Documents published in 2015 : Scipedia

Early adopters of carsharing with and without BEVs with respect to gender preferences
I. Kawgan-Kagan

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 30

Abstract
The majority of current e-carsharing users are middle-aged men with a high education and high income; they are most likely to have a full-time employment. Women are consistently underrepresented in previous studies and therefore this paper focusses on characterization of female early adopters. It builds a basis to identify current female early adopters and understand their preferences in e-carsharing in order to address women as target groups for e-carsharing. A sample of 492 carsharing subscribers from Berlin is analysed according to socio-demographic backgrounds, mode choice, use and evaluation of (e-) carsharing services. Additionally, attitudinal indices and clusters based on mobility related attitudes are analysed to reveal significant differences between male and female users. Generally, the results confirm socio-demographic findings from previous literature about early adopters. Comparing females and males revealed differences in income, employment status and age. Female early adopters used battery electric vehicles (BEVs) more often than vehicles with an internal combustion engine and evaluate handling BEVs more positive. They show a higher bike affinity and lower affinities towards technology and innovation than male respondents. They combine public transportation and bicycling with the use of (e-) carsharing services as an additional part of urban mobility. Children do not seem to have an impact of the respective topics, although the findings suggest that services are not used with children. The analysis of carsharing schemes needs to focus on specific requirements of each trip (e.g. transporting or accompanying children) in order to make sustainable mobility an option for others than one ‘typical early adopter’. Document type: Article
Abstract
The majority of current e-carsharing users are middle-aged men with a high education and high income; they are most likely to have a full-time employment. Women are consistently [...]
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Metamodel for Efficient Estimation of Capacity-Fade Uncertainty in Li-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles
W. Sung, J. Choi, J. Lee

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 29

Abstract
This paper presents an efficient method for estimating capacity-fade uncertainty in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in order to integrate them into the battery-management system (BMS) of electric vehicles, which requires simple and inexpensive computation for successful application. The study uses the pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) electrochemical model, which simulates the battery state by solving a system of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). The model parameters that are responsible for electrode degradation are identified and estimated, based on battery data obtained from the charge cycles. The Bayesian approach, with parameters estimated by probability distributions, is employed to account for uncertainties arising in the model and battery data. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique is used to draw samples from the distributions. The complex computations that solve a PDE system for each sample are avoided by employing a polynomial-based metamodel. As a result, the computational cost is reduced from 5.5 h to a few seconds, enabling the integration of the method into the vehicle BMS. Using this approach, the conservative bound of capacity fade can be determined for the vehicle in service, which represents the safety margin reflecting the uncertainty. Document type: Article
Abstract
This paper presents an efficient method for estimating capacity-fade uncertainty in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in order to integrate them into the battery-management system [...]
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An operational indicator for network mobility using fuzzy logic.
S. Grant-Muller, R. El-Rashidy

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 28

Abstract
ment of road transport network mobility from network perspective is presented.Physical connectivity and network traffic condition are considered.Fuzzy logic is employed to combine the two attributes into a mobility indicator.Two case studies were tested to show the applicability of the technique.The technique can be used as an evaluation tool for decision makers. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic model for assessing the mobility of road transport networks from a network perspective. Two mobility attributes are introduced to account for the physical connectivity and road transport network level of service. The relative importance of the two mobility attributes has been established through the fuzzy inference reasoning procedure that was implemented to estimate a single mobility indicator. The advantage of quantifying two mobility attributes is that it improves the ability of the mobility indicator developed to assess the level of mobility under different types of disruptive events.A case study of real traffic data from seven British cities shows a strong correlation between the proposed mobility indicator and the Geo distance per minute, demonstrating the applicability of the proposed fuzzy logic model. The second case study of a synthetic road transport network for Delft city illustrates the ability of the proposed network mobility indicator to reflect variation in the demand side (i.e. departure rate) and supply side (i.e. network capacity and link closure). Overall, the proposed mobility indicator offers a new tool for decision makers in understanding the dynamic nature of mobility under various disruptive events. Document type: Article
Abstract
ment of road transport network mobility from network perspective is presented.Physical connectivity and network traffic condition are considered.Fuzzy logic is employed to [...]
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Autonomous pipeline monitoring and maintenance system: a RFID-based approach
N. Boudriga, S. Iyengar, G. Sharma, J. Kim, N. Prabakar

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 27

Abstract
Pipeline networks are one of the key infrastructures of our modern life. Proactive monitoring and frequent inspection of pipeline networks are very important for sustaining their safe and efficient functionalities. Existing monitoring and maintenance approaches are costly and inefficient because pipelines can be installed in large scale and in an inaccessible and hazardous environment. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID)-based Autonomous Maintenance system for Pipelines, called RAMP, which combines robotic, sensing, and RFID technologies for efficient and accurate inspection, corrective reparation, and precise geo-location information. RAMP can provide not only economical and scalable remedy but also safe and customizable solution. RAMP also allows proactive and corrective monitoring and maintenance of pipelines. One prominent advantage of RAMP is that it can be applied to a large variety of pipeline systems including water, sewer, and gas pipelines. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and superior performance of RAMP in comparison to the existing pipeline monitoring systems. Document type: Article
Abstract
Pipeline networks are one of the key infrastructures of our modern life. Proactive monitoring and frequent inspection of pipeline networks are very important for sustaining [...]
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Development of the Model of Decision Support for Alternative Choice in the Transportation Transit System
I. Kabashkin, J. Lučina

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 26

Abstract
"jats:p"The decision support system is one of the instruments for choosing the most effective decision for cargo owner in constant fluctuated business environment. The objective of this Paper is to suggest the multiple-criteria approach for evaluation and choice the alternatives of cargo transportation in the large scale transportation transit system for the decision makers - cargo owners. The large scale transportation transit system is presented by directed finite graph. Each of 57 alternatives is represented by the set of key performance indicators Kvi and set of parameters Paj. There has been developed a two-level hierarchy system of criteria with ranging expert evaluations based on Analytic Hierarchy Process Method. The best alternatives were suggested according to this method. Document type: Article
Abstract
"jats:p"The decision support system is one of the instruments for choosing the most effective decision for cargo owner in constant fluctuated business environment. The objective [...]
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KPI building blocks for successful green transport corridor implementation
M. Schröder, G. Prause

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 25

Abstract
"jats:p"The green transport corridor concept represents a cornerstone in the development of integrated and sustainable transport solutions. Important properties of green corridors are their transnational character and their high involvement of large numbers of public and private stakeholders, including political level, requiring sophisticated approaches for implementation, management and governance. The current scientific discussion focusses on Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for monitoring and management of green transport corridor performance emphasizing the operational aspects."/jats:p" "jats:p"The green corridor balanced scorecard approach tried to mitigate the strategic weakness of KPI concept by integrating cooperative and long-term views in order to come closer to a comprehensive green corridor control system. Until now all discussed KPI sets are too small and narrow for a successful implementation of green corridors so there is a need for the development of an user-oriented model for green corridor control systems based on building blocks integrating existing KPI sets."/jats:p" "jats:p"The building block approach for implementation has been successfully used for implementation and simulation in supply chain management. Based on these results the paper will present a holistic control system for successful implementation of green transport corridors based on building blocks integrating recent results about KPIs and balanced scorecards approaches. The research will empirically be verified by empirical results from European green corridor projects. Document type: Article
Abstract
"jats:p"The green transport corridor concept represents a cornerstone in the development of integrated and sustainable transport solutions. Important properties of green corridors [...]
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IN SEARCH OF LOST TIME: AN ESTIMATE OF THE PRODUCTION LOSSES IN TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN BRAZIL
C. Young, G. Vianna

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 24

Abstract
Resumo: Este artigo estima as perdas econômicas associadas a problemas de mobilidade urbana no Brasil por meio do cálculo da produção média desperdiçada em função do tempo de deslocamento ao trabalho, usando dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010. Os resultados são apresentados em valores absolutos e relativos (% do PIB) para estados, regiões metropolitanas (RMs) e municípios do Brasil, com ênfase na diferença de tempo gasto nas RMs e municípios do interior de cada estado. Os valores encontrados foram significativos, e a perda total estimada é de 1,8% do PIB. Caso o tempo de deslocamento nas RMs fosse igual ao dos municípios do interior, haveria uma redução de 27,6% (R$26,7 bilhões) das perdas totais, indicando que melhorias na mobilidade urbana podem trazer grandes retornos sociais. Abstract: This article estimates economic losses associated with urban mobility problems in Brazil by calculating the average production loss due to commuting time to work, using data from the 2010 Demographic Census. The results are presented in absolute and relative values (% of GDP) for States, Metropolitan Regions (RMs) and municipalities in Brazil, with emphasis on the difference in time spent in RMs and municipalities and the interior of each state. The results were significant, and the total estimated loss is 1.8% of GDP. If the commuting time in the RMs were equal to those of municipalities in the interior, there would be a reduction of 27.6% (R$ 26.7 billion) of total losses, suggesting that improvements in urban mobility can bring great social returns. Document type: Article
Abstract
Resumo: Este artigo estima as perdas econômicas associadas a problemas de mobilidade urbana no Brasil por meio do cálculo da produção média desperdiçada em função [...]
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Online Adaptive Error Compensation SVM-Based Sliding Mode Control of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
X. Kaijia, Z. Li, W. Congqing, C. Hanxin

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 25

Abstract
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a nonlinear dynamic system with uncertainties and noises. Therefore, an appropriate control system has an obligation to ensure the stabilization and navigation of UAV. This paper mainly discusses the control problem of quad-rotor UAV system, which is influenced by unknown parameters and noises. Besides, a sliding mode control based on online adaptive error compensation support vector machine (SVM) is proposed for stabilizing quad-rotor UAV system. Sliding mode controller is established through analyzing quad-rotor dynamics model in which the unknown parameters are computed by offline SVM. During this process, the online adaptive error compensation SVM method is applied in this paper. As modeling errors and noises both exist in the process of flight, the offline SVM one-time mode cannot predict the uncertainties and noises accurately. The control law is adjusted in real-time by introducing new training sample data to online adaptive SVM in the control process, so that the stability and robustness of flight are ensured. It can be demonstrated through the simulation experiments that the UAV that joined online adaptive SVM can track the changing path faster according to its dynamic model. Consequently, the proposed method that is proved has the better control effect in the UAV system. Document type: Article
Abstract
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a nonlinear dynamic system with uncertainties and noises. Therefore, an appropriate control system has an obligation to ensure the stabilization [...]
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Characterization of Black Spot Zones for Vulnerable Road Users in São Paulo (Brazil) and Rome (Italy)
F. Neto, A. Tripodi, C. Machado, M. Giannotti, J. Quintanilha, L. Persia

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 23

Abstract
Non-motorized transportation modes, especially cycling and walking, offer numerous benefits, including improvements in the livability of cities, healthy physical activity, efficient urban transportation systems, less traffic congestion, less noise pollution, clean air, less impact on climate change and decreases in the incidence of diseases related to vehicular emissions. Considering the substantial number of short-distance trips, the time consumed in traffic jams, the higher costs for parking vehicles and restrictions in central business districts, many commuters have found that non-motorized modes of transportation serve as viable and economical transport alternatives. Thus, local governments should encourage and stimulate non-motorized modes of transportation. In return, governments must provide safe conditions for these forms of transportation, and motorized vehicle users must respect and coexist with pedestrians and cyclists, which are the most vulnerable users of the transportation system. Although current trends in sustainable transport aim to encourage and stimulate non-motorized modes of transportation that are socially more efficient than motorized transportation, few to no safety policies have been implemented regarding vulnerable road users (VRU), mainly in large urban centers. Due to the spatial nature of the data used in transport-related studies, geospatial technologies provide a powerful analytical method for studying VRU safety frameworks through the use of spatial analysis. In this article, spatial analysis is used to determine the locations of regions that are characterized by a concentration of traffic accidents (black zones) involving VRU (injuries and casualties) in Sao Paulo, Brazil (developing country), and Rome, Italy (developed country). The black zones are investigated to obtain spatial patterns that can cause multiple accidents. A method based on kernel density estimation (KDE) is used to compare the two cities and show economic, social, cultural, demographic and geographic differences and/or similarities and how these factors are linked to the locations of VRU traffic accidents. Multivariate regression analyses (ordinary least squares (OLS) models and spatial regression models) are performed to investigate spatial correlations, to understand the dynamics of VRU road accidents in Sao Paulo and Rome and to detect factors (variables) that contribute to the occurrences of these events, such as the presence of trip generator hubs (TGH), the number of generated urban trips and demographic data. The adopted methodology presents satisfactory results for identifying and delimiting black spots and establishing a link between VRU traffic accident rates and TGH (hospitals, universities and retail shopping centers) and demographic and transport-related data. Document type: Article
Abstract
Non-motorized transportation modes, especially cycling and walking, offer numerous benefits, including improvements in the livability of cities, healthy physical activity, [...]
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Modeling of Complex Structures for the Ship's Power Complex Using Xilinx System
S. Chernyi, A. Zhilenkov

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 22

Abstract
One of the most essential tasks for a number of systems of the automatic controls in the autonomous electric power systems of the water transport is accurate calculation of variable harmonic components in the non-sinusoidal signal. In the autonomous electric power systems operating with full semiconductor capacity, the forms of line currents and voltages are greatly distorted, and generator devices generate voltage with inconsistent frequency, phase and amplitude. It makes calculation of harmonic composition of the distorted signals be a non-trivial task. The present paper provides a mathematical set for solution of the outlined problem including the realization in the discrete form. The simplicity and efficiency of the system proposed make possible to perform its practical realization with the help of cheap FPGA. The test of the developed system has been performed in the medium Matlab. The modern ship's electric power systems (SEPS) are characterized by the presence in its composition of a great number of the conversion load, including frequency transformer, un-interruptive power supply, inverters, rectifiers and other consuming devices varying in their non-linear volt-ampere features. Similar load has a negative impact on the supplying network of the alternating current, generating into it highest harmonic components of currents and voltages. At the same time, a great deal of the ship's automation systems apply the line currents and voltages to form the reference signal. Thus, for example, an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) of the ship's synchronous generators (SG) performs regulation by an average value of voltages and currents in the circuit. However, with the distorted form of the variable signals (that is caused by the presence of a wide range of highest harmonics) their average value increases and an automatic voltage regulator (AVR), correcting the error, decreases the exciting current of the synchronous generator that results in loss of voltage in the ship's electric power systems (SEPS). Consequently, decrease in relative value and increase in highest harmonics take place, and, thus, the electromagnetic moment of the non-synchronous motors decreases, the level of interferences influencing the systems of the ship's automatic controls becomes higher, and the losses in the power supply lines enlarge. Practically, such an error is corrected by the adjustment of the voltage corrector (VC). However, as the harmonic composition periodically varies depending on the mode of operation and the composition of the load of the electric power station, the setting of the voltage corrector should be changed constantly. This problem should be solved by measuring the level of the basic harmonics of the current and voltages of the ship's circuit. On the other side, it is known that filter-compensating devices (FCD) are the most efficient means to increase the quality of electric energy in the ship's power supply systems at the moment. Their efficiency in higher harmonic suppression and compensation of their volt-ampere reactive may be provided only by the high accuracy of the calculation of parameters in the target harmonics of the line currents and voltages. 2. Settlement of the problem Thus, the required functional set of the systems taken as an example determining their efficiency, in particular, and their operational performance in general, is a set for identification of external parameters of the control system. The major function of the block is extraction of harmonic components required for their analysis, calculation of their parameters from the distorted signal and application of the results of that analysis in the control of the means of the increasing values for quality of the electric Document type: Article
Abstract
One of the most essential tasks for a number of systems of the automatic controls in the autonomous electric power systems of the water transport is accurate calculation of [...]
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The Valve Gear Systems Timing Parameters Identification for Marine Diesel Engines Diagnostics / Identyfikacja Parametrów Układów Rozrządu Silników Okrętowych Dla Potrzeb Diagnostyki
T. Lus

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 21

Abstract
W referacie przedstawiono wyniki badań, których celem było opracowanie metody diagnozowania okrętowych szybkoobrotowych silników tłokowych. Polska Marynarka Wojenna eksploatuje znaczną liczbę silników tego typu również na okrętach podwodnych. Silniki tego typu nie posiadają zaworów indykatorowych, co komplikuje możliwość oceny procesu spalania i ich stanu technicznego. Akademia Marynarki Wojennej w Gdyni od lat prowadzi badania związane z rozwojem metod diagnozowania okrętowych tłokowych silników spalinowych. W ostatnich latach prowadzone są prace nad metodami diagnozowania szybkoobrotowych silników okrętowych bazującymi na analizie obwiedni przyspieszeń drgań generowanych przez układy rozrządu zaworowego i układ paliwowy. W referacie zaprezentowano wybrane wyniki badań prowadzonych na silnikach Mercedes-Maybach typu MB820 stosowanych na okrętach podwodnych klasy Kobben. Document type: Article
Abstract
W referacie przedstawiono wyniki badań, których celem było opracowanie metody diagnozowania okrętowych szybkoobrotowych silników tłokowych. Polska Marynarka Wojenna [...]
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Far-Infrared Based Pedestrian Detection for Driver-Assistance Systems Based on Candidate Filters, Gradient-Based Feature and Multi-Frame Approval Matching
Q. Liu, G. Wang

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 20

Abstract
Far-infrared pedestrian detection approaches for advanced driver-assistance systems based on high-dimensional features fail to simultaneously achieve robust and real-time detection. We propose a robust and real-time pedestrian detection system characterized by novel candidate filters, novel pedestrian features and multi-frame approval matching in a coarse-to-fine fashion. Firstly, we design two filters based on the pedestrians’ head and the road to select the candidates after applying a pedestrian segmentation algorithm to reduce false alarms. Secondly, we propose a novel feature encapsulating both the relationship of oriented gradient distribution and the code of oriented gradient to deal with the enormous variance in pedestrians’ size and appearance. Thirdly, we introduce a multi-frame approval matching approach utilizing the spatiotemporal continuity of pedestrians to increase the detection rate. Large-scale experiments indicate that the system works in real time and the accuracy has improved about 9% compared with approaches based on high-dimensional features only. Document type: Article
Abstract
Far-infrared pedestrian detection approaches for advanced driver-assistance systems based on high-dimensional features fail to simultaneously achieve robust and real-time [...]
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Competitive tendering in an entry regulated market—an accident waiting to happen?
J. Aarhaug

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 19

Abstract
Introduction Competitive tendering was introduced in the contract segment of the Norwegian taxi industry in 2005; a market characterised by entry regulation. Using this reform as a natural experiment this research looks into how competitive tendering has resulted in different outcomes in different segments of the taxi market and which explanations are best at describing the results. Methods The main sources of data are the taximeter data and case studies, conducted as part of a study of the rural taxi industry in Norway. This data have been supplemented by interviews with key stakeholders and data on prices and volumes from various purchasers of transport services, such as health corporations and county governments. Results The empirical data shows a lot of variation. There are very different outcomes in the different cases studied. However, the research shows that competitive tendering has mostly worked according to intention in the most central regions. These are characterised by many potential suppliers and that the tendered contracts are relative small compared with the total size of the market. I rural areas the results differ, with poor results from tendering in the intermediate areas and mostly satisfactory results in the most rural areas. Conclusions Experience from the Norwegian taxi industry shows that competitive tendering is possible within entry-regulated markets. Still, there are issues that remain to be solved, in particular in rural areas. This is due to both interdependency between the purchaser and the service provider, and the size of the markets. For other sectors, the main lessons are that competitive tendering can work, even with regulated entry, but that it needs to be adapted to suit the characteristics of each market. This research shows that there is significant variation within a sector. A tool such as competitive tendering can be well suited in one area, but inappropriate in another. This research suggests that the outcome is related to both hard factors such as market size and number of entrants, but also to factors like interdependency and negotiation climate. Document type: Article
Abstract
Introduction Competitive tendering was introduced in the contract segment of the Norwegian taxi industry in 2005; a market characterised by entry regulation. Using this reform [...]
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Game-based data offloading scheme for IoT system traffic congestion problems
Y. Park, S. Kim

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 18

Abstract
Internet of things (IoT) is seen as another information and industrial wave after the invention of personal computers, the Internet, and mobile communication networks. Especially, IoT/cellular network integration becomes a new service platform for the different kinds of traffic manipulation. However, due to the excessive traffic demands, it is currently facing a severe traffic overload problem. In this paper, we propose a new traffic control scheme based on the data offloading technique. By using the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism and Rubinstein bargaining game model, our data offloading approach can effectively alleviate the IoT traffic congestion while enhancing the quality-of-service (QoS) in cellular network systems. Finally, we show the effectiveness of our proposed scheme through extensive simulations. Document type: Article
Abstract
Internet of things (IoT) is seen as another information and industrial wave after the invention of personal computers, the Internet, and mobile communication networks. Especially, [...]
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Holiday travel behavior analysis and empirical study under integrated multimodal travel information service
B. Wang, J. Weng, X. Ji, J. Li, C. Shao

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 17

Abstract
Holidays are special periods and give rise to many kinds of non-mandatory trips, such as shopping trips and tourist trips. This study investigates the relationship between Integrated Multimodal Travel Information (IMTI) service and holiday travel behavior characteristics in a trip chain. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) method is first used to extract the common factors based on the RP-SP fusion data under the pre-trip IMTI and en-route IMTI services, respectively. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method is then applied to examine causal effects and quantitative relationships between the influencing factors and trip chain characteristics based on the EFA results. The results show that pre-trip IMTI has a significant negative effect on the holiday travel behavior. The more pre-trip IMTI is obtained by the traveler, the simpler the trip chain spatiotemporal and structural complexity will be. In addition, although the effect of en-route IMTI is less than pre-trip IMTI, it still plays an important role compared to other factors. Therefore, providing IMTI is a new and good alternative to alleviate holiday traffic congestions. Document type: Article
Abstract
Holidays are special periods and give rise to many kinds of non-mandatory trips, such as shopping trips and tourist trips. This study investigates the relationship between [...]
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Reliability Evaluation Of The City Transport Buses Under Actual Conditions
J. Stoklosa, J. Rymarz, A. Niewczas

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 16

Abstract
"jats:p"The purpose of this paper was to present a reliability comparison of two types of city transport buses. Case study on the example of the well-known brands of city buses: Solaris Urbino 12 and Mercedes-Benz 628 Conecto L used at Municipal Transport Company in Lublin was presented in details. A reliability index for the most failure parts and complex systems for the period of time failures was determined. The analysis covered damages of the following systems: engine, electrical system, pneumatic system, brake system, driving system, central heating and air-conditioning and doors. Reliability was analyzed based on Weibull model. It has been demonstrated, that during the operation significant reliability differences occur between the buses produced nowadays. Document type: Article
Abstract
"jats:p"The purpose of this paper was to present a reliability comparison of two types of city transport buses. Case study on the example of the well-known brands of city [...]
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Moving towards Sustainability: Road Grades and On-Road Emissions of Heavy-Duty Vehicles—A Case Study
P. Xu, W. Zhang, J. Lu, Y. Zhang

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 14

Abstract
On-road vehicle emissions are one of the major sources of transport emissions. As a key design factor, road grades (or road slopes) have significant effects on on-road vehicle emissions, particularly on Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDVs). However, the research into the relationship between road grades and on-road vehicle emissions is very rare in China. Taking a road network in Taiyuan, China, as a study area, this paper explored the influences of road grades on carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions of HDVs. Combining emissions data collected by Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) with Vehicle Specific Power (VSP), we developed an emission rate model of HDVs. Then, we integrated it with the traffic simulation model VISSIM to attain the emissions of HDVs on nine scenarios differentiated by road grades. The results showed that the three emissions are found to be highly correlated to road grades, among which the CO emissions are most sensitive to the change of road grades and the HC emissions least. Compared to the emissions at 0% grade, the emissions at 4% grade will be boosted from 39.0% to 60.6%. The CO and NOx emissions increase with the road grades in all nine scenarios, while the variations of HC emissions in different scenarios were complicated. The findings of this research will provide insights for policy-makers, scholars, and practitioners into strategies for improving road design to reduce traffic emissions and develop sustainable transportation in China. Document type: Article
Abstract
On-road vehicle emissions are one of the major sources of transport emissions. As a key design factor, road grades (or road slopes) have significant effects on on-road vehicle [...]
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Developing an equitable and sustainable mobility strategy for Havana
E. Morris, I. Magdaleno, M. Enoch, Z. Arias, J. Guanche, J. Warren

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 13

Abstract
The particular political, economic and social conditions of the state of Cuba, in the Caribbean, have created unique possibilities for the development of a sustainable transport system in its capital city, Havana. This paper reports on the outcomes of a project to identify the possibilities and priorities for a long-term strategy for equitable and sustainable mobility for Havana. This involved almost 100 participants from Cuba and the UK in the 12 months from June 2013.\\ud \\ud Overall, the study found a high degree of agreement amongst the transport policy community as to the three key transport issues facing Havana:\\ud \\ud high level of unmet demand,\\ud lack of available financing,\\ud poor state of the transport system.\\ud \\ud Perhaps more surprisingly, it also produced a near consensus amongst the participants that any future policy should seek to increase the quality of the public transport system by:\\ud \\ud increasing levels of investment,\\ud securing efficiency savings,\\ud working ‘smarter’.\\ud \\ud However, it also found that this unified view is challenged by a desire for the car market to be deregulated, which would engender a very different policy approach. A strategic choice is needed now, to determine whether Havana follows a North American-style trajectory of rapid growth in car use or a less car-dependent pathway. Document type: Article
Abstract
The particular political, economic and social conditions of the state of Cuba, in the Caribbean, have created unique possibilities for the development of a sustainable transport [...]
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Hybrid Electromagnetism-Like Algorithm for Dynamic Supply Chain Network Design under Traffic Congestion and Uncertainty
J. Jouzdani, M. Fathian

Collection of open articles in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 12

Abstract
With the constantly increasing pressure of the competitive environment, supply chain (SC) decision makers are forced to consider several aspects of business climate. More specifically, they should take into account the endogenous features (e.g., available means of transportation, and the variety of products) and exogenous criteria (e.g., the environmental uncertainty, and transportation system conditions). In this paper, a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model for dynamic design of a supply chain network is proposed. In this model, multiple products and multiple transportation modes, the time value of money, traffic congestion, and both supply-side and demand-side uncertainties are considered. Due to the complexity of such models, conventional solution methods are not applicable; therefore, two hybrid Electromagnetism-Like Algorithms (EMA) are designed and discussed for tackling the problem. The numerical results show the applicability of the proposed model and the capabilities of the solution approaches to the MINLP problem. Document type: Article
Abstract
With the constantly increasing pressure of the competitive environment, supply chain (SC) decision makers are forced to consider several aspects of business climate. More [...]
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Evaluation of Management System Effectiveness in the Preparation of the Aircraft for Flight in Faulty Conditions
A. Vaivads, R. Bogdane, D. Dencic

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 12

Abstract
"jats:p" Most flight delays in aviation enterprises are related to air traffic management and technical centers. This can happen for various reasons: untimely removal of defects, lack of spare parts, deficiencies in maintenance scheduling, etc. Another reason may be inefficient management in the system of preparing the aircraft for departure. The article suggests a possible option of such an assessment as well as the results obtained from the use of this methodology applied to a specific airline. Document type: Article
Abstract
"jats:p" Most flight delays in aviation enterprises are related to air traffic management and technical centers. This can happen for various reasons: untimely removal of defects, [...]
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Service network design in inland waterway liner transportation with empty container repositioning
C. Xie, F. An, H. Hu

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 11

Abstract
inland shipping has been playing a more and more important role in integrated transportation system, the optimization of such a network with empty containers repositioning is of great practical significance to raise inland shipping service level so as to promote freight mode shift from land to water. This paper addresses the construction of system service network for inland water containers transportation (IWCT). We incorporate the specific natures of inland waterway containers transportation and formulate the inland waterway system containers transportation into a mathematic model. It is a complex giant problem to optimize routing and fleet deployment for the whole network at the same time. Thus, a combined algorithm with genetic algorithm (GA) and Integer programming (IP) calculations are designed to solve this program. Further, a network of Yangtze River ports is studied. A set of shipping routes, including the calling ports, service frequency and type of the used ship of each route are figured out by the IWCT network optimization model. This set of shipping routes is a combination of short routes and long routes. The direct links are commonly used for moving large quantities of containers between two ports. While for small containers flow, longer routes are used to bund cargo flows by calling as many ports as possible. Most present network optimization studies are focused on network design and fleet deployment about ocean and coastal container shipping. However the features of inland water shipping network are different and related studies are rare. This paper aims to fill this gap. Taking the specific features of IWCT into consideration, the proposed model is suitable for the service network design in IWCT network. And the experimental results verify the validity of the combined algorithm. Point-to-point direct route is the most economic mode for large cargo flows between ports. When the containers flow is small, routes calling at multiple ports can achieve economies of scale through bundling. Document type: Article
Abstract
inland shipping has been playing a more and more important role in integrated transportation system, the optimization of such a network with empty containers repositioning [...]
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Coupling local renewable energy production with electric vehicle charging: A survey of the French case
P. Claverie, Y. Perez, P. Portz, M. Petit, P. Codani

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 10

Abstract
The share of renewable energy sources (RES)’ production in energy mixes, especially the ones of PV panels and wind farms, has been continuously increasing during the last few years. Similarly, a strong development of battery electric vehicles (EV) is expected within the next years. However, these two new innovations could trigger security issues on electrical grids, in particular local congestions and voltage deviations from the required standards. One way to mitigate these problems could be to combine the charging periods of the EVs with the local RES production. This paper aims at analysing the possibility to implement this kind of smart charging strategy in France by 2020, taking into account the wide diversity of local energy mixes in France and their seasonal dependencies. First, the authors identify four different energy mixes representative of most of the local French mixes, each one related to a region in France. Then, we model the charging load curves of the EVs at the substation level for the same regions. We deduce the “green charging ratio” (GCR) without any charging management strategy. The same ratio is then computed assuming that an Energy Management System (EMS), which goal is to maximize this ratio, controls the EV charging patterns. The results are provided for each region and seasons. They show a wide diversity of green charging ratio achievable: in very windy regions, the GCR without any EMS is already rather high on the contrary, in sunny regions, the GCR is much improved with the implementation of the EMS. In such regions, the GCR can also be enhanced with the penetration of charging stations at working places. Document type: Article
Abstract
The share of renewable energy sources (RES)’ production in energy mixes, especially the ones of PV panels and wind farms, has been continuously increasing during the last [...]
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Predicción de control sobre el tiempo en conducción altamente automatizada en dos tests psicométricos
T. Weißgerber, C. Blaschke, M. Farid, L. Kalb, M. Körber

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 9

Abstract
In this study, we investigated if the driver's ability to take over vehicle control when being engaged in a secondary task (Surrogate Reference Task) can be predicted by a subject's multitasking ability and reaction time. 23 participants performed a multitasking test and a simple response task and then drove for about 38 min highly automated on a highway and encountered five take-over situations. Data analysis revealed significant correlations between the multitasking performance and take-over time as well as gaze distributions for Situations 1 and 2, even when reaction time was controlled. This correlation diminished beginning with Situation 3, but a stable difference between the worst multitaskers and the best multitaskers persisted. Reaction time was not a significant predictor in any situation. The results can be seen as evidence for stable individual differences in dual task situations regarding automated driving, but they also highlight effects associated with the experience of a take-over situation. En este estudio se investigó la capacidad del conductor para tomar el control del vehículo, en una tarea secundaria puede predecirse por la habilidad multitarea del sujeto y la reacción inmediata. Participaron 23 personas ejecutando una prueba de tareas múltiples y una de simple respuesta , conduciendo durante 38 min de forma altamente automatizada, encontrándose cinco situaciones de toma de posesión. Los datos revelaron una correlación significativa entre el rendimiento multitarea y la toma del tiempo, así como la distribución de la situación 1 y 2, aunque el tiempo de reacción se controló. Esta relación disminuye comenzando con la situación 3, persistiendo una diferencia estable en la toma en el tiempo entre los peores y los mejores. El tiempo de reacción no fue un predictor significativo. Los resultados pueden ser vistos como evidencia de las diferencias individuales estables en situaciones de doble tarea respecto a la conducción automática. Document type: Article
Abstract
In this study, we investigated if the driver's ability to take over vehicle control when being engaged in a secondary task (Surrogate Reference Task) can be predicted by a [...]
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Data-Driven Modeling of the Airport Configuration Selection Process
H. Balakrishnan, V. Ramanujam

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 5

Abstract
The runway configuration is the set of the runways at an airport that are used for arrivals and departures at any time. While many factors, including weather, expected demand, environmental considerations, and coordination of flows with neighboring airports, influence the choice of runway configuration, the actual selection decision is made by air traffic controllers in the airport tower. As a result, the capacity of an airport at any time is dependent on the behavior of human decision makers. This paper develops a statistical model to characterize the configuration selection decision process using empirical observations. The proposed approach, based on the discrete-choice modeling framework, identifies the influence of various factors in terms of the utility function of the decision maker. The parameters of the utility functions are estimated through likelihood maximization. Correlations between different alternatives are captured using a multinomial “nested logit” model. A key novelty of this study is the quantitative assessment of the effect of inertia, or the resistance to configuration changes, on the configuration selection process. The developed models are used to predict the runway configuration 3 h ahead of time, given operating conditions such as wind, visibility, and demand. Case studies based on data from Newark (EWR) and LaGuardia (LGA) airports show that the proposed model predicts runway configuration choices significantly better than a baseline model that only considers the historical frequencies of occurrence of different configurations. National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant 1239054) Document type: Article
Abstract
The runway configuration is the set of the runways at an airport that are used for arrivals and departures at any time. While many factors, including weather, expected demand, [...]
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Measuring the Accessibility of Public Transport: A Critical Comparison Between Methods in Helsinki
X. Albacete, D. Olaru, S. Biermann, V. Paül

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 4

Abstract
This research compares two location-based methods of evaluating public transport accessibility and applies them in Helsinki. After discussing a series of methodological aspects, the authors calculate the Structural Accessibility Layer (SAL) public transport indicator and the Public Transport and Walking Accessibility Index (PTWAI) for a grid with 8,325 zones, comparable in size to the smallest census unit. Both methods are operational for urban planners and policy makers interested in a relatively straightforward way of quantifying the accessibility of sustainable transport modes such as public transport. The results display similar accessibility patterns when moving from larger to smaller isochrones (60 to 38 min). However, the findings are inconclusive between SAL and PTWAI: SAL (38 min) displays good accessibility by public transport (more than 94 % of the population living within two-thirds of the metropolitan area has very high and high access to public transport), but PTWAI indicates that 35 % of the population, primarily households with children (43 %), experience low and very low access. The contrasting results are mainly due to the derivation of the two indicators and have considerable implications for policy making. The findings of this research imply that PTWAI is preferable to planning assessments regarding public transport, given its relatively richer content. However, for multi-mode-based accessibility categorization, SAL appears more appropriate. It is the analyst’s role to understand the objective and contents of each index and choose the tool fit for their purpose. Then, a judgement should be made on the trade-off between the detail of the measures and results and the computational burden. Given the sensitivity of the models to various input parameters and assumptions, cross-validation and replication are key for ascertaining the credibility and usefulness of the models. Document type: Article
Abstract
This research compares two location-based methods of evaluating public transport accessibility and applies them in Helsinki. After discussing a series of methodological aspects, [...]
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Development of a New Concept Electric Vehicle for Last Mile Transportations
F. Sergi, G. Napoli, V. Antonucci, S. Micari, L. Andaloro, G. Agnello

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 3

Abstract
Within European cities, where 68% of the EU population lives using 70% of the energy, an integrated and sustainable urban approach is needed. In order to meet the increasingly complex challenges of urban areas new, efficient, and user-friendly technologies and services, in particular in areas of energy, transport, and ICT are required. In the transport sector electric urban mobility and synergy between different transport systems (ITS) and infrastructures must be supported strongly in order to improve life conditions of citizens in terms of i) emissions, ii) services, iii) traffic congestion (an ambitious challenge is reduction of journey times). With the aim of improving the city logistic more efficient peopletransport and freight-distribution systems have to be used, so electro-mobility for transport in the “last mile” must be supported. In the i-NEXT (Innovation for greeN Energy and eXchange in Transportation) project, in which CNR ITAE is directly involved as coordinator, activities are addressed to implementation of new concept modular electric vehicles having different upper-bodies able to be used both for people (public transport) and freight in urban areas. The project aims to develop a not commercial vehicle characterized by new design in which the challenge is to reach the lowest ratio between total weight and load capacity (europallet for freight and seats for people). Other important aspects are to define specific mission of use, range of autonomy, recharge times and cost in terms of batteries and recharge systems technologies. In conclusion synergy of electro-mobility with renewable energy plants and smart grids is essential for sustainability of smart city concept. Document type: Article
Abstract
Within European cities, where 68% of the EU population lives using 70% of the energy, an integrated and sustainable urban approach is needed. In order to meet the increasingly [...]
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Sulphur emission control areas and transport strategies -the case of Sweden and the forest industry
A. Weddmark, R. Bergqvist, M. Turesson

Collection of open articles in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 2

Abstract
Background and purpose The International Maritime Organisation’s (IMO) decision to lower the allowable amount of sulphur content in marine fuels to 0.1 % in the so-called Emission Control Areas (ECAs) beginning in 2015 has outraged the Swedish forest industry. The seas around Sweden are included in the ECA and achieving the new sulphur directive requires shipowners to take actions that will increase the cost of transporting goods by ship from Sweden. Swedish forest industry exports are transported mostly by ship and there is a possibility that the forest industry will shift freight from sea to land transport because of the sulphur directive. How greatly the transport costs differ between different transportation options is affected by several uncertainties such as price trends for fuel. Other restrictions for shipping, such as nitrogen oxide emissions and ballast water treatment, are also expected to become stricter in the future. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the sulphur directive and associated uncertainties on the Swedish forest industry, its transport system structure, and its logistics strategies. Results and conclusions Previous studies in the field have forecast that the freight will be transferred to land because of the sulphur directive. Our results also show that companies will transfer the cargo to land transport. The transfer will be greater thefurther southinthecountryproductionfacilitiesare located.Goods that previously were shipped from ports onthe Swedish east coast will instead be shipped more frequently from ports on the west coast to reduce transport time within the ECA region. Furthermore, the results show that firms do not sign agreements with shipping lines that extend beyond the year2015, but instead write long, flexible agreementswith rail operators, enabling an increase in freight strategy to address the sulphur directive. In this way, they have created the capacity to transform the transport structure. Document type: Article
Abstract
Background and purpose The International Maritime Organisation’s (IMO) decision to lower the allowable amount of sulphur content in marine fuels to 0.1 % in the so-called [...]
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Transportation Demand Management Guidance For Corridor Planning Studies
S. Hendricks, N. Georggi, B. Varzardoliya, P. Winters

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 8

Abstract
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) regional planning programs address current and forecasted deficiencies of State highways through the conduct of corridor studies. This Guidance for the conduct of corridor planning studies is the product of a comprehensive evaluation of how to incorporate the consideration of Transportation Demand Management (TDM) strategies into several business areas of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). Corridor studies are an integral part of the transportation planning process, which support the State Highway System goals and objectives at the state and regional levels, as well as the vision for the corridor by the communities that the corridor serves. The Moving Washington approach recognizes the importance of using all the tools in the toolbox to cost effectively achieve the state transportation policy goals. This includes the mobility goal of maintaining the predictable movement of goods and people throughout the state of Washington. This Guidance describes a recommended approach to TDM strategies as part of least-cost planning for improving mobility. The Guidance asserts that all three methods: (1) managing travel demand, (2) optimizing traffic flow, and (3) accommodating travel demand by increasing capacity, should be used concurrently. This approach will advance the integration of TDM into the selected solutions aimed at reducing traffic congestion, providing mobility choices, enhancing transportation affordability, and meeting the State of Washington’s goals for reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improving community livability. This Guidance recommends use of a systematic process for identifying mobility needs, assessing existing TDM programs and resources, and evaluating potential TDM solutions against chosen performance metrics.
Abstract
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) regional planning programs address current and forecasted deficiencies of State highways through the conduct of corridor [...]
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Air Transport Sector in the Caribbean Region
J. Veverka, I. Granada, R. Fioravanti

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 11

Abstract
The small and isolated nature and tourism dependency of Caribbean countries strongly shapes and influences the regional air transport market. The following pages give an overview of the air transport market and how these factors make the regional market unique. The objective of this booklet is to summarize the study and create a common understanding of the key issues affecting the Caribbean air transport market for stakeholders and identify the actions that would contribute to the further development of air connectivity in the Caribbean.
Abstract
The small and isolated nature and tourism dependency of Caribbean countries strongly shapes and influences the regional air transport market. The following pages give an overview [...]
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PETRA - An individual mobility pattern and diary model for smart cities
N. M., T. R., R. V.

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 7

Abstract
This document presents the key algorithms that form the core of the Mobility Pattern Mining module within the PETRA architecture, as presented in D2.2, devoted to deal with GPS and mobile phone (GSM) individual data. The algorithms learn to identify the role or purpose of each trip or location within the history of a user, in terms of activity to be performed, whether it is a systematic trip or location, etc., and exploit such derived information for prediction purposes. This document provides some preliminaries, the rationale of the methods, highlighting the improvement over the state-of-art, and a brief summary of performances.
Abstract
This document presents the key algorithms that form the core of the Mobility Pattern Mining module within the PETRA architecture, as presented in D2.2, devoted to deal with [...]
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Validation of maximum airport throughput levels estimated by the DELCAP simulation model
J. Gilsinn

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 10
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Mathematical approaches to evaluating aircraft vertical separation standards
D. Shier, J. Gilsinn

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 9

Abstract
ove Flight Level 290, current regulations require aircraft to be separated vertically by at least 2000 feet. Because of increased traffic desiring to fly at these altitudes, the possibility of reducing the required separation (while maintaining acceptable safety levels) is under study. This report details many of the components of vertical position error and classifies them into three major categories: static pressure system error, altimeter instrument error, and pilot response error. Two models for use in evaluating separation standards, the root sum of squares (RSS) approach and the Reich collision risk model, are described together with their respective advantages and disadvantages. A final section includes recommendations for a carefully designed data collection effort and discusses potentially important considerations for such a design. (Author)
Abstract
ove Flight Level 290, current regulations require aircraft to be separated vertically by at least 2000 feet. Because of increased traffic desiring to fly at these altitudes, [...]
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PETRA - Transit monitor for detecting changes in predictions
N. M., T. R., R. V.

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 6

Abstract
This document presents the algorithms developed within PETRA to monitor the performances of the main predictive models built in the project, in order to provide feedbacks and possibly trigger updates or re-computation of the models. The algorithms are based on the comparison of the models against GPS mobility data. The document briefly summarizes the interfaces and the functionalities provided.
Abstract
This document presents the algorithms developed within PETRA to monitor the performances of the main predictive models built in the project, in order to provide feedbacks [...]
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Trucking industry survey methodology
B. Poudel

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 8
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Evaluation of Glare at the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System
C. Ho, J. Christian, C. Sims

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 7

Abstract
The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System (ISEGS), located on I-15 about 40 miles (60 km) south of Las Vegas, NV, consists of three power towers 459 ft (140 m) tall and over 170,000 reflective heliostats with a rated capacity of 390 MW. Reports of glare from the plant have been submitted by pilots and air traffic controllers and recorded by the Aviation Safety Reporting System and the California Energy Commission since 2013. Aerial and ground-based surveys of the glare were conducted in April, 2014, to identify the cause and to quantify the irradiance and potential ocular impacts of the glare. Results showed that the intense glare viewed from the airspace above ISEGS was caused by heliostats in standby mode that were aimed to the side of the receiver. Evaluation of the glare showed that the retinal irradiance and subtended source angle of the glare from the heliostats in standby were sufficient to cause significant ocular impact (potential for after-image) up to a distance of ∼6 miles (10 km), but the values were below the threshold for permanent eye damage. Glare from the receivers had a low potential for after-image at all ground-based monitoring locations outside of the site boundaries. A Letter to Airmen has been issued by the Federal Aviation Administration to notify pilots of the potential glare hazards. Additional measures to mitigate the potential impacts of glare from ISGES are also presented and discussed. Document type: Report
Abstract
The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System (ISEGS), located on I-15 about 40 miles (60 km) south of Las Vegas, NV, consists of three power towers 459 ft (140 m) tall and [...]
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A procedure for estimating automobile fuel consumption on congested urban roads
D. Levinsohn, J. McQueen

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 6

Abstract
n estimated procedure is proposed that is designed to be particularly sensitive to automobile fuel consumption in congested, peak hour traffic. This procedure is based upon vehicle attributes and roadway operating conditions. Vehicles are classified by weight and model year. The proposed roadway classifications are expressway, arterial, and local street. For each vehicle type category, base fuel consumption rates are determined. These base consumption rates are then modified by adjustment factors which reflect the roadway operating conditions. The rates are multiplied by the vehicle miles of each vehicle category and summed over all categories to compute the total fuel consumption on the road under analysis. An example application of the procedure including sensitivity analyses is presented.
Abstract
n estimated procedure is proposed that is designed to be particularly sensitive to automobile fuel consumption in congested, peak hour traffic. This procedure is based upon [...]
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A study of air traffic data requirements and sources for FAA analyses
R. Jackson, W. Druckenbrod, L. Joel, J. Gilsinn

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 5
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Ditchwall database for the Norman Wells to Zama Oil pipeline, Volume II: Revisions for UTM coordinates
G. Ltd.

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 4
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PETRA - The simulation framework for crowd mobility behaviour
N. M., T. R., R. V.

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 5

Abstract
This document presents the tools and framework developed within the PETRA project for simulating the mobility behaviour of crowds. The tools are mainly based on the modeling of individual users - possibly derived from real data - and allow to realize various kinds of simulations, from simple predictions over current traffic/crowd status to more involved what-if analyses. This document provides some preliminaries and the rationale of the methods, highlighting their usability over the PETRA showcases.
Abstract
This document presents the tools and framework developed within the PETRA project for simulating the mobility behaviour of crowds. The tools are mainly based on the modeling [...]
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PETRA - Methods for computing collective mobility indicator from individual patterns
N. M., T. R., R. V.

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 4

Abstract
This document presents a set of methods for exploiting individual patterns and measures developed within WP3, and described in D3.3, to produce collective indicators. Such indicators will be used for various applications purposes, some of which are described as representative examples. This document provides preliminaries and the rationale of the methods, highlighting how they are used (or can be used) for the showcases of PETRA.
Abstract
This document presents a set of methods for exploiting individual patterns and measures developed within WP3, and described in D3.3, to produce collective indicators. Such [...]
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PETRA - The framework for individual mobility pattern discovery and mobility diaries/activity model
N. M., T. R., G. L., R. V.

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 3

Abstract
This document accompanies deliverable D3.4, which contains the software modules implementing the methods that form the core of the Mobility Pattern Mining module within the PETRA architecture, as presented in D2.2, devoted to deal with GPS and mobile phone (GSM) individual data. The rationale, motivations and some possible applications of such methods have been described in D3.3. The algorithms learn to identify the role or purpose of each trip or location within the history of a user, in terms of activity to be performed, whether it is a systematic trip or location, etc., and exploit such derived information for prediction purposes. The document briefly summarizes the interfaces and the functionalities provided.
Abstract
This document accompanies deliverable D3.4, which contains the software modules implementing the methods that form the core of the Mobility Pattern Mining module within the [...]
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Problems in world-wide standardization of the units of altitude measurement
J. Gilsinn.

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 3
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Ditchwall database for the Norman Wells to Zama Oil pipeline, Volume I: Ditchwall database documentation
G. Ltd.

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 2
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Individual mobility for socially sustainable transport
林. 林泳怡., W. Lam

Collection of restricted thesis in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 5
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The role of railways in sustainable transport : a case study of China
L. Li, 李. 李琳娜

Collection of restricted thesis in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 4
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The feasibility study of implementation of ERP system in tackling traffic congestion in Hong Kong
燕. 燕楠, N. Yan

Collection of restricted thesis in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 3
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Cycling as a sustainable transport : is Hong Kong ready?
M. Lee, 李. 李銘欣

Collection of restricted thesis in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 2
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Reducing the Attitude-Behavior Gap in Sustainable Consumption A Theoretical Proposition and the American Electric Vehicle Market
V. Väistö, T. Terhi, D. Martin

Collection of closed chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 9
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Experience Travel Project : Creating a Better Service Experience for Public Transportation
M. Kretschmer, M. Lehtonen, S. Njambi, V. Pilssari, S. Jhu, S. Severin, S. Soboleva, P. Polina, N. Nylander

Collection of closed chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 6
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Ageing populations and travel
H. Timmermans, S. Rasouli, D. Yang, G. Dane, A. Grigolon

Collection of closed chapters of books in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 5

Abstract
The effectiveness of sustainable transport policies ultimately depends on the response of different lifecycle groups to these policies. This chapter is concerned with one such lifecycle group: the elderly. They are also known in the literature as ‘solitary survivors’ or ‘mature’ groups (Wells and Gubar, 1966; Lawson, 1991; Fodness, 1992). It is an interesting group for a variety of reasons. First, the elderly need to adjust to changing needs and a shifting institutional context. After retirement they may have more discretionary time, they may be empty-nesters, although their household caring tasks may perhaps be substituted by grandparenting tasks. The new generation of elderly is said to have accumulated more wealth and resources (e.g., Spinney et al., 2009). Moreover, in general, their health is better than that of previous generations of elderly, giving them more opportunities to stay active and travel (Ziegler and Schwanen, 2011). On the other hand, they are less flexible in adjusting to changes, i.e., diminishing public urban facilities and transportation resources (e.g., Rosenbloom, 2001; Collia et al., 2003; Hildebrand, 2003). These considerations suggest they are more likely to continue travelling, with detrimental effects on sustainable transport policy ambitions. Little empirical evidence is, however, known about the travel behaviour of the elderly. This chapter summarises results of our previous analyses and activity-travel behaviour of this lifecycle group and adds the results of some new analyses that were specifically conducted for this chapter.
Abstract
The effectiveness of sustainable transport policies ultimately depends on the response of different lifecycle groups to these policies. This chapter is concerned with one [...]
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Social signal processing for dummies
F. Gaibler, E. André, I. Damian, M. Dietz

Collection of closed chapters of books in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 4

Abstract
We introduce SSJ Creator, a modern Android GUI enabling users to design and execute social signal processing pipelines using nothing but their smartphones and without writing a single line of code. It is based on a modular Java-based social signal processing framework (SSJ), which is able to perform realtime multimodal behaviour analysis on Android devices using both device internal and external sensors.
Abstract
We introduce SSJ Creator, a modern Android GUI enabling users to design and execute social signal processing pipelines using nothing but their smartphones and without writing [...]
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Encouraging the use of ADAS through personalized persuasion
J. Terken, B. Eggen, H. Huysduynen

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 10

Abstract
Broad adoption of intelligent systems is a condition for achieving the aims of these systems such as increasing safety and efficiency. This requires taking into consideration that each driver has his or her own needs, interests and motivations while driving. Persuasive strategies that are intended to increase the adoption of intelligent systems may influence one type of driver, but may not work at all for another type of driver. This paper presents an exploration of the design potential for applications that aims to increase the acceptance of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) for both careful and risky drivers.
Abstract
Broad adoption of intelligent systems is a condition for achieving the aims of these systems such as increasing safety and efficiency. This requires taking into consideration [...]
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The design of a Decision Support Tool for transport planning and management: the Torino Metropolitan Area case study
C. PRONELLO, J. RAMALHO VEIGA SIMAO, V. OPERTI, C. CAMUSSO, V. RAPPAZZO

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 9
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Energy Saving Potential in Existing Volumetric Rotary Compressors
G. Bianchi, R. Cipollone, D. Vittorini

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 11

Abstract
The issues of energy and Carbon saving in energy intensive sectors, along with that of energy generation from renewable sources, have been recently receiving a growing awareness, as they are perceived as the most effective ways to deal with global sustainability commitments. The Compressed Air Sector (CAS) accounts for a 10% worldwide electricity consumption, and thus is being re-thought as an area offering great opportunities for improvement. Considering that the compression is responsible for a 10-15% consumption, it is vital to pay attention to machines performances. An overview of present compressor technology is given and saving directions for Screw and Sliding Vanes machines are analysed: interesting source of information was the Compressed Air and Gas Institute (CAGI), whose data have been processed, in order to obtain consistency with fixed reference pressures, and organized as a function of main operating parameters. The overall efficiency has been split and all different sub-terms (adiabatic, volumetric, mechanical, electrical, organic) considered separately. This has allowed a term-by-term evaluation of the margin for improvement. The heat recovery from the oil into mechanical energy via an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), together with the thermodynamic improvement during compression phase opens the way to a step change concerning the specific energy consumption. The Authors acknowledge Ing. Enea Mattei S.p.A. and particularly its CEO, Dr. Giulio Contaldi, for continuous research funding and support. The work has been done also under the FP7 Project ”Complete Vehicle Energy-Saving CONVENIENT” funded by the European Commission.
Abstract
The issues of energy and Carbon saving in energy intensive sectors, along with that of energy generation from renewable sources, have been recently receiving a growing awareness, [...]
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Clean energy systems as mainstream energy options
P. Lund

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 10

Abstract
Summary Solving the energy and climate challenges ahead will require introducing massive amounts of clean energy such as renewable energy (RE) sources, in particular, in urban areas as these dominate the energy use and emissions. Variable RE sources such as solar and wind are interesting mainstream energy options in this context. However, their use may cause major problems with the power system calling for more advanced strategies to enable optimal integration and bridging of the new and old energy system. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of electricity-to-thermal conversion and RE linked to e-mobility strategies to increase the RE share much beyond the traditional self-use limit of power. For example, the Metropolitan Helsinki (Finland) region could in this way derive up to 60% of its electricity and 30% of its heat from wind power, without any major energy storage arrangements. In sunny climates, the use of photovoltaics could be increased by a factor of 2–3 over the self-use limit of power through such strategies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abstract
Summary Solving the energy and climate challenges ahead will require introducing massive amounts of clean energy such as renewable energy (RE) sources, in particular, in [...]
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Modeling current and emerging threats in the airport domain through adversarial risk analysis
L. Falciani, A. Pollini, J. Cano, U. Turhan

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 9

Abstract
23rd SRA-Europe Annual Meeting on Analysis and Governance of Risks Beyond Boundaries -- 2014 -- Istanbul, TURKEY WOS: 000383448000005 Airports are critical infrastructures entailing intense human, commercial and economic activity. As such, they are preferred targets for criminal and terrorist groups, who are attracted by the promisingly high revenues they might get from an attack. Every year, airport authorities worldwide have to face, with limited resources, attacks arising from different adversaries. There are several sensible areas within an airport organization that are especially vulnerable to the terrorist threat, including, among others: (1) those related to human lives (of passengers or staff); (2) airport infrastructure (airport perimeter, main terminal, Air Traffic Control Tower, runways, hangars, etc.); (3) aircrafts and other ground vehicles; and (4) IT systems and services. Besides the more traditional ones, we are particularly concerned with attacks launched against the last type of targets, an emerging and increasingly worrisome threat. Specifically, we analyze the impact of cyber-attacks launched by organized groups whose main goal is to take hold of airport operations. In some cases, in order to have more chances to achieve their purpose (and take advantage of its eventual success), cyber attackers may be backed up by a terrorist group who will try to interfere with the Air Traffic Management network. In this paper, we aim at supporting airport authorities in their fight against both threats, by devising a security allocation plan. We provide an adversarial risk analysis model to address the problem, and apply it to obtain the optimal portfolio of preventive measures in an illustrative case study. The model is open to extensions, as e.g. larger and more complex technical infrastructures, new threats, or additional recovery measures deployed by different defensive agents. SRA Europe European Union [285223]; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation Program [MTM2011-28983-C03-01]; AXA-ICMAT Chair on Adversarial Risk Analysis; ESF Cost Action on Expert Judgment [IS1304] This work has been partly funded by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme under grant agreement no 285223 - SECONOMICS. Work has been also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation Program MTM2011-28983-C03-01, the AXA-ICMAT Chair on Adversarial Risk Analysis and the ESF Cost Action IS1304 on Expert Judgment.
Abstract
23rd SRA-Europe Annual Meeting on Analysis and Governance of Risks Beyond Boundaries -- 2014 -- Istanbul, TURKEY WOS: 000383448000005 Airports are critical infrastructures [...]
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Analytical investigation of DC link overvoltages during freewheeling for inverters in EV
A. Chandran, M. Hennen, A. Arkkio, A. Antero

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 8
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Multimodal real time information systems: users’ requirements and effects on travel behaviour
C. PRONELLO, J. RAMALHO VEIGA SIMAO, V. RAPPAZZO, C. CAMUSSO, J. GABORIEAU, J. B., .

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 7
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Compressive sensing for in depth focusing in 3D automotive imaging radar
V. Pascazio, G. Ferraioli, G. Matuozzo, F. Baselice, G. Schirinzi

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 7

Abstract
Today, there is a growing attention to automotive sensors monitoring systems, in order to make them an effective and valuable aid in situations of danger, improving transportation safety. The main limitation of visual aid systems is that they do not produce accurate results in poor weather conditions (such as fog, rain) and in presence of smoke. This limitation can be overcome by using radar sensors. In particular, imaging radar are gaining interest in the framework of Driver Assistance Systems (DAS). In this paper we propose a novel radar signal processing technique, based on Compressive Sensing (CS) theory, to perform the imaging of two or more targets on the same line of sight, greatly improving the performances of a radar DAS. After a brief description of the proposed methodology, case studies are presented in order to evaluate the performances of the technique.
Abstract
Today, there is a growing attention to automotive sensors monitoring systems, in order to make them an effective and valuable aid in situations of danger, improving transportation [...]
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Ho.Re.Ca. Logistics and Medieval Structured Cities: A Market Analysis and Typology
T. Verlinden, E. Voorde, W. Dewulf

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 5

Abstract
This chapter examines the logistics behind Hotel-Restaurant-Café/Catering (Ho.Re.Ca.) deliveries in medieval structured cites. These cities are characterised by their sporadic growth pattern around important buildings or squares (Marshall and Garrick 2010). The objective of this chapter is twofold. In the first part, an extensive problem description is given. Originating from limited literature and data, some key words are defined and the playfield in which the main stakeholders operate is described. The main goal of this part is to structure the Ho.Re.Ca. sector in a transparent way and to make the link with the logistics and the specific types of deliveries, required by this economic sector. In the second part of this chapter, the way the main stakeholders perform their activities is examined more in depth. Hereby, the most common delivery patterns are discussed and linked with the physical characteristics of specific goods for which they demand for their daily services. In addition, this chapter investigates both the behaviour and the expectations of the main stakeholders more in depth and in close relation with their operational practices. This research results in four distinctive market typologies and a list of decisive variables which characterise Ho.Re.Ca. specific deliveries, such as high service level, volume and product quality.
Abstract
This chapter examines the logistics behind Hotel-Restaurant-Café/Catering (Ho.Re.Ca.) deliveries in medieval structured cites. These cities are characterised by their sporadic [...]
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An embedded CAN controller for a vehicle networking course project
K. Goossens, M. Koedam, J. Voeten, G. Breaban

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 4

Abstract
The automotive industry advances quickly, with new functionalities continuously being introducted. The Eindhoven University of Technology's Bachelor Automotive Programme prepares students for the subsequent Master education, for industry, and research. In this paper we present the infrastructure and the organisation of the third-year Vehicle Networking course that introduces the current and future automotive networks to students. In the practical part of the course the students use a multiprocessor platform to implement and test an embedded CAN controller. We present requirements and how we address them in the platform architecture, the server-based FPGA infrastructure, and how students design, debug, and analyse their CAN controller. We conclude with lessons learnt and future improvements.
Abstract
The automotive industry advances quickly, with new functionalities continuously being introducted. The Eindhoven University of Technology's Bachelor Automotive Programme prepares [...]
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Prediction of necessary public charging infrastructure of electric vehicles
K. Montfort, R. Hoed, G. Poel, J. Visser

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 3

Abstract
In this study we developed models in order to predict the need for public charging points. These models give municipalities an insight into various environmental and consumer related factors that determine the need for public charging points for electric vehicles in the neighbourhood. These factors include, amongst others, the average gross monthly income of households in a certain neighbourhood and the overall number of cars in a certain neighbourhood. On the basis of the models it turns out, among other factors, that neighbourhoods with households with a relatively high average gross monthly income, and a relatively high number of cars, need a relatively large number of public charging points for electric vehicles.
Abstract
In this study we developed models in order to predict the need for public charging points. These models give municipalities an insight into various environmental and consumer [...]
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Modelling the charging probability of electric vehicles as a gaussian mixture model for a convolution based power flow analysis
M. Gödde, T. Sowa, P. Nguyen, T. Findeisen

Collection of closed conferences in transport research (2015). Vol. 2015, 2

Abstract
This paper presents an approach for modelling the charging probability of electric vehicles as a Gaussian mixture model. The model is built up by assembling adapted multivari-ate normal probability density functions. This is done because the expectation maximization algorithm fails finding maximum likelihood estimates in respect of the charging power of the generated charging profiles. This Gaussian mixture model enables for capturing the charging profiles comprehensively with a few parameters and therefore it enables for calculating the charging probability dynamically for individual parameter intervals. The underlying assumptions about battery capacity, consumption, charging infrastructure, type of weekday and settlement structure determine the generation of the charging profiles. The proposed approach makes these parameters available for the density. Thereby, the provision of the charging profiles gets obsolete. This density can be used for a convolution based power flow analysis which offers benefits regarding the computational effort and random access memory usage com-pared to Monte Carlo-like simulations.
Abstract
This paper presents an approach for modelling the charging probability of electric vehicles as a Gaussian mixture model. The model is built up by assembling adapted multivari-ate [...]
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Social behavioral change for sustainable urban transportation under TDM concept: a case study of Istanbul
İ. Batur

Collection of closed thesis in transport research (2015). 2

Abstract
Increasing population in urban areas necessitates increasing levels of mix and modes of transportation, roads, land use, which all lead to pollution and waste of all sorts. Usu- ally longer, wider and larger urban and interurban roads for motorized vehicles lead to further increases in number of cars with fewer, usually single, people in them, forming an unavoidable basis of an unsustainable society and mobility. In order to achieve sus- tainable cities and economies, in addition to smart use of land, intelligent transportation systems, clean and green vehicles, it is vital to achieve social behavioral change for shift- ing our modes of mobility from motorized means to cleaner, greener, healthier and more economic means such as walking, cycling, and public transportation. Economic, environ- mental, and social concerns about growth of traﬃc and congestion have caused several mega cities in the world and academics towards the investigations and introduction of diﬀerent policies and measures in urban areas. Among many policy options, Travel De- mand Management (TDM) policies mainly aim to promote the sustainable modes and to increase an eﬀective use of existing infrastructure by voluntarily controlling the de- mand. With such circumstances, the objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to review existing academic, industrial, governmental and non-governmental literature to examine and understand various sustainable society, sustainable development, sustainable mobil- ity concepts, mechanisms and policies developed and tested in other parts of the world; (2) to establish a framework of social behavioral change policies particularly developed and tested for urban mobility and traﬃc; (3) to compare various mega-cities on diﬀerent indicators to better understand the case of Istanbul; (4) to evaluate potentials of TDM policies in Istanbul as well as to ﬁnd out traﬃc congestion perception of the residents by conducting face-to-face surveys; (5) to determine current conditions of traﬃc congestion in Istanbul for the projections of traﬃc conditions in the coming years of 2018 and 2023, with the help of determined potentials from the survey results under diﬀerent scenarios by using a micro simulation program PTV VISSIM. As a result of this study, it was revealed that the traﬃc conditions in Istanbul tend to become worse year by year, but it was also seen that the TDM policies oﬀers noteworthy potential for increased use of sustainable mobility modes and to help signiﬁcantly reducing congestion levels. Declaration of Authorship ii Abstract iv Öz v Acknowledgments vii List of Figures x List of Tables xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Sustainability and Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Case Study: Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3 Organization of the Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 Literature Review 10 2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3 Sustainable Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.4 Urbanization and Motorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.4.1 Urbanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.4.2 Motorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.5 Transportation Related Problems in Mega-cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.5.1 Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.5.2 Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.5.3 Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.5.4 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.5.5 Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.6 Sustainable Solutions for Urban Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.6.1 Land-Use Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.6.2 Travel Demand Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.6.3 Workplace Travel Plan (WTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.6.4 School Travel Plans (STP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.6.5 Personalized Travel Planning (PTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.6.6 Marketing, Information and Travel Awareness (MITA) . . . . . . . 36 2.6.7 Car Clubs Car Co-operatives or Car Sharing Schemes (CC-CS) . . 38 2.6.8 Teleworking(Telecommuting, Teleconferencing, andShoppingfrom Home) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.7 Case Study of Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.7.1 Road Network and Motorization in Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.7.2 Public Transportation in Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.7.3 Comparisons of Istanbul and Diﬀerent Mega-Cities on Various In- dicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3 Methodology 53 3.1 Simulation Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1.1 A Brief Description of PTV-VISSIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.1.2 Selected Network: Altunizade District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.1.3 Modeling Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.1.4 Validation of the Model and Experimental Procedure . . . . . . . . 58 3.2 Survey Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.2.1 The Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.2.2 The Need for Calculating the Potential Eﬀects . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.2.3 Distribution of Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.2.4 Potential Eﬀect Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.2.5 Generating Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4 Results 65 4.1 Representativeness of Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2 Traﬃc Perceptions of Residents in Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.3 Calculating Potential Eﬀects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.3.1 Congestion Levels in Istanbul and Future Projections under Dif- ferent Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5 Conclusion 71 A Hypothesis Testing 76 A.1 Computation of Minimum Repetitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 A.2 Hypothesis Testing for Real System and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 B Survey Questionnaire 79 Bibliography 85
Abstract
Increasing population in urban areas necessitates increasing levels of mix and modes of transportation, roads, land use, which all lead to pollution and waste of all sorts. [...]
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Exploring the transport system under technological change - market, business ecosystem and business model viewpoints
A. Afriandi, Z. Zulkarnain

Collection of closed thesis in transport research (2016). 3
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Flexible Loads in Smart Grids - Charging Solutions for Electric Vehicles and Storage Space Heating
F. Malik

Collection of closed thesis in transport research (2016). 2
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Towards an open ecosystem model for smart mobility services. The case of Finland
T. Casey, V. Valovirta, V. Ville

Collection of closed reports in transport research (2016). Vol. 2016, 2
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Scalable Routing in SDN-enabled Networks with Consolidated Middleboxes
A. Tang, A. Walid, A. Gushchin

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 397

Abstract
Middleboxes are special network devices that perform various functions such as enabling security and efficiency. SDN-based routing approaches in networks with middleboxes need to address resource constraints, such as memory in the switches and processing power of middleboxes, and traversal constraint where a flow must visit the required middleboxes in a specific order. In this work we propose a solution based on MultiPoint-To-Point Trees (MPTPT) for routing traffic in SDN-enabled networks with consolidated middleboxes. We show both theoretically and via simulations that our solution significantly reduces the number of routing rules in the switches, while guaranteeing optimum throughput and meeting processing requirements. Additionally, the underlying algorithm has low complexity making it suitable in dynamic network environment.
Abstract
Middleboxes are special network devices that perform various functions such as enabling security and efficiency. SDN-based routing approaches in networks with middleboxes [...]
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ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR LIQUID-COLUMN VELOCITIES IN PIPELINES WITH ENTRAPPED GAS
A. Tijsseling, Q. Hou, Z. Bozkuş

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 396

Abstract
High pressures and high temperatures may arise in pipelines when a liquid column is suddenly accelerated into a gas pocket trapped at a closed end. A mass oscillation occurs that is described by nonlinear equations for both liquid and gas. Analytical expressions are derived for the uniform velocity of the liquid column, from which pressures and gas temperatures follow. The obtained results are validated against theoretical and experimental results published by fellow researchers.
Abstract
High pressures and high temperatures may arise in pipelines when a liquid column is suddenly accelerated into a gas pocket trapped at a closed end. A mass oscillation occurs [...]
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Langkawi on ‘Copenhagen Wheels’: exploring eco-conscious urban strategies for island development via cycling technology
N. Roslan, R. Rahman

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 395

Abstract
This paper addresses the topic of ‘urban strategies’. The context is the development on Langkawi, an island destination in Malaysia. The Langkawi Development Authority (LADA) has established a framework for how the island will be developed in the LADA Tourism Blueprint 2011-2015. Eco-tourism is a targeted core business. Much of Langkawi will be conserved as the natural rainforest, limiting the built-up areas to approximately 30% of the island. Despite the strong implication upon the island’s urbanisation, there have not been any specific ecologically conscious urban development strategies within the existing Blueprint. This paper proposes that such strategies need to fullfil both the demand of the expanding tourism industry as well as the need to safeguard the natural ecology of the island. Promoting bicycles as a primary transportation option will serve both. Unlike the normal bicycle, this project looks at integrating the ‘Copenhagen Wheel’ version. The ‘Copenhagen Wheel’ turns ordinary bicycles into electric ones via a sensor-type hub that will collect environmental quality data, road conditions and congestion as the bicycle traverses an area. The case study is set for a land parcel in the vicinity of the ferry terminal and the LADA Headquarters. The architectural focus will transform this site into a cyclists’ haven and environmental monitoring centre by integrating the ‘Copenhagen Wheel’ technology into the development model. This is interconnected with the greater framework of enlarging the tourism package for Langkawi whilst sustaining the island’s natural environment. This integrated cycling-based project will offer the insights towards eco-conscious urban strategies in island development.
Abstract
This paper addresses the topic of ‘urban strategies’. The context is the development on Langkawi, an island destination in Malaysia. The Langkawi Development Authority [...]
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Enhancing the Traffic Management Advisor's Schedule by Time Advance
H. Swenson, M. Wu

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 394

Abstract
time advance algorithm associated with the scheduling functionalities of the Traffic Management Advisor (TMA) for arrival flights is presented and evaluated. The algorithm enhances TMA’s meter fix schedule by advancing the flights’ Scheduled Time of Arrival (STA) by an amount that minimizes their systemic operating cost. The systemic operating cost leverages the inherent trade-off of time and fuel efficiency resident in the cost index of modern flight management systems. The resulting STAs are achievable by speeding up the leading flights from their desired nominal speed profiles. A key advantage of this approach is that it reduces systemic delay to tight groupings of arriving aircraft as well as increases sustained throughput of the operation. A fast-time, Monte Carlo simulation that emulates TMA’s scheduling functionalities is performed for arrival flights to the Phoenix Airport to quantify the benefit of the time advance algorithm. Results show consistent time saving benefits, ranging from 3 to 50 minutes for 112 flights with varying levels of traffic congestion.
Abstract
time advance algorithm associated with the scheduling functionalities of the Traffic Management Advisor (TMA) for arrival flights is presented and evaluated. The algorithm [...]
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Trajectory Analysis and Prediction for Improved Pedestrian Safety:Integrated Framework and Evaluations
T. Moeslund, A. Mogelmose, M. Trivedi

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 393

Abstract
This paper presents a monocular and purely vision based pedestrian trajectory tracking and prediction framework with integrated map-based hazard inference. In Advanced Driver Assistance systems research, a lot of effort has been put into pedestrian detection over the last decade, and several pedestrian detection systems are indeed showing impressive results. Considerably less effort has been put into processing the detections further. We present a tracking system for pedestrians, which based on detection bounding boxes tracks pedestrians and is able to predict their positions in the near future."br/""br/"The tracking system is combined with a module which, based on the car's GPS position acquires a map and uses the road information in the map to know where the car can drive. Then the system warns the driver about pedestrians at risk, by combining the information about hazardous areas for pedestrians with a probabilistic position prediction for all observed pedestrians.
Abstract
This paper presents a monocular and purely vision based pedestrian trajectory tracking and prediction framework with integrated map-based hazard inference. In Advanced Driver [...]
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Collaboration over IEEE 802.11p to enable an intelligent traffic light function for emergency vehicles
B. Schaufele, I. Radusch, O. Sawade

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2016). Vol. 2016, 438

Abstract
With the advent of cooperative automated functions a host of novel functions becomes feasible - cooperative driver assistance systems (CoDAS). We present an example for a novel collaborative vehicle-2-infrastructure interaction with the "automated emergency vehicle green-light" (AEVGL) function. In our approach we combine traffic light infrastructure with Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) over IEEE 802.11p to address a serious issue: accidents containing emergency vehicles at intersections. In AEVGL we utilize communication to preemptively switch traffic lights to red for crossing traffic to allow safe passage of the approaching emergency vehicle even in low communication penetration scenarios. This function can serve as blueprint for other novel lightweight CoDAS functions with a very specific scope. GLOSA and AEV are currently tested in the TEAM IP project to facilitate AEVGL.
Abstract
With the advent of cooperative automated functions a host of novel functions becomes feasible - cooperative driver assistance systems (CoDAS). We present an example for a [...]
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A Method to Integrate Energy Harvesters into Wireless Sensor Nodes for Embedded In-Pipe Monitoring Applications
A. Muhtaroglu, K. Tuncay, F. Qureshi

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 392

Abstract
Batteries are commonly used to power sensors, a fact that carries severe drawbacks such as limited lifetime and regular replacement. Battery powered sensors are particularly impractical in under-water pipelines due to limited access. Therefore, harvesting of ambient energy to power embedded sensors is an attractive option for such systems. A method is proposed, in this paper, to power in-pipe wireless sensor nodes based on energy harvesting techniques, with minimal impact to the pipe performance. Based on the initial analysis presented in the paper, models will be developed next to facilitate the design of an energy harvester system for Turkey-Cyprus water pipeline project currently under construction.
Abstract
Batteries are commonly used to power sensors, a fact that carries severe drawbacks such as limited lifetime and regular replacement. Battery powered sensors are particularly [...]
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Risk Assessment of Road Transport in construction Logistic Based on Fuzzy Method
R. Zeng, D. Song

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 391
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Validating an ATM security prototype — First results
M. Kleinert, T. Stelkens-Kobsch, M. Schaper, M. Finke

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2016). Vol. 2016, 434

Abstract
Since years it is known that radio communication used by ATC can easily be intruded and is therefore subject to recurrent attacks. Nevertheless the voice communication between pilots and controllers is still the most flexible and efficient medium especially in a busy traffic environment, in non-standard situations or simply when exchanging air-ground messages in plain language is needed. As vulnerability seems not dominant compared to the number of crucial damages, voice communication is still the basic and most important communication method within the aeronautical mobile service. This motivated the development of a prototype for secure ATC communications (SACom) within the frame of the Global ATM Security Management Project (GAMMA). The challenge when designing a security management prototype for ATM is not only to find out if the concept is appropriate to minimize the expected impact of possible attacks. In fact the benefit for the participating stakeholders has to be evaluated and proven by appropriate evidence. The need for evidence leads to the understanding that there is a clear lack existing between the theoretically defined outlines by NextGen and SESAR and the measures at hand to validate prototypes in the area of ATM security. The document highlights the approach to validate the proposed system to secure ATC communication. Therefore the paper describes the intended prototype to secure ATC voice communication and the different modules it consists of. Moreover the surrounding validation environment and the dedicated validation platform for investigating the prototype is elaborated and described in detail. To achieve this, reader’s mindset will be sharpened for the idea of validation platform subsets and validation environment building blocks Within the project the prototype for secure ATC communication has been designed and developed. The verification of the prototype has been conducted in the Air Traffic Management Validation Center of the DLR in 2015/2016, whereas the first validation exercises were conducted in late spring of 2016. During the exercises the benefit of each single module as the benefit of the correlated value of all indicators will be validated. The prototype is not only been verified and validated as a single system. Moreover, during the preparatory work for the validation exercises a small scale experimental setup was used together with partners in the project in order to elaborate added value of the presented prototype already as a pre-production sample. The results obtained already demonstrate the general feasibility of the developed prototype. A detailed discussion of the preliminary validation results will be done in the full paper. This research-in-progress paper presents the initial findings from the validation and initial implementation of the security management prototype for secure ATC communications. The recent work supports the current security engineering needs and offers an iteratively deployable capability to complement the current ATM/CNS system and future deployment activities under SESAR or NextGen. The applied approach for the validation of this single prototype provides a mature basis for setting up a distinct methodology for validation of other ATM security oriented systems.
Abstract
Since years it is known that radio communication used by ATC can easily be intruded and is therefore subject to recurrent attacks. Nevertheless the voice communication between [...]
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Decentralized fault-tolerant control of inland navigation networks: a challenge
F. Nejjari, P. Segovia, E. Duviella, J. Blesa, L. Rajaoarisoa, V. Puig

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2016). Vol. 2016, 432

Abstract
Trabajo presentado a la 13th European Workshop on Advanced Control and Diagnosis (ACD 2016). Inland waterways are large-scale networks used principally for navigation. Even if the transport planning is an important issue, the water resource management is a crucial point. Indeed, navigation is not possible when there is too little or too much water inside the waterways. Hence, the water resource management of waterways has to be particularly efficient in a context of climate change and increase of water demand. This management has to be done by considering different time and space scales and still requires the development of new methodologies and tools in the topics of the Control and Informatics communities. This work addresses the problem of waterways management in terms of modeling, control, diagnosis and fault-tolerant control by focusing in the inland waterways of the north of France. A review of proposed tools and the ongoing research topics are provided in this paper. Peer Reviewed
Abstract
Trabajo presentado a la 13th European Workshop on Advanced Control and Diagnosis (ACD 2016). Inland waterways are large-scale networks used principally for navigation. Even [...]
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Sizing tool for rapid optimisation of pack configuration at early-stage automotive product development
R. Ball, K. Uddin, A. McGordon, J. Taylor, J. Marco

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 390

Abstract
The specifications that define an automotive development project are established at an early point in the process and define the direction of such a development, and changing these decisions becomes more costly the further the project progresses. Tools to enable better consideration of choice can help prevent this. The tool presented is designed to aid with the decisions needed when embarking on the development of a vehicle that incorporates electric-vehicle technologies and the important choices made regarding the battery pack required by such a vehicle. The tool incorporates a sizing model for determining the number of cells and the configuration required to meet a specified battery requirement. The tool then uses a 1-d model to determine some of the basic thermal and power characteristics that can then be used to inform other parts of the design specification. When attached to a database containing cell information, the tool can pre-select candidate cells to meet the requirement, and rapid execution time of the tool means that it can be used to quickly compare between cell choices, at a level understandable by all stakeholders in the decision making process. Document type: Conference object
Abstract
The specifications that define an automotive development project are established at an early point in the process and define the direction of such a development, and changing [...]
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The bicycle: mass urban transportation a paradigm shift. Case study: the City of Valencia
F. Díaz

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 389

Abstract
[EN] The bicycle was for decades a mode of transportation with full presence in most Spanish cities. Until the consolidation of the so-called economic miracle, in the 60s, only public transports would dispute the hegemony in the use of public space. But with the advent of economic development the irruption of the automobile, outstandingly represented by the Fiat 600, manufactured in Franco s Spain as Seat 600, that order of things was reversed. A certain complex of "nouveau riche" was installed in the social consciousness and getting around on a bicycle was reduced to the poorer classes; even the emerging middle class, that could hardly aspire to buy a car, did not kept cycling, and opted for public transportation instead. As economic development, initiated after the Economic Stabilization Plan of 1959, got consolidated, the new middle class made the ownership of a car a symbol of triumph and the bicycle disappeared from the urban landscape. To this extinction largely contributed the attitude of the Public Administration that far from protecting and promoting it, saw it almost as a shameful transportation, unworthy of a society that pretended to be developed. Thus the use of bicycles as a mode of transportation virtually disappeared in the city, reduced to a limited use as a sport. But in the last decades bicycle as a transport mode has come to back to the city, reclaiming a hegemony that should have never lost. Gaja Díaz, F. (2015). The bicycle: mass urban transportation a paradigm shift. Case study: the City of Valencia. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment (Online). 146:27-37. doi:10.2495/UT150031 S 27 37 146
Abstract
[EN] The bicycle was for decades a mode of transportation with full presence in most Spanish cities. Until the consolidation of the so-called economic miracle, in the 60s, [...]
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Research on Predicting Slack Flow of Oil Pipelines in Undulated Areas with Large Fall
J. Zhang, J. Li, H. Lan

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 388

Abstract
Pipelines in more undulated areas are likely to have crossing points in pipeline transportation as oil throughput varies. This is to say that the potential energy of oils, from the peak to the terminal, is possibly higher than energy required for overcoming friction factor in oil movement, thus producing slack flow in pipes after the peak and accelerating partial flow velocity to consume remaining energy. Existed slack flow will be problem-prone like increased surge pressure, slow response to post-peak accident and vibration incurred by repeated occurrence and collapse of the steam bubble, when there are separation and crash of the liquid column in sudden change of the liquid flow speed. Therefore, targeted measures are necessary for avoiding slack flow. This text, for the first time, develops a parameter calculation model based on mechanism and characteristics of slack flow, proposes technology of predicting characteristics of the slack flow of pipelines in hilly areas with large fall and correctly predicts the defined parameters for the slack flow, including position, length, steam space volume, air space ratio and oil flow speed. Keywords-large fall; slack flow; oil pipeline; mechanism; characteristic parameter
Abstract
Pipelines in more undulated areas are likely to have crossing points in pipeline transportation as oil throughput varies. This is to say that the potential energy of oils, [...]
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Investigation of Automated Vehicle Effects on Driver's Behavior and Traffic Performance
E. Aria, J. Olstam, C. Schwietering

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2016). Vol. 2016, 430

Abstract
dvanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) offer the possibility of helping drivers to fulfill their driving tasks. Automated vehicles (AV) are capable of communicating with surrounding vehicles (V2V) and infrastructure (V2I) in order to collect and provide essential information about the driving environment. Studies have proved that automated driving have the potential to decrease traffic congestion by reducing the time headway (THW), enhancing the traffic capacity and improving the safety margins in car following. Despite different encouraging factors, automated driving raise some concerns such as possible loss of situation awareness, overreliance on automation and system failure. This paper aims to investigate the effects of AV on driver’s behavior and traffic performance. A literature review was conducted to examine the AV effects on driver’s behavior. Findings from the literature survey reveal that conventional vehicles (CV), i.e. human driven, which are driving close to a platoon of AV with short THW, tend to reduce their THW and spend more time under their critical THW. Additionally, driving highly AV reduce situation awareness and can intensify driver drowsiness, exclusively in light traffic. In order to investigate the influences of AV on traffic performance, a simulation case study consisting of a 100% AV scenario and a 100% CV scenario was performed using microscopic traffic simulation. Outputs of this simulation study reveal that the positive effects of AV on roads are especially highlighted when the network is crowded (e.g. peak hours). This can definitely count as a constructive point for the future of road networks with higher demands. In details, average density of autobahn segment remarkably improved by 8.09% during p.m. peak hours in the AV scenario, while the average travel speed enhanced relatively by 8.48%. As a consequent, the average travel time improved by 9.00% in the AV scenario. The outcome of this study jointly with the previous driving simulator studies illustrates a successful practice of microscopic traffic simulation to investigate the effects of AV. However, further development of the microscopic traffic simulation models are required and further investigations of mixed traffic situation with AV and CV need to be conducted.
Abstract
dvanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) offer the possibility of helping drivers to fulfill their driving tasks. Automated vehicles (AV) are capable of communicating with [...]
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Prediction of ductile fracture in anisotropic steels for pipeline applications
L. Cortese, F. Iob, F. Campanelli, T. Coppola

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2016). Vol. 2016, 429

Abstract
Large diameter steel pipelines for gas transportation may experience extreme overloads due to external actions such as soil sliding, faults movements, third part interactions. In these scenarios the material undergoes severe plastic strains which locally may reach the fracture limits. Due to the manufacturing process, the steels used in such applications have an anisotropic behavior both for plasticity and fracture. In this paper two steel grades have been characterized in view of anisotropic plastic fracture. Fracture tests have been planned to characterize the fracture behavior under different stress states and in different directions to define the anisotropic sensitivity. Finite element modelling, incorporating an anisotropic plasticity formulation, has been used to calculate the local fracture parameters in the specimens and to define the complete ductile fracture locus. An uncoupled damage evolution law has been finally used to evaluate the fracture limits on real pipelines failed in full scale laboratory tests. The strain to fracture prediction has been verified by local strain measurements on the fractured pipes. The model robustness has been also verified on global parameter predictions, such us the burst pressure.
Abstract
Large diameter steel pipelines for gas transportation may experience extreme overloads due to external actions such as soil sliding, faults movements, third part interactions. [...]
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Aircraft access to SWIM — A collaborative ATM pathfinder to support a TBO environment
F. Aknine, R. Klein, A. Morales, B. Abraham, J. Pace, K. Niewoehner

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 385

Abstract
The NextGen National Airspace System (NAS) has begun to take shape with the functional emergence of En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM) and the Terminal Automation Modernization and Replacement (TAMR). NextGen Programs include: 1) Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B); 2) Collaborative Air Traffic Management Technologies (CATMT); 3) National Airspace System Voice System (NVS); 4) NextGen Weather; 5) Data Communications (Data Comm); and 6) System Wide Information Management (SWIM). These programs are being implemented to transform the operational precepts of the NAS, as based currently on ground control of aircraft separation. The NextGen programs will fundamentally change the NAS operational framework from a voice-centric to a data-centric model. The new model will rely extensively on air-ground operational integration coupled with ready-access to communication, navigation and surveillance (CNS) data to enable 4-dimensional trajectory-based-operation (4DT) flow management. In addition to these advanced-development NextGen programs, the FAA has sponsored a pathfinder initiative to enable flightcrew access to SWIM data for enhanced shared situational awareness, (SSA). This pathfinder, known as Aircraft Access to SWIM (AAtS), has organized itself within a broad framework of public/private collaboration (government & industry partnership) focused on the coupled evolution of air-ground-integration and related enabling technologies. As a pathfinder, the AAtS operational paradigm is consistent with the U.S. vision for SWIM. The U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright solution developed focus on connecting SWIM to aircraft. Other air-service regions are considering different concepts, architectures and requirements for SWIM-aircraft connectivity and are targeted for later dates for entry into service. The AAtS initiative has developed: • an operations concept; • technical implementation framework; and • conducted operational demonstrations. These establish a proof-of-concept benchmark for implementation of a collaborative decision making (CDM) capability. The AAtS pathfinder environment leverages existing systems and new communications infrastructure, including broadband IP and COTS technology (see Figure 1). Demonstration data promoted better understanding of: 1) usage patterns for available products; 2) system-level performance; 3) utility of the demonstrated data links; 4) data protocol efficiency; 5) communication issue mitigation; and 6) potential performance improvements through lessons learned. Phase 2 will demonstrate air-to-ground communications in addition to the ground-to-air exchange from Phase 1. The Phase 2 demonstrations will measure operational systems performance, with an eye toward how best to facilitate CDM among the ATC, flightcrews, and the aircraft operations center (AOC). Data from resulting operational improvements will illustrate system efficiencies to be harvested through CDM. Air-ground integration within the realm of 4DT data exchange schema promises to yield material system efficiencies, especially as they apply to route optimization and accommodation of transient disruptions, e.g. traffic or weather induced flow upsets. The AAtS initiative will shed light on the nature of the expected efficiencies in addition to issues pertaining to system-safety and information security. AAtS, as a pathfinder, is well underway and has spurred significant future-systems architectural development within individual avionics original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in addition to collaborative development OEM teams. The future of AAtS is to build on a premise that SWIM services can produce a benefit for the operators and FAA thru CATM. As a result, CATM via AAtS will enable improved airspace usage as part of a broader connected aircraft strategy. The belief is that air traffic management and connected aircraft will benefit from increased situational awareness, combined with their ability to expeditiously formulate operational solutions working with controllers and company dispatchers. To become viable from a business perspective, AAtS must yield material benefit through cost avoidance in the air and during ground operations.
Abstract
The NextGen National Airspace System (NAS) has begun to take shape with the functional emergence of En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM) and the Terminal Automation Modernization [...]
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A Survey on Constructing Rosters for Air Traffic Controllers
R. Conniss

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 384

Abstract
In this survey the state-of-the-art technology and the literature to date are discussed. In particular, we will discuss the gap in the literature concerning rostering staff to tasks by qualifications, with the inclusion of restrictions on a measure of task familiarity, which is a unique consequence of the structure of ATC operations.
Abstract
In this survey the state-of-the-art technology and the literature to date are discussed. In particular, we will discuss the gap in the literature concerning rostering staff [...]
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Feasibility Analysis of China’s Traffic Congestion Charge Legislation
W. Jiyun

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 383

Abstract
This article is constructed based on the transportation issues which relates to introducing a congestion charge to ease chronic traffic jams. The paper first introduces the basic conception about congestion charge. Further, the supportive theory for applying congestion charge will be explored from economical and legal perspective. Lastly, summary will be presented, which analyzes and locates the advantages and deficiencies of relative legal term constitute by Chinese Civil Law.
Abstract
This article is constructed based on the transportation issues which relates to introducing a congestion charge to ease chronic traffic jams. The paper first introduces the [...]
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Stochastic optimization of an Electric Vehicle Fleet Charging with Uncertain Photovoltaic Production
R. Latimier, H. Ahmed, F. Baraer, M. Acquitter, B. Multon

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 381

Abstract
International audience; Simultaneous development of photovoltaic generation and electric vehicles strengthens the solicitations on the electric power system. This paper investigates the possible synergy between these players to jointly improve the production predictability while ensuring a low carbon mobility. It stands for a step towards a quantification of its economic and environmental fallout. First a context is described for a PV-EV collaboration. Then this is gathered into an optimization problem. Grid commitment constraints, battery aging and mobility needs are here considered from the environmental point of view of equivalent primary energy. Finally, a resolution method is presented which achieve an time-efficient optimization of the power flow for each vehicle, based on upstream computed charging policies. It relies on a stochastic modeling of both vehicles availability and forecast error of the PV production. The resolution framework is the stochastic dynamic programming, coupled with on-line minimization so as to avoid the curse of dimensionality. The proposed resolution enables to compute optimal power flow for each vehicle, even among large fleets. The emphasis is here set on a versatile resolution method which could take over many detailed objective functions.
Abstract
International audience; Simultaneous development of photovoltaic generation and electric vehicles strengthens the solicitations on the electric power system. This paper investigates [...]
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Do Traffic Controllers Dream of Electric Cars?
N. Taylor

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 380

Abstract
Traffic congestion is not a modern phenomenon, but the growth of motor traffic driven by the supply of petroleum is. This coincides with concern about climate change caused by carbon emissions to which transport makes a substantial and increasing contribution. It seems that private cars in particular cannot be useful without coming to dominate human activity and even whole economies, creating dependence, congestion and severance which paradoxically negate many of the benefits of mobility. Electrification may reduce carbon emissions, but is unlikely to support the same weight of motor traffic, and will not reduce its other effects. It is doubtful that sustainability, however defined, is compatible with current high and increasing levels of motorised movement, so a culture change will be needed.
Abstract
Traffic congestion is not a modern phenomenon, but the growth of motor traffic driven by the supply of petroleum is. This coincides with concern about climate change caused [...]
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Modelling signal platoon patterns by approach lane use and movement class
R. Akçelik

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 378

Abstract
lane-based signal platoon progression model has been developed for estimating performance measures as a function of signal offsets, geometric design and flow conditions. This is part of a lane-based network model that involves the blockage of upstream intersection lanes by downstream queues (backward spread of congestion) and a capacity constraint applied to oversaturated upstream intersections. The model takes into account midblock lane changes that apply to signal platoon patterns. This is particularly important in evaluating closely-spaced intersections with high demand flows where vehicles have limited opportunities for lane changes between intersections. The modelling of signal platoon patterns is further enhanced by assigning two types of movements negotiating the network to special movement classes. These are the through movements at external approaches which become turning movements at downstream internal approaches, and the dogleg movements at staggered T intersections. These movements can be assigned to separate lanes and separate signal phases, and their second-by-second platoon patterns can be tracked through the network separately. This improves the quality of signal platoon modelling and is expected to produce better results in assessing signal coordination quality and optimising signal offsets. The use of special movement classes also helps to estimate unequal lane use cases at external approaches of a paired intersection system, a factor which also affects signal platoon patterns. A staggered T-intersection example is presented to demonstrate important aspects of modelling signal platoon patterns by approach lane use and movement class.
Abstract
lane-based signal platoon progression model has been developed for estimating performance measures as a function of signal offsets, geometric design and flow conditions. This [...]
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Air Quality Index Monitoring System Based on Flow Point of BD
R. Tang, Y. Cao, Z. Hao, Y. Liu, B. Fan

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 376

Abstract
China is annual faced with a large area of bad weather such as fog and haze, which make a serious impact on people's daily lives, traffic congestion and other flight delays. Currently, the monitoring towards air quality are mostly procured through static monitoring station or artificial flow monitoring, whose limitations lie in the incomplete data, heavy workload of the artificial flow monitoring and the poor quality. Even the bad weather may result in serious damage to people. Therefore paper designs a mobile air quality monitoring system. The system uses a robot which has its own air quality monitoring instrument to flow monitoring autonomously; takes the advantage of the BD information systems,3G communication module to locate different sites; adopts the 3G data transmission modules,β-ray method to monitor the air quality of PM2.5.Besides,the system uses camera to collect relevant environmental information, take the speed and direction of robot into control by video identification guide wire and intelligent PID control algorithm. The air quality monitoring system designed in the paper makes a perfect combination of hardware and software.
Abstract
China is annual faced with a large area of bad weather such as fog and haze, which make a serious impact on people's daily lives, traffic congestion and other flight delays. [...]
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Network-Wide Mesoscopic State Estimation based on a Variational Formulation of the LWR Model and using Lagrangian Observations
H. Lint, A. Duret, Y. Yuan

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 375

Abstract
Traffic Granular Flow, DELFT, PAYS-BAS, 28-/10/2015 - 30/10/2015; This paper presents a generic data assimilation framework based on a mesoscopic-LWR model formulated in Lagrangian-space coordinates and using both Lagrangian observations. This is a challenge work since probe trajectories are not directly related to specific vehicle/platoon indexes in the simulation model. Therefore, we develop a method to incorporate probe information and to further estimate states. The proposed method has been validated on a homogeneous road stretch, and it provides promising results for further extension of the framework.
Abstract
Traffic Granular Flow, DELFT, PAYS-BAS, 28-/10/2015 - 30/10/2015; This paper presents a generic data assimilation framework based on a mesoscopic-LWR model formulated in Lagrangian-space [...]
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Multi-Agent Collaborative Control Method of Ramps Based on Fuzzy Neural Network
F. Chen, Y. Jia, Z. Niu, L. Zhang

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 374

Abstract
In order to improve the growing serious traffic congestion on the junction of freeway and expressway (junction of road network in short), starting from the on-ramp metering, considering the main line and its on-ramp control requirements, the multi-agent collaborative was introduced. And the relativity of different segments of junction of road network was analyzed. Meanwhile, the correlation of different segments was calculated. With the consistency of control objectives for urbanized segments of expressway, a relative density model of multi-agent consistency was proposed. Then, on basis of multi-agent and fuzzy control theory, a multi-agent ramp cooperative control model based on fuzzy neural network was presented. Urbanized segments of Beijing- Tianjin-Tanggu Expressway were selected to validate the model. The results show that the model was effective. The method can stabilize the density of the urbanized expressway, and relief traffic congestion in the area.
Abstract
In order to improve the growing serious traffic congestion on the junction of freeway and expressway (junction of road network in short), starting from the on-ramp metering, [...]
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Full Scale Corrosion Test on Buried Cast Iron Pipes
M. Wasim, W. Wang, A. Zhou, C. Li, D. Robert

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2016). Vol. 2016, 415

Abstract
Underground metal pipes are essential infrastructure for water and energy transport. Although the life expectancy of cast iron pipes can exceed one hundred years, the failures of cast iron pipelines often occur unexpectedly as the corrosion causes material deterioration, which induces that the actual service life of pipeline greatly less than the design life expectancy. A systematic research program has been developed to investigate the effect of corrosion on material deterioration of pipelines buried in soil, which are essential for accurate prediction of life expectancy. The details of apparatus, test preparation, corrosion monitoring and measurements are presented in this paper. The research methodology shows effective outcomes for monitoring and evaluating corrosion of metal pipes buried in realistic fine grained soil medium. The current research provides useful knowledge for engineers and asset managers to make maintenance strategies for corrosion affected cast iron pipelines.
Abstract
Underground metal pipes are essential infrastructure for water and energy transport. Although the life expectancy of cast iron pipes can exceed one hundred years, the failures [...]
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Optimizing load balancing routing mechanisms with evolutionary computation
V. Pereira, M. Rocha, P. Sousa

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2016). Vol. 2016, 414

Abstract
Link State routing protocols, such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), are widely applied to intra-domain routing in todays IP networks. They provide a good scalability without lost of simplicity. A router running OSPF distributes traf- fic uniformly over Equal-cost Multi-path (ECMP), enabling a better distribution of packets among the existent links. More recently, other load balancing strategies, that consider non even splitting of traffic, have been put forward. Such is the case of the Distributed Exponentially-weighted Flow SpliTting (DEFT), that enables traf- fic to be directed through non equal-cost multi-paths, while preserving the OSPF simplicity. As the optimal link weight computation is known to be NP-hard, intel- ligence heuristics are particularly suited to address this optimization problem. In this context, this work compares the solutions provided by Evolutionary Al- gorithms (EA) for the weight setting problem, considering both ECMP and DEFT load balancing alternatives. In addition to a single objective network congestion optimization problem, both load balancing schemes are also applied to a multi- objective optimization approach able to attain routing configurations resilient to traffic demand variations. COMPETE: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007043 and FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia This work has been supported by COMPETE: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007043 and FCT -Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the ProjectScope: UID/CEC/00319/2013.
Abstract
Link State routing protocols, such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), are widely applied to intra-domain routing in todays IP networks. They provide a good scalability without [...]
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MPLS Under the Microscope: Revealing Actual Transit Path Diversity
Y. Vanaubel, P. Mérindol, J. Pansiot, B. Donnet

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 373

Abstract
Traffic Engineering (TE) is one of the keys for improving packet forwarding in the Internet. It allows IP network operators to finely tune their forwarding paths according to various customer needs. One of the most popular tool available today for optimizing the use of networking resources is MPLS. On the one hand, operators may use MPLS and label distribution mechanisms such as RSVP-TE in conjunction with BGP to define multiple transit paths (for a given edge pair) verifying different constraints on their network. On the other hand, when operators simply enable LDP for distributing MPLS labels in order to improve the scalability of their network, another kind of path diversity may appear thanks to the ECMP feature of IGP routing. In this paper, using an MPLS labels analysis, we demonstrate that it is possible to better understand the transit path diversity deployed within a given ISP. More specifically, we introduce the Label Pattern Recognition (LPR) algorithm, a method for analyzing traceroute data including MPLS information. LPR reveals the actual usage of MPLS according to the inferred label distribution protocol and is able to make the distinction between ECMP and TE multi-path forwarding. Based on an extensive and longitudinal traceroute dataset obtained from CAIDA, we apply LPR and find that each ISP behavior is really specific in regard to its MPLS usage. In particular, we are able to observe independently for each ISP the MPLS path diversity and usage, and its evolution over time. Globally speaking, the main outcomes of our study are that (i) the usage of MPLS has been increasing over the the last five years with basic encapsulation being predominant, (ii) path diversity is mainly provided thanks to ECMP and LDP, and, (iii), TE using MPLS is as common as MPLS without path diversity. Peer reviewed
Abstract
Traffic Engineering (TE) is one of the keys for improving packet forwarding in the Internet. It allows IP network operators to finely tune their forwarding paths according [...]
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A broad-coverage collection of portable NLP components for building shareable analysis pipelines
I. Gurevych, R. Castilho

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 372

Abstract
Due to the diversity of natural language processing (NLP) tools and resources, combining them into processing pipelines is an important issue, and sharing these pipelines with others remains a problem. We present DKPro Core, a broad-coverage component collection integrating a wide range of third-party NLP tools and making them interoperable. Contrary to other recent endeavors that rely heavily on web services, our collection consists only of portable components distributed via a repository, making it particularly interesting with respect to sharing pipelines with other researchers, embedding NLP pipelines in applications, and the use on high-performance computing clusters. Our collection is augmented by a novel concept for automatically selecting and acquiring resources required by the components at runtime from a repository. Based on these contributions, we demonstrate a way to describe a pipeline such that all required software and resources can be automatically obtained, making it easy to share it with others, e.g. in order to reproduce results or as examples in teaching, documentation, or publications.
Abstract
Due to the diversity of natural language processing (NLP) tools and resources, combining them into processing pipelines is an important issue, and sharing these pipelines [...]
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Economic assessment of strategies to deploy publicly accessible charging infrastructure
E. Zabala, G. Coppola, I. Gómez, R. Rodriguez, C. Madina, H. Barlag

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 371

Abstract
From the end user perspective, the main barriers for widespread electric vehicle (EV) adoption are high purchase cost and range anxiety, both regarding battery capacity and availability of accessible EV charging infrastructure. Governments and public bodies in general are taking steps towards overcoming these barriers by, among others, setting up regulatory requirements regarding standardisation, customer information and recommending objectives of publicly accessible charging infrastructure. However, the economic performance of publicly accessible charging infrastructure is unknown and any deployment plan should be backed up by a rigorous cost-benefit analysis, to check the efficiency of the plan in economic terms. This paper presents the results of the economic assessment performed within the FP7 EU-funded Green eMotion project, where relevant conclusions for helping industry strategic approach and decision makers have been taken. European Commission's FP7 Document type: Article
Abstract
From the end user perspective, the main barriers for widespread electric vehicle (EV) adoption are high purchase cost and range anxiety, both regarding battery capacity and [...]
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Scalable programmable inbound traffic engineering
L. Vanbever, J. Rexford, P. Sun

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 370

Abstract
With the rise of video streaming and cloud services, enterprise and access networks receive much more traffic than they send, and must rely on the Internet to offer good end-to-end performance. These edge networks often connect to multiple ISPs for better performance and reliability, but have only limited ways to influence which of their ISPs carries the traffic for each service. In this paper, we present Sprite, a software-defined solution for flexible inbound traffic engineering (TE). Sprite offers direct, fine-grained control over inbound traffic, by announcing different public IP prefixes to each ISP, and performing source network address translation (SNAT) on outbound request traffic. Our design achieves scalability in both the data plane (by performing SNAT on edge switches close to the clients) and the control plane (by having local agents install the SNAT rules). The controller translates high-level TE objectives, based on client and server names, as well as performance metrics, to a dynamic network policy based on real-time traffic and performance measurements. We evaluate Sprite with live data from "in the wild" experiments on an EC2-based testbed, and demonstrate how Sprite dynamically adapts the network policy to achieve high-level TE objectives, such as balancing YouTube traffic among ISPs to improve video quality.
Abstract
With the rise of video streaming and cloud services, enterprise and access networks receive much more traffic than they send, and must rely on the Internet to offer good end-to-end [...]
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Congestion Pricing Design based on Gini Coefficient under the Combined Travel
D. Mo, C. Luo

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 368

Abstract
Considering three travel modes of taking a bus, self-driving and park-and-ride, it studies the congestion pricing under the combined travel. While designing the congestion pricing, it considers the fairness, takes road resources occupied by each mode as the fairness indicator, transforms the traditional upper model by Gini Coefficient, constructs an upper model with little total cost of traffic network and Gini Coefficient as much as possible and gives constraint conditions of Gini Coefficient. The example shows that the congestion pricing design based on Gini Coefficient can improve the traffic congestion of roads while taking fairness into consideration.
Abstract
Considering three travel modes of taking a bus, self-driving and park-and-ride, it studies the congestion pricing under the combined travel. While designing the congestion [...]
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A modified car-following model with variable safety distance and its feedback control research
C. Ye, Z. Zhang, Y. Zheng, H. Ge

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 367

Abstract
In this study, a modified car-following model is proposed to suppress the traffic jams. The optimal velocity (OV) function is extended by introducing variable safety headway distance. A comprehensive control scheme is constructed according to the feedback control theory. The stability condition for the modified model is obtained and the numerical simulation is carried out to illustrate the advantage of our model with the new control signal, and the results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. Introduction Over the last decades, traffic flow has gained more and more interests of many scholars and scientists, and traffic congestion has been a serious problem in the modern city traffic. In order to solve the increasingly serious traffic problems, research has been done on investigating the properties of traffic jams as much as possible, and obtained many significant results [1-7]. However, in expressway or highway with higher speed and larger headway, the models mentioned cannot be used to precisely reflect the real traffic phenomenon. In this case, the hyperbolic tangent part ( ) ( ) . tanh in OVM remains as a constant. That is to say, the following vehicle gets little or no influence despite the headway difference ( ) t xn ∆ is changing. So it is necessary to extend the typical safety headway distance parameter. Up to the present time, there has been a limited amount of research work concerning carfollowing model from the viewpoint of control methods [8-11]. And even fewer studies in the area have been conducted with considering variable safety headway distance(VSHD). In this paper, a new optimal velocity (OV) function with considering high speed following vehicle on expressway or highway is constructed by introducing variable safety headway distance. IMPROVED Car-following model To investigate the effect of high speed and large headway of vehicles in expressway or highway, a new car-following model is presented as follows: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] t v t v t x V a dt t x d n n n op new n − ∆ = , 2 2 (1) where ( ) ( ) ( ) t x t x t x n n n − = ∆ +1 is the headway difference between the th n considering vehicle and the preceding one; ( ) t xn is the th n vehicle's position; a is the sensitivity of driver and is the inverse of delay time; ( ) ( ) ( ) t v t x V n n op new , ∆ is the new optimal velocity function, which determines by the International Conference on Intelligent Systems Research and Mechatronics Engineering (ISRME 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 303 headway difference ( ) t xn ∆ and the variable safety headway distance. The new OV function can be expressed as: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) max tanh tanh 2 op new n n c c v V x t x t h h   = − +   � � (2) ( ) c s n v h T t dv h + = (3) where max v is the maximum speed of all the following vehicles, c h is the typical safety headway distance; s T is the time step unit and d is the reaction coefficient for ( ) t vn . In real traffic flow, the driver does not care about the specific value of the safety headway distance, unless the numerical value means traffic accident or danger. So the physical meaning of v h is the acceptable safety headway distance of a driver and it is variable and related with velocity of the considered vehicle. The dynamical equation is rewritten as follows: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) ( )    
Abstract
In this study, a modified car-following model is proposed to suppress the traffic jams. The optimal velocity (OV) function is extended by introducing variable safety headway [...]
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Vehicle Position Estimation Using Vehicle Dynamic Model
B. Kim, J. Yoon

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2015). Vol. 2015, 366

Abstract
Accurate vehicle positioning information is essential reliable operation of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Conventionally, fusing information by attaching an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to the outside of the vehicle with GPS is widely used for this purpose. However, because a linear tire model is used as the dynamic model for positioning estimation, most methods have low vehicle positioning accuracy during high speed driving. This paper proposes a position estimation algorithm that rectifies this problem. The proposed algorithm is equivalent to a high-precision DGPS but fuses information from the inexpensive GPS in the vehicle and vehicle status information acquired from modules such as electronic stability control (ESC) and electric power steering (EPS) via controller area network (CAN) communication and extended Kalman filter (EKF) without a special linearization process.
Abstract
Accurate vehicle positioning information is essential reliable operation of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Conventionally, fusing information by attaching an inertial [...]
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