baseline [...]
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The Simplex-Centroid Design and Desirability Function in optimizing the sensory acceptability of sweet bread enriched with Chenopodium quinoa
R. Siche, V. Aredo, L. Velásquez, I. Castillo

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (3), 65

Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the sensory acceptability (SA) of an andean sweet bread made with different percentages of wheat flour (WF), quinoa flour (QF) and sugar (S) was optimized through Simplex-Centroid Design (SCD) and Desirability Function (DF). Ten treatments were performed, in which the mixture of different percentages of WF (28% - 52.5%), QF (0% - 24.5%) and S (17.5% - 42%) accounted for 70% of the dough formula. The evaluation of the SA was conducted in triplicate with 20 consumer panelists of sweet bread, applying an unstructured scale from 0 to 10. Statistical analysis of SCD reported that a cubic model successfully explained the effect of WF, QF and S on SA (p = 0.0529 ≈ 0.05 and R2 = 94.49%), analyzing the response surface was observed that the ranges of the percentage that optimize the SA were: 35.35% - 41.97% of WF, 7.11% - 11.03% QF and 20.44% - 24.61% of S. By DF was determined that the percentages that optimize the SA were: 40.25% of WF, 9.05% QF and 20.70% of S.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the sensory acceptability (SA) of an andean sweet bread made with different percentages of wheat flour (WF), quinoa flour (QF) and sugar [...]
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Quality analysis of effluents from biodigesters in lodges located in the Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve
I. Gutiérrez Cruz, E. Rivera Carrión, G. Roldán Reascos

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (3), 64

Abstract
In the Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve near Laguna Grande and Cuyabeno river, several ecological hotels have been built to meet the touristic demand; therefore these eco-lodges generate wastewaters. The Ministry of Environment, responsible for biodiversity conservation, has ordered the implementation of biodigesters for the treatment of these waters. After three years of implementing the system, it is proposed to check the quality of these waters, through the analysis of physical-chemical parameters: temperature, conductivity, pH, sulfates, nitrates and nitrites, detergents, COD, BOD5, oils and fats; and microbiological such as faecal coliforms. These results were compared with the current environmental legislation: TULSMA "Limits discharged to a body of fresh water." Sampling was subject to the provisions of standard Regulation INEN 2 169: 2013 and sampled at the time of high and low rainfall. The results determined that biodigesters only meet the standard regulations in three parameters: nitrates and nitrites; sulfates and temperature; and violate the following regulations: BOD5, COD and pH; while in the remaining four parameters, there is a variation among the results. In conclusion all digesters violate the regulations, at least on one of the parameters.
Abstract
In the Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve near Laguna Grande and Cuyabeno river, several ecological hotels have been built to meet the touristic demand; therefore these eco-lodges [...]
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Determination of the efficiency of sawdust and coco fiber used as Biofilter for pollutant removal for the treatment of wastewater
J. Vicente Reyes

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (3), 63

Abstract
Water is a resource used by mankind for industrial and domestic needs, which once used, is discharged into the public sewer system or septic tanks. This project proposes an ecological alternative for the treatment of wastewater from domestic use named Biofilter, which is built of living material (worms) and inert material (chip and gravel), which filters the wastewater; the biological filter has shown high efficiency in the removal of organic matter and pathogens. The field work was carried out with experimental biological filters, to ascertain the best composition of inert material, different variants were used. Two experimental Biofilters, one using sawdust and the other coco fiber were used in the treatment of domestic wastewater; treated samples from each reactor were subjected to laboratory analysis. The analysis and interpretation of results showed that the Biofilter using sawdust removed 53.53 % of pollutants and is outside the required norm for wastewater treatment and the Biofilter using coco fiber removed 82.37 % of contaminants and is within the Environmental Quality Norm and Effluent Discharge: Water Resource.
Abstract
Water is a resource used by mankind for industrial and domestic needs, which once used, is discharged into the public sewer system or septic tanks. This project proposes an [...]
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Soil and dasometric characterization of a Eucalyptus globulus Labill plantation and management proposal in the lower montane thorny steppe zone, Riobamba, Ecuador
M. Guallpa, S. Rosero, M. Samaniego, E. Cevallos

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (3), 62

Abstract
There is limited information on the growth and yield of the Tasmanian blue gum plantation in Tunshi-ESPOCH homestead in varying physiographic conditions, soil properties and management; for this reason it was decided to assess its forest mass. Circular plots were installed with 12.62 m radius at an intensity of 5-6% ha-1. Through systematic unaligned sampling for lifting dasometric information and digging three pits stand-1, using stratified sampling for variables of the place. The application of statistical estimators, determined at an altitude of 2755 amsl, a total average tree volume estimated-1 of 2.32 m3 compared with 0.25 m3 at an altitude of 2929 amsl. Two areas of conservation and other forest use were defined. There are significant associations between total unit volume of T. blue against altitude, organic matter content, cationic exchange capacity at surface level and level of boron underlying level, generating a management strategy for each defined area.
Abstract
There is limited information on the growth and yield of the Tasmanian blue gum plantation in Tunshi-ESPOCH homestead in varying physiographic conditions, soil properties and [...]
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Litterfall production under pine plantations in the southern Andes region of Ecuador
P. Quichimbo, D. Veintimilla, Y. Carrión, L. Jiménez

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (3), 61

Abstract
Litterfall research is an interesting aspect in environmental studies due to its significance in nutrient cycling specially in regions like the Andes where the interactions between biomass production and its decomposition is poorly understood. This study is focusing in the litterfall biomass production under pine plantations in southern Ecuador. The litterfall production was studied for five months at two-week intervals in three pine forest sites located in the southern Andes region of Ecuador. Monthly litterfall production ranged between 1067-1907 kg ha-1, in comparison with other coniferous stands around the world, this study revealed a higher litterfall production for tropical areas and particularly the highest production under pine plantations in the Andes region. This high litterfall production highlights the upmost importance of this forest component as a potential nutrient reservoir involved in the global nutrient cycling under landscapes dominated by this exotic forest specie in the tropical Andes.
Abstract
Litterfall research is an interesting aspect in environmental studies due to its significance in nutrient cycling specially in regions like the Andes where the interactions [...]
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Corn (Zea mays) growth in petroleum contaminated soil, remediated with orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract
T. Marín Veláquez

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (3), 60

Abstract
Soil pollution has a strong impact when oil activity takes place within a savanna ecosystem. Any oil spill affects agricultural soils. Biostimulation with orange peel extract (Citrus sinensis) is an alternative for remediation of soil contaminated with crude oil and in this research the corn plant (Zea mays) was used as a biomarker of contamination level of a savanna soil after their treatment. Three samples of savannah soil contaminated with oil light crude were treated with dissolutions 1, 3 and 5% of extract of orange peel in water at a dose of 150 mL per kg of soil treated. The content of oils and fats was measured every 7 days, up to 42 days. Corn seeds were planted in soil samples, their growth was measured every 5 days for a period of 35 consecutive days, comparing their growth with seeds planted in a soil sample without contamination. According to an analysis of rank contrast, the plant growth was statistically the same in all samples up to 20 days; from there, evident differences regarding the pattern were shown.
Abstract
Soil pollution has a strong impact when oil activity takes place within a savanna ecosystem. Any oil spill affects agricultural soils. Biostimulation with orange peel extract [...]
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Details of large-panel buildings seismic analysis
S. Emelyanov, Y. Nemchinov, V. Kolchunov, I. Yakovenko

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2016). Vol. 7, (2), 59

Abstract
The normative requirements of different European countries, USA, CIS, Canada, etc. codes on ensuring of buildings and structures safety at earthquakes are analyzed. The methodology based on non-elastic response spectrum of buildings and allows taking into account non-linear behaviour of structure are proposed in elaboration of Eurocode 8 requirements. The report provides the calculation examples of non-linear displacements of framed and frameless concrete buildings with application of that methodology.
Abstract
The normative requirements of different European countries, USA, CIS, Canada, etc. codes on ensuring of buildings and structures safety at earthquakes are analyzed. The methodology [...]
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