Documents published in 1998 : Scipedia

An international development of a driver-centered guideline for road design
S. Tignor, G. Helmers, A. Horst

Collection of closed articles in transport research (1999). Vol. 1999, 5

Abstract
Voorgesteld wordt om op basis van internationale samenwerking veiligheidsrichtlijnen te ontwikkelen waarbij de bestuurder centraal staat. Dit als aanvulling op bestaande wegontwerp- en verkeerskunde handboeken,
Abstract
Voorgesteld wordt om op basis van internationale samenwerking veiligheidsrichtlijnen te ontwikkelen waarbij de bestuurder centraal staat. Dit als aanvulling op bestaande wegontwerp- [...]
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Cost Optimal Reliability Based Inspection and Replacement Planning of Piping Subjected to CO2 Corrosion
I. Langen, S. Hellevik, J. Sørensen

Collection of closed articles in transport research (1999). Vol. 1999, 4

Abstract
methodology for cost optimal reliability based inspection and replacement planning of piping subjected to CO2 corrosion is described. Both initial (design phase) and in-service planning are dealt with. The methodology is based on the application of methods for structural reliability analysis within the framework of Bayesian decision theory. The planning problem is formulated as an optimization problem where the expected lifetime costs are minimized with a constraint on the minimum acceptable reliability level. The optimization parameters are the number of inspections in the expected lifetime, the inspection times and methods. In the design phase the nominal design wall thickness is also treated as an optimization parameter. The most important benefits gained through the application of the methodology are consistent evaluation of the consequences of different inspection and replacement plans, consistent incorporation and handling of uncertainties, and consistent updating of inspection and replacement plans based on inspection results. The latter is achieved through application of Bayesian statistics for updating in combination with structural reliability methods. A methodology for cost optimal reliability based inspection and replacement planning of piping subjected to CO2 corrosion is described. Both initial (design phase) and in-service planning are dealt with. The methodology is based on the application of methods for structural reliability analysis within the framework of Bayesian decision theory. The planning problem is formulated as an optimization problem where the expected lifetime costs are minimized with a constraint on the minimum acceptable reliability level. The optimization parameters are the number of inspections in the expected lifetime, the inspection times and methods. In the design phase the nominal design wall thickness is also treated as an optimization parameter. The most important benefits gained through the application of the methodology are consistent evaluation of the consequences of different inspection and replacement plans, consistent incorporation and handling of uncertainties, and consistent updating of inspection and replacement plans based on inspection results. The latter is achieved through application of Bayesian statistics for updating in combination with structural reliability methods.
Abstract
methodology for cost optimal reliability based inspection and replacement planning of piping subjected to CO2 corrosion is described. Both initial (design phase) and in-service [...]
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A 1990 global emission inventory of anthropogenic sources of carbon monoxide on 1°×1° developed in the framework of EDGAR/GEIA
J. Olivier, A. Visschedijk, A. Bouwman, J. Berdowski, J. Bloos

Collection of closed articles in transport research (1999). Vol. 1999, 3

Abstract
global emission inventory of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions with 1° × 1° latitude-longitude resolution was compiled for 1990 on a sectoral basis. The sectoral sources considered include large-scale biomass burning (29%, of which savanna burning, 18%, and deforestation, 11%), fossil fuel combustion (27%, predominantly in road transport), biofuel combustion (19%, predominantly fuelwood combustion), agricultural waste burning (21%) and industrial process sources (4%). The inventory was compiled using mostly national statistics as activity data, emission factors at global or country level, and specific grid maps to convert, by sector, country total emissions to the 1° × 1° grid. A special effort was made to compile a global inventory of biofuel use, since this was considered to be a significant source on a global level, and a major source in some regions such as India and China. The global anthropogenic source of CO in 1990 is estimated at about 974 Tg CO yr-1. The inventory is available on a sectoral basis on a 1° × 1° grid for input to global atmospheric models and on a regional/country basis for policy analysis. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract
global emission inventory of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions with 1° × 1° latitude-longitude resolution was compiled for 1990 on a sectoral basis. The sectoral sources considered [...]
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Congestion Control and Traffic Management in ATM Networks: Recent Advances and a Survey
R. Jain

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2021). Vol. 1998, 2

Abstract
Congestion control mechanisms for ATM networks as selected by the ATM Forum traffic management group are described. Reasons behind these selections are explained. In particular, selection criteria for selection between rate-based and credit-based approach and the key points of the debate between the two approaches are presented. The approach that was finally selected and several other schemes that were considered are described. Comment: Invited submission to Computer Networks and ISDN System
Abstract
Congestion control mechanisms for ATM networks as selected by the ATM Forum traffic management group are described. Reasons behind these selections are explained. In particular, [...]
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A decentralized control approach for transportation networks
B. Ataslar, A. İftar

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2021). Vol. 1999, 2

Abstract
8th IFAC/IFORS/IMACS/IFIP Symposium on Large Scale Systems - Theory and Applications 1998 (LSS 98) -- JUL 15-17, 1998 -- RION, GREECE WOS: 000083105500054 A decentralized control approach for transportation networks to prevent traffic congestion is presented. The approach was developed by considering flow control and routing control together. The control algorithm is based on a previously proposed congestion measure. In this paper, in order to illustrate the performance of the proposed controller, some simulation results are presented. Copyright (C) 1998 IFAC. Int Federat Automat Control, Tech Comm Large Scale Syst, Tech Comm Mfg Modeling Management & Control, Tech Comm Adv Mfg Technol, Tech Comm Man Machine Syst, Int Federat Operat Res Soc, Int Assoc Math & Comp Simulat, Int Federat Informat Proc, Greek Minist Dev, Gen Secretariat Res & Dev, Tech Chamber Greece, European Commiss, DG III, Univ Patras, Res Comm, Greek Minist Culture, Greek Minist Educ
Abstract
8th IFAC/IFORS/IMACS/IFIP Symposium on Large Scale Systems - Theory and Applications 1998 (LSS 98) -- JUL 15-17, 1998 -- RION, GREECE WOS: 000083105500054 A decentralized [...]
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Risk Management at TransCanada Pipelines
G. Yuen, K. Cicansky

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 57

Abstract
This Paper presents the method TransCanada PipeLines uses to assess the integrity risks with respect to operating its high pressure natural gas pipelines. TransCanada PipeLines’ experiences, results and successes gained through the implementation of its risk program, TRPRAM (TransCanada Pipelines Risk Assessment Model) are highlighted.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
This Paper presents the method TransCanada PipeLines uses to assess the integrity risks with respect to operating its high pressure natural gas pipelines. TransCanada PipeLines’ [...]
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Suspended Sediment and Turbidity Restrictions Associated With Instream Construction Activities in the United States: An Assessment of Biological Relevance
S. Reid, P. Anderson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 56

Abstract
Sediment released during pipeline water crossings has the potential to negatively affect downstream aquatic resources. Regulation of pipeline water crossings has been directed through the application of allowable construction methods, timing constraints and numerical turbidity restrictions on construction permits. Past applications of turbidity restrictions are criticized for the following reasons: duration of exposure or sediment deposition effects are not considered; some applied restrictions are for the protection of primary productivity in lakes; and, defined mixing zones do not appear to incorporate expected levels of sediment generation, or sediment transport principles. Alternate approaches to defining permit restriction are proposed.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
Sediment released during pipeline water crossings has the potential to negatively affect downstream aquatic resources. Regulation of pipeline water crossings has been directed [...]
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The Alliance Pipeline: A Design Shift in Long Distance Gas Transmission
W. Horner, T. Janzen

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 55

Abstract
Competition in the natural gas industry grows steadily. The demand for natural gas transportation has typically exceeded the capability of the existing natural gas pipelines within Canada for several years. Even though intense competition exists with producing and marketing natural gas, limited transportation options limits the business opportunities available for energy companies. This competitive spirit is driving the Alliance Pipeline Project. Once the pipeline is complete, producers will have an additional transportation option to move their products to Chicago, Illinois, which is emerging as an important business hub for natural gas marketing. Designing and constructing a natural gas pipeline in the late 1990’s will allow Alliance Pipeline Limited the ability to implement the latest technology into all aspects of the design.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
Competition in the natural gas industry grows steadily. The demand for natural gas transportation has typically exceeded the capability of the existing natural gas pipelines [...]
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Relationship Between Apparent (Total) Charpy Vee-Notch Toughness and the Corresponding Dynamic Crack-Propagation Resistance
B. Leis, R. Eiber, L. Carlson, A. Gilroy-Scott

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 54

Abstract
The consequences of a dynamic fracture in a gas-transmission pipeline require that pipelines be designed to avoid such incidents at a high level of certainty. For this reason, the related phenomonology has been studied since the early 1970s when the possibility of a dynamic ductile fracture was recognized. Full-scale experiments were done to characterize the fracture and gas dynamics associated with this process and empirical models were developed as a means to represent these experiments in a design or analysis setting. Such experiments focused on pure methane gas, and in the early days used steels with toughnesses less than 100 J, consistent with the steel making capabilities of the 1970s. Subsequently, interest shifted to larger diameter, higher pressure, higher BTU “rich” gases requiring higher toughness steels. The full-scale tests conducted to validate the arrest toughness levels determined that these empirical models were non-conservative."/jats:p" "jats:p"This paper presents a relationship between the dynamic crack propagation resistance and the apparent crack propagation resistance as measured by Charpy vee-notch (CVN) test specimens. This relationship is used in conjunction with the existing Battelle empirical criterion for dynamic-fracture arrest to determine the apparent toughness required to arrest a propagating ductile fracture in gas-transmission pipelines. The validity of this relationship is illustrated by successful predictions of arrest toughness in pipelines under a range of conditions including rich gases and high-toughness steels, including those showing a rising upper-shelf behavior.
Abstract
The consequences of a dynamic fracture in a gas-transmission pipeline require that pipelines be designed to avoid such incidents at a high level of certainty. For this reason, [...]
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Implementation of the Fast Track Express Pipeline SCADA Project
T. Purich, G. Sande

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 53

Abstract
This paper describes implementation of a SCADA system on the new Express pipeline (1300 km, 24 inch, crude oil pipeline). The project was executed in a 12 month period — approximately half the time of a typical pipeline SCADA project of this magnitude. The project was completed on schedule (June, 1997) and under budget.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
This paper describes implementation of a SCADA system on the new Express pipeline (1300 km, 24 inch, crude oil pipeline). The project was executed in a 12 month period — [...]
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Early Public Notification
D. Ford

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 52

Abstract
In response to public pressure and in a desire to ensure that the public was adequately informed about potential projects, the National Energy Board (NEB) produced a Memorandum of Guidance with respect to its expectations regarding its Early Public Notification (EPN) program in 1990."/jats:p" "jats:p"Over time, issues such as Stress Corrosion Cracking, Risk Assessment, Pipeline Integrity and Landowner Compensation have all significantly impacted the way companies have adjusted their approaches to the delivery of EPN programs."/jats:p" "jats:p"In the future, the pipeline industry can expect that public consultation programs will increasingly become an essential component on both project specific and long range strategic communications planning. The purpose of this paper is to review the development and implementation of the EPN process and to propose future issues which may impact the planning and execution of consultation programs. The focus of this paper will be to:"/jats:p" "jats:p"A. Profile the evolution and delivery of EPN programs and review the communications tools typically used with EPN programs;"/jats:p" "jats:p"B. Examine the recent emergence of regional landowner interest groups and to review their effect on the regulatory process and issues such as pipeline integrity, pipeline safety and environmental stewardship;"/jats:p" "jats:p"C. Review how the pipeline industry has responded to public, Board and government initiatives regarding intervenor funding, and;"/jats:p" "jats:p"D. Provide insight into future EPN delivery systems as well as emerging trends with respect to public participation in the pipeline and resource sector.
Abstract
In response to public pressure and in a desire to ensure that the public was adequately informed about potential projects, the National Energy Board (NEB) produced a Memorandum [...]
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Multi-Product Pipelines: Western Canadian Experience
K. Marzocco, L. Hansen, C. Brown, J. Baum

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 51

Abstract
The focus of this paper is to discuss the special design and operating considerations on receipt of materials at a terminal from a pipeline that is used to transport both crude oil and refined petroleum products. The paper includes a history of the closures of refineries in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada resulting in the need for multi-product pipeline movements. The discussions include the importance of interface detection technologies (e.g. densitometers, colourimeters, sound velocity, and batch tracking), batch configuration, proper dynamic modeling of the receipt facilities, re-processing techniques, and operating procedures. The intent is to give an overview of the success achieved by using a crude oil pipeline for multi-product shipments.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
The focus of this paper is to discuss the special design and operating considerations on receipt of materials at a terminal from a pipeline that is used to transport both [...]
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Initiation of Environment Induced Cracking in Pipeline Steel: Microstructural Correlations
M. Shehata, R. Revie, R. Parkins, Y. Wang, K. Krist

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 50

Abstract
Initiation of environment-induced cracks in pipeline steels involves interactions among microstructural features, loading conditions and environmental variables. Cyclic, or dynamic, loading has an important role in crack initiation, a competitive process in which cracks form first at the most favorable sites."/jats:p" "jats:p"Under simultaneous cyclic loading and exposure of a Grade 448 (X-65) pipeline steel to aqueous solution of near-neutral pH, NS-4 solution saturated either with CO2 or 5% CO2/ balance N2, cracks that initiated early in the process were associated with pits. A correlation between pits and non-metallic inclusions has been observed. Other locations favorable for localized corrosion attack, such as along the steel surface at the edge of a coating, were also found to be sites for crack initiation. The dense population of cracks that appeared at a later stage of exposure most likely developed from slip-dissolution along certain crystallographic planes. Cracks that formed at an early stage did not always remain as the largest cracks, as crack coalescence, dormancy and/or re-activation, as well as initiation of new cracks, all occurred simultaneously on different parts of the exposure surface.
Abstract
Initiation of environment-induced cracks in pipeline steels involves interactions among microstructural features, loading conditions and environmental variables. Cyclic, or [...]
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Customized Ultrasonic Systems for Gas Pipeline Girth Weld Inspections
M. Moles, E. Ginzel, N. Dubé

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 49

Abstract
Gas pipeline ultrasonic inspection girth weld systems have been well established for typical Canadian conditions, primarily through the efforts of TCPL and NOVA. However, the specific weld profiles, wall thickness, environment and operating conditions found in Canada do not necessarily represent girth weld inspections elsewhere. This paper describes some different inspection conditions, and some of the possible solutions, which may or may not have been implemented to date. For example, the extreme Canadian weather may require heating transducer wedges, or using dummy wedges to measure temperature. Sandy or salty conditions may require different designs and materials. Different weld profiles will require different ultrasonic set-ups, as will different inspection specifications. For flexibility, it is possible to design expandable inspection heads with replaceable probe modules, and to include extra ultrasonic transducers for TOFD or additional scans. Tight time constraints can lead to quick-release levers for speedy head changes, as well as modular, replaceable components. Since the operator is critical in the inspection, a number of software additions can be added to speed inspection, interpretation and set-up. For example, defect locations can be automatically displayed on the weld profile to aid interpretation. A table of defects can be shown so the operator can click on a selected defect to automatically display the appropriate scan region. Defects can be analyzed automatically by length and amplitude to determine accept/reject. Calibration set-up for a particular transducer can be recalled simply by clicking on the appropriate zone in the weld display. Automated recording and acceptance of calibration scans can be performed.
Abstract
Gas pipeline ultrasonic inspection girth weld systems have been well established for typical Canadian conditions, primarily through the efforts of TCPL and NOVA. However, [...]
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Maintenance Plan for 1956 Vintage Storage Tank Facility
B. Buck, T. Fridel

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 48

Abstract
In early 1997, Lakehead Pipe Line Company, Inc. (LPL) purchased the Hartsdale Terminal to better serve customers in the Chicago area by providing additional crude oil storage facilities. This terminal is located adjacent to Lakehead’s Griffith, Indiana Terminal and consists of nine crude oil tanks totaling 900,000 barrels of storage capacity. All nine of the Hartsdale tanks were constructed in 1956, are 134 ft. in diameter, and are open top with double deck style floaters. This report describes the integrity analysis of the facility and the corresponding maintenance plan that was developed. The analysis portion of this report describes the inspections that were done on the tanks, covering aspects such as weld spacing; tank settlement; interior and exterior coating failure; tank shell, bottom, and pontoon corrosion; seal wear and performance; roof drain integrity; and other OSHA and API mandates. The resulting maintenance plan is approximately a five-year window and is currently in its first year. The five-year duration was based on issues both operational and financial. A portion of the discussion is focused on the challenge of combining these two components into an overall comprehensive plan. In addition, aspects affecting the maintenance plan such as risk assessment, OSHA and API standards, and budgeting issues are described.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
In early 1997, Lakehead Pipe Line Company, Inc. (LPL) purchased the Hartsdale Terminal to better serve customers in the Chicago area by providing additional crude oil storage [...]
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The Role of Coatings in the Development of Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking on Gas Transmission Pipelines
R. Worthingham, T. Jack, B. Erno, M. Wilmott

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 47

Abstract
In order to protect pipelines against corrosion and stress corrosion cracking NOVA Gas Transmission (NGT) has employed a dual system involving the application of an insulating coating and effective cathodic protection to all pipelines. Since the installation of pipelines in the 1950’s the coatings of choice have changed with time. Construction in the 1950’s and 1960’s employed asphalt products which were hot applied over the ditch. Subsequently in the 1960’s and 1970’s polyethylene tape coatings were used extensively. Today the coatings of choice on the NGT system are fusion bond epoxies and extruded polyethylene systems."/jats:p" "jats:p"This variety in the types of coating employed to protect pipelines against corrosion has necessitated a requirement to understand the long term performance of coating products. Studies at NOVA Research & Technology Corporation have been aimed at developing an understanding of the modes of failure of coating systems. The mode of failure of a specific coating system can impact significantly on the nature and severity of the resultant corrosion scenarios. Different coating systems under identical field conditions can fail in completely different ways. Examples from field coating failures will be described which show the significance of the mode of failure with respect to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking."/jats:p" "jats:p"Laboratory studies using polyethylene tape, asphalt enamels and fusion bond epoxy coatings will be described which clearly demonstrate that coating failure modes are a key with respect to the type of corrosion scenario that is ultimately developed at the steel surface."/jats:p" "jats:p"Such information is important in the development of site specific risk assessment models for the management of pipeline integrity.
Abstract
In order to protect pipelines against corrosion and stress corrosion cracking NOVA Gas Transmission (NGT) has employed a dual system involving the application of an insulating [...]
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Digital LLRF control system design and implementation for APT superconducting cavities
S. Kwon, Y. Wang, A. Regan, C. Ziomek

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1999). Vol. 1999, 12

Abstract
With a rapid development of the digital signal processor in recent years, a full digital control system for the superconducting section of APT is designed and implemented by using TI's C6x processor. A digital control system is first modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results confirmed the feasibility and flexibility of the digital control system for LLRF feedback system. Due to flexibility of DSP, different control algorithms are implemented and compared in the system. Particular attention is paid to the inherent pipeline delay problem associated with a digital control system and its effect and limitation on the overall system performance.
Abstract
With a rapid development of the digital signal processor in recent years, a full digital control system for the superconducting section of APT is designed and implemented [...]
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The Changing Role of Inspection
K. Grimes

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 46

Abstract
fter thirty years of existence, on-line inspection using intelligent pigs has developed and matured into one of the most important tools for preservation of our pipeline assets world-wide. In that time it has undergone major changes to arrive at its current level of sophistication. The changing role of inspection and our expectations of it are addressed in this paper.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
fter thirty years of existence, on-line inspection using intelligent pigs has developed and matured into one of the most important tools for preservation of our pipeline assets [...]
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Reliability of Mechanised UT Systems to Inspect Girth Welds During Pipeline Construction
J. Raad

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 45

Abstract
As an alternative to radiography, a field-proven mechanized ultrasonic inspection system is discussed. Called Rotoscan, this system has been developed for inspection of girth welds during construction of long-distance pipelines, both on- and offshore. It is characterized by high inspection speed and instant recording of results. Unlike prevailing radiography, it provides immediate feedback to the welders."/jats:p" "jats:p"Recent technical improvements in flaw sizing and recording have allowed the application of rejection/acceptance criteria for weld defects based on fracture mechanics principles. The development and actual use of such modern acceptance criteria, particularly in Canada, supported the introduction of mechanised ultrasonic inspection. World wide applications proved that, contrary to expectations, ultrasonic inspection does not lead to higher weld repair rates than radiography does. Between early 1989 and now, over 5.000 km of pipeline (300.000 welds) were inspected with Rotoscan and its reliability proven."/jats:p" "jats:p"The introduction of colour enhanced transit distance “C-scan mapping”, producing a coherent picture based on the signal’s transit distance, enabled the system to cope with most existing ultrasonic procedures and acceptance criteria, because of its capability to detect and quantify volumetric defects. Moreover, the integrated simultaneous Time Of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) function enables through-thickness sizing of defect. The present system is capable of achieving a high Probability Of Detection (POD) together with a low False Call Rate (FCR)."/jats:p" "jats:p"In the meantime, Rotoscan has been qualified in various countries, for different customers and for a variety of weld processes, pipe diameters and wall thicknesses. Because of its features, the now mature system has demonstrated its capabilities also for use on lay barges as an alternative to high-speed radiography.
Abstract
As an alternative to radiography, a field-proven mechanized ultrasonic inspection system is discussed. Called Rotoscan, this system has been developed for inspection of girth [...]
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Dual-Purpose Fibre Optic System Providing Simultaneous, Real-Time Communications and Distributed Vibration Sensing for Pipeline Applications
E. Tapanes

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 44

Abstract
proprietary fibre optic sensing technology has been developed and is capable of simultaneously utilising an existing fibre optic communication cable as an integrity-testing sensing cable, thus providing continuous, real-time monitoring of the fibre cable and any structure near the cable (ie., ground, tunnels, ducts, pipes, buildings, equipment, vessels, etc.). With this system, simultaneous fibre optic communications and real-time vibration monitoring was demonstrated using a wavelength multiplexed fibre system for a channel bandwidth of 500 MHz over 18 km of standard singlemode fibre. Real-time vibration monitoring was also demonstrated using standard singlemode and multimode fibre over lengths of 28 km and 53 km, respectively. Trials of the system are currently underway in Australia and the first commercial field installation with this capability is to be completed in mid-1998 in Indonesia. This paper highlights the benefits and potential of this dual-capacity system and details results obtained to-date.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
proprietary fibre optic sensing technology has been developed and is capable of simultaneously utilising an existing fibre optic communication cable as an integrity-testing [...]
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In-Situ Evaluation of Pipeline Bedding and Padding Spring Constants
J. Hughes, R. Tart

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 43

Abstract
Structural response analyses of pipelines using computer models, such as AutoPIPE, incorporate soil “springs” to model the restraint provided by pipeline bedding and padding. These “springs” are referred to as spring constants and are most frequently determined from a limited number of sources in the literature. In some cases representative soil properties are used with theoretical and empirical formulae such as those presented by Nyman (1984). This technique which is referred to herein as the ASCE technique has been used by Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (Alyeska) engineers in their calculations of structural response of the buried pipeline along the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) (Hart et al, 1998)."/jats:p" "jats:p"This paper describes a field study at a pipeline inspection dig in which spring constants were determined directly from a series of field tests to develop a better understanding of the pipeline restraint the bedding and padding is providing for the pipe. Four other papers which cover other aspects of the work performed at this site are also a part of this conference (Hart et al, 1998, Norton et al, 1998, Stevick et al, 1998, Tonkins et al, 1998)."/jats:p" "jats:p"The field work included the drilling of multiple boreholes in which drive samples were taken at about 1 to 2 meter (3 to 5 foot) intervals. In each borehole, pressuremeter tests were also conducted at the same intervals as the drive samples. At two levels in the open pipe trench plate, load tests were conducted. Both nuclear and sand cone density tests were made at several levels in the pipe trench."/jats:p" "jats:p"Results of these tests were correlated to each other. Stress strain relationships were developed from the pressuremeter test and plate load test data which were used independently to develop spring constants. Spring constants were found to vary with the strain level in the soils and were correlated to the drive sample blow count data. Recommended methods for estimating spring constants are presented.
Abstract
Structural response analyses of pipelines using computer models, such as AutoPIPE, incorporate soil “springs” to model the restraint provided by pipeline bedding and padding. [...]
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FACES : a Free flight Autonomous and Coordinated Embarked Solver
N. Durand, J. Alliot, G. Granger

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 42

Abstract
International audience; FACES is an autonomous and coordinated embarked (on board) conflict solver for Free Flight airspace. It solves conflict by computing simple manoeuvres that guarantees conflict free trajectories for the next 5 minutes (min). Coordination is ensured by giving sequential manoeuvres to aircraft with a token allocation strategy. FACES can be implemented with the current positioning, broadcasting and flight management technology. Moreover, it is robust to communication or system failure for time up to one or two minutes. FACES was tested with a traffic simulator on busy traffic days over France. Airspace over level 320 was considered as Free Flight. 638 out of 641 conflicts were solved without using vertical manoeuvres. The 3 remaining conflicts could easily be solved with vertical manoeuvres. The mean delay was less than 30 seconds by aircraft manoeuvred, with a max delay of 150 seconds. An airborne implementation of this algorithm can be seriously considered.
Abstract
International audience; FACES is an autonomous and coordinated embarked (on board) conflict solver for Free Flight airspace. It solves conflict by computing simple manoeuvres [...]
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Use of Surface Pipeline Segments to Mitigate Slide Problems on the Fort Nelson Natural Gas Mainline
D. Cavers, E. McClarty

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 41

Abstract
Skid mounted surface pipelines have been used to cross four major creek valleys on the Westcoast Energy 762 mm Fort Nelson mainline where very large deep-seated slides are progressively failing. The surface pipeline segments range up to 2.2 km long and were used to cross very large slides on the creek approach slopes, or in one case, down valley sliding of the valley floor, which had resulted in major operational problems for the originally buried pipelines. The surface pipeline segments were used for slides where there were no other options for a conventional buried pipeline. During the studies to support the design of the surface pipelines, comprehensive geotechnical investigations included drilling, installation of slope indicators, and electric piezocone penetrometer testing to monitor subsurface pore water pressures and to detect deep seated slide surfaces. Typical peak movement rates of the slides varied to a maximum of several meters per year. The unstable soils were predominantly medium to high plastic silty clay tills and high plastic glaciolacustrine clays with residual internal angles of friction of 7.5 to 8.5°."/jats:p" "jats:p"The pipelines were placed on pressure treated timber skids on graded rights-of-ways (RoW) with comprehensive surface and subsurface water control. Aerial clear span crossings were used across the watercourses with geogrid reinforced abutments on the unstable soil. Geogrids were also used to add stability to structural fills and to reinforce an area of the RoW subject to encroachment from a rapidly moving earth flow up to 6 m deep. The general maintenance and operational guidelines are also discussed. Provincial and Federal regulatory concerns and their abatement are presented and discussed. Over the past five years of operation of the pipelines, one of the slopes moved 1.5 m in a twenty-four hour period and related total movements left a 5 m high head scarp on the RoW. Displacement of soil and areas of thrusting resulted in unsupported pipe spans of 35 m with negligible deleterious impact on the pipeline. This magnitude of movement would have almost certainly caused a failure of the original buried line. All of slopes have continued to move and would have caused a varying magnitude of operational problems had the pipelines still been buried.
Abstract
Skid mounted surface pipelines have been used to cross four major creek valleys on the Westcoast Energy 762 mm Fort Nelson mainline where very large deep-seated slides are [...]
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Quality and Productivity Improvements in the Field Welding of High Strength Thin Walled Pipelines
R. Harrison, I. Henderson, M. Painter, F. Barbaro, D. Dunne, J. Norrish

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 40

Abstract
During the past 20 years the Australian Pipeline Industry has achieved significant economic improvements in the design and construction of natural gas transmission pipeline networks. This improvement is based on the use of thin walled high strength high pressure pipelines which serve relatively small markets separated by long distances from gas reserves."/jats:p" "jats:p"The Industry in conjunction with the WTIA/APIA Research Panel 7 and the Cooperative Research Centre for Materials Welding & Joining, have developed a research program with a number of key deliverables which aim to improve the overall economics of pipeline design, construction, inspection and maintenance activities by providing the level of assurance necessary to confidently build reliable pipelines using high strength linepipe including X80 grade."/jats:p" "jats:p"This paper details recent developments in the Australian Pipeline Industry and the coordinated research and development program to advance the economic use of high strength pipeline technology under Australian conditions.
Abstract
During the past 20 years the Australian Pipeline Industry has achieved significant economic improvements in the design and construction of natural gas transmission pipeline [...]
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Strain Estimation Using Vetco Deformation Tool Data
M. Rosenfeld, J. Cox, P. Porter

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 39

Abstract
Damage to pipelines in the form of indentations and third-party damage has emerged as a key concern for operating reliability and public safety within the pipeline industry. Many operators have conducted detailed surveys of their pipelines for indentations (or simply “dents”) by means of in-line inspection tools designed to detect, measure, and report the presence, size, and location of dents, as well as other deformations such as buckles or wrinkles and ovality."/jats:p" "jats:p"Described herein is a technique suitable for processing the signal from Tuboscope-Vetco deformation ILI tools in order to derive the local cold strain associated with indentation of the pipe.
Abstract
Damage to pipelines in the form of indentations and third-party damage has emerged as a key concern for operating reliability and public safety within the pipeline industry. [...]
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Pipeline Exposure at River Crossings: Causes and Cures
D. Long, M. Bender, L. Sawatsky

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 38

Abstract
Erosion is a common problem at pipeline watercourse crossings. Watercourses are naturally vulnerable to erosion but the risk is particularly acute after sub-soil and armour materials have been disturbed by trenching and backfilling during pipeline construction."/jats:p" "jats:p"The process of pipeline exposure at watercourse crossings can be grouped into these types. One common type of erosion phenomenon is episodic exposure resulting from general and local scour. This is associated with temporary river scour during flood events. It includes general scour involving temporary lowering or the entire river bed during high flows, as well as local scour which involves development of a scour hole during high flow events at a predictable location on the river bed. River engineers have adopted various design methods to ensure sufficient pipeline burial depth which minimizes pipeline exposure due to such periodic occurrences."/jats:p" "jats:p"A second type of erosion phenomenon causing pipeline exposure is progressive river channel bed and bank erosion. This is not a function of a single event but occurs periodically, resulting in progressive removal of pipeline cover. Progressive erosion at pipeline crossings includes riverbed degradation, bank erosion and growth of gullies. River bed degradation (progressive river bed lowering) is a complex phenomenon associated with the stage of geomorphic development of the drainage basin. Its prediction is based on a sound understanding of sediment supply, river hydraulics and river outlet conditions. Bank erosion is a common occurrence and is readily observed. It may be a continuous or episodic occurrence and is often related to the river’s tendency to change its meander pattern, cross sectional shape or bed level. Growth of gullies is a very common cause of erosion at pipeline crossings and results from changes in land use, soil composition, and landscape drainage networks. Techniques for predicting progressive erosion are not well developed and widely understood. As a result, progressive erosion is a common cause of erosion and even pipeline exposure at pipeline crossings of rivers, streams, and gullies."/jats:p" "jats:p"A third mechanism of pipeline exposure is river avulsion. This is often associated with a tortuously meandering channel, a steep braided channel with a wide flood plain or an immature channel on a delta."/jats:p" "jats:p"Methods of avoiding or controlling erosion are based on a sound understanding of causal factors. Each river crossing location is unique and the local risks of pipeline exposure must address specific local conditions. Methods of estimating the risk of local and general scour, progressive erosion, and river avulsions are discussed. Methods of mitigating erosion at pipeline crossings include proper siting of pipeline crossings, deep burial, conventional armouring and a combination of bank toe protection and upper bank vegetation cover.
Abstract
Erosion is a common problem at pipeline watercourse crossings. Watercourses are naturally vulnerable to erosion but the risk is particularly acute after sub-soil and armour [...]
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A Process Using Risk Analysis to Select Construction Methods for Pipeline Crossings of Major Rivers
G. O’Neil, M. Rizkalla, R. Morrison, T. Covlin

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 37

Abstract
Pipeline river crossings pose a significant challenge for pipeline owners and environmental regulators to balance the associated costs and risks, particularly where environmental impacts may occur. For years, NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. (NGTL) has managed the regulatory approval process using a well-established process. However, regulatory expectations are increasingly neutral to the cost of crossing installations and are demanding a more thorough assessment of a wider variety of river crossing options, particularly trenchless technologies. As a result, NGTL has recently enhanced the internal process by incorporating a structured decision tool. This tool is able to quantitatively assess technical risks as well as ‘soft’ influences such as “Regulatory Relationship” and “Delay in Approval”. The result is a clear decision with the necessary buy-in, where all risks were identified quantitatively and well understood by decision makers.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
Pipeline river crossings pose a significant challenge for pipeline owners and environmental regulators to balance the associated costs and risks, particularly where environmental [...]
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Airspace sectoring by evolutionary computation
J. Alliot, D. Delahaye, M. Schoenauer

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 36

Abstract
International audience; This paper addresses the classical graph partitioning problem applied to the air network. We consider an air transportation network with aircraft inducing a control workload. This network has to be partitioned into K balanced sectors for which the cutting flow is minimized.
Abstract
International audience; This paper addresses the classical graph partitioning problem applied to the air network. We consider an air transportation network with aircraft inducing [...]
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Support Operation and Monitoring Application of Pipeline Simulator (SMAPS)
K. Miura, H. Kondoh

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 35

Abstract
In 1994, Teikoku Oil Co., Ltd. (TOC) and NKK Corp. established a joint pilot project to provide pipeline application and evaluation of NKK’s gas hydraulic simulation engine (GASTRAN), and to co-develop a Demand Forecasting Model (DFC). When the pilot project finished in March 1997, a commercial system, Support Operation and Monitoring Application of Pipeline Simulator (SMAPS), was installed in TOC’s operation center."/jats:p" "jats:p"SMAPS programs include a real time simulator, an off-line planning simulator, demand and supply database, SCADA interface program, and the DFC. The real-time simulator provides actual initial conditions to the off-line simulator. In addition, the demand and supply database facilitates inputting the data for each sales point and applying real time demand forecasts from DFC."/jats:p" "jats:p"SMAPS has been mainly used to evaluate pipeline operation and monitor pipeline situations. Future plans include expanding usage for pipeline construction and maintenance and improving employee training.
Abstract
In 1994, Teikoku Oil Co., Ltd. (TOC) and NKK Corp. established a joint pilot project to provide pipeline application and evaluation of NKK’s gas hydraulic simulation engine [...]
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Issues and analysis of mixed semi-automated/manual traffic 1
A. Bose, P. Ioannou

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 34

Abstract
The advance in research and development will make the deployment of automated vehicles a reality in the near future. At the initial stage, semi-automated vehicles with the capability to follow each other automatically in the same lane will coexist with manually driven vehicles on the same roadway system. A number of safety and human factor issues need to be resolved before such mixing becomes possible. In this paper we analyze the effect of mixing on capacity and stability of vehicle following. We found that capacity may not always increase with the percentage of semi-automated vehicles because the intervehicle spacing has to account for driver reaction times during stopping. Semi-automated vehicles will attenuate the "slinky effects" without affecting the total travel time. © 1998 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. "p"Conference code: 90134 Cited By :2
Abstract
The advance in research and development will make the deployment of automated vehicles a reality in the near future. At the initial stage, semi-automated vehicles with the [...]
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Hydrogen Facilitated Anodic Dissolution Type Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipeline Steels in Coating Disbondment Chemistry
B. Gu, S. Mao, J. Luo, W. Yu

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 33

Abstract
The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pipeline steels in coating disbondment chemistry (near neutral pH solution) was studied by using slow strain rate tests (SSRT), polarization techniques, SEM and SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscope). It was found that SCC susceptibility increased as the applied electrochemical potential and strain rates decreased. Hydrogen (H) precharging or addition of CO2 facilitated the process of SCC, suggesting that dissolution and hydrogen ingress are involved in the cracking process. SIMS analysis showed that hydrogen could diffuse into steels around the crack tip during the SCC process, which would facilitate the dissolution rate of the steel and increase SCC susceptibility. A mechanism was proposed which shows that hydrogen enhances anodic dissolution type of SCC in dilute aqueous solution. A thermodynamic analysis of the SCC process was carried out, and was found to be consistent with the experimental results.
Abstract
The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pipeline steels in coating disbondment chemistry (near neutral pH solution) was studied by using slow strain rate tests (SSRT), polarization [...]
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Alarm Management Plan for Pipeline Facilities
D. Mah, G. Perry, A. Dvorkin, L. Kemball

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 32

Abstract
The increasing size and complexity of natural gas transmission and distribution systems in North America are leading to higher dependence on automated, remote communication and monitoring of meter station, compression, and pipeline facilities. Along with implementing new technology comes the need to maximise operating cost efficiencies while continuing to deliver reliable transportation service. Managing alarm conditions at over 1100 receipt and delivery meter stations in an efficient and effective manner has become increasingly important for NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. (NGTL) to satisfy customer requirements for finalising individual gas accounts on a daily basis. As a result, NGTL has developed a “Meter Station Alarm Management Plan”. This paper describes the process developed and implemented by NGTL in categorising and prioritising measurement alarms and providing the right response, along with the benefits to be achieved.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
The increasing size and complexity of natural gas transmission and distribution systems in North America are leading to higher dependence on automated, remote communication [...]
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TransAlaska Pipeline System Linewide Slackline Investigations for Potential Pipe Vibrations
U. Baskurt, J. Hart, W. Tonkins

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 31

Abstract
During the summer of 1996, the TransAlaska Pipeline System (TAPS) experienced pipe vibrations near Thompson Pass, which is located 25 miles north of the Valdez Marine Terminal (VMT). The VMT is the southern terminus of the 48-inch oil pipeline transporting Alaska North Slope Crude for further shipment to market via marine tankers. The pipeline is designed to operate in a slackline mode as it flows over the 2,810 ft. elevation of Thompson Pass."/jats:p" "jats:p"As a result of the slackline experience gained at Thompson Pass, Alyeska evaluated other areas along TAPS where continuous slackline operation either existed in the past or could exist in the future with declining pipeline throughputs. A study determined that other locations along the pipeline could operate in a continuous slackline mode and should be investigated for potential slackline operating problems. This paper describes the slackline testing and evaluation and methods developed by Alyeska to control problems caused by slackline operation. General evaluations and observations of the slackline dynamics phenomena that can cause pipe vibrations along with guidelines and recommendations for the control or elimination of slackline vibration problems are presented.
Abstract
During the summer of 1996, the TransAlaska Pipeline System (TAPS) experienced pipe vibrations near Thompson Pass, which is located 25 miles north of the Valdez Marine Terminal [...]
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Requirements of Pipeline Simulation: Accurately Modeling Transient Pipeline Operation
G. Stanley, K. Hanks

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 30

Abstract
In an attempt simulate the hydraulic conditions actually exhibited in a pipeline, several simplifications have traditionally been made to reduce the computational requirements and complexity of the simulation models."/jats:p" "jats:p"Recent advances in computer technology and solution techniques have allowed many of these simplifications to be removed. This paper discusses the benefit of the proper simulation of several of these areas. Transient vs. Steady state simulation, Two-phase vs. Single-phase simulation, Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian fluid flow, Multi-component boiling and condensation in wet gas."/jats:p" "jats:p"The effects of these features on leak detection, line pack, pressure loss, and inventory analysis are discussed, as well as the effects on pipeline design, operator training, and real time decision support.
Abstract
In an attempt simulate the hydraulic conditions actually exhibited in a pipeline, several simplifications have traditionally been made to reduce the computational requirements [...]
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Determination of Pipe Roughness and Heat Transfer Coefficient in Pipeline Networks Using Multidomain Solution Method
S. Rizopoulos, J. Jelen, H. Golshan

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 29

Abstract
In the development of new pipeline projects, all too often assumptions that are made in the initial stages of the business development opportunity are, for the most part, overly conservative. This inaccuracy is carried out through to the operation of the pipeline system and most assumptions do not change with subsequent expansions in the future until a conscious effort is made to determine and monitor those significant parameters that impact the pipeline’s overall performance."/jats:p" "jats:p"In highly complex systems such as NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd.’s (NGTL’s) pipeline network, with over 21400 Km of pipe segments of different sizes and ages, for an accurate determination of pressure drop while 12 BCF of gas, on average, is flowing through our network, we need a technique to precisely assess the values of friction factor and heat transfer coefficient. These values have a profound impact on the accuracy of the hydraulic simulations."/jats:p" "jats:p"The calculated values of pressure, flow rate, and temperature may be distorted by imprecise values of some parameters, such as friction factor or heat transfer coefficient. Thus, a proper estimation of these parameters is of great importance to the successful numerical flow simulation. Both friction factor and heat transfer coefficient are very difficult to measure; therefore, their values can only be assessed by solving an inverse problem (i.e. parameter identification process)."/jats:p" "jats:p"Since the parameter estimation procedure reported in this paper requires multiple solution of inviscid gasdynamics differential equations, describing the gas flow through the pipeline system, a multidomain solution method has been applied to effectively solve the parameter identification problem.
Abstract
In the development of new pipeline projects, all too often assumptions that are made in the initial stages of the business development opportunity are, for the most part, [...]
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TCPL In-Line Inspection Management Program
R. Sahney, B. Ashworth, P. Vieth

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 28

Abstract
TransCanada PipeLines (TCPL) has developed a formalized in-line inspection management program to encompass all aspects of their inspection activities. The need for this formalized program was recognized while implementing an aggressive inspection program planned through the year 2000. The formalized inspection management program developed by TCPL ensures consistent and thorough handling of the data and maximizes the benefits of conducting an in-line inspection.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
TransCanada PipeLines (TCPL) has developed a formalized in-line inspection management program to encompass all aspects of their inspection activities. The need for this formalized [...]
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An Investigation of the Factors Influencing the Formation of Hollow Bead Pores in Pipeline Girth Welds
J. Bee, G. Cantin

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 27

Abstract
Hollow bead is an elongated linear pore aligned with the weld axis. The sporadic appearance of epidemics of hollow bead defects during the construction of pipelines has for years been responsible for increasing the cost and time required for completion of a number of projects in many parts of the world. The inability to identify the cause of this defect has been one of the major obstacles in attempting to reduce its occurrence. As a result of this situation, following an important pipeline construction project which was seriously disrupted by problems with hollow bead, a number of Australian companies contributed to a major three year programme of research undertaken by the Cooperative Research Centre for Materials Welding and Joining. A systematic study of the effects of a range of parameters including welding variables, parent metal composition, joint geometry, surface condition and welding consumables has been undertaken. The data obtained has been used to ascertain their influence on the occurrence of hollow bead pores, and to provide guidelines for field welding practice which provide a high level of confidence that hollow bead can be eliminated as a practical problem in pipeline construction.
Abstract
Hollow bead is an elongated linear pore aligned with the weld axis. The sporadic appearance of epidemics of hollow bead defects during the construction of pipelines has for [...]
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Installation of Pipeline Pumps
J. Horner, K. Savage

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 26

Abstract
This paper reviews Trans Mountain’s recent experience with the installation of main line pumping units ranging in size from 670 to 1900 kw (500 to 2500 Hp). This includes a review of vibration problems encountered due to a structural resonance, how this problem was resolved and its impact on subsequent baseplate designs and their associated installation techniques.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
This paper reviews Trans Mountain’s recent experience with the installation of main line pumping units ranging in size from 670 to 1900 kw (500 to 2500 Hp). This includes [...]
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Pipeline Integrity Assessment and Rehabilitation Personnel Training and Certification
W. Stewart, P. Nidd, M. Winspear

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 25

Abstract
AEC Pipelines Ltd operates approximately 2500 km of pipeline within Canada and the United States. The AEC Pipelines Ltd. “Pipeline Integrity Group” has responsibility for monitoring and ensuring the continuing safety and reliability of the AEC Pipelines Ltd. pipeline system network within Canada and the U.S."/jats:p" "jats:p"In carrying out this mandate, the Integrity Group is required to develop and manage large scale pipeline rehabilitation programs involving the assessment and repair of a variety of pipeline defects, including external corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC)."/jats:p" "jats:p"One such rehabilitation program involves the 435-km length Alberta Oil Sands Pipeline (AOSPL) that transports Synthetic Crude product from the Syncrude Plant located at Fort McMurray to Edmonton, Alberta."/jats:p" "jats:p"This AOSPL pipeline is of spiral weld construction, the pipe joints are externally coated with extruded polyethylene (Shaw YJ1), and the girth welds are externally coated with polyethylene tape wrap. Pipeline outside diameter is 559 mm, nominal wall thickness is 5.16 mm (Gr. 359 and Gr. 414) and heavy wall pipe thickness is 6.35 mm or 7.92 mm (Gr. 359 or Gr. 414)."/jats:p" "jats:p"The pipeline, constructed in 1978, exhibits extensive corrosion and minor SCC at the girth weld locations due to tape wrap coating disbondment and resultant cathodic protection shielding. The four hundred and thirty five (435) km length of pipeline has been excavated and repaired at approximately twenty six hundred (2600) girth weld locations since 1986 including approximately eleven hundred (1100) sites during the last two years."/jats:p" "jats:p"Major sections of this pipeline may be accessed and excavated only during the winter months. Several crews adhering to an intense work schedule must be utilized in order to complete the necessary number of pipeline repairs within such a short time frame. The employment of a large number of technical specialists for short duration dictates that contract personnel must be utilized within key project supervisory positions."/jats:p" "jats:p"In 1996, in order to ensure a continuity of critical contract personnel and reduce third party costs, AEC Pipelines Ltd. initiated the formation of a three-year Integrity Alliance involving all of the major contractors working on the AOSPL rehabilitation program. The formation of this Integrity Alliance has resulted in significant program cost reductions and has promoted a “team” approach to rehabilitation projects."/jats:p" "jats:p"In order to minimize the risk of injury to pipeline rehabilitation project personnel and to provide standards for quality control, the AEC Pipelines Ltd. Integrity Group, in concert with the Integrity Alliance, developed the “The Pipeline Integrity Group Rehabilitation Training and Certification Program”. The program applies to both on-site personnel and visitors and comprises the following individual training and certification approaches:"/jats:p" "jats:p"1. Pipeline Integrity Group Rehabilitation Program Risk Assessment and Safety Guidelines."/jats:p" "jats:p"2. Pipeline Integrity Group Rehabilitation Training and Certification Program for NDE Personnel."/jats:p" "jats:p"3. Pipeline Integrity Group Rehabilitation Training and Certification Program for Clock Spring™ Sleeve Applicators."/jats:p" "jats:p"4. Pipeline Integrity Group Rehabilitation Training and Certification Program for Alberta One Call Response and Field Representation."/jats:p" "jats:p"These quality control certification and safety training programs are in addition to the many Integrity Alliance specifications that have been developed as a guideline for carrying out critical activities on the pipeline; i.e. pipeline excavation, pipeline re-coating and pipeline grind removal of SCC.
Abstract
AEC Pipelines Ltd operates approximately 2500 km of pipeline within Canada and the United States. The AEC Pipelines Ltd. “Pipeline Integrity Group” has responsibility [...]
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Pipeline Fault Diagnosis System Enhancement
T. Xiujia

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 24

Abstract
In order to decrease the false alarm rate and improve the sensitivity of pipeline fault diagnosis system, three artificial intelligence based methods are first proposed. Neural networks with the input matrix composed by stress wave characteristics in time domain or frequency domain is proposed to classify various situations of the pipeline, in order to detect the leakage from pipeline online running data. Context-free grammar of symbolic representation of the negative wave form is used and a negative wave form parsing system with application to syntactic pattern recognition based on the representation is described. New complex thermal and hydraulic models, in which the flow regime, viscosity-temperature characteristics, density-temperature characteristics and specific heat-temperature characteristics, etc., of the running fluid in the pipelines are set up for non-isothermal pipeline carrying higher temperature fluid or in ambient environment.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
In order to decrease the false alarm rate and improve the sensitivity of pipeline fault diagnosis system, three artificial intelligence based methods are first proposed. Neural [...]
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Field Full Scale Tests on Longitudinal Pipeline-Soil Interaction
G. Scarpelli, R. Tagliaferri, G. Andrei, G. Giurlani, G. Furlani, A. Cappelletto

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 23

Abstract
Recent research on longitudinal pipe-soil interaction shows that traditional analysis models are inadequate and too conservative, especially when cohesive soils are involved. The practical implication for SNAM, whose network extends over the entire Italian territory where slow ground movements inducing longitudinal soil-pipe interaction are frequent, is that the management of the gas pipeline has to rely mainly on field measurements."/jats:p" "jats:p"The correct assessment of the interaction forces was therefore included as an important part of a wider research program, whose aim is to perform pipe risk analysis by which the structural vulnerability for some SNAM typical scenarios can be quantified as a function of such parameters as the pipe section geometry, the type of soil, the burial depth, the length of pipeline section involved and the magnitude of the soil imposed displacements."/jats:p" "jats:p"Experimental activities specifically regarding longitudinal, static, interaction problems were carried out; in particular pull-out tests were performed on two out of use pipelines, having two different diameters: 8” and 24”. For each site, four different test conditions were investigated where type and compaction state of the material surrounding the pipe varies. The behaviour of the pipe embedded in the original clayey backfill was compared to that observed after such fill was excavated and replaced around the pipe, to simulate conditions after standard stress relieving works. Different fills where then used, made of either granular soil or granulite; this latter was used in order to ascertain the possible benefits of using light artificial materials to mitigate soil-pipe interaction phenomena. Site testing was accompanied by a careful geotechnical investigation both in the field and in laboratory that included direct shear tests of interfaces using coated steel pipe specimens."/jats:p" "jats:p"A comparison between the results obtained and the existing state of the art is presented. This comparison allowed to verify the effectiveness of some interpretative models, and in particular the convenience of adopting effective stress based models rather than pure cohesive ones (i.e. total stress), even in the case of clayey soils.
Abstract
Recent research on longitudinal pipe-soil interaction shows that traditional analysis models are inadequate and too conservative, especially when cohesive soils are involved. [...]
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SCADA Designs: The Evolution of the User Interface for the Pipeline Industry
C. Wagner

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 22

Abstract
This paper will discuss some of the key features that have been implemented in the user interface component of IPL Energy’s Pipeline Control System (PCS)."/jats:p" "jats:p"IPL Energy operates the world’s largest crude oil and liquid pipeline system. In 1968, IPL Energy became one of the first pipeline companies in the world to implement computer based control of its pipeline systems, commonly referred to as SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition). Since then, the SCADA system has been continually modified and improved in order to achieve high standards of reliability, safety, and operator functionality."/jats:p" "jats:p"Unlike other SCADA systems, PCS has been developed from the ground up drawing from a wide range of experience and expertise in pipeline design, control, and operation. A brief overview of the past generations of SCADA systems will show how the user interface has evolved into the present system. The focus of the discussion will be on the Line Display, a single screen that can be used to operate a particular pipeline. The Line Display is the main operating screen used to control the pipeline and provides the operator with the current operating conditions, including operating pressures, pump statuses, and important alarms.
Abstract
This paper will discuss some of the key features that have been implemented in the user interface component of IPL Energy’s Pipeline Control System (PCS)."/jats:p" [...]
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Field test evaluation of the CTAS conflict prediction and trial planning capability
B. McNally, W. Chan, R. Bach

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 21

Abstract
The conflict prediction and resolution capability resident in the Center/TRACON Automation System (CTAS) has been enhanced and field tested. All-track processing (overflights, arrivals, departures), conflict probability estimation, and interactive trial planning, were incorporated into the Conflict Prediction and Trial Planning (CPTP) tool for field test evaluation. The objective of the work was to field test CPTP under operational air traffic control conditions and to measure benefits of CPTP capability to air traffic controllers and airspace users. The system was tested on the operational floor at the Denver Air Route Traffic Control Center in September 1997. It was found that controllers using CPTP-aiding resolved many conflicts by issuing a direct-route clearance to one of the aircraft. A direct route often resolved a conflict well before it became tactical, gave the aircraft a short-cut, and required one less controller clearance. The potential for a three-fold increase in direct routing was noted with CPTP-aiding over baseline operations with no aiding. The data show better than a two-fold increase in the number of direct-route clearances actually issued to aircraft when controllers were using the CPTP system. The ability of CPTP to confirm that a trial trajectory resolves the conflict without creating any other conflicts was consistently identified by the controllers as one of its most powerful features.
Abstract
The conflict prediction and resolution capability resident in the Center/TRACON Automation System (CTAS) has been enhanced and field tested. All-track processing (overflights, [...]
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Pipeline Design and Construction Using Higher Strength Steels
D. Horsley, D. Dorling, A. Glover

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 20

Abstract
Grade 550 (X80) pipeline steels are now the basis of a standard platform for the design and construction of large-diameter pipeline projects at NOVA Gas Transmission (NGT). Their introduction in 1995 and further application in 1997 have provided material savings, provided greater gas flow capacity and fuel gas savings and, once again, shown NGT to be an industry leader in successfully developing and applying new technology in response to business needs. The paper will outline the development of a Canadian capability to supply these steels, discuss design aspects including fracture initiation and arrest and weld/pipe strength mismatch, the overall cost efficient approach to material and weld requirements, and pipeline construction using mechanized welding with mechanized ultrasonic inspection and alternative weld acceptance standards. Future directions at NGT with respect to higher strength steels will also be described.
Abstract
Grade 550 (X80) pipeline steels are now the basis of a standard platform for the design and construction of large-diameter pipeline projects at NOVA Gas Transmission (NGT). [...]
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Pipeline Operations Training Using a Pipeline Simulator
W. Lehmann, D. Sutherland

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 19

Abstract
This paper details the authors’ experiences in using a pipeline simulator in pipeline operations training programs."/jats:p" "jats:p"Pipeline simulators allow trainees to practice basic and advanced operating techniques in a “safe” environment. In the early stages of applied operator training, the simulator usually represents a fairly simple, generic pipeline. This allows clear illustration of operational concepts with a focus on specific tasks. In more advanced stages of an operator’s training cycle, the simulator can provide an exact simulation of the pipeline that the trainee will have to control in the future. Realistic scenarios can be presented and operator trainees are able to exercise almost all tasks and deal with any possible incident that may occur during the operation of a pipeline. Accurate records detailing trainees’ operational decisions during a simulator exercise are maintained and help in determining the skill level of different trainees. This information allows pinpointing of specific areas where more training may be needed."/jats:p" "jats:p"At the same time, pipeline operations training which uses a simulator can address certification requirements. A simulator allows a company to set standards, and then to test operational skills and knowledge against those standards in a quantifiable and controllable manner. Since the performance of a trainee during a simulator training session is fully recorded, companies can use this record as a measure when qualifying operators.
Abstract
This paper details the authors’ experiences in using a pipeline simulator in pipeline operations training programs."/jats:p" "jats:p"Pipeline simulators allow [...]
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An Innovative Approach to Pipeline Isolation and Monitoring
D. Savard

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 18

Abstract
Pipeline companies continue to seek ways to improve the quality and efficiency of modifying and repairing pipelines. The focus is on improving the overall quality of the completed work, ensuring that all long term integrity issues are managed and that there will not be a need to return to the site. Many operators have found that when repairs or modifications were undertaken, failures occurred later causing environmental damage or situations where repeated work was required, both impacting landowners, public, customers and company profitability. Pipeline operators control and manage the construction of new pipelines to ensure that the highest quality standards are maintained. Over time these standards may be compromised due to the requirement for modifications and repairs."/jats:p" "jats:p"Procedures must ensure that there is a proper balance between cost and quality, as in many instances these two areas are directly related to one another. There is a continued focus on reducing overall costs and the number of fittings that are left on the pipeline after repairs are completed. This, combined with the increased regulatory focus on pipeline safety will challenge the industry. Operators have found from experience that fittings are a known source of problems. Operators continue to modify work procedures to reduce the number of fittings that are left on the pipeline."/jats:p" "jats:p"To date, reliability has been a major concern for operators when using internal pipeline isolation tools. The reliability of the first generation tools was compromised because they required large internal power sources, external controls and were very complex. With this new technology the reliability issue has been addressed."/jats:p" "jats:p"A new technology has been developed that will allow an operator to carry out maintenance and repairs that will leave the pipeline in virtually the same state as new construction. The PAPlug (pressure activated plug) isolation tool is designed to allow operators to enhance the repair process while reducing over all costs. The development of the PAPlug focused on the use of a reliable energy source for setting and releasing the isolation tool. The energy source was found within the pipeline itself in form of pressure and flow."/jats:p" "jats:p"The PAPlug has only three moving elements and is designed to be robust and reliable as there are no high maintenance seals, remote controls or large power requirements. All PAPlug operations use internal pipeline pressures which are readily available. The PAPlug can be operated multi-times per run allowing an operator to carry out a number of maintenance activities if required."/jats:p" "jats:p"The PAPlug transmits internal pipeline pressures and/or temperature information to an above ground receiver allowing the operator to monitor status before and during isolation activities."/jats:p" "jats:p"The PAPlug technology will allow the operator to select the optimum repair and modification process which include drain-up, pump around and nitrogen purge. The end result will be a repair that will leave the pipeline in new construction state.
Abstract
Pipeline companies continue to seek ways to improve the quality and efficiency of modifying and repairing pipelines. The focus is on improving the overall quality of the completed [...]
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Conceptual design of free flight with airborne separation assurance
J. Hoekstra, R. Ruigrok, R. Gent

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 17

Abstract
The study described in this paper originally only aimed at studying the human factors problems of airborne separation hi a Free Flight environment. However to define the Free Flight environment with sufficient detail, a concept was designed at NLR. This conceptual design includes rules-of-the-sky, a conflict resolution algorithm, conflict detection, cockpit display recommendations, system description as well as operational implications. The feasibility of the design has been evaluated in three sub-studies: (i) off-line traffic simulations with very high traffic densities and a total of up to 300 aircraft, (ii) a safety analysis comparing the resolution method with current day ATC and (iii) a man-in-the-loop simulator experiment hi traffic densities up to three times the average WestEuropean traffic density with eight air line crews. None of these studies could refute the feasibility of the Free Flight conceptual design.
Abstract
The study described in this paper originally only aimed at studying the human factors problems of airborne separation hi a Free Flight environment. However to define the Free [...]
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Environmental Inspection: Down in the Trenches
M. Buszynski

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 16

Abstract
This paper describes how the use of an environmental management plan can effectively anticipate problems that may occur during pipeline construction and make dealing with them easier. Examples from a recently completed natural gas pipeline project in eastern Ontario and our experience with environmental inspection of other pipelines in various jurisdictions are used to do this. The focus of the paper will be on environmental issues associated with smaller diameter, extra high pressure distribution pipelines, which have a distinctly different set of environmental considerations than do transmission pipelines.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Abstract
This paper describes how the use of an environmental management plan can effectively anticipate problems that may occur during pipeline construction and make dealing with [...]
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Pipeline Purging Principles and Practice
A. Lambeth, J. Gregor, S. Svedeman, C. Kuhl, J. Johnson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 15

Abstract
Gas purging, a process of displacing one gas by another gas, occurs on a routine basis in the natural gas industry when pipelines are purged into and out of service. In a project sponsored by the Gas Research Institute and in cooperation with the American Gas Association (A.G.A.) the purging practices as outlined in the A.G.A.’s Purging Principles and Practices manual are being reviewed because many of today’s pipeline purging operations occur under conditions not addressed directly in the manual. The program focus is on the purging procedures outlined in Chapter 8 of the manual entitled Gas Transmission and Distribution Pipes."/jats:p" "jats:p"The technical objective of the project is to develop an understanding of the scientific principles upon which safe, practical purging practices can be based. Direct displacement and inert gas slug purging operations are explained in terms of dispersion and mixing parameters and their relationship to the gas velocity. Field data is compared to the results of an analytical mixing model. Computer software for planning safe and cost effective pipeline purges has been developed. Finally, recommendations for revising Chapter 8 of the A.G.A. manual are presented.
Abstract
Gas purging, a process of displacing one gas by another gas, occurs on a routine basis in the natural gas industry when pipelines are purged into and out of service. In a [...]
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Seismic Hazard Assessment and Remediation of Pipelines
T. Fitzell, D. Wijewickreme

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 14

Abstract
The performance of pipeline systems under seismic loading is an important consideration in regions subject to earthquakes. This paper briefly describes a study to evaluate the vulnerability of a natural gas transmission system to seismic hazards, along with some of the remedial treatment options which are being considered. The study was carried out for BC Gas Utility Ltd. in the Greater Vancouver Region of British Columbia. The results of the study are being used by BC Gas in emergency response planning and remedial treatment activities to limit their risk exposure."/jats:p" "jats:p"The paper describes the approach used to assess liquefaction and lateral spreading risks, and remedial treatment options which were considered. This involved generation of design seismic ground motions, seismic hazard mapping, geotechnical investigations to determine the subsurface conditions, and geotechnical and structural numerical modeling and analysis to assess pipeline performance and remedial treatment options."/jats:p" "jats:p"Several different approaches to remediation are described; one involves ground treatment to reduce the risk of unacceptable ground deformations; another involves structural modifications to improve the resistance of the pipeline to seismic motions, while another makes use of directional drilling to re-align the pipe below infirm areas.
Abstract
The performance of pipeline systems under seismic loading is an important consideration in regions subject to earthquakes. This paper briefly describes a study to evaluate [...]
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Agent-based performance assessment tool for general aviation operations under free flight
J. Kuchar, G. Zacharias, K. Harper, S. Mulguncf

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 13

Abstract
The objective of this research is to design and demonstrate an agent-based modeling and analysis tool for evaluating General Aviation (GA) pilot situation awareness under free flight air traffic management (ATM). A computational tool is developed to assess free flight's potential effect on GA operators, by combining an agent-based representation of the overall pilot/vehicle/ATM system with quantitative modelbased metrics of pilot SA. The model's performance is demonstrated in a set of simulation trials designed to measure the pilot agent's ability to recognize and correctly assess protected zone conflicts in free flight ATM, using information available from a hypothetical cockpit display of traffic information. A set of simulations is presented to examine the effect of sensor accuracy and attention allocation on pilot awareness of protected zone conflict hazards posed by intruder aircraft. The results show that reducing sensor accuracy leads to an increase in overall SA error, and that the pilot agent divides its attention over multiple traffic hazards in proportion to each intruder's hazard potential. This attention-sharing varies dynamically as the conflict situation changes, in a manner that is consistent with intuitive expectations.
Abstract
The objective of this research is to design and demonstrate an agent-based modeling and analysis tool for evaluating General Aviation (GA) pilot situation awareness under [...]
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The Use of Reliability Based Limit State Methods in Uprating High Pressure Pipelines
G. Senior, R. Espiner, A. Edwards, A. Francis

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 12

Abstract
There is an increasing demand for operators of transmission pipelines to maximise the throughput of their pipeline systems. This can be achieved relatively easily with new pipelines, by using limit state design, new materials, novel fabrication techniques etc., Operators are also looking to maximise the throughput of existing transmission pipelines. Obviously, they are not able to make use of new materials etc., but limit state design concepts can be applied to show that a pipeline can be safely uprated to a higher design pressure."/jats:p" "jats:p"The limit state of an engineering structure or component is defined as the mathematical relationship between the parameters associated with a particular failure mode at the onset of failure. To assess the impact on pipeline integrity and safety, a limit state approach incorporating probabilistic analysis has been developed. The approach addresses all credible failure modes and takes account of uncertainties in the relevant parameters for each mode."/jats:p" "jats:p"The probabilistic approach takes the limit state approach a step further by describing the parameters as statistical distributions rather than single values. This allows failure probabilities to be computed which are a more meaningful measure of safety and allow areas of over conservatism (or under conservatism) to be identified. It is important to note that the approach is only as good as the limit states used and the data used to construct the distributions. Clearly uncertainties in both of these can exist and the absolute values of the computed probabilities must be viewed with caution. However, the strength of the approach lies in the relative values of the computed probabilities and previous ‘safe’ operation. If a system has a significant operational history with few or no failures and it can be shown that there is little change in the theoretical failure probability associated with a change in operating conditions, it can be inferred that few or no failures will occur in practice."/jats:p" "jats:p"The paper describes the above approach in detail and outlines a study carried out to determine the effect on pipeline integrity of uprating three pipelines from a current maximum operating pressure of 70 bar to an uprated pressure of 85 bar, exceeding the current design criteria. By application of the limit state approach incorporating probabilistic analysis, it is shown that there would be an insignificant change in failure probability as a result of uprating to 85 bar, and hence that the integrity of the pipelines is unimpaired by uprating.
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for operators of transmission pipelines to maximise the throughput of their pipeline systems. This can be achieved relatively easily with new [...]
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Response, Remediation and Risk Management of a Crude Oil Pipeline Spill
J. Doupe, W. Livingstone

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 11

Abstract
In December 1995, an oil spill was discovered along a section of pipeline located near the bank of a major river, less than 1 km upstream of the water supply intake of a southern Alberta community. The spill, which involved light crude oil, was observed at ground surface over an area of approximately 3 000 m2 at the top of the river slope and had also migrated downslope through the subgrade soils and along the groundwater table toward the river."/jats:p" "jats:p"The initial emergency response activities consisted of removing and disposing of oil-stained vegetation and snow, and the containment and recovery of free oil pooled on ground surface. Subsequent subsurface assessments involved the drilling of test holes and boreholes, and installation of groundwater monitoring/recovery wells. Based on the results of these assessments, a remedial action plan was developed. As part of this plan, some of the impacted soils were excavated and placed in lined treatment cells for bioremediation. The limits of the excavation were based on field screening measurements and on soil clean-up criteria developed through an assessment of the human health risk and ecological impacts."/jats:p" "jats:p"Investigations conducted at the site also indicated that phase-separated crude oil had migrated further downslope and had accumulated at the water table within the flood plain sediments adjacent to the river. Therefore, remediation systems were installed to recover the oil, recover and treat the impacted groundwater, and prevent further migration of the impacted groundwater and oil toward the river. Impacted groundwater recovered from the flood plain deposits was treated onsite and was then injected back into the flood plain deposits via an infiltration gallery. The performance of the pumping and remediation systems was monitored regularly and water samples were recovered from the treatment system, selected monitoring wells and the river. Based on the results of these analyses, the quality of local groundwater steadily improved and the zone of impacted water was effectively contained.
Abstract
In December 1995, an oil spill was discovered along a section of pipeline located near the bank of a major river, less than 1 km upstream of the water supply intake of a southern [...]
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Strain-Based Pipeline Design Criteria Review
A. Dinovitzer, R. Smith

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 10

Abstract
The new Canadian limit states pipeline design standard (CSA Z662-96, Appendix C - Limit States Design) incorporates deformation or strain-based design criteria to prevent pipe rupture and or buckling and limit ovality due to bending. These criteria are different and in some instances, much more conservative than those contained in the Canadian offshore pipeline design standard (chapter 11 of CSA Z662-96) and similar standards used in other countries. This study was completed to review the ovality, buckling (including wrinkling) and rupture criteria included in current Canadian pipeline design standards (CSA Z662-96) and define its basic differences with respect to other standards."/jats:p" "jats:p"The deformation or strain based design criteria formulations in Z662 are compared with those contained in design standards, industry association recommendations and classification society rules from Norway, Britain, Germany, Australia and the USA to illustrate their differences and relative levels of conservatism. In addition, current and on-going research efforts were reviewed to identify the state-of-the-art in pipeline strain-based design, since this research could form the basis for future amendments to existing pipeline design standards."/jats:p" "jats:p"Based on the findings of this review, recommended changes to the limit states pipeline design formulation are given to better reflect the strain-based (non-linear or post-yield) design and assessment approaches included in the Canadian offshore or foreign pipeline design approaches. In addition, an analytical basis for pipeline ovality and buckling design criteria are recommended.
Abstract
The new Canadian limit states pipeline design standard (CSA Z662-96, Appendix C - Limit States Design) incorporates deformation or strain-based design criteria to prevent [...]
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Simulating Traffic Control Systems with the Flip-Tick Architecture
L. Huang

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1999). Vol. 1999, 4

Abstract
First an introduction to the flip-tick architecture is given. A development toolkit for the architecture is then outlined. Traffic control systems are modeled using the architecture. The program structure of the traffic simulation is explained as well as the interface. A brief summary concludes the paper.
Abstract
First an introduction to the flip-tick architecture is given. A development toolkit for the architecture is then outlined. Traffic control systems are modeled using the architecture. [...]
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Pipeline Pumps for Energy Efficiency and High Reliability
T. Morton, H. Samarasekera, R. Lueneburg

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 9

Abstract
Key variables in the design of pipeline systems are pump efficiency, equipment reliability, and throughput flexibility since they significantly influence the pipeline operating costs."/jats:p" "jats:p"Pumps commonly used in pipelines operate at high efficiency only at the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) capacity. Outside this capacity, efficiency decreases and the wasted energy is converted into harmful vibrations, noise and heat, contributing to premature pump failures. Conventional pumps do not provide capacity flexibility to a pipeline."/jats:p" "jats:p"A horizontal split case pump with replaceable diffusers and capable of accommodating a series of impellers has been developed. An impeller/diffuser combination with a BEP capacity matching the pumping capacity is selected to maximise efficiency. Since it operates close to BEP capacity, minimal pump vibrations and noise improve pump reliability."/jats:p" "jats:p"Hydraulic and mechanical design features of the pump, some concepts for the future and a discussion of the potential cost savings when used in pipeline systems are presented.
Abstract
Key variables in the design of pipeline systems are pump efficiency, equipment reliability, and throughput flexibility since they significantly influence the pipeline operating [...]
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Inhibitor Selection for Internal Corrosion Control of Pipelines
S. Papavinasam, R. Revie

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 8

Abstract
ddition of inhibitors can provide a cost-effective method for controlling internal corrosion of pipelines. To select appropriate inhibitors and their concentrations, several laboratory experiments are usually performed. Test methodologies to evaluate inhibitors for a particular field should be carried out to simulate the conditions in the pipeline. Because several interacting parameters influence corrosion, and hence inhibitor performance, simulation of field operating conditions in the laboratory is often difficult. In this paper, user-friendly software to optimize the laboratory experimental conditions to simulate field operating conditions is discussed. The merits of the program in selecting commercial inhibitors and in designing cost-effective inhibitors for future application are described.Copyright © 1998 by Minister of Natural Resources Canad
Abstract
ddition of inhibitors can provide a cost-effective method for controlling internal corrosion of pipelines. To select appropriate inhibitors and their concentrations, several [...]
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Mechanical Development of a NPS 36 Speed Controlled Pipeline Corrosion Measurement Tool
R. Evenson, S. Jacobs

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 6

Abstract
High pressure natural gas pipeline companies conducting in-line magnetic flux leakage (MFL) corrosion inspection operations had to significantly reduce gas throughput velocity to accommodate MFL corrosion tool inspection speeds."/jats:p" "jats:p"A large bypass, variable speed NPS 36 MFL corrosion inspection tool has been developed and run successfully in several high pressure natural gas pipelines without noticeable impact on operational throughput Active speed control enables the tool to run at speeds significantly lower than line velocity commonly experienced in high pressure natural gas pipelines. Unique mechanical innovations include large diameter flow bypass, an efficient speed control mechanism, variable drag backing bars and an independent bypass override system. A floating backing bar system ensures uniform sensor/wall contact for optimum data collection. Magnetic self-levitation of the backing bar results in reduced load on suspension and wheels providing more reliability and longer life to these components. Operating in higher line velocities infers higher possible tool speeds. This potential required development and construction of a more durable tool capable of higher speeds than typical MFL corrosion inspection tools. In this paper, development, testing and field operation of this tool is described.
Abstract
High pressure natural gas pipeline companies conducting in-line magnetic flux leakage (MFL) corrosion inspection operations had to significantly reduce gas throughput velocity [...]
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A New Rupture Prediction Model for Corroded Pipelines Under Combined Loadings
W. Wang, J. Maple, C. Popelar, M. Smith

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 5

Abstract
It is commonly believed that bending and other secondary loading will reduce the rupture pressure of a corroded pipe. This paper shows through theory, full-scale tests and finite element analysis (FEA) that this need not be the case in the field where displacement controlled bending and axial loading are induced by differential settlement and axial constraint. Based on this result, a new strain-based rupture prediction model is developed for buried corroded pipes subjected to internal pressure, lateral bending, thermal loading and residual stress. The selection of an appropriate “bulging factor,” the determination of a biaxial strain limit and the treatment of the heat affected zone (HAZ) are also discussed in the paper. The predicted rupture pressures agree well with the full-scale test results.
Abstract
It is commonly believed that bending and other secondary loading will reduce the rupture pressure of a corroded pipe. This paper shows through theory, full-scale tests and [...]
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The Australian Petroleum Pipeline Code AS 2885 - 1997
K. Bilston, L. Fletcher

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 4

Abstract
The Australian Standard AS 2885 - 1997 Pipelines Gas and Liquid Petroleum contains mandatory risk assessment procedures which are deeply integrated into route selection, design and operation and maintenance. The procedures require systematic identification and assessment of threats which are specific to the pipeline, the location, the threat itself and its effect on the pipeline. External interference protection design is one fundamental step in the risk assessment procedure which involves formal specification of physical measures for the prevention of damage and procedural measures for the prevention if incidents with the potential to cause external interference. A land classification system based on land use and design which separates the design factor for pressure containment from the requirements for other engineering parameters combine to ensure that economy, reliability and public safety are optimised together. A fracture control plan is required as part of the integrated design process and the plan requires formal and systematic treatment of fluid composition and type and fracture arrest length. The welding section of the standard differs significantly from API 1104 and includes fitness-for-purpose defect acceptance limits based on the EPRG guidelines.
Abstract
The Australian Standard AS 2885 - 1997 Pipelines Gas and Liquid Petroleum contains mandatory risk assessment procedures which are deeply integrated into route selection, design [...]
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The Canadian Energy Pipeline Association Stress Corrosion Cracking Database
B. Dupuis

Collection of open conferences in research transport (1998). Vol. 1998, 3

Abstract
The SCC (stress corrosion cracking) database was initiated by the CEPA (Canadian Energy Pipeline Association) SCC Working. The current generation of the database has a broad scope, containing detailed data for each and every colony and its associated environmental conditions. The database also includes corrosion and dents amongst other integrity concerns to identify any correlation with SCC and provide a common industry data format to investigate these other integrity issues. The intent of the current version of the database is to provide for the most detailed data entry that one could typically capture at an investigative dig. With the wide acceptance of the current version the CEPA database it is evolving into the industry standard for investigative excavation data."/jats:p" "jats:p"The initial trending results are based on the dataset generated by CEPA member companies, which represents over a thousand investigative excavations. The trend results should only be interpreted broadly at this time, although they do generally support industry’s understanding of SCC."/jats:p" "jats:p"The development and implementation of the CEPA SCC database is premised on the belief, developed through extensive field investigations and laboratory research, that SCC is not a random development, but it initiates and grows at specific locations susceptible to SCC. It is further premised on the belief that such susceptible sites can be generally located by appropriate prioritization techniques. Thus, the objective of the database is to explore correlation among the various operational and environmental variables to improve the current understanding of how to locate SCC, and in particular ‘significant’ SCC, in order that measures can be taken to prevent operational failures and enhance the safety of Canadian pipelines."/jats:p" "jats:p"The need for an industry database regarding SCC was identified by the CEPA SCC working group shortly after its formation 1994. It was apparent that the various companies were collecting the field data from investigative excavations in significantly different formats, only some of which were electronic. The need for a common data structure and data repository to facilitate trending was reinforced numerous times at the Banff Conferences and by the NEB during its inquiry into SCC in 1995/96.
Abstract
The SCC (stress corrosion cracking) database was initiated by the CEPA (Canadian Energy Pipeline Association) SCC Working. The current generation of the database has a broad [...]
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Investigation Into Free Flight Impact On Air Traffic Control
A. Suchkov

Collection of open thesis in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 6

Abstract
This thesis deals with innovative concept of air traffic operations such as Free Flight. First, a baseline is established to determine how controllers operate under the current operation guidelines. Then flight trajectories are developed for different alternatives to the Free Flight operational concept. Finally, a comparison of these Free Flight alternatives with current operational concept is conducted to investigate an impact of Free Flight on Air Traffic Control. With the powerful features of optimization, graphics, and hierarchical modeling, the MATLAB toolboxes proved to be effective in the modeling process involved in this research. Master of Science
Abstract
This thesis deals with innovative concept of air traffic operations such as Free Flight. First, a baseline is established to determine how controllers operate under the current [...]
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Harmony
W. Avery

Collection of open thesis in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 5

Abstract
n exploration of harmony in architecture,design, and sustainable community development. Master of Architecture
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Development of a Computer Based Airspace Sector Occupancy Model
S. Sale

Collection of open thesis in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 3

Abstract
This thesis deals with the development of an Airspace Sector Occupancy Model (ASOM). The model determines the occupancy of Air Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) sectors for a given geometry of sectors and flight schedules, and can be used to study the impact of alternative flight schedules on the workload imposed on the sectors. Along with complimentary airspace analysis models, this can serve as an advisory tool to approve flight plans in the Free Flight Scenario, or to reschedule flights around a Special Use Airspace (SUA)."p" ASOM is developed using Matlab 5.2, and can be run on an IBM compatible PC, Macintosh, or Unix Workstation. The computerized model incorporates the powerful features of graphics and hierarchical modeling inherent in Matlab, to design an effective tool for analyzing air traffic scenarios and their respective sector occupancies. Master of Science
Abstract
This thesis deals with the development of an Airspace Sector Occupancy Model (ASOM). The model determines the occupancy of Air Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) sectors for a [...]
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Project W-320, 241-C-106 sluicing: Piping calculations. Volume 5
J. Bailey

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 38

Abstract
This supporting document has been prepared to make the FDNW calculations for Project W-320 readily retrievable.
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A macroscopic model for multiple user-class traffic operations
S. Hoogendoorn, P. Bovy

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 37

Abstract
In this report we derive a macroscopic Multiple User-Class traffic model from mesoscopic principles. These principles yield equilibrium relationships between traffic density and equilibrium velocities as a function of the current traffic conditions, the traffic composition, and the distribution of user-class dependent desired velocities, rather than these relations need to be defined exogenously. These relations encompass contributions of drivers accelerating towards their user-class specific desired velocity on the one hand, and contributions resulting from interaction between vehicles of the same or different classes on the other hand. Additionally, the velocity variance variable is introduced describing deviations from the average speed within the user-classes. We discuss several mathematical properties of the MUC equations. One of the results is an alternative model formulation, namely using the so-called conservative variables desity, momentum and energy, rather than the primitive variables density, velocity and velocity variance. Using this formulation, several new approaches are derived to numerically approximate solutions of the flow model. We discuss first results from macroscopic simulation using the developed multiple user-class traffic flow model. The simulation results are employed to investigate whether fundamental traffic flow model-equations hold. It is concluded that the MUC-model satisfies the anisotropy condition, the 'invariant personality condition', and the 'unaffected slow vehicles' condition. A test case illustrates the self-formation of congestion.
Abstract
In this report we derive a macroscopic Multiple User-Class traffic model from mesoscopic principles. These principles yield equilibrium relationships between traffic density [...]
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Safety evaluation for packaging (onsite) 221 T sodium tanks
W. McCormick

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 36

Abstract
This safety evaluation for packaging (SEP) allows the transport of approximately 820 kg (1800 lb) of solid sodium between the 200 W Area and the 337 Building in the 300 Area of Hanford to be processed for disposal. This SEP authorizes a one-time shipment.
Abstract
This safety evaluation for packaging (SEP) allows the transport of approximately 820 kg (1800 lb) of solid sodium between the 200 W Area and the 337 Building in the 300 Area [...]
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Determination of silica scale deposition rates and thresholds applied toward protection of injection reservoirs. Quarterly progress report, August 1--December 31, 1997
G. Booth

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 35

Abstract
Instrumentation and the components required for the probe and reactor assemblies were procured. Probes were fabricated and tested to assess their sensitivity to scaling. In October, the focus was on design and fabrication of the reactors. This required close coordination with welding and machine shop subvendors. Contact was made with the two Nevada power plants where the experimental equipment will be field tested. Each has indicated their support for the project and will accommodate field testing efforts. Lab testing of the components in November determined that a probe sensitivity problem existed. It was decided to request the specification for the materials used by the Costa Rican utility for pipelines and vessels at Miravalles. By building the probe assemblies from these same materials, experimental results would not be subject to the question of whether preferential scaling occurred due to a specific probe material. New probes were manufactured using the same material as the steel pipelines at Miravalles. Electrical problems still existed, however, probably due to the type of excitation used to monitor the scaling effects. Signal conditioning was added between the probe and recorder to convert from direct current to alternating current excitation. This eliminated additional galvanic effects which may have been masking changes in the signal caused by scale formation.
Abstract
Instrumentation and the components required for the probe and reactor assemblies were procured. Probes were fabricated and tested to assess their sensitivity to scaling. In [...]
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Traffic flooding the low countries: how the Dutch cope with motorway congestion
P. Bovy

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 34

Abstract
The road congestion problem in The Netherlands is addressed. Focus is on congestion development and congestion patterns on the Dutch motonA/ays. In order to understand the nature and extent of motorway congestion a description is given of the special features of the Dutch motorway network. Special attention is devoted to the design principles that explicitly take congestion into account. Figures are presented on the level, nature and extent of the congestion pattern using a variety of congestion indicators. Having described the symptoms an analysis is presented of the main factors causing congestion in the past decades and in the future. This forms the stepping stone for a presentation of Dutch transport policy towards curbing congestion and improved traffic flow quality. This presentation focusses on the target group approach and on dynamic traffic management including congestion pricing. The conclusions try to give an assessment of the possibilities to achieve improvements.
Abstract
The road congestion problem in The Netherlands is addressed. Focus is on congestion development and congestion patterns on the Dutch motonA/ays. In order to understand the [...]
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Detection of interstate liquids pipeline leaks: Feasibility evaluation
G. Senum, R. Dietz

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 33

Abstract
The approximately 200,000-mile fuel pipeline system in the US operates at flow rates up to 2.5 {times} 10{sup 6} gallons per hour (GPH). Most commercial technologies only provide on-line leak detection at about 0.3% of flow rate, i.e., about 7,500 GPH or larger. Detection of leaks at about 1 GPH or so is desirable both from a regulatory and leak-prevention standpoint. Brookhaven`s commercially-accepted perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) technology for underground leak detection of utility industry dielectric fluids at leak rates less than 0.1 GPH, with new enhancements, will be able to cost-effectively detect fuel pipeline system leaks to about 1 GPH--3 orders-of-magnitude better than any on-line system. The magnitude of detected leaks would be calculable as well. Proposed mobile surveys (such as those used periodically in the gas pipeline industry) at about 110 to 120 miles per day would allow such small leaks to be detected at 10-ppb tagging levels (less than $1,500 of PFT for a 48-hour tag at the maximum transport rate) under worst-case meteorological dispersion conditions. Smaller leaks could be detected by proportionately larger tagging concentrations. Leaks would be pinpointed by subsequent conventional barholing and vapor analyses. There are no health nor safety issues associated with the use of the proposed technological approach nor any consequential environmental impacts associated with the proposed magnitudes of PFT tagging.
Abstract
The approximately 200,000-mile fuel pipeline system in the US operates at flow rates up to 2.5 {times} 10{sup 6} gallons per hour (GPH). Most commercial technologies only [...]
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Preoperational test report, cross-site transfer water flush system (POTP-001)
G. Parsons

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 32

Abstract
This report documents the results of the testing performed per POTP-001, for the Cross-Site Transfer Water Flush System. (HNF-1552, Rev. 0) The Flush System consists of a 47,000 gallon tank (302C), a 20 hp pump, two 498kW heaters, a caustic addition pump, various valves, instruments, and piping. The purpose of this system is to provide flush water at 140 F, 140gpm, and pH 11-12 for the Cross-Site Transfer System operation.
Abstract
This report documents the results of the testing performed per POTP-001, for the Cross-Site Transfer Water Flush System. (HNF-1552, Rev. 0) The Flush System consists of a [...]
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Road and rail infrastructure accounting in The Netherlands
F. Bruinsma, B. Ubbels

Collection of open reports in transport research (1999). Vol. 1999, 20
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Operational test report -- Project W-320 cathodic protection systems
T. Bowman

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 31

Abstract
Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 173-303-640 specifies that corrosion protection must be designed into tank systems that treat or store dangerous wastes. Project W-320, Waste Retrieval Sluicing System (WRSS), utilizes underground encased waste transfer piping between tanks 241-C-106 and 241-AY-102. Corrosion protection is afforded to the encasements of the WRSS waste transfer piping through the application of earthen ionic currents onto the surface of the piping encasements. Cathodic protection is used in conjunction with the protective coatings that are applied upon the WRSS encasement piping. WRSS installed two new two rectifier systems (46 and 47) and modified one rectifier system (31). WAC 173-303-640 specifies that the proper operation of cathodic protection systems must be confirmed within six months after initial installation. The WRSS cathodic protection systems were energized to begin continuous operation on 5/5/98. Sixteen days after the initial steady-state start-up of the WRSS rectifier systems, the operational testing was accomplished with procedure OTP-320-006 Rev/Mod A-0. This operational test report documents the OTP-320-006 results and documents the results of configuration testing of integrated piping and rectifier systems associated with the W-320 cathodic protection systems.
Abstract
Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 173-303-640 specifies that corrosion protection must be designed into tank systems that treat or store dangerous wastes. Project W-320, [...]
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SURVEY OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE-RELATED MATERIALS NEEDS IN GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS
M. ALLAN

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 30

Abstract
survey was conducted to determine operation and maintenance (O and M)-related materials needs in geothermal power plants and to identify future research and development to address these needs. A total of 44 questionnaires was mailed to geothermal plant operators and industry consultants. The response rate was 54%. The participants were asked to describe type and frequency of materials problems, strategies currently used to mitigate such problems, barriers to using new or alternative materials and technologies, sources of information and give their views on research and development priorities. A wide range of opinions was obtained, reflecting each individual respondent`s perspective and the site-specific nature of some problems. However, the consensus is that corrosion and scaling remain major issues and that components requiring performance improvements include pipelines, well casing, turbines, heat exchangers, condensers, valves and cooling towers. It is recommended that appropriate research and development continue to be directed at reducing O and M costs associated with materials failure or inadequate service. There should be a balance between optimizing existing materials through better design and understanding of behavior in geothermal environments and development of new materials. Life extension of existing equipment, service life prediction, education of plant personnel in materials andmore » methods for mitigating corrosion, and improvements in inhibitors and biocides would also be beneficial.« le
Abstract
survey was conducted to determine operation and maintenance (O and M)-related materials needs in geothermal power plants and to identify future research and development to [...]
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Rheological Properties of Defense Waste processing Facility Melter Feeds
E. Ebadian, F. Mao

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 29

Abstract
In the present investigation, viscosity measurements have been carried out for two types of simulated Defense waste slurries, a Savannah River slurry and a Hanford slurry. The measurements were conducted in two experimental options. A rotational viscometer was used to measure viscosity under well-defined temperature and pH value operating conditions. The solids concentration used for this option was lower than 15 wt.%. Both the slurries have been investigated using this experimental option. The Savannah River slurry has also been investigated in a pipeline flow system, which measured the pressure drop as the slurry flowed through the pipe. The slurry's viscosity can be extracted from the pressure drop information. These investigations have been performed in relatively wide parameter ranges. The solids concentration of the slurry tested in the pipeline system was as high as 25 wt.%.The slurry pH in both experimental options covered a range of 4 to 13.5. The highest operating temperature was 66 C for the rotational viscometer and 55 C for the pipeline system. In FY97, the experiments for the Hanford slurry in the pipeline system will be performed.
Abstract
In the present investigation, viscosity measurements have been carried out for two types of simulated Defense waste slurries, a Savannah River slurry and a Hanford slurry. [...]
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Why Are Process Monitoring Technologies Valuable? The Use of On-Board Information Technology in the Trucking Industry
T. Hubbard

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 28

Abstract
Recent advances in information technology (IT) have enabled firms in many industries to give middle managers new access to timely production data. Process monitoring' technologies give distant managers a window to production which can both lower their cost of monitoring subordinates and provide them better information toward allocating their firms' resources in the short term. This paper investigates where and why IT-based process monitoring is valuable within the trucking industry, distinguishing between its incentive- and coordination-related benefits. Using truck-level data, it examines how the use of on-board computers varies with characteristics of carriers, shippers, and hauls. It then analyzes these patterns in light of existing theory and relates them to how supply chains are organized.
Abstract
Recent advances in information technology (IT) have enabled firms in many industries to give middle managers new access to timely production data. Process monitoring' technologies [...]
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A macroscopic model for multiple user-class traffic operations: Derivation, analysis and numerical results
S. Hoogendoorn, P. Bovy

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 27

Abstract
In this report we derive a macroscopic Multiple User-Class traffic model from mesoscopic principles. These principles yield equilibrium relationships between traffic density and equilibrium velocities as a function of the current traffic conditions, the traffic composition, and the distribution of user-class dependent desired velocities, rather than these relations need to be defined exogenously. These relations encompass contributions of drivers accelerating towards their user-class specific desired velocity on the one hand, and contributions resulting from interaction between vehicles of the same or different classes on the other hand. Additionally, the velocity variance variable is introduced describing deviations from the average speed within the user-classes. We discuss several mathematical properties of the MUC equations. One of the results is an alternative model formulation, namely using the so-called conservative variables desity, momentum and energy, rather than the primitive variables density, velocity and velocity variance. Using this formulation, several new approaches are derived to numerically approximate solutions of the flow model. We discuss first results from macroscopic simulation using the developed multiple user-class traffic flow model. The simulation results are employed to investigate whether fundamental traffic flow model-equations hold. It is concluded that the MUC-model satisfies the anisotropy condition, the 'invariant personality condition', and the 'unaffected slow vehicles' condition. A test case illustrates the self-formation of congestion.
Abstract
In this report we derive a macroscopic Multiple User-Class traffic model from mesoscopic principles. These principles yield equilibrium relationships between traffic density [...]
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Irradiated test fuel shipment plan for the LWR MOX fuel irradiation test project
S. Ludwig, L. Shappert, L. Dickerson

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 25

Abstract
This document outlines the responsibilities of DOE, DOE contractors, the commercial carrier, and other organizations participating in a shipping campaign of irradiated test specimen capsules containing mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel from the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The shipments described here will be conducted according to applicable regulations of the US Department of Transportation (DOT), US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), and all applicable DOE Orders. This Irradiated Test Fuel Shipment Plan for the LWR MOX Fuel Irradiation Test Project addresses the shipments of a small number of irradiated test specimen capsules and has been reviewed and agreed to by INEEL and ORNL (as participants in the shipment campaign). Minor refinements to data entries in this plan, such as actual shipment dates, exact quantities and characteristics of materials to be shipped, and final approved shipment routing, will be communicated between the shipper, receiver, and carrier, as needed, using faxes, e-mail, official shipping papers, or other backup documents (e.g., shipment safety evaluations). Any major changes in responsibilities or data beyond refinements of dates and quantities of material will be prepared as additional revisions to this document and will undergo a full review and approval cycle.
Abstract
This document outlines the responsibilities of DOE, DOE contractors, the commercial carrier, and other organizations participating in a shipping campaign of irradiated test [...]
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Safety evaluation for packaging (onsite) nitrogen trailers propane tanks
P. Ferrell

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 24

Abstract
The purpose of the Safety Evaluation for Packaging (SEP) is the evaluation and authorization of the onsite transport of propane tanks that are mounted on the Lockheed Martin Hanford Corporation Characterization Project`s nitrogen trailers. This SEP authorizes onsite transport of the nitrogen trailers, including the propane tanks, until May 31, 1998. The three nitrogen trailers (HO-64-4966, HO-64-4968, and HO-64-5170) are rated for 1,361 kg (30,000 lb) and are equipped with tandem axles and pintel hitches. Permanently mounted on each trailer is a 5,678 L (1,500 gal) cryogenic dewar that is filled with nitrogen, and a propane fired water bath vaporizer system, and a 454 L (1 20 gal) propane tank. The nitrogen trailer system is operated only when it is disconnected from the tow vehicle and is leveled and stabilized. When the trailers are transported, the propane tanks are isolated via closed supply valves.
Abstract
The purpose of the Safety Evaluation for Packaging (SEP) is the evaluation and authorization of the onsite transport of propane tanks that are mounted on the Lockheed Martin [...]
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Routing of radioactive shipments in networks with time-varying costs and curfews
L. Bowler, H. Mahmassani

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 23

Abstract
This research examines routing of radioactive shipments in highway networks with time-dependent travel times and population densities. A time-dependent least-cost path (TDLCP) algorithm that uses a label-correcting approach is adapted to include curfews and waiting at nodes. A method is developed to estimate time-dependent population densities, which are required to estimate risk associated with the use of a particular highway link at a particular time. The TDLCP algorithm is implemented for example networks and used to examine policy questions related to radioactive shipments. It is observed that when only Interstate highway facilities are used to transport these materials, a shipment must go through many cities and has difficulty avoiding all of them during their rush hour periods. Decreases in risk, increased departure time flexibility, and modest increases in travel times are observed when primary and/or secondary roads are included in the network. Based on the results of the example implementation, the suitability of the TDLCP algorithm for strategic nuclear material and general radioactive material shipments is demonstrated.
Abstract
This research examines routing of radioactive shipments in highway networks with time-dependent travel times and population densities. A time-dependent least-cost path (TDLCP) [...]
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Transport and the environment
I. Bailey, S. Potter

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (1999). Vol. 1999, 23

Abstract
Transport offers many economic and social benefits but also brings a wide range of direct and indirect environmental impacts. Large amounts of finite resources in the form of fuels and materials are needed for the construction of vehicles and transport infrastructure. Transport activities account for over 30% of all energy use by final consumers and is widely predicted to be the largest contributor to the growth of carbon dioxide emissions in the twenty-first century. Road transport is also a major source of other noxious emissions, notably carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates as well as a number of other detrimental environmental effects, such as those related to the severance of communities and ecosystems and noise. This chapter reviews the nature of the environmental problems created by transport activities, their relationship with the discipline of transport geography, and some of the approaches developed to address transportâs environmental consequences. It first defines the meaning of environmental issues pertaining to transport and explains why environmental issues are of growing interest to transport geographers. The main social and natural environmental impacts of transport are then explored, together with various approaches used to ameliorate these impacts. Finally, the challenges involved in achieving more sustainable transport systems are discussed.
Abstract
Transport offers many economic and social benefits but also brings a wide range of direct and indirect environmental impacts. Large amounts of finite resources in the form [...]
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From the Expected to the Desired Future of Passenger Transport
P. Nijkamp, S. Rienstra

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (1999). Vol. 1999, 22

Abstract
Sustainability as an unambiguous policy goal is not a priori secured, as is clearly shown in the transport sector, where the negative externalities are still increasing despite official policies aiming at a reduction of these external costs and at the achievement of a sustainable transport system. To analyse why this is the case, a conceptual model is developed in this paper, in which stakeholders are identified which influence sustainable transport policies. These stakeholders are individuals, the public sector (subdivided into politicians and civil servants), international organizations and pressure groups (car industry, oil industry, car users and environmental groups). It appears that - although it may be assumed that nobody desires an unsustainable future - most incentives and mechanisms in our conceptual model of the decision-making process hamper the achievement of a sustainable transport system. In the second part - by way of empirical test - results of a questionnaire among Dutch transportation experts on the expected and desired future of European passenger transport are concisely discussed, in which the year 2030 is taken as a reference year. It appears that in the expected future the stakeholders largely behave as predicted in the conceptual model. In
Abstract
Sustainability as an unambiguous policy goal is not a priori secured, as is clearly shown in the transport sector, where the negative externalities are still increasing despite [...]
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Road infrastructure and quality of the urban form. The Parisian case
A. Levy

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (1999). Vol. 1999, 21

Abstract
(Final Report Action COST C2)
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Quasi-integration in less-than-truckload trucking
A. Fernández, B. Arruñada, M. González

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 21

Abstract
This work studies the organization of less-than-truckload trucking from a contractual point of view. We show that the huge number of owner-operators working in the industry hides a much less fragmented reality. Most of those owner-operators are âquasi-integratedâ in higher organizational structures. This hybrid form is generally more efficient than vertical integration because, in the Spanish institutional environment, it lessens serious moral hazard problems, related mainly to the use of the vehicles, and makes it possible to reach economies of scale and density. Empirical evidence suggests that what leads organizations to vertically integrate is not the presence of such economies but hold-up problems, related to the existence of specific assets. Finally, an international comparison hints that institutional constraints are able to explain differences in the evolution of vertical integration across countries. Document type: Preprint
Abstract
This work studies the organization of less-than-truckload trucking from a contractual point of view. We show that the huge number of owner-operators working in the industry [...]
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Applications of Intelligent Agents
M. Wooldridge, N. Jennings

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 20

Abstract
Intelligent agents are a new paradigm for developing software applications. More than this, agent-based computing has been hailed as âthe next significant breakthrough in software developmentâ (Sargent, 1992), and âthe new revolution in softwareâ (Ovum, 1994). Currently, agents are the focus of intense interest on the part of many sub-fields of computer science and artificial intelligence. Agents are being used in an increasingly wide variety of applications, ranging from comparatively small systems such as email filters to large, open, complex, mission critical systems such as air traffic control. At first sight, it may appear that such extremely different types of system can have little in common. And yet this is not the case: in both, the key abstraction used is that of an agent Our aim in this article is to help the reader to understand why agent technology is seen as a fundamentally important new tool for building such a wide array of systems. More precisely, our aims are five-fold: to introduce the reader to the concept of an agent and agent-based systems, to help the reader to recognize the domain characteristics that indicate the appropriateness of an agent-based solution, to introduce the main application areas in which agent technology has been successfully deployed to date, to identify the main obstacles that lie in the way of the agent system developer, and finally to provide a guide to the remainder of this book.
Abstract
Intelligent agents are a new paradigm for developing software applications. More than this, agent-based computing has been hailed as âthe next significant breakthrough [...]
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Formal specification of a voice communication system used in air traffic control an industrial application of light-weight formal methods using vdm
B. Aichernig, J. Hörl

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (1999). Vol. 1999, 20

Abstract
A joint project of the Austrian company Frequentis1 and the Technical University Graz demonstrates the applicability of executable formal models2. The formal method VDM++ has been applied to specify a safety critical voice communication system (VCS) for air-traffic control. Besides the expected improvement of the informal speciffication documents, 64 defects have been found, the efficiency of the system test-cases to cover the functionality of the VCS has been analyzed. In order to get a test-coverage measure, the formal specification has been animated with existing system test-cases using IFADâs VDMTools.
Abstract
A joint project of the Austrian company Frequentis1 and the Technical University Graz demonstrates the applicability of executable formal models2. The formal method VDM++ [...]
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A technology assessment and feasibility evaluation of natural gas energy flow measurement alternatives
K. Behring, S. Svedeman, N. Svedeman, A. Minachi, C. Sparks, N. Kelner, T. Morrow, N. Morrow, E. Kelner, N. II, N. Sparks, N. Minachi

Collection of open reports in transport research (1999). Vol. 1999, 15

Abstract
Deregulation and open access in the natural gas pipeline industry has changed the gas business environment towards greater reliance on local energy flow rate measurement. What was once a large, stable, and well-defined source of natural gas is now a composite from many small suppliers with greatly varying gas compositions. Unfortunately, the traditional approach to energy flow measurement [using a gas chromatograph (GC) for composition assay in conjunction with a flow meter] is only cost effective for large capacity supplies (typically greater than 1 to 30 million scfd). A less costly approach will encourage more widespread use of energy measurement technology. In turn, the US will benefit from tighter gas inventory control, more efficient pipeline and industrial plant operations, and ultimately lower costs to the consumer. An assessment of the state and direction of technology for natural gas energy flow rate measurement is presented. The alternative technologies were ranked according to their potential to dramatically reduce capital and operating and maintenance (O and M) costs, while improving reliability and accuracy. The top-ranked technologies take an unconventional inference approach to the energy measurement problem. Because of that approach, they will not satisfy the fundamental need for composition assay, but have greatmoreÂ Â» potential to reduce industry reliance on the GC. Technological feasibility of the inference approach was demonstrated through the successful development of data correlations that relate energy measurement properties (molecular weight, mass-based heating value, standard density, molar ideal gross heating value, standard volumetric heating value, density, and volume-based heating value) to three inferential properties: standard sound speed, carbon dioxide concentration, and nitrogen concentration (temperature and pressure are also required for the last two). The key advantage of this approach is that inexpensive on-line sensors may be used to measure the inferential variables, which can then be applied (through the data correlations) to convert existing flow meters (ultrasonic, orifice, turbine, rotary, Coriolis, diaphragm, etc.) for on-line energy measurement. The practical issues for field development were evaluated using two transducers extracted from a $100 ultrasonic domestic gas meter, and a $400 infrared sensor.Â«Â le Document type: Report
Abstract
Deregulation and open access in the natural gas pipeline industry has changed the gas business environment towards greater reliance on local energy flow rate measurement. [...]
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Twrs phase 1 infrastructure project w 519 characterization
C. Mitchell

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 22

Abstract
In order to treat the mixed radioactive and hazardous waste stored in 177 underground tanks, the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) program is developing a `demonstration` site for treatment and immobilization of these wastes by a private contractor. Project W-519 is providing the infrastructure support to this site by developing the designs and emplacing required pipelines, roads, electrical, etc. In support of the TWRS Phase 1 Infrastructure Project (W-519) Characterization, Numatec Hanford Corporation (NHC) contracted with Waste Management Federal Services, Inc., Northwest Operations (WMNW) to investigate a number of locations in and just outside the 200 East Area eastern fenceline boundary. These areas consisted of known or suspected waste lines or waste sites that could potentially impact the construction and emplacement of the proposed facility improvements, including waterlines and roads. These sites were all located subsurface and sugaring would be required to obtain sample material from the desired depth. The soils would then be sampled and submitted to the laboratory for analysis of radioactivity. Document type: Report
Abstract
In order to treat the mixed radioactive and hazardous waste stored in 177 underground tanks, the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) program is developing a `demonstration` [...]
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Team resource management participant s handbook for the atomic vapor laser isotope separation program
T. Bennett

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 21

Abstract
The goal of any operation is to complete tasks efficiently and effectively. Working safely is completely consistent with efficient, reliable operations. Working in an unsafe manner is not effective or ultimately efficient. If someone is hurt, work stops. Following the steps advocated by Team Resource Management (TRM) leads to more safe, efficient, effective work habits. TRM is a method used by teams (i.e., leaders and workers) to conduct technical business. It is used by the aviation industry to improve reliability and safety through formalizing the way it does business. High reliability organizations do exist. They conduct thousands of high-consequence operations a year, essentially error-free. Naval air carriers, air traffic control, and commercial aviation are some of these kinds of organizations. How did they get that way? What kinds of people staff them? Can we become a high reliability organization? This workshop will look at these questions. When we are done, it will be up to you to determine if we have the right stuff. The goals of this workshop are to: Describe Team Resource Management and its purpose; Describe Performance Shaping Factors (PSFs) and their role in predicting and managing team performance and errors; Describe the principles for managing human error; Describe TRM?s 12 rules-of-thumb (the ?Dirty Dozen?) and use of safety nets; Conduct Operational Risk Management (ORM); Demonstrate ways to keep TRM working. Document type: Report
Abstract
The goal of any operation is to complete tasks efficiently and effectively. Working safely is completely consistent with efficient, reliable operations. Working in an unsafe [...]
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Project w 320 241 c 106 sluicing piping calculations volume 4
J. Bailey

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 20

Abstract
This supporting document has been prepared to make the FDNW calculations for Project W-320 readily retrievable. The objective of this calculation is to perform the structural analysis of the Pipe Supports designed for Slurry and Supernate transfer pipe lines in order to meet the requirements of applicable ASME codes. The pipe support design loads are obtained from the piping stress calculations W320-27-I-4 and W320-27-I-5. These loads are the total summation of the gravity, pressure, thermal and seismic loads. Since standard typical designs are used for each type of pipe support such as Y-Stop, Guide and Anchors, each type of support is evaluated for the maximum loads to which this type of supports are subjected. These loads are obtained from the AutoPipe analysis and used to check the structural adequacy of these supports. Document type: Report
Abstract
This supporting document has been prepared to make the FDNW calculations for Project W-320 readily retrievable. The objective of this calculation is to perform the structural [...]
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Double shell tank waste transfer facilities integrity assessment plan
T. Hundal

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 19

Abstract
This document presents the integrity assessment plan for the existing double-shell tank waste transfer facilities system in the 200 East and 200 West Areas of Hanford Site. This plan identifies and proposes the integrity assessment elements and techniques to be performed for each facility. The integrity assessments of existing tank systems that stores or treats dangerous waste is required to be performed to be in compliance with the Washington State Department of Ecology Dangerous Waste Regulations, Washington Administrative Code WAC-173-303-640 requirements. Document type: Report
Abstract
This document presents the integrity assessment plan for the existing double-shell tank waste transfer facilities system in the 200 East and 200 West Areas of Hanford Site. [...]
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Project w 320 241 c 106 sluicing piping calculations volume 2
J. Bailey

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 18

Abstract
This supporting document has been prepared to make the FDNW calculations for Project W-320 readily retrievable. The objectives of this calculation are (1) To perform static and Safety Class 2 dynamic stress analysis of the Slurry and Supernate Process (inner) piping connecting Tanks 241-C-106 and 241-AY-102 in order to be in compliance with the Code requirements; (2) To assure the thermal expansion of the process pipe not be strained by the outer encasement pipe; and (3) To furnish process pipe support to the Civil Engineering group. Document type: Report
Abstract
This supporting document has been prepared to make the FDNW calculations for Project W-320 readily retrievable. The objectives of this calculation are (1) To perform static [...]
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Design review report an valve pit upgrades for project w 314 tank farm restoration and safe operations
K. Boes

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 17

Abstract
This Design Review Report (DRR) documents the contractor design verification methodology and records associated with project W-314`s AN Valve Pit Upgrades design package. The DRR includes the documented comments and their respective dispositions for this design. Acceptance of the comment dispositions and closure of the review comments is indicated by the signatures of the participating reviewers. Project W-314, Tank Farm Restoration and Safe Operations, is a project within the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Tank Waste Retrieval Program. This project provides capital upgrades for the existing Hanford tank farms` waste transfer, instrumentation, ventilation, and electrical infrastructure systems. To support established TWRS programmatic objectives, the project is organized into two distinct phases. The initial focus of the project (i.e., Phase 1) is on waste transfer system upgrades needed to support the TWRS Privatization waste feed delivery system. Phase 2 of the project will provide upgrades to support resolution of regulatory compliance issues, improve tank infrastructure reliability, and reduce overall plant operating/maintenance costs. Within Phase 1 of the W-314 project, the waste transfer system upgrades are further broken down into six major packages which align with the project`s work breakdown structure. Each of these six sub-elements includes the design, procurement, and construction activities necessary to accomplish the specific tank farm upgrades contained within the package. The first package to be performed is the AN Valve Pit Upgrades package. The scope of the modifications includes new pit cover blocks, valve manifolds, leak detectors, transfer line connections (for future planned transfer lines), and special protective coating for the 241-AN-A and 241-AN-B valve pits. Document type: Report
Abstract
This Design Review Report (DRR) documents the contractor design verification methodology and records associated with project W-314`s AN Valve Pit Upgrades design package. [...]
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Project w 320 241 c 106 sluicing piping calculations volume 3
J. Bailey

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 16

Abstract
This supporting document has been prepared to make the FDNW calculations for Project W-320 readily retrievable. Document type: Report
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Preoperational test report cross site transfer system integrated test potr 007
E. Pacquet

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 15

Abstract
This report documents the results obtained during the performance of Preoperational Test POTP-007, from December 12, 1997 to March 27, 1998. The main objectives were to demonstrate the operation of the following Cross-Site Transfer System components: Booster pumps P-3125A and P-3125B interlocks and controls, both local and remote; Booster pump P-3125A and P-3125B and associated variable speed drives VSD-1 and VSD-2 performance in both manual and automatic modes; and Water filling, circulation, venting and draining of the transfer headers (supernate and slurry line). As described in reference 1, the following components of the Cross-Site Transfer System that would normally be used during an actual waste transfer, are not used in this specific test: Water Flush System; Valving and instrumentation associated with the 241-SY-A valve pit jumpers; and Valving and instrumentation associated with the 244-A lift station. Document type: Report
Abstract
This report documents the results obtained during the performance of Preoperational Test POTP-007, from December 12, 1997 to March 27, 1998. The main objectives were to demonstrate [...]
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Corrective action plan for corrective action unit 423 area 3 building 03 60 underground discharge point tonopah test range nevada
B. Nevada, N. Nevada

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 14

Abstract
The Corrective Action Plan provides the closure methods for Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 423: Area 3 Building 03-60 Underground Discharge Point (UDP), Tonoopah Test Range, Nevada. CAU 423 consists of the UDP and an associated discharge pipeline extending from Building 03-60. Corrective action investigations were completed in January 1998, and are documented in the Corrective Action Decision Document (US DOE, 1998). Results indicate an asymmetrical hydrocarbon plume, measuring 11 meters (m) 35 ft in length, 6 m (20 ft) in width, and 4 to 20 m (14 to 65 ft) in depth, has formed beneath the UDP and migrated westward. Petroleum hydrocarbon levels were identified above the 100 miligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) action level specified in Nevada Administrative Code (NAC) 445A (NAC 1996). The highest petroleum hydrocarbon concentration detected was 2,4000 mg/kg at 6 m, 20 ft, below surface grade as diesel. Corrective actions will consist of administrative controls and in place closure of th e UDP and its associated discharge pipeline. Document type: Report
Abstract
The Corrective Action Plan provides the closure methods for Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 423: Area 3 Building 03-60 Underground Discharge Point (UDP), Tonoopah Test Range, [...]
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Project w 314 specific test and evaluation plan for az tank farm upgrades
W. Hays

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 13

Abstract
The purpose of this Specific Test and Evaluation Plan (STEP) is to provide a detailed written plan for the systematic testing of modifications made by the addition of the SN-631 transfer line from the AZ-O1A pit to the AZ-02A pit by the W-314 Project. The STEP develops the outline for test procedures that verify the system`s performance to the established Project design criteria. The STEP is a lower tier document based on the W-314 Test and Evaluation P1 an (TEP). Testing includes Validations and Verifications (e.g., Commercial Grade Item Dedication activities, etc), Factory Tests and Inspections (FTIs), installation tests and inspections, Construction Tests and Inspections (CTIs), Acceptance Test Procedures (ATPs), Pre-Operational Test Procedures (POTPs), and Operational Test Procedures (OTPs). The STEP will be utilized in conjunction with the TEP for verification and validation. Document type: Report
Abstract
The purpose of this Specific Test and Evaluation Plan (STEP) is to provide a detailed written plan for the systematic testing of modifications made by the addition of the [...]
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Comparative Testing of Slurry Monitors
T. Hylton, C. Bayne, D. Essen, M. Anderson, T. Hylton

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 12

Abstract
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has millions of gallons of radioactive liquid and sludge wastes that must be retrieved from underground storage tanks, transferred to treatment facilities, and processed to a final waste form. The wastes will be removed from the current storage tanks by mobilizing the sludge wastes and mixing them with the liquid wastes to create slurries. Each slurry would then be transferred by pipeline to the desired destination. To reduce the risk of plugging a pipeline, the transport properties (e.g., density, suspended solids concentration, viscosity, particle size range) of the slurry should be determined to be within acceptable limits prior to transfer. These properties should also be monitored and controlled within specified limits while the slurry transfer is in progress. The DOE issued a call for proposals for developing on-line instrumentation to measure the transport properties of slurries. In response to the call for proposals, several researchers submitted proposals and were funded to develop slurry monitoring instruments. These newly developed DOE instruments are currently in the prototype stage. Before the instruments were installed in a radioactive application, the DOE wanted to evaluate them under nonradioactive conditions to determine if they were accurate, reliable, and dependable. The goal of this project was to test the performance of the newly developed DOE instruments along with several commercially available instruments. The baseline method for comparison utilized the results from grab-sample analyses. Document type: Report
Abstract
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has millions of gallons of radioactive liquid and sludge wastes that must be retrieved from underground storage tanks, transferred to treatment [...]
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Project w 320 241 c 106 sluicing piping calculations volume 8
J. Bailey

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 11

Abstract
This supporting document has been prepared to make the FDNW calculations for Project W-320 readily retrievable. The objective of this calculation is to perform the hydraulic analysis on the slurry line and the supernate line for W-320. This calculation will use the As-Built conditions of the slurry line and the supernate line. Booster Pump Curves vs System Curves shall be generated for the supernate system and the slurry system. Document type: Report
Abstract
This supporting document has been prepared to make the FDNW calculations for Project W-320 readily retrievable. The objective of this calculation is to perform the hydraulic [...]
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Nozzle evaluation for project w 314
J. Galbraith

Collection of open reports in transport research (1998). Vol. 1998, 10

Abstract
Revisions to the waste transfer system piping to be implemented by Project W-314 will eliminate the need to access a majority of interfarm jumper connections associated with specific process pits. Additionally, connections that formerly facilitated waste transfers from the Plutonium-Uranium Extraction (PUREX) Plant are no longer required. This document identified unneeded process pit jumper connections, describes former designated routing, denotes current status (i.e., open or blanked), and recommends appropriate disposition for all. Blanking of identified nozzles should be accomplished by Project W-314 upon installation of jumpers and acceptance by Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Tank Farm Operations. Document type: Report
Abstract
Revisions to the waste transfer system piping to be implemented by Project W-314 will eliminate the need to access a majority of interfarm jumper connections associated with [...]
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