Documents published in 2015 : Scipedia

What does user focus mean? Marketing strategy and tactics
N. González-Fernández-Villavicencio

El profesional de la información (2015). Vol. 24, (1), 2

Abstract
The development of a marketing concept is described, and current types are explained: inbound marketing, content marketing and relationship marketing, especially concerning libraries and information services. Marketing strategy and tactics are analyzed. Finally, current marketing trends that experts predict for the short term, and the new challenges related to these trends that libraries, and organizations in general, have to confront are discussed.
Abstract
The development of a marketing concept is described, and current types are explained: inbound marketing, content marketing and relationship marketing, especially concerning [...]
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Scientific communication in 2014: Altmetrics
R. Costas

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 81

Abstract
Recent development of online tools based on Web 2.0 are enabling the creation of metrics on the number of users who “read”, “comment”, “tweet”, “share” or “discuss” scientific and academic papers. All these metrics are commonly known as ‘altmetrics’. Altmetrics have gained importance recently because in the field of scientific communication and evaluation they are increasingly considered a key data source for studying the ‘social impact’ of science. This progress report presents an overview of the major conceptual advances, events and projects that have occurred around altmetrics in 2014, and also reflects on possible developments and practical applications that are expected in this area in the near future.
Abstract
Recent development of online tools based on Web 2.0 are enabling the creation of metrics on the number of users who “read”, “comment”, “tweet”, “share” or [...]
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Mobile technology and libraries in 2014: expanding the mobility concept
N. Arroyo-Vázquez

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 80

Abstract
The most significant developments in the field of mobile technology in 2014 are reviewed, with the aim of obtaining an overview of the sector and its market penetration in the library and reading worlds. First, major developments in terms of devices, operating systems, standards, applications and technologies are examined. Then we analyze their use by readers and libraries, both internationally and in Spain. To conclude, in a prospective exercise, we describe the mobility trends that we will see soon in our libraries.
Abstract
The most significant developments in the field of mobile technology in 2014 are reviewed, with the aim of obtaining an overview of the sector and its market penetration in [...]
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Situation report 2015: profession and university studies
C. Tejada-Artigas

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 79

Abstract
A review of various reports and studies reveals the most important aspects and events in 2014 of the library and information science (LIS) profession and academic programs. The economic crisis in Spain has continued to hit hard, although to a lesser extent. In this environment, a general major concern is to demonstrate the social benefits delivered by libraries. The profession is becoming more hybridized with other professional sectors. As for university education, we note a slight improvement in the statistical data, but also an outrageous structural reform of university cycles by the Spanish Ministry of Education. There has also been an unfair tightening of accreditation agency requirements for the approval of six-year research periods for academic researchers in LIS.
Abstract
A review of various reports and studies reveals the most important aspects and events in 2014 of the library and information science (LIS) profession and academic programs. [...]
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A summary of IFLA, Eblida, Liber and Fesabid activities in 2014
G. Pérez-Salmerón

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 78

Abstract
This review reflects on the activities carried out during 2014 by four professional associations on Library and Information Science: IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions), Eblida (European Bureau of Library, Information and Documentation Associations), Liber (Association of European Research Libraries) and Fesabid (Spanish Federation of Archive, Library, Documentation and Museum Societies). Regarding the situation in Spain, the author regrets the current fragmentation into small local associations, despite the existence of a federation (Fesabid), because this weakens the Spanish professional community as a whole.
Abstract
This review reflects on the activities carried out during 2014 by four professional associations on Library and Information Science: IFLA (International Federation of Library [...]
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Semantic web; RDF 1.1; Data on the web; Best practices; Semantic markup; SKOS; Wikipedia; DBpedia; WikiData; Europeana; Digital Public Library of America.
J. Pastor-Sánchez, T. Saorín

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 77

Abstract
This report highlights the most important recent activity in the field of semantic web, analyzing the most innovative aspects of the new RDF 1.1 recommendation, and discussing the first public working draft of Data on the web best practices. The evolution of semantic markup is analyzed, both from the point of view of standards and the practical applications on the Web. Wikipedia is identified as a dynamic factor in the semantic web, especially through the DBpedia and WikiData initiatives. Europeana and the Digital Public Library of America are clear references in the description of networked digital resources.
Abstract
This report highlights the most important recent activity in the field of semantic web, analyzing the most innovative aspects of the new RDF 1.1 recommendation, and discussing [...]
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Open access in 2014: The progress continues
R. Melero, E. Abadal

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 76

Abstract
Presentation of the main projects and initiatives related to open access conducted during 2014, based on a bibliographical review of published studies and analysis of some activities that occurred that year. It has been divided into four sections: repositories, journals, research data and promotion policies. We found maturity and robustness of the open access movement, which continues to advance on all fronts, with a tendency to broaden the focus to what is called open science.
Abstract
Presentation of the main projects and initiatives related to open access conducted during 2014, based on a bibliographical review of published studies and analysis of some [...]
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Digital media in 2014: an alternative balance
P. Masip

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 75

Abstract
Some aspects that have characterized the evolution of online media over the last year are analysed, paying special attention to pending matters still to be addressed. Since the advent of the internet, media have delegated their survival to technological innovations, and 2014 was no exception. Data journalism, robot journalism, and hi-tech journalism..., are some of the labels devised for different technological models by online media worldwide last year. However, user-centred innovations are the most creative and potentially successful ones.
Abstract
Some aspects that have characterized the evolution of online media over the last year are analysed, paying special attention to pending matters still to be addressed. Since [...]
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Report on the status of social media in the field of information science in 2014 and prospects for 2015
N. González-Fernández-Villavicencio

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 74

Abstract
In an analysis of the development of social media throughout 2014 and their impact among information professionals and institutions, some of the trends that experts consider most likely to appear in 2015 are described.
Abstract
In an analysis of the development of social media throughout 2014 and their impact among information professionals and institutions, some of the trends that experts consider [...]
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Ebook subscription services: models and trends
J. Cordón-García

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 73

Abstract
The distribution of electronic books is being transformed from the sale of individual titles to a subscription model, and many subscription services have been created in recent years. The main services are described and compared, detailing their advantages and disadvantages. More than the number of titles offered, their success depends on their ability to retai users, providing value-added services such as customization, recommendations, discovery, and opinion sharing.
Abstract
The distribution of electronic books is being transformed from the sale of individual titles to a subscription model, and many subscription services have been created in recent [...]
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Electronic books: main trends and prospective
J. Cordón-García

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 72

Abstract
Electronic books have experienced a series of transformations throughout 2014 that affec the entire value chain of the book –authors, publishers, libraries and readers-. Some of the movements begun in previous years were consolidated in 2014, such as growth in the worldwide production of electronic books, development of new reading devices, or increases in digital reading and digital library loans. At the same time new aspects emerged, including strong development of mobile and connected reading, self publishing or business models associated with streaming modes for reading and subscription. These processes are analyzed and the scope and future possibilities are assessed.
Abstract
Electronic books have experienced a series of transformations throughout 2014 that affec the entire value chain of the book –authors, publishers, libraries and readers-. [...]
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Moocs: current status, challenges and opportunities
J. Cobarsí-Morales

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 71

Abstract
Moocs (massive open online courses) are a powerful innovation within the global knowledge system. This report describes and presents their key features, challenges that must be overcome for their implementation and good outcomes, and opportunities posed to information and communication professionals and scholars. A selection of existing courses of potential interest to librarians and information specialists is offered.
Abstract
Moocs (massive open online courses) are a powerful innovation within the global knowledge system. This report describes and presents their key features, challenges that must [...]
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Perceptions 2014: An international survey of library automation
M. Breeding

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 70

Abstract
Results are presented of an online survey answered by 3,141 libraries in 80 countries between 12 December 2014 and 29 January 2015, based on their experiences with a total of 154 integrated library systems (ILS). The best products classified in the various categories analysed were Polaris, Apollo (Biblionix), Alma and Aleph (Ex Libris), Sierra (Innovative Interfaces), WorldShare Management Services (OCLC), Koha (independend or self managed), Library.Solution (The Library Corporation) and Opals. The original English report was published February 10, 2015 on the author’s website: http://librarytechnology.org/perceptions/2014
Abstract
Results are presented of an online survey answered by 3,141 libraries in 80 countries between 12 December 2014 and 29 January 2015, based on their experiences with a total [...]
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Virtual libraries in 2014, year of the linked open data model consolidation
X. Agenjo-Bullón

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 69

Abstract
The most important developments that have taken place in virtual libraries during 2014 are described. We focus on projects with a great impact, technological advancement and normative influence, especially Europeana, the Digital Public Library of America, and Hispana. We note how these large projects, based on the use of common standards and linked open data, have made it possible for archives, libraries and museums to form consolidated virtual libraries with an enormous volume of data and information of all kinds.
Abstract
The most important developments that have taken place in virtual libraries during 2014 are described. We focus on projects with a great impact, technological advancement and [...]
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La gran disrupción: la Web + los dispositivos móviles y lo que podemos hacer
C. Lluís

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 68

Abstract
Las tecnologías disruptivas son aquellas que marcan nuevas épocas. Merecen este nombre porque interrumpen, literalmente, muchas cosas. No solamente líneas de desarrollo, sino también formas de pensar. Y son tan importantes porque, aunque cada tecnología disruptiva nace en un nicho concreto, su influencia acaba extendiéndose a casi todos los ámbitos de la sociedad.Como el lector habrá imaginado (si está leyendo un libro ThinkEPI es que es muy perspicaz) nos estamos refiriendo a la combinación de la Web por un lado y de los dispositivos móviles por otro, cosa que nos da la web móvil, el elemento más disruptivo de nuestros tiempos.
Abstract
Las tecnologías disruptivas son aquellas que marcan nuevas épocas. Merecen este nombre porque interrumpen, literalmente, muchas cosas. No solamente líneas de desarrollo, [...]
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Quién es quien en el Anuario Thinkepi 2015
-. ThinkEPI

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 67

Abstract
Breve
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Advances of Bibframe in 2014
X. Agenjo, F. Hernández-Carrascal

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 66

Abstract
The progress made by the Bibliographic framework initiative (Bibframe) in 2014 is described. Developments are related to the consolidation of Bibframe at the organizational level, as an element of cooperation between institutions, including those who have different views on linked open data such as OCLC and the Library of Congress. The implementers list has been greatly expanded, making it possible to evaluate Bibframe for various new applications. Finally, advances in the Bibframe data model and in tools available to test this model are summarized.
Abstract
The progress made by the Bibliographic framework initiative (Bibframe) in 2014 is described. Developments are related to the consolidation of Bibframe at the organizational [...]
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Ebook quality
J. Millán

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 65

Abstract
The poor orthotypographical quality of many ebooks is not intrinsic to the characteristics of the epub format, but the lack of professionalism in their production. The resulting bad products may be responsible for the scant development of this kind of book distribution.
Abstract
The poor orthotypographical quality of many ebooks is not intrinsic to the characteristics of the epub format, but the lack of professionalism in their production. The resulting [...]
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Some questions about the old and the new SEO
L. Codina

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 64

Abstract
The changes introduced in the Google algorithms in recent years have led to an apparent loss of relevance of SEO (search engine optimization) as a field of study and practice. The characteristics of the old and the new SEO are examined, arriving at the conclusion that SEO remains as relevant as ever, or even more so. As a result of the changes introduced, the new SEO is more oriented in favor of user experience, compared to the old algorithms.
Abstract
The changes introduced in the Google algorithms in recent years have led to an apparent loss of relevance of SEO (search engine optimization) as a field of study and practice. [...]
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Statistics in usability tests: Roll up your sleeves and have no fear
M. Marcos

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 63

Abstract
Within a website design process, usability evaluation is a key step to ensure success. Among the various evaluation methods, user testing provides information about potential performance problems, such as the effectiveness and efficiency with which users perform tasks on the web. In this context of evaluation and performance measurement, statistics is a tool that provides validity and reliability to the tests’ results, and delivers the evidence needed to make better design decisions.
Abstract
Within a website design process, usability evaluation is a key step to ensure success. Among the various evaluation methods, user testing provides information about potential [...]
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Basic data analysis and presentation tools on the Net
L. González-Moreno, F. Peset

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 62

Abstract
We offer some thoughts on the need for the field of open data to evolve from the production to exploitation stage. We detail the process of generating a simple display: knowledge of sources and data extraction, local analysis or in the cloud, and using the tools needed to present the data. Information is offered on free tools readily available on the Net that an information specialist should know. Finally, knowledge acquisition in the field of data is reinterpreted, and illustrated with an example, London: the information capital, that provides advanced visualizations based on open data.
Abstract
We offer some thoughts on the need for the field of open data to evolve from the production to exploitation stage. We detail the process of generating a simple display: knowledge [...]
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Information visualization: between aesthetic impact and effective communication
M. Pérez-Montoro

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 61

Abstract
Nowadays, visualization is used in all contexts. However, there is a gap or mismatch between the intensive use of visualization and our low level of visual knowledge. The creation and proper use of effective information visualizations is constrained by rules or principles that guarantee their effectiveness in communicating a message. Many of these principles come from psychology and, specifically, from the theory of perception. Other principles emerge from the structure of information and the visual power of tables and graphs. Despite all of these considerations, two key principles must be kept in mind when creating and using information visualizations within a communications strategy: the principle of objectivity and the principle of data-ink ratio.
Abstract
Nowadays, visualization is used in all contexts. However, there is a gap or mismatch between the intensive use of visualization and our low level of visual knowledge. The [...]
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Three ways to put a library card on a cell phone
N. Arroyo-Vázquez

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 60

Abstract
Three solutions, along with their advantages and disadvantages, are shown to bring the library card to the smartphone: barcode reproduction, Passbook type applications, and NFC technology. Some are simple to implement and others more complex, but all are technically feasible and can be implemented immediately. The smart card concept, which provides a new avenue of communication between the library and the user, is also introduced. Finally, uses of iBeacons are explored.
Abstract
Three solutions, along with their advantages and disadvantages, are shown to bring the library card to the smartphone: barcode reproduction, Passbook type applications, and [...]
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¿Cómo financiar el acceso abierto en ciencias humanas y sociales? Una propuesta bienintencionada
E. Abadal

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 59

Abstract
Reseña
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Open access en ciencias sociales y humanidades: argumentos a favor y en contra
L. Arguimbau-Vivó

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 58

Abstract
Reseña
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¿Qué se ha escrito hasta ahora sobre la publicación en acceso abierto?
I. Labastida

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 57

Abstract
Reseña
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Establecimiento de un mercado justo de pagos por publicar en acceso abierto
T. Baiget

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 56

Abstract
Reseña
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El camino incierto de la gestión de los datos
A. García-García, F. Peset

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 55

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Alud de datos
I. Bernal

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 54

Abstract
Reseña
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En qué punto se encuentra el acceso abierto. Cómo medirlo
P. Gargiulo

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 53

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Wikipedia as an object of research
J. Tramullas

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 52

Abstract
This short paper analyzes Wikipedia as an object of scientific research, contrasting various studies dealing with that popular encyclopedia. The conclusion is that Wikipedia, as a manifestation of collaborative production and consumption of knowledge, is a valid subject of scientific research.
Abstract
This short paper analyzes Wikipedia as an object of scientific research, contrasting various studies dealing with that popular encyclopedia. The conclusion is that Wikipedia, [...]
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Around gold open access
P. De-Castro

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 51

Abstract
Against the background of the recently announced European Commission FP7 post-grant Gold open access pilot, this note addresses the increasingly relevant role that gold open access (OA) is playing in the scholarly communications landscape and argues that the “gold vs green” controversy is of little use for increasing worldwide OA implementation. The text highlights the role played by funding agencies in developing the OA landscape and analyses the role that libraries may play in supporting researchers for managing their article processing charges (APCs) at institutional level. Some challenges posed by the gradual expansion of gold OA are also examined, including the transition in business models that journals are undergoing.
Abstract
Against the background of the recently announced European Commission FP7 post-grant Gold open access pilot, this note addresses the increasingly relevant role that gold open [...]
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Altmetrics: alternative librarians or librarians’ alternative
N. González-Fernández-Villavicencio

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 50

Abstract
In recent years academic librarians have focussed their activities on supporting researchers in various aspects of their scientific activity. In this scenario of support for research and bibliometric studies, librarians increasingly need to know, test, experiment with, use and disseminate altmetrics (alternative metrics). A review of altmetrics indicators is presented, and the role of librarians is considered, particularly university librarians, who should be active and engaged in this area. Steps that librarians should take to incorporate almetrics into their daily work routine are proposed.
Abstract
In recent years academic librarians have focussed their activities on supporting researchers in various aspects of their scientific activity. In this scenario of support for [...]
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Thomson Reuters’ new citation indexes offer opportunities to improve university rankings
N. Robinson-García, D. Torres-Salinas

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 49

Abstract
In the last few years, Thomson Reuters has launched two new scientific data sources: Book citation index and Data citation index. The renowned family of citation indexes has been expanded to six members, including journal articles, proceedings papers, books, book chapters and research data. For the first time ever we have the chance to include this wide variety of scientific formats in developing bibliometric tools such as university rankings. For some, this would end the serious coverage limitations derived from their exclusive reliance on journal articles. In this short article we suggest the creation of a ranking of Spanish universities based on the various citation indexes and we reflect on their potential interest as well as on their limitations.
Abstract
In the last few years, Thomson Reuters has launched two new scientific data sources: Book citation index and Data citation index. The renowned family of citation indexes has [...]
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Evaluating criteria of research activity: damages to the system of scientific communication in Spanish
J. Gómez-Hernández

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 48

Abstract
Some negative consequences of the criteria for evaluating research production of Spanish scholars are described. The prevalence of the Journal citation reports impact factor is harmful for the scientific publications of Spanish publishers, limits the open access policies of university publishers and university libraries, and excludes research activities of numerous areas of social sciences and humanities.
Abstract
Some negative consequences of the criteria for evaluating research production of Spanish scholars are described. The prevalence of the Journal citation reports impact factor [...]
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Special characteristics of the dissemination of mathematics research
E. Sánchez-Pérez, A. Ferrer-Sapena

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 47

Abstract
We present and discuss some differential aspects of scientific publications on mathematics in relation to other sciences. This discipline should be treated as a distinct case from the point of view of bibliometrics, information science, and productivity assessment of mathematics researchers.
Abstract
We present and discuss some differential aspects of scientific publications on mathematics in relation to other sciences. This discipline should be treated as a distinct case [...]
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Evaluation of Spanish journals: steps towards a system that measures openness and internationality
L. Rodríguez-Yunta

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 46

Abstract
This paper has as its starting point the premise that it is useful for the Spanish research ecosystem to have consolidated, open journals with international influence. Evaluation of journals is important because of the role of publications in establishing research credentials. Features required to achieve a balanced and fair evaluation system are described. The tools currently available to this purpose in Spain have major limitations. A proposal based on the ISOC database is presented, providing new assessment criteria that combine the trajectory or track record, openness and internationality of the Spanish humanities and social sciences academic journals.
Abstract
This paper has as its starting point the premise that it is useful for the Spanish research ecosystem to have consolidated, open journals with international influence. Evaluation [...]
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The San Francisco Declaration (DORA) and bad bibliometrics
I. Aguillo

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 45

Abstract
The San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) not only criticizes the misuse of Garfield’s impact factor as a tool for the evaluation of scientific activity, but implicitly questions citation analysis in particular and bibliometric practice in general. The work of the professional bibliometric community is defended, identifying technical errors and commercial practices of the companies providing bibliometric data, which are largely responsible for the structural problems, while warning of a conjunctural situation that results from the generalization of “easy bibliometrics”. This situation should be corrected with a future statement of good practice now under development by a group of bibliometrists.
Abstract
The San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) not only criticizes the misuse of Garfield’s impact factor as a tool for the evaluation of scientific activity, [...]
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Journalistic hegemony and (in)active audiences
P. Masip

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 44

Abstract
Audience participation in any of its forms and denominations [public journalism, citizen journalism, participatory journalism, user generated content (UGC), etc.], seems to revitalize democracy. Public discussion is possible thanks to information and communication technologies. The reality, however, shows that the audience does not include participation among its priorities. Active audiences remain rare, and journalists’ hegemony is unlikely to be called into question.
Abstract
Audience participation in any of its forms and denominations [public journalism, citizen journalism, participatory journalism, user generated content (UGC), etc.], seems to [...]
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New providers of journalistic information in the digital environment: second-generation infomediaries
A. Casero-Ripollés

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 43

Abstract
The digital environment is favouring the emergence of new providers of journalistic information. News services offered by large digital actors are analyzed, specifically FB Newswire, a platform launched by Facebook in April 2014 that distributes information content generated on social networks and publicly shared. This resource follows operating schemas that involve simultaneous cooperation and competition (coopetition) with the media. Furthermore, it is like a second-generation infomediary: in addition to connecting supply and demand, it adds a new function: as an independent information service that can potentially replace other media. This could dramatically alter the landscape of the information market in the digital environment and requires that media companies change their strategy. They must priorize the search for a differential value that gives them competitiveness and stop emphasizing news diffusion and transport as the heart of their business.
Abstract
The digital environment is favouring the emergence of new providers of journalistic information. News services offered by large digital actors are analyzed, specifically FB [...]
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New challenges in managing user-generated content: the case of Charlie Hebdo
P. Masip

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 42

Abstract
News organizations have realized that certain types of information and images are more attractive than others to capture the reader’s attention, particularly stories and images about crime and entertainment, among others. At the same time, audiences have become more active, providing eyewitness photos and videos. Newsrooms are flooded with graphic materials submitted by citizens. Along with ease of access may come the publication of extreme content, even when some content may exceed moral boundaries. Publication is often justified on the basis of newsworthiness, freedom of speech, creativity and some kind of technological fatalism. The aim of this short paper is to analyze the coverage by some media outlets of the Charlie Hebdo attack, particularly the use and management of the amateur video of a Paris police officer’s cold-blooded murder. Our results identify some differences depending on the media network (Hallin; Mancini, 2004) of each newspaper. These differences are generally related to questions of ethics, and therefore we emphasize that user-generated content (UGC) must be incorporated into ethical standards of journalism, and journalists should be responsible for their proper implementation.
Abstract
News organizations have realized that certain types of information and images are more attractive than others to capture the reader’s attention, particularly stories and [...]
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Google, the company that Europe loves to hate
L. Codina

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 41

Abstract
Some considerations We offer some thoughts about the apparent current climate of opinion and criticism against Google, which in the author’s opinion is not based on substantiated facts or analysis, but on perceptions, not necessarily based on any rationale. According to the author, this is a periodically repeated style of reaction against some outstanding company (formerly Apple, IBM, Microsoft, and before that Xerox, etc.). Hates, loves and indifference in this area do not seem to obey logical rules but rather some kind of reasoning that perhaps may be linked to Europe’s inability to lead in technological issues.
Abstract
Some considerations We offer some thoughts about the apparent current climate of opinion and criticism against Google, which in the author’s opinion is not based on substantiated [...]
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Europe can’t figure out how to make Google pay: the AEDE canon and other initiatives on the Continent
J. Díaz-Noci

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 40

Abstract
During 2014, Germany and Spain reformed their copyright laws, with the specific goal of making Google news compensate newspaper publishers for the use of third parties’ copyrightable works. These reforms were based on ancillary rights in Germany, and unwaivable rights in Spain (until now reserved to moral –and therefore personal– rights). In Spain, as a direct consequence of the legal reform, Google news decided, for the first time, to stop offering its service in a specific country. These initiatives join earlier efforts, using both legal and jurisprudential approaches, to attempt to make the American giant pay, and they have caused a debate on whether or not the European Union should clarify its opinion on the matter, even though it may contradict existing legal doctrine, such as the decision about the use of hyperlinks in the Svensson case.
Abstract
During 2014, Germany and Spain reformed their copyright laws, with the specific goal of making Google news compensate newspaper publishers for the use of third parties’ [...]
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Digital media: 2013-2014
J. Guallar

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 39

Abstract
A radiography of the state of digital media in 2013-2014 is presented, paying special attention to the situation in Spain, but with international references. Eleven main points are discussed: the crisis in print media, the rise of new media, digital strategies, canon Aede (aka the Google tax), mobile reading devices, brand journalism, data journalism, fact checking, multimedia storytelling, long-format journalism, and computer journalism.
Abstract
A radiography of the state of digital media in 2013-2014 is presented, paying special attention to the situation in Spain, but with international references. Eleven main points [...]
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Modelos de financiación y generación de ingresos: una guía útil
E. Serra

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 38

Abstract
Reseña
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La Ley de transparencia. ¿Lo es realmente?
J. Matas

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 37

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Map of web access to series and films in Spain
C. Aguilar-Paredes, M. Pérez-Montoro

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 36

Abstract
Audiovisual content has become a major leisure option in our society, and Internet has transformed its consumption patterns and market population. Identifying the websites that support this type of leisure activity is not a simple task. With data obtained from Alexa.com, it is possible to quantify the ecosystem of websites that provide links to audiovisual content in Spain.
Abstract
Audiovisual content has become a major leisure option in our society, and Internet has transformed its consumption patterns and market population. Identifying the websites [...]
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Social movements that exchange information and learn from each other: Plaza Podemos and the PAH school
S. Sanz-Martos

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 35

Abstract
Social movements based on collective intelligence are consolidating and adding participants. Information exchange and management, as well as collaborative learning , are identified as key to success. Plaza Podemos and the PAH school (for people facing mortgage foreclosure: Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca) are two good examples.
Abstract
Social movements based on collective intelligence are consolidating and adding participants. Information exchange and management, as well as collaborative learning , are identified [...]
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Metadata for information governance
E. García-Morales

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 34

Abstract
In the emerging context of data proliferation on digital media, the importance of metadata is becoming apparent. Records managers and librarians have been working many years on metadata conceptualization and standardization for digital humanities and recordkeeping purposes. The lessons learned should serve these new needs. Metadata are key elements in information governance and require global vision, conceptual clarity and accountability.
Abstract
In the emerging context of data proliferation on digital media, the importance of metadata is becoming apparent. Records managers and librarians have been working many years [...]
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Institutional implementation of orcid identifiers: a new role for university libraries
P. De-Castro

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 33

Abstract
It is suggested that university librarians should collaborate in the correct implementation of orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) author identifiers. There is a danger of duplicating the orcids when a university decides to implement a mass registration of its researchers. Librarians have a complex and valuable field of action, giving advice to researchers about signature formats and the characteristics and advantages of orcid identifiers.
Abstract
It is suggested that university librarians should collaborate in the correct implementation of orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) author identifiers. There is a danger [...]
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Open culture: shared knowledge
E. Méndez

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 32

Abstract
The current openness trend includes concepts such as transparency, democracy, sharing, collective, free, common, or commons, and working areas such as open access, open data, open linked data, dataset curation, open content, open research, open education, open innovation, or open knowledge. All these issues were addressed in the 13th Jornadas españolas de documentación (Fesabid 2015, 28-29 May, Gijón, Spain). The conference offered 3 tracks: 1) Public information, open data and collections: transparent administration and shared culture; 2) Open research: from open access to open data; and 3) Open education and new skills: reactivating the educational role of libraries and information services.
Abstract
The current openness trend includes concepts such as transparency, democracy, sharing, collective, free, common, or commons, and working areas such as open access, open data, [...]
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The right to be forgotten and other reasons for re-cataloging audiovisual archives
E. López-de-Quintanta-Sáenz

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 31

Abstract
Without metadata, the value of the stock shots archived as audiovisual heritage decreases due to the limitations of content retrieval. A number of archives are not catalogued yet, and others have a metadata structure but need to be re-catalogued and re-indexed. Incomplete metadata, legal issues related to the right to be forgotten, new relevance of events or people, or new journalistic approaches to the information are some of the triggers of this requirement, which is extremely complex and sometimes unviable. This leads us to assume that there are certain unachievable limitations on audiovisual archives management.
Abstract
Without metadata, the value of the stock shots archived as audiovisual heritage decreases due to the limitations of content retrieval. A number of archives are not catalogued [...]
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Redesign of corporate intranets and a revival of old debates: menus vs search engines
E. García-Morales

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 30

Abstract
Many companies are addressing the redesign of their corporate intranet. There is an open discussion on the use of search engines compared to navigation menus; those subjects were already discussed in the 90s, with the first intranet generation. In our judgement, the great improvements in search engine capabilities do not replace the need for good classification and taxonomy structures in intranet architecture.
Abstract
Many companies are addressing the redesign of their corporate intranet. There is an open discussion on the use of search engines compared to navigation menus; those subjects [...]
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Buscando la forma más eficaz de encontrar información
Á. Borrego

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 29

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Gran capacidad de adaptación de las bibliotecas: 3 informes de OCLC
L. Anglada

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 28

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Las tendencias de las bibliotecas académicas y de investigación del próximo lustro. Horizon report: 2014 library edition
P. Torn

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 27

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Liderando dentro y más allá de la biblioteca
F. Pulgar-Vernalte

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 26

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Cómo perciben los bibliotecarios y usuarios la intersección biblioteca / web social
N. González-Fernández-Villavicencio

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 25

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Australia, Canadá y la IPA nos ofrecen benchmarking en préstamo digital en bibliotecas públicas
C. Fenoll

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 24

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Ithaka S+R US Library survey 2013
J. Magan-Wals

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 23

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Revisión, entorno y paso al frente
M. Taladriz-Mas

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 22

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Bibliotecas públicas y escuelas: una relación compleja, también en Francia
M. Baró

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 21

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Nacidas digitales
I. Bordes-Cabrera

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 20

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El valor de las bibliotecas en España triplica su coste
H. Hernández-Sánchez

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 19

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E-books in university libraries: resources, services and 20 key areas for development
J. Merlo-Vega

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 18

Abstract
This article describes the current e-books situation in Spanish university libraries, analyzing their distribution and access models. The five stages of an e-book library service are described: selection, acquisition, processing, access and evaluation. The specific aspects that should be taken into account in each phase are explained, and illustrated with some examples.
Abstract
This article describes the current e-books situation in Spanish university libraries, analyzing their distribution and access models. The five stages of an e-book library [...]
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Games: an opportunity that we must seize
A. Calderón-Rehecho

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 17

Abstract
A literature review revealed that games offer many advantages that games have for learning, developing skills, being creative, solving problems, interacting... In addition, games are a great opportunity for the library and information worlds, particularly for information literacy, that should not be missed. Their importance has been known for many years, but more recently they are being revalued with the current trend of gamification, i.e, the application of games to make various activities more enjoyable and more effective, especially training activities. The new technologies have enabled the development of video games that add much more value to gaming, such as the possibility of assessing and ranking our skills.
Abstract
A literature review revealed that games offer many advantages that games have for learning, developing skills, being creative, solving problems, interacting... In addition, [...]
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Moving away from library-centrism: 7 ideas for using YouTube in the library
J. Leiva-Aguilera

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 16

Abstract
YouTube is the world’s third most popular internet search engine, and second in search volume, in addition to being the fastest-growing video format and the one that big social web platforms are betting on. Internet users solve many of their needs by learning from the content of videos posted by other users or organizations in that format. In this context, libraries have both an opportunity and the obligation to respond. Increasingly, many librarians are venturing into the world of video, but in most cases they do it from a bibliocentric perspective rather than a focus on the user’s needs or end goals. The text shows examples of uses and offers some suggestions for improvement.
Abstract
YouTube is the world’s third most popular internet search engine, and second in search volume, in addition to being the fastest-growing video format and the one that big [...]
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Youth libraries: overcoming an inherited cliché
R. Lozano-Díaz

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 15

Abstract
With the failure of school libraries in Spain and public libraries that are more targeted to adult patrons, it seems that the library authorities have forgotten about services to adolescents. The specific needs of young people aged between 14 and 18 years are not being met. It is proposed that the successful information commons (or resource centers for learning and research, as they are known in Spain) of the universities be made available to non-college youth through cooperation agreements with public administration.
Abstract
With the failure of school libraries in Spain and public libraries that are more targeted to adult patrons, it seems that the library authorities have forgotten about services [...]
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Social dimensions of public libraries
A. D'Alòs-Moner, A. Bailac, H. Hernández-Sánchez

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 14

Abstract
Public libraries have been social since their inception (they were created to meet a social need), because of their nature (they exist to serve citizens and the society), their roles and objectives (to inform, to train, and to share, create and socialize knowledge), and the values they promote (liberty, equality, democracy and non-discrimination). The complexities of today’s society, and especially the consequences of the economic crisis that began more than eight years ago, very directly affect the need to consider and recognize, beyond doubt, the social dimension of public libraries. They strengthen social cohesion and inclusion, as well as increase collaboration with other stakeholders. In this context, a team composed of librarians and experts from the third sector has created the Social Library Foundation (in Spanish, Fundación Biblioteca Social, FBS). The main objectives are to highlight the social role of public libraries, empower public libraries to carry out more projects targeting the most vulnerable people, and help the third sector to see public libraries as their allies.
Abstract
Public libraries have been social since their inception (they were created to meet a social need), because of their nature (they exist to serve citizens and the society), [...]
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Trends in university digital libraries
J. Pastor-Sánchez

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 13

Abstract
University libraries are a key nucleus of efforts to implement innovative information technologies. In the last two decades many services have been created under the “digital library” umbrella. In this environment, the integration of tools such as digital repositories, discovery tools or e-book loan platforms converge with the principles of open access and open data. This is a situation in which the efficiency of integrating different systems and solutions prevails, as opposed to the traditional single systems that include a lot of functions.
Abstract
University libraries are a key nucleus of efforts to implement innovative information technologies. In the last two decades many services have been created under the “digital [...]
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Democratizing reading recommendations
F. Juárez-Urquijo

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 12

Abstract
Walking into a library to borrow a book has an expiration date. With digital loans, we will not be going to the library for books, but we still may go for a recommendation or an experience of shared reading. Knowing what our users are looking for, discussing and recommending, and using that information to offer a more personalized reading service, is vital for the future of ebook streaming services. Librarians need readers to create book collections that improve the user’s experience, and need to do our best to create an affective bond between the reader, the book and the library that brought them together.
Abstract
Walking into a library to borrow a book has an expiration date. With digital loans, we will not be going to the library for books, but we still may go for a recommendation [...]
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Discovery services based on a central index: their expansion in Spanish academic libraries and future research lines
L. Rodríguez-Yunta

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 11

Abstract
Discovery services constitute an element of innovation and modernization for university and research libraries. In recent years their presence has become strong in Spain, with the new generation of these systems, commonly referred to as web-scale discovery services, although it is more meaningful to categorize them as index-based discovery services. The multinational companies ProQuest and Ebsco are especially competing in the dissemination of this model, as they integrate information retrieval software with the bibliographic databases they distribute. The reasons for the success of these services are evaluated, with their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the research lines they are generating.
Abstract
Discovery services constitute an element of innovation and modernization for university and research libraries. In recent years their presence has become strong in Spain, [...]
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Consortial purchasing, big deals, publisher concentration, open access and the scientific communication circuit
L. Anglada

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 10

Abstract
Digital technology led to the emergence of a new economic model for scientific journals: consortial purchasing. This has been a breakthrough, providing library users widespread access to scientific information. In addition, the transition from individual paper subscriptions to electronic joint purchases has meant significant savings in processing costs for libraries. Nonetheless, consortium purchasing is not without problems: cost of journals continues to increase above the CPI, consortial agreements with publishers are inflexible, and pricing models become obsolete as time passes. In this state of impasse, open access appeared (and remains) on the scene, based on the powerful idea that information will be more useful the more easily it flows between its users. On the other hand, academic and research reputations have long been based on cumulated research citations: this is the “original sin” of the current scientific communication system, and until somebody figures out how to build an alternative system our high dependence on journals will persist.
Abstract
Digital technology led to the emergence of a new economic model for scientific journals: consortial purchasing. This has been a breakthrough, providing library users widespread [...]
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La profesión desde las antípodas: Australia diseña su futuro en ByD
D. Gil-Solés

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 9

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Los bibliotecarios enlace: avanzar hacia el éxito
A. Rovira

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 8

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Más luz sobre el rol de contenidos abiertos y moocs en la educación superior del s. XXI
T. Sancho

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 7

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DigComp or the necessary adaptation to the common reference framework in digital skills
N. González-Fernández-Villavicencio

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 6

Abstract
The need for digital skills is a major concern of educators and institutions that carry out training programs. In 2013, after several initiatives that attempted to define digital skills characteristics, the European Commission published a proposal for a common framework for digital competences, identifying five areas with a total of 21 skills. This framework is gradually gaining acceptance and is taken as a reference in many European educational initiatives. In Spain, use of the framework by the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Educativas y de Formación del Profesorado (Intefp) of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport is highlighted.
Abstract
The need for digital skills is a major concern of educators and institutions that carry out training programs. In 2013, after several initiatives that attempted to define [...]
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Notes for a debate on information literacy and personality traits
G. Navarro

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 5

Abstract
Among the competence dimensions involved in digital literacy, the emotional dimension has to do with learning to control negative emotions, developing empathy and building a digital identity characterized by affective-personal balance in the use of information and communication technologies (ICT). We know that, depending on their personality traits, individuals act differently when faced with information behaviours. The question raised is to what extent the psychological characteristics of the recipients are included in a specific strategy of information literacy, considering that intrinsic motivation and attitude of the participants constitute an essential aspect of these learning processes. Studies on personality traits and informational behaviour, such as that carried out by Heinström, guide us in this regard. The proposal to include simple, brief personality tests, using ICT applications or social networks, would allow us to know beforehand the personality traits of participants in an information literacy program, adapt it to their characteristics, and improve its effectiveness.
Abstract
Among the competence dimensions involved in digital literacy, the emotional dimension has to do with learning to control negative emotions, developing empathy and building [...]
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On university programmes and market demand
J. Moreiro-González

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 4

Abstract
Two closely related aspects of the information and documentation sector -university education and labour market- are discussed. We consider the equivalencies and transferability of previous courses and degrees for credit towards the Information and Documentation degree, and some possible effects of the new three-year degrees. In relation to the labour market in our sector, we discuss the opacity of our contribution to the digital content economy. Summarized in tables, the most striking results of our analysis of employment and unemployment rates and types of job openings posted in information and documentation in 2014 are presented and discussed.
Abstract
Two closely related aspects of the information and documentation sector -university education and labour market- are discussed. We consider the equivalencies and transferability [...]
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Novena edición del Anuario ThinkEPI
T. Baiget, I. Olea

Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 3

Abstract
Los
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Sumario
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Anuario ThinkEPI (2015). Vol. 9, 2
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Information Literacy Grade of Secondary School Teachers in Spain - Beliefs and Self-Perceptions
J. Álvarez, M. Gisbert Cervera

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 40

Abstract
Information Literacy is one of the dimensions of digital competence and, in today’s information and media-based society, it should be a skill that everyone develops, especially secondary school teachers due to their influence on this crucial stage of student development. In this investigation we aim to determine the current level of information literacy of secondary school teachers in Spain. For this purpose we have designed a questionnaire (n=2,656) which is divided into two parts: the first asks questions related to belief and self-perception of information literacy indicators, and the second presents practical cases in which the teachers have to demonstrate their skills in information literacy. The results confirm that the beliefs of secondary school teachers show rather high values but that, even if the level of information literacy that the teachers have is acceptable, there are certain aspects of the indicators related to assessment, management and transformation of information in which the teachers display serious shortcomings. This highlights the need to establish a training plan for information literacy for the secondary school teachers in Spain.
Abstract
Information Literacy is one of the dimensions of digital competence and, in today’s information and media-based society, it should be a skill that everyone develops, especially [...]
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Telecommunication Industry Contributions to Child Online Protection
M. Recalde Viana, C. Sádaba Chalezquer, E. Gutiérrez García

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 39

Abstract
The technological landscape in relation to the minors presents numerous challenges facing the telecommunication industry, with families and schools. However, academic literature still remains silence in showing the strategic policies that the industry is managing in order to address these challenges. Therefore, this article has two aims: to provide an overview of the state of the art in order to present the main findings of the child protection policies in international telecom companies (17), stressing the analysis regarding their products and services and how do they manage the collaboration with key stakeholders. Research was conducted using qualitative methodology: CSR reports and websites of the companies were analysed in order to define what are their strategic actions, as well as the individuals and institutions that collaborate with. The findings show interesting insights, even with some differences by regions, among the most significant policies pursued by the sector are: self-regulation, product innovation regarding protection tools and a network of collaborations with stakeholders have been established, as an opportunity for facilitating new policies and strategies. In conclusion, telecom industry needs to integrate their policies regarding minor protection, promoting an integral management approach that comprises not only product development but also strengthen relationships with the main stakeholders as parents and institutions.
Abstract
The technological landscape in relation to the minors presents numerous challenges facing the telecommunication industry, with families and schools. However, academic literature [...]
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Children's Exposure to Advertising on Games Sites in Brazil and Spain
D. Marti Pellón, P. Saunders Uchôa-Craveiro

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 38

Abstract
The online space is rich in playful experiences and can provide many pleasures and lessons to their younger users. However, it is true that children cannot always handle the advertising noise and other adverse effects resulting from excessive or inappropriate use of technology and particularly the game pages. This article aims to confirm the advertising pressure that affects children in Brazil and Spain when playing on Internet game pages. Measuring advertising pressure in online games by the theoretical and methodological framework for content analysis applied to the game pages visited by a group of Brazilian and Spanish children 9 to 11 years. This research showed that online games are occupied by a considerable amount of publicity, which repeatedly blocks access and disrupts key moments of young players with unwanted or not interesting messages. Like in television programming we must put more attention on quality and the amount of ads in online playing. So if there is a concern with the commercial content of children's programming on television similar reasons demand prompt and adequate attention to those games pages. Abusive ads damage advertiser’s reputation, affects gaming experiences and disturb the playtime. Game managers, advertisers, educators and families may use children opinions that are actually successful.
Abstract
The online space is rich in playful experiences and can provide many pleasures and lessons to their younger users. However, it is true that children cannot always handle the [...]
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ICT Use and Parental Mediation Perceived by Chilean Children
L. Berríos Valenzuela, M. Buxarrais Estrada, M. Garcés

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 37

Abstract
The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has extended to all contexts of our lives in the last few years, modifying our communication, learning, entertainment and socialization habits. The aim of the present research is to investigate about primary-age children's habits with these tools, as well as these children's perception of parental mediation in this area. In this study we used an ex post facto descriptive methodology by survey. A questionnaire was applied for data recollection to 422 children of private schools in Santiago de Chile aged between 9 and 12 years old. The results point to an early access to electronic devices and the transversal and homogeneous use during childhood. There is no doubt that ICTs play an active role in daily life for most of these children. No significant differences in age or sex were detected in our study, but we encountered risky behaviours in how children use ICTs and in their perception of parental mediation. The complexity becomes more evident the more time they have with electronic devices connected to the Internet without adult supervision. This finding raises the need for the application of intervention programs on parental mediation of children's use of ICTs in order to promote a safe, responsible and ethical use of these tools.
Abstract
The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has extended to all contexts of our lives in the last few years, modifying our communication, learning, entertainment [...]
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Primary Teachers' Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge
R. Roig Villa, S. Mengual Andrés, P. Quinto Medrano

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 36

Abstract
The emergence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) poses new educational challenges for teachers, to which it can respond from a consistent training model. This study has as its aim to analyze the technological, pedagogical and content knowledge needed for Primary Education teachers to integrate ICTs into teaching. A research work based on a quantitative non-experimental methodology which involved 224 Preschool and Primary Education teachers working in the province of Alicante (Spain) was performed with that aim. The important results showed that teachers are more knowledgeable in the pedagogical and content fields than in technology, which means that their level of technological knowledge does not suffice to integrate ICTs into their teaching tasks. Significant differences were additionally identified between gender and years of experience, together with the relationship between the fun use of technology and the knowledge of its essential aspects. Our findings confirm the need for a digital literacy campaign addressed to teachers, involving not only a technological type of training but also an overall pedagogical and content approach. This is in keeping with the TPACK model (Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge), which appears as a reference framework to be taken into account when it comes to teachers’ professional development and its connection with the teaching-learning processes in the classroom wherever Information and Communication Technologies are present.
Abstract
The emergence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) poses new educational challenges for teachers, to which it can respond from a consistent training model. [...]
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Spanish Journalists and the Loss of News Quality: Professional Judgements
J. Gómez Mompart, J. Gutiérrez Lozano, D. Palau Sampio

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 35

Abstract
This article discusses the opinions of Spanish journalists on the quality of their professional work and how it is being affected by the current economic, technological, commercial and professional context. The results are based on a questionnaire in which 363 Spanish journalists participated, all with a minimum of three years experience. Their answers reflect on the structure and behavior of media companies and current production of news. The article specifically focuses on exposing the journalists’ opinions on the quality of their work. The results show that 81% of the participants state that standards of quality in journalistic production has deteriorated. This deterioration is believed to be connected to the effect of the economic struggles in the sector. They suggested that the principle motives of this decline lie in the lack of economic and political independence, a lack of private investment and in the problems caused by technological changes. These situations all fall into the context of a precarious labor market within the sector. The article also links the results with academic works that have analyzed the quality of journalism over recent years. It offers, for the first time in the Spanish academic context, the Spanish journalists’ own point of view on these issues.
Abstract
This article discusses the opinions of Spanish journalists on the quality of their professional work and how it is being affected by the current economic, technological, commercial [...]
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ICT Leadership in Higher Education: A Multiple Case Study in Colombia
G. Cifuentes Álvarez, R. Vanderlinde

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 34

Abstract
In this paper we analyze ICT integration in higher education institutions focusing on the leadership practices of ICT policies, a research field that has not received much attention in higher education studies. An empirical study was carried out using a distributed leadership approach to analyze such practice in higher education institutions in Colombia, a country where a national ICT policy has steered and promoted ICT policy plans. In particular, the inquiry attempted to understand how the leadership of ICT is distributed in different higher education environments. Through a multiple case study, that included semi-structured interviews with leaders and team members, focus groups with professors, document analysis and a survey applied to faculty members ICT leadership practices and their implications were investigated. The results indicate a set of struggles that leaders have to cope with when deploying an ICT policy plan, for instance, coping with a lack of institutional regulations, and fostering educational change despite reluctance. Indeed, ICT leadership is a challenging and underexplored practice in higher education. This paper is a systematic attempt to demonstrate this statement and its implications. These findings are of particular relevance for the work of policy makers, ICT coordinators and leaders in higher education around the world.
Abstract
In this paper we analyze ICT integration in higher education institutions focusing on the leadership practices of ICT policies, a research field that has not received much [...]
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Mexican Children and American Cartoons: Foreign References in Animation
E. Cornelio Marí

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 33

Abstract
This audience study explores how a group of children from Southeast Mexico, perceive the animated cartoon «Dexter’s Laboratory». The objective is to observe the ways in which a young local audience, still in the process of building its cultural identity, perceives an American television program. A qualitative approach was applied: 44 children between 8 and 11 years old participated in a series of semi-structured interviews and focus groups, which took place in a provincial city in Mexico (Villahermosa, Tabasco). In each session, the participants watched an episode of the cartoon dubbed into Latin Spanish. Afterwards, it was assessed if they were able to notice cultural elements present in the series (texts in English, traditions, ways of life, symbols, etc.), which are different from their own culture. It was also observed if age, gender and social background had any impact on the degree of awareness. The results showed that most of the participants were aware of beingthat they were watching a foreign program, that they could recognize elements of American culture and that they applied diverse strategies to make sense of these foreign narratives. Older children, and those studying English as a second language, were able to make more sophisticated comparisons between the cultures of Mexico and the United States.
Abstract
This audience study explores how a group of children from Southeast Mexico, perceive the animated cartoon «Dexter’s Laboratory». The objective is to observe the ways in [...]
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University Teaching with Digital Technologies
C. Marcelo García, C. Yot Domínguez, C. Mayor Ruiz

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 32

Abstract
This research aims to analyze the level of use of technology by university teachers. We are interested by the frequency of their use in designing the teaching-learning process. The research questions were: what types of learning activities which include are designed by university teachers? What types of technologies do teachers use in the design of their instruction? What is the level of use of digital technologies in the learning designs? To respond to these issues, we designed an inventory of activities of learning technologies at the university which was completed by 941 Andalusian teachers. We have identified the type and frequency of use of technology by university lecturers in their different fields at the same time as studying learning activities that predominate in their learning designs. The results, first of all, reveal a poor integration of ICT in the teaching-learning processes which are, essentially, the teacher-centered learning activities. Secondly, we have identified four profiles which differentiate between d teachers depending on their level of use of ICT. The profile comprising an increased number of teachers makes making reference to the rare use of technology. There are teachers who use technology sparingly, and this is a very small range.
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the level of use of technology by university teachers. We are interested by the frequency of their use in designing the teaching-learning process. [...]
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The framework of Media Education and Media Criticism in the Contemporary World: The opinion of International Experts
A. Fedorov, A. Levitskaya

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 31

Abstract
The article analyzes the results of the international survey «Synthesis of Media Literacy Education and Media Criticism in the Modern World», conducted by the authors in May-July 2014. 64 media educators, media critics, and researchers in the field of media education and media culture participated in the survey, representing 18 countries: the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Finland, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, Ukraine, Serbia, Turkey, and Russia. Analysis of the data shows that the international expert community on the whole shares the view that the synthesis of media education and media criticism is not only possible, but also necessary, especially in terms of effectively developing the audience’s critical thinking skills. However, only 9.4% of the experts believe that media critics' texts are used in media literacy education classes in their countries to a large extent. Approximately one-third (34.4% of the polled experts) believe that this is happening at a moderate level, and about the same number (32.8%) believe that this is happening to a small extent. Consequently, media education and media criticism have a lot to work to do to make their synthesis really effective in the modern world.
Abstract
The article analyzes the results of the international survey «Synthesis of Media Literacy Education and Media Criticism in the Modern World», conducted by the authors in [...]
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Using Technology to Connect Generations: Some Considerations of Form and Function
M. Sánchez Martínez, M. Kaplan, L. Bradley

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 30

Abstract
Nowadays, as ageing increases in Western societies it has become more evident that multiple generations are ageing concurrently at any given time in history. Therefore, ageing must be approached as a multi-generational phenomenon, not just as a question of elders. In this context, situations that engender increased interactions between generations are garnering more attention. There is a growing emphasis on expanding the role of technology in intergenerational programmes, within the field of intergenerational studies. Consequently, this paper is focused on education and learning processes within intergenerational programmes with a strong technology component. Information from a total of 46 intergenerational programmes from 11 countries has been gathered through a survey. Level of impact, status of generational groups, and centrality of technology have been appraised for all programmes in the sample. Technology learning-teaching constitute the main area of intended impact of these programmes. However, the surveyed programmes employ as well a wide range of strategies to facilitate intergenerational communication, cooperation and relationship formation between generations involved. Interest of programmes examined does not just consist of teaching the use technology but of experimenting with technology in different forms and functions and exploring the positive potential for enhancing intergenerational relationships
Abstract
Nowadays, as ageing increases in Western societies it has become more evident that multiple generations are ageing concurrently at any given time in history. Therefore, ageing [...]
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Design Patterns to Enhance Accessibility and Use of Social Applications for Older Adults
H. Luna García, R. Mendoza González, F. Álvarez Rodríguez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 29

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present a non-exhaustive set of 36 design patterns for interactive social applications used by older adults. This proposal represents a reliable starting point for designers/developers to easily incorporate usability in interfaces for said technology promoting technology acceptance, use and adoption among older adults. The proposed patterns were based on previous efforts commonly presented as a design criteria and guidelines to describe usability issues in this kind of interfaces, reinforcing those alternatives by specifying related usability issues and providing solutions in a pattern-fashion useful for designers/developers. Pertinence of the patterns was analyzed through a usability study implementing «heuristic evaluation» technique (frequently used in Human-Computer Interaction to obtain users’ perception on a particular design). The study was conducted from two perspectives: the vantage point from experts, and the perception of a social group of older adults. The analysis revealed the proposed patterns are conducive to create well-designed interfaces able to provide a better user experience, encouraging a positive impact in the quality of life in older adults.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present a non-exhaustive set of 36 design patterns for interactive social applications used by older adults. This proposal represents a reliable [...]
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EyeTracker Technology in Elderly People: How Integrated Television Content is Paid Attention to and Processed
E. Añaños Carrasco

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 28

Abstract
Elderly people are major consumers of the media, especially of television, which combines conventional commercials with advertising formats included in the programme that do not break its continuity, unconventional advertising (UA). The aim of this study is to analyse how elderly adults, compared with young people, attend and process the information that appears on screen simultaneously (program and advertising). The study involved 30 elderly adults and 30 young adults. Attention to the TV screen (in terms of attention capture, heat maps and eye fixations) was analysed using the eye tracker technology. Content recognition, the level of psychological reactance to UA and channel-hopping behaviour were also analysed. The results show that the level of attention among the elderly does not differ from that of young people and depends on the integrated content. Recognition by the elderly is lower than among young people when the UA is of a high or medium level of intrusiveness. The psychological reactance of elderly adults is lower than that of young adults but both groups show the same behaviour in terms of loyalty to the television programme. The general conclusion is that cognitive ageing does not affect the capacity for attention to integrated content as much as it affects information processing skills.
Abstract
Elderly people are major consumers of the media, especially of television, which combines conventional commercials with advertising formats included in the programme that [...]
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A Mobile Augmented Reality Assistive Technology for the Elderly
R. Saracchini, C. Catalina Ortega, L. Bordoni

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 27

Abstract
Modern technology offers many facilities, but elderly people are often unable to enjoy them fully because they feel discouraged or intimidated by modern devices, and hus become progressively isolated in a society where Internet communication and ICT knowledge are essential. In this paper we present a study performed during the Nacodeal Project, which aims to offer a technological solution that may improve elderly people's every day autonomy and life quality through the integration of ICTs. In order to achieve this goal, state-of-art Augmented Reality technology was developed along with carefully designed Internet services and interfaces for mobile devices. Such technology only requires the infrastructure which already exists in most residences and health-care centres. We present the design of a prototypical system consisting of a tablet and a wearable AR system, and the evaluation of its impact on the social interaction of its users as well its acceptance and usability. This evaluation was performed, through focus groups and individual pilot tests, on 48 participants that included elderly people, caregivers and experts. Their feedback leads us to the conclusion that there are significant benefits to be gained and much interest among the elderly in assistive AR-based ICTs, particularly in relation to the communication and autonomy that they may provide.
Abstract
Modern technology offers many facilities, but elderly people are often unable to enjoy them fully because they feel discouraged or intimidated by modern devices, and hus become [...]
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From Digital Divide to Psycho-digital Divide: Elders and Online Social Networks
B. Peral Peral, J. Arenas Gaitán, Á. Villarejo Ramos

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 26

Abstract
The present study analyzes the evolution of the concept of the digital gap with the elderly from the perspective of active ageing and in the context of the use of online social networks as a communication instrument. We consider that socio-demographic variables are not enough to explain the elderly’s use or non-use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Psychological variables, such as cognitive age, technology anxiety and the level of adventurousness complement the former and can even explain more the elderly person’s behaviour regarding the use of online social networks. The results come from a sample of elderly people who are students of an Experience Classroom in a university. They allow us to confirm that our doubts about the stereotype of the elderly concerning the digital divide are correct and that the psychological variables serve to a greater extent to show the significant differences with respect to determining their profile. The elderly user of online social networks feels younger, experiences a lower level of technology anxiety and is more adventurous. In general, psychological characteristics therefore offer a more discriminant power than those that are socio-demographic. This is why we propose the concept of a psycho-digital divide.
Abstract
The present study analyzes the evolution of the concept of the digital gap with the elderly from the perspective of active ageing and in the context of the use of online social [...]
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New Elders, Old Divides: ICTs, Inequalities and Well Being amongst Young Elderly Italians
F. Colombo, P. Aroldi, S. Carlo

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 25

Abstract
When compared to more digitized western countries, Italy seems to have suffered a delay of ten years, in both the use of ICTs by the elderly and the study of the relation between elderly people, ICTs and ageing. Considering this time lapse, it is now urgent that we question the factors that influence the adoption of ICTs by the elderly and whether ICTs can provide cultural and relational resources that could improve the quality of life of elderly in terms of health and social life. This article describes the main findings of a survey carried out as part of a larger national research project focused on active ageing, which involved 900 Italian people aged between 65 and 74 years of age. The research investigate socio-demographic characteristics of young elderly Italian Internet users and factors related to their use of ICTs. Results have shown that there is a strong digital divide between young elderly Italians, which is primarly influenced –in terms of classical dynamics– by differences in economic, social and cultural capital. With regard to the theme of active ageing, if it is true that highly digitalized young elders are generally characterized by good health, at the present stage of this research it is not possible to indicate whether the adoption of ICTs guarantees social inclusion and participation.
Abstract
When compared to more digitized western countries, Italy seems to have suffered a delay of ten years, in both the use of ICTs by the elderly and the study of the relation [...]
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Active Ageing and Access to Technology: An Evolving Empirical Study
R. Casado Muñoz, F. Lezcano Barbero, M. Rodríguez Conde

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 24

Abstract
Researchers' interest in seeing the benefits of Internet in elderly people is now growing. The network helps this group to increase communication, avoid isolation and loneliness and to age actively. Europe decided 2012 to be the Year of Active ageing. This paper presents a descriptive study of time series analysis carried out between 2004 and 2012 with the aim of knowing how the evolution in the level, motives and needs of the use of computers and Internet by elderly people in an environment of university training focused on health and life quality is. To obtain results a question paper is to be handed out to a sample of 419 people aged between 55 and 94 and taking part in the «Inter-university Programs of Experiences» from the University of Burgos. The obtained results match up with previous studies that pointed a noticeable increase in the use of the Internet (in frequency, number of users and resources) caused by elderly people's desire to keep active, up-to-date and communicated, as well as their need to continue their learning process through tools linked to the network. Here some suggestions focused on the improvement elderly people's formation and future research on the perception of the Internet as a tool for social participation.
Abstract
Researchers' interest in seeing the benefits of Internet in elderly people is now growing. The network helps this group to increase communication, avoid isolation and loneliness [...]
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Internet and the Elderly: Enhancing Active Ageing
C. Llorente Barroso, M. Viñarás Abad, M. Sánchez Valle

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 23

Abstract
Global ageing has led European and international organizations to develop programs for active ageing, in order to reconstruct the role of the elderly in society. Active ageing includes social communication aspects which have been the subject of less research than other more pressing ones linked to physical and economic characteristics. This research is centered on these communication variables; it addresses the link between the elderly and Internet, and has two main objectives: to discover how useful Internet is for this age group, and to explain the potential this medium has for active ageing. To do so, a qualitative methodology is used based on three discussion groups, each made up of four or five people between the ages of 56 and 81, led by an expert moderator. The results of the qualitative content analysis of each discussion indicate that the Internet is a source of opportunities for the elderly, and this potential may be divided into four categories: Information, communication, transactions and administration, together with leisure and entertainment. This potential improves the quality of life for the elderly and contributes to their active ageing. However, to maximize this, e-inclusion programs and methodologies are needed to make the Internet user-friendlier for the elderly and provide them with training in digital skills.
Abstract
Global ageing has led European and international organizations to develop programs for active ageing, in order to reconstruct the role of the elderly in society. Active ageing [...]
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Use, Consumption and Knowledge of New Technologies by Elderly People in France, United Kingdom and Spain
C. González Oñate, C. Fanjul Peyró, F. Cabezuelo Lorenzo

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2015). Vol. 23, (2), 22

Abstract
Our population is ageing very quickly. This increase is added to the rapid, exponential breakthrough of new technologies in our everyday lives. These two factors are generating great interest and many studies have been published on how information technology and communication simultaneously exist in ageing western societies. This paper analyses the main habits of use and consumption of new technologies by older people, in particular, the level of knowledge and their level of education. The purpose is to analyse whether the technological skills of our elderly are sufficient, as well as to know if the audio-visual resources are appropriate. This study wants to know if the ageing society is prepared to handle everything the internet has to offer. This study has taken place in three countries of the European Union: the United Kingdom, France and Spain. An attempt is made to generate comparisons and conclusions that help to increase the opportunities and to take on challenges of our current digital society. This study has used a methodology based on surveys which collect information on the use and habits in the three countries and the level of media literacy, as well as the interest of our elderly in training in new technologies.
Abstract
Our population is ageing very quickly. This increase is added to the rapid, exponential breakthrough of new technologies in our everyday lives. These two factors are generating [...]
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