Documents published in 2013 : Scipedia

Authority control ontologies in the field of linked open data
J. Serrano-Cobos

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 45

Abstract
The concept of "big data" is explained as a system of analyzing large amounts of data to discover trends, patterns, correlations and even causality to generate predictions. This discipline can be adapted to the context of the daily work of the information professional dealing with "small data" and web analytics. Examples are provided of tools that support the management and analysis of huge amounts of publicly available data.
Abstract
The concept of "big data" is explained as a system of analyzing large amounts of data to discover trends, patterns, correlations and even causality to generate predictions. [...]
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The financial system as an information system that definetely can be improved
J. Cobarsí-Morales

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 44

Abstract
Key features of the financial system as an information system which links markets’ stakeholders are highlighted and discussed. These features are related to the 2008 subprime crisis, and they are contextualized in sociotechnical changes at the end of the 20th century. Ways to improve the system and prevent future crisis are briefly explored, taking into account information behaviours, which differ from mainstream economics.
Abstract
Key features of the financial system as an information system which links markets’ stakeholders are highlighted and discussed. These features are related to the 2008 subprime [...]
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Open data, big data: where do we go?
A. Ferrer-Sapena, E. Sánchez-Pérez

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 43

Abstract
The "open data" movement is becoming more popular in different contexts: public administration, science and companies; therefore, it is important to know its scope. The term has generated a lot of expectations related to transparency at all levels, data reuse and free access. This review discusses some of the expectations generated by this movement.
Abstract
The "open data" movement is becoming more popular in different contexts: public administration, science and companies; therefore, it is important to know its scope. The term [...]
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Critique of the digital world: a categorization proposal
L. Codina, E. Abadal

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 42

Abstract
Web criticism in general and search engines criticism in particular have increased in parallel to the importance they gained over time. This paper proposes a categorization of these weaknesses of search engines and the web in order to provide a conceptual clarification. These shadow zones are classified into three levels: technological (issues that directly depend on the technology, whether the limitations in indexing, the list of results or relevance calculation), cognitive (the problems of access and interpretation of the contents by the user) and political (privacy, censorship and other matters affecting people's rights and freedom). In conclusion, we highlight the importance of transversal and interdisciplinary approaches to understand the full complexity of these questions.
Abstract
Web criticism in general and search engines criticism in particular have increased in parallel to the importance they gained over time. This paper proposes a categorization [...]
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Adaptations and reactions of the library sector to the crisis of public funding of culture
J. Gómez-Hernández

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 41

Abstract
We describe how public funding for cultural and library services in Spain decreased in 2012. Therefore, we analyze the impact of this problem on library services, and explain some ways to reduce the damage, such as user contributions and crowdfunding (i.e., social microfinancing). We conclude by arguing that in any case public funding remains essential for stability of these services, and that library associations and librarians must demand it.
Abstract
We describe how public funding for cultural and library services in Spain decreased in 2012. Therefore, we analyze the impact of this problem on library services, and explain [...]
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News on intellectual property in the global digital environment
J. Díaz-Noci

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 40

Abstract
Review of trends in copyright and author rights. The Web has helped to highlight the differences between the Anglo-Saxon (common law) and Latin (civil law) worlds, and at the same time has spurred movement worldwide toward more homogeneous policies between countries. The progress is described.
Abstract
Review of trends in copyright and author rights. The Web has helped to highlight the differences between the Anglo-Saxon (common law) and Latin (civil law) worlds, and at [...]
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A few dark shadows in the information society
A. D'Alòs-Moner

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 39

Abstract
We speak about the "information society", but very often without any critical consideration. This article considers whether we can really say that we live in the "information society" and raises questions regarding the information that we receive from big business, political powers and stakeholders, inequalities between countries and social classes, and other topics such as net neutrality or social networks.
Abstract
We speak about the "information society", but very often without any critical consideration. This article considers whether we can really say that we live in the "information [...]
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Records management policy: is it a technical question of interoperability?
E. García-Morales

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 38

Abstract
This article questions the appropriateness of considering records management policy in the regulatory context of the National Interoperability Framework, thereby reducing it to a technical question limited to electronic documents. A records management policy is a strategic issue of key importance in the context of e-Government projects.
Abstract
This article questions the appropriateness of considering records management policy in the regulatory context of the National Interoperability Framework, thereby reducing [...]
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Reflections on Spanish scholarly journals
E. Giménez-Toledo

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 37

Abstract
The current ease of online publishing has led to an excess of e-journals, all struggling to attract manuscripts and to survive, and most often without success. This fragile situation for journals means that when one of them does climb up in the quality rankings it is likely to be absorbed by a large foreign publisher. The article reflects on the academic world's dependence on international commercial databases, and questions the Spanish government's expenditure on subscriptions to them. Finally, a recent campaign conducted against Elsevier is described.
Abstract
The current ease of online publishing has led to an excess of e-journals, all struggling to attract manuscripts and to survive, and most often without success. This fragile [...]
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Altmetrics: not everything that can be counted, counts
D. Torres-Salinas, Á. Cabezas-Clavijo

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 36

Abstract
In 2012 there were many proposals for new indicators associated with social web tools. These indicators have been termed as altmetrics (or alternative metrics) and are presented as an alternative to the evaluation of scientific activity. In this paper some possible limitations of the new indicators are presented. More specifically these shortcomings are: 1) a large number of information sources and indicators that make it difficult to establish their classification and relevance; 2) some indicators that have no statistical validity because they generate poor results; 3) the difficulty of determining the meaning of the new metrics –what are we assessing, scientific or social impact?; and 4) the evanescent and ephemeral nature of these new sources and indicators.
Abstract
In 2012 there were many proposals for new indicators associated with social web tools. These indicators have been termed as altmetrics (or alternative metrics) and are presented [...]
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Coverage of scientific publishers in Book citation index in social sciences and humanities: is history repeating itself?
D. Torres-Salinas, E. Delgado-López-Cózas

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 35

Abstract
In 2010 Thomson launched a new citation index devoted to books: the Book citation index. This new database has opened new possibilities for analyzing fields such as the Humanities and Social Sciences from a bibliometric point of view. However we still know little about their coverage and especially about the scientific publishers that have been taken into account in the construction of this citation database. In this paper we analyze the BKCI coverage: countries, languages, concentration of publishers and finally we compare the database with Scholarly publishers indicators (SPI), produced in Spain by CCHS/CSIC. The conclusion is that Thomson is making the same mistakes as before: a clear Anglo-Saxon bias, a large concentration of publishers and an absence of a number of reputable publishers.
Abstract
In 2010 Thomson launched a new citation index devoted to books: the Book citation index. This new database has opened new possibilities for analyzing fields such as the Humanities [...]
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Counting down for e-resource statistics: Counter 4
C. Urbano

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 34

Abstract
The main features of the new Counter 4 guidelines for collecting, processing and disseminating statistics on electronic resources usage are analyzed. The new guidelines will be mandatory in 2014 for providers who want to keep the label "Counter compliant". With the publication of the Counter code of practice for e-resources: Release 4 (Counter 4), the current guidelines Counter 3 (for journals and databases) and Counter 1 (for books and reference works) will be merged in the new code, which also will cover multimedia e-resources and advance integration efforts with the Sushi (Standardized usage statistics harvesting initiative) protocol.
Abstract
The main features of the new Counter 4 guidelines for collecting, processing and disseminating statistics on electronic resources usage are analyzed. The new guidelines will [...]
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Life cycle management of data and records: bridging the gap
E. García-Morales

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 33

Abstract
Two types of information in organizations are defined: structured (i.e., data in relational databases), and unstructured (i.e., documentary). The need for software to manage both kinds of information is emphasized, moving towards a convergence of information lifecycle management / data lifecycle management (ILM / DLM) and records management (RM) models.
Abstract
Two types of information in organizations are defined: structured (i.e., data in relational databases), and unstructured (i.e., documentary). The need for software to manage [...]
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Information management in organizations in 2012: perspectives and trends
J. Cobarsí-Morales

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 32

Abstract
The increase in technological capabilities in information handling has raised a number of security and privacy issues with growing importance at the corporate level. On the other hand, aspects such as the implementation of the ISO 30300 series and innovative procurement projects pose new challenges and opportunities for document management and competitive intelligence, respectively. All this points to the issue of how to reformulate intermediation and the corresponding professional role in the organizational environment.
Abstract
The increase in technological capabilities in information handling has raised a number of security and privacy issues with growing importance at the corporate level. On the [...]
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Bibliotecario, trae tu propio smartphone a la biblioteca
N. Arroyo-Vázquez

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 31

Abstract
Los bibliotecarios se sitúan por delante de sus bibliotecas en el uso de dispositivos móviles, especialmente smartphones. De esta manera muchas bibliotecas están siendo capaces de poner en marcha las primeras iniciativas relacionadas con la movilidad de los contenidos. Este sistema, que en el ámbito bibliotecario ha surgido de manera espontánea, recibe el nombre de BYOD (bring your own device) y está siendo objeto de atención por parte de las empresas, que lo ven como una vía para ahorrar costes y plantean la necesidad de políticas adecuadas por los riesgos que puede entrañar para la seguridad. Se plantea la aplicación del sistema BYOD en bibliotecas, posibles ventajas e inconvenientes y algunas cuestiones sobre su implantación.
Abstract
Los bibliotecarios se sitúan por delante de sus bibliotecas en el uso de dispositivos móviles, especialmente smartphones. De esta manera muchas bibliotecas están siendo [...]
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GLAM-Wiki: Wikipedia as an opportunity for cultural institutions
T. Saorín

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 30

Abstract
This article explains how libraries, archives, museums and other cultural centres are involved in the Wikimedia Foundation's free knowledge projects, such as Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons. It also describes activities that strengthen openness in topics of interest to cultural institutions and generate enthusiasm through article edit-a-thons and other participatory initiatives.
Abstract
This article explains how libraries, archives, museums and other cultural centres are involved in the Wikimedia Foundation's free knowledge projects, such as Wikipedia and [...]
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My library hurts
J. Leiva-Aguilera

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 29

Abstract
Children in many cases do not yet visit libraries but should become library users in the near future. They are growing up in a highly technical environment in which information needs are increasingly being met directly online through different devices and without visiting libraries (even virtually). This article warns about the need to be aware of this situation in order to build a library model than can remain useful over time.
Abstract
Children in many cases do not yet visit libraries but should become library users in the near future. They are growing up in a highly technical environment in which information [...]
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Pinterest and libraries
N. González-Fernández-Villavicencio

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 28

Abstract
Pinterest is a virtual panel where the user organizes subjects with visual contents that are on the Network, in order to share them. Although the use in Spain is low at the moment, Pinterest has become the world's third social network, with high impact in the marketing plans of companies, and in a double sense: attracting web traffic to the business and strengthening its brand image online. The Pinterest "Pin It" button is already part of other spaces and social networks, as well as library catalogs, and it works well on apps. Libraries have launched the use of Pinterest for different objectives: promoting their facilities, collections and services, filtering resources (content curation), creating content in collaboration with users or training in digital skills. A marketing plan that optimizes the use of the tool and the return on investment (ROI) is essential to the success of any of these new tools. To support this planning, specific applications are mentioned that can assist the monitoring of Pinterest activity, along with examples of libraries' use.
Abstract
Pinterest is a virtual panel where the user organizes subjects with visual contents that are on the Network, in order to share them. Although the use in Spain is low at the [...]
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Reinventing the library: The resource center for learning and research (crai) at Universitat Rovira i Virgili
R. Lozano

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 27

Abstract
Libraries need change to adapt to new times. In recent years, academic libraries have been introducing the "resource center for learning and research" model, implemented in various ways. This thinkepi note explains the "centre de recursos per a l'aprenentatge i la investigació" (crai) at the Universitat Rovira i Virgili in Tarragona, a model inspired by cooperation and finding synergies with other university services. This new model has involved a thorough restructuring of the traditional library services to integrate into the crai.
Abstract
Libraries need change to adapt to new times. In recent years, academic libraries have been introducing the "resource center for learning and research" model, implemented in [...]
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The collection, dissemination and control of publications and author profiles in academic institutions: a library task
M. Álvarez-de-Toledo

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 26

Abstract
Bibliographic control by academic libraries is currently of major importance. We describe the problems that arise and the planning required in the collection, tracking and dissemination of publications by university researchers. Open access platforms can be used to disseminate publications data, interacting with institutional archives and the CV of each researcher. In addition, libraries can regularly review and unify researcher profiles in bibliographic databases, improving the researcher's h-index and assisting in the collection of bibliographic data. Finally, it is useful for academic libraries to participate in and disseminate the Orcid project's unique identifier for the authors.
Abstract
Bibliographic control by academic libraries is currently of major importance. We describe the problems that arise and the planning required in the collection, tracking and [...]
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Can my library help with Europeana?: the need for a change in perceptions
F. Juárez-Urquijo

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 25

Abstract
The Spanish city of Burgos hosted the VI National congress of public libraries and the Europeana conference, October 9-11, 2012. The events shared venues and registrants under the theme of "Public library: individual memory, global heritage". Building the European memory requires the involvement of citizens and Europeana is working hard to achieve it. The difficulties encountered by public libraries attempting to become involved in the project are described, pointing out some of the things they can do to integrate local memory into the larger repositories.
Abstract
The Spanish city of Burgos hosted the VI National congress of public libraries and the Europeana conference, October 9-11, 2012. The events shared venues and registrants under [...]
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Social web metrics
N. González-Fernández-Villavicencio

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 24

Abstract
Libraries have been using social media for a long time to meet specific goals, however it is essential to use metrics to know the success or failure reached. The goals that business and libraries pursue in any social media plan are the same: increase confidence in the brand (reputation), achieve user/customer satisfaction (engagement), increase sales (increased use of the library and user collaboration) and ultimately reduce costs. But when we have to measure these goals is not enough to measure the ROI (return on investment), and other metrics are necessary, such as the IOR, impact on relationships, or ROC, return on collaboration. Definitely we must focus on the perceived value by the users, in terms of their investment in the library of their time, energy and confidence. We present a proposal of measurement based on four objectives, which address both the metrics for each goal and the most appropriate measurement tools.
Abstract
Libraries have been using social media for a long time to meet specific goals, however it is essential to use metrics to know the success or failure reached. The goals that [...]
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Demonstrating the value of libraries in the Social Web
N. González-Fernández-Villavicencio

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 23

Abstract
Libraries have for years been using social media to offer their services and collections, and receiving a number of benefits that must be quantified. In times of economic crisis it is essential to show evidence of success resulting from the resources invested. To measure and evaluate those results, libraries should have a marketing plan for social media, in which measurable and achievable objectives are defined, target populations and the social media to be used are established, an action plan is elaborated, and indicators –both quantitative and qualitative- are defined, thus demonstrating whether the objectives have been achieved and the return on investment (ROI).
Abstract
Libraries have for years been using social media to offer their services and collections, and receiving a number of benefits that must be quantified. In times of economic [...]
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Digital humanities: a mere label, or a field that the documentation sciences should bet on?
L. Rodríguez-Yunta

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 22

Abstract
This paper aims to reflect the growing importance of the term "digital humanities", whether defined as a disciplinary field, a training profile or a movement linked to open access. Although closely related to library and information science, digital humanities is often used in projects without the collaboration of libraries. Developing specific support centres is one way to facilitate libraries' cooperation and participation in digital humanities projects.
Abstract
This paper aims to reflect the growing importance of the term "digital humanities", whether defined as a disciplinary field, a training profile or a movement linked to open [...]
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Time management as a dimension of information literacy
J. Gómez-Hernández

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 21

Abstract
The aim is to propose that libraries include courses on "Time management skills" within their educational and information literacy services. We consider that users need these skills because of several factors that force us to spend too much time in informational processes, including the excess of content, our habit of 24/7 connectivity, the excess of tasks to be done, and the ubiquity of information. Finally, we suggest some of the issues to be included in the training: skills and tools that help to organize time, and especially attitudes and values to decide how, when and how to spend time on the demands of information and communication.
Abstract
The aim is to propose that libraries include courses on "Time management skills" within their educational and information literacy services. We consider that users need these [...]
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Learning communities: a trend for 2013
S. Sanz-Martos

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 20

Abstract
Three types of communities are defined: learning, interest and practice. Their characteristics, operation, commonalities and differences are discussed.
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Review of the profession and academic studies in 2012
C. Tejada-Artigas

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 19

Abstract
The main trends observed in the library and information science labour market and university education in 2012 have a general tone of survival with resignation. The economic crisis has caused many layoffs and left libraries without funds. New documents on professional ethics are mentioned. In the labour market, there is employment loss in the public sector. The decline in university enrolments that started in 2002 seems to have stopped and there has been a slight recovery with the new graduate title
Abstract
The main trends observed in the library and information science labour market and university education in 2012 have a general tone of survival with resignation. The economic [...]
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The role of information professionals in interpreting the results of journal league lists for research performance evaluation
P. Jacsó

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 18

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the key content and software features which must be analyzed by skilled librarians/information professionals to deliver reliable, accurate, and appropriately comprehensive set of bibliographic data and bibliometric indicators about the status of the journals listed in the promotion, tenure and grant applications, as well as in journal desiderata for purposes of collection development in academic and special libraries.
Abstract
This paper discusses some of the key content and software features which must be analyzed by skilled librarians/information professionals to deliver reliable, accurate, and [...]
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Séptimo Anuario ThinkEPI
T. Baiget

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 17

Abstract
El Grupo de Análisis sobre Estrategia y Prospectiva de la Información (ThinkEPI ) es un proyecto creado en mayo de 2005 con el objetivo de contribuir a dinamizar la comunidad de bibliotecarios, documentalistas, comunicadores y expertos en información en general, así como a intentar que estos profesionales que “añaden valor a la información” sean más visibles ante la sociedad.
Abstract
El Grupo de Análisis sobre Estrategia y Prospectiva de la Información (ThinkEPI ) es un proyecto creado en mayo de 2005 con el objetivo de contribuir a dinamizar la comunidad [...]
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Sumario
-. ThinkEPI

Anuario ThinkEPI (2013). Vol. 7, 16
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Numerical modeling of friction stir welding processes
M. Chiumenti, M. Cervera, C. Agelet de Saracibar, N. Dialami

Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., (2013). (preprint) Vol. 254, pp. 353-369

Abstract
This work describes the formulation adopted for the numerical simulation of the friction stir welding (FSW) process. FSW is a solid-state joining process (the metal is not melted during the process) devised for applications where the original metallurgical characteristics must be retained. This process is primarily used on aluminum alloys, and most often on large pieces which cannot be easily heat treated to recover temper characteristics. Heat is either induced by the friction between the tool shoulder and the work pieces or generated by the mechanical mixing (stirring and forging) process without reaching the melting point (solid-state process). To simulate this kind of welding process, a fully coupled thermo-mechanical solution is adopted. A sliding mesh, rotating together with the pin (ALE formulation), is used to avoid the extremely large distortions of the mesh around the tool in the so called stirring zone while the rest of the mesh of the sheet is fixed (Eulerian formulation). The orthogonal subgrid scale (OSS) technique is used to stabilize the mixed velocity–pressure formulation adopted to solve the Stokes problem. This stabilized formulation can deal with the incompressible behavior of the material allowing for equal linear interpolation for both the velocity and the pressure fields. The material behavior is characterized either by Norton–Hoff or Sheppard–Wright rigid thermo-visco-plastic constitutive models. Both the frictional heating due to the contact interaction between the surface of the tool and the sheet, and the heat induced by the visco-plastic dissipation of the stirring material have been taken into account. Heat convection and heat radiation models are used to dissipate the heat through the boundaries. Both the streamline-upwind/Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) formulation and the OSS stabilization technique have been implemented to stabilize the convective term in the balance of energy equation. The numerical simulations presented are intended to show the accuracy of the proposed methodology and its capability to study real FSW processes where a non-circular pin is often used.
Abstract
This work describes the formulation adopted for the numerical simulation of the friction stir welding (FSW) process. FSW is a solid-state joining process (the metal is not [...]
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Reviews
Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 24
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Visual stories: Conflicts and cultural exchanges in media
E. Martínez-Salanova Sánchez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 23
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Digital Media in Ecuador – Future Perspectives
M. Punín Larrea, A. Martínez Haro, N. Rencoret Quezada

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 22

Abstract
The advances in technology, especially in the field of communication, cause mass media to constantly evolve- and thus not to perish. Indeed, this occurs in situations that are marked by a series of media transformations and changes that have affected journalism as a profession and mass media as a process. The studies that have resulted from these changes have been positive and negative. This paper analyses the digital media panorama in Ecuador, the characteristics of journalism culture and the specific usage of web content. It describes the trends of the main digital media in the country, which have been selected for a case study. The article takes as a core reference ‘ten digital trends in media communication’ proposed by Cerezo-Gilarranz – a specialist in digital strategies. We then focus on the deficiencies of Ecuadorian mass media, which is mainly due to a lack of control over technological environments and the scarcity of links between business and journalism projects that have technological and innovative support, such as the usage of social networks and others. The final result is a detailed guide to the weaknesses and strengths of each digital medium that has been studied. Furthermore, this work highlights reliable trends so that the selected media can orientate towards digital environments. This is achieved by making use of technological tools for creating business and service opportunities.
Abstract
The advances in technology, especially in the field of communication, cause mass media to constantly evolve- and thus not to perish. Indeed, this occurs in situations that [...]
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Critical Analysis of Government vs. Commercial Advertising Discourse on Older Persons in Spain
S. de Andrés del Campo, R. de Lima Maestro

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 21

Abstract
The elderly population has increased considerably in recent years and it is estimated that by 2050 32% of the Spanish population will be old people. This group is underrepresented in the media and does not attract much research interest. To put this right, we present an analysis of the representation of older persons in advertisements appearing in magazines aimed directly or indirectly at seniors in Spain. A content analysis estimated the frequency of appearance of the images and words that represent the elderly, and a discourse analysis enabled this study to investigate the presence of stereo types and discourse relations between advertising and theories of ageing. The results show that the older people who appear in the ads are mostly men portrayed as consumers of entertainment products who are at the beginning of their period of old age. A marked gender stereotype is observed. The differentiation between the institutional and commercial advertising discourse is also clear. The study analyses such advertising over three decades, covering the period in which the age distribution of the population has been inverted in Spain. Throughout this period, the frequency of ap pearance has been very low. Old people are clearly an invisible collective in magazine advertising.
Abstract
The elderly population has increased considerably in recent years and it is estimated that by 2050 32% of the Spanish population will be old people. This group is underrepresented [...]
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College Students’ Views about Journalism Education in Spain
M. Humanes Humanes, S. Roses Campos

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 20

Abstract
The paper presents the results of a survey of 1,552 journalism students from five public universities in Spain during academic year 2011-12. The research addresses two objectives: how students evaluate journalism as a degree subject and whether they believe they need this qualification to be a journalist. The results indicate that most students believe the journalism courses are adequate, but almost 25% consider them unnecessary. Students acknowledge the quality of the training received at the specialist faculties but the percentage in Spain is lower than in other countries in the study. A multiple linear regression was used to discover the variables that explain this evaluation. The most influential variable is the course enrolled on, followed by the functions the respondents assign to the faculty. The paper has used data from the largest sample on this subject taken so far, which also includes all courses and data on graduates completing their first university course in journalism as part of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). This study can be a valuable starting point for further research to inform decision-making on the subject. This research is part of the «Journalism Students Project» with participants from seven countries: Australia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Spain, Switzerland and the United States.
Abstract
The paper presents the results of a survey of 1,552 journalism students from five public universities in Spain during academic year 2011-12. The research addresses two objectives: [...]
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Media Literacy for Older People facing the Digital Divide: The e-Inclusion Programmes Design
L. Abad Alcalá

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 19

Abstract
This article is based on the fact that the Spanish population is aging, and is second only to Japan in its total number of senior citizens. Given this situation and the omnipresence of new technologies in everyday life, the use of Internet and ICT for older people is essential. The latest report by IMSERSO shows that only 15.6% of people aged be tween 65 and 74 connected to the Internet in the 3-month period measured. The data seem to show that there is a generational digital divide to be overcome. The studies that have addressed this issue have focused more on regional and specific aspects of the relationship between age and Internet use intensity, and these studies use age ranges as criteria. Other studies have introduced variables such as seniors’ economic situation or educational level. With this in mind, public policies have sought to reduce this generational digital divide through a number of media literacy and e-learning projects but without success due to their poor methodological approach. This paper proposes a number of new methodological approaches to tackle the design of digital literacy programs for older people based on criteria such as degree of autonomy and the possibilities for enjoying everyday life, proposing the development of programs based on contextualism, incrementalism, motivation and absorption processes.
Abstract
This article is based on the fact that the Spanish population is aging, and is second only to Japan in its total number of senior citizens. Given this situation and the omnipresence [...]
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Educational Possibilities of Social Networks and Group Work. University Students’ Perceptions
J. Cabero Almenara, V. Marín Díaz

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 18

Abstract
The change in classroom methodologies has in many cases come with the emergence of the Internet and 2.0 tools (mainly social networks). The development of a constructivist approach focused on group work means that students’ training can be improved by this type of resources as they foster important aspects such as socialization, information searching and the achievement of a common goal, etc. This work aims to analyze the information and communication technology (ICT) university learning processes and student preferences for working either inside or outside the classroom at the universities of Córdoba, Sevilla, Huelva and the Basque Country. Our objectives are focused on knowing: the students’ feelings on social software and its influence on collaborative and group work;) the social network tools they use and, if there are any differences between these universities in terms of collaborative work perceptions. The instrument for data gathering was a four-dimensional questionnaire. The main results are: students are interested in group work as a type of classroom methodology; students have little knowledge of technology tools (except for social networks). These results provide a reliable diagnostic instrument for the variables that comprise this tool.
Abstract
The change in classroom methodologies has in many cases come with the emergence of the Internet and 2.0 tools (mainly social networks). The development of a constructivist [...]
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Researching on and with Young People: Collaborating and Educating
M. Domingo Coscollola, J. Sánchez Valero, J. Sancho Gil

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 17

Abstract
This paper reports on collaborative research on and with young people. In this study five groups of students in the final year of their Compulsory Secondary Education (CSE) from five different schools developed five ethnographic studies about how they communicate, express themselves and learn inside and outside school, with the support and collaboration of teachers and members of our research group. The paper begins by discussing the dimensions of collaboration in education, taking into account the contribution of collaborative and cooperative learning, and the potential of digital resources, situating earlier influences and characterizing the work realised. Then there is a description of the research carried out on and with the young people we invited to perform as investigators. The results focus on the description and conceptualization of the different types of collaboration that have emerged while carrying out the ethnographic studies in each of the schools using digital technologies. Finally, we discuss the implications and limitations of the work as a contribution to anyone interested in researching on and with young people, collaborating, educating and using digital resources.
Abstract
This paper reports on collaborative research on and with young people. In this study five groups of students in the final year of their Compulsory Secondary Education (CSE) [...]
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Adolescent Students as Media Fictional Characters
L. Falcón Díaz-Aguado, M. Díaz-Aguado Jalón

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 16

Abstract
Media fictional narrations on adolescents as characters and target are used by teenage audiences when looking for references for their identity building. As a starting point for Media Literacy activities to help teenage students in this process, this research focuses on the representations of adolescent students proposed by different kinds of media fictional narrations. Three European narrations have been chosen in order to analyse and compare different genres, codes and values: the television series «Física o Química» and the films «Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix» and «The Class». A classic narrative analysis approach has been applied in order to encourage teachers to use this kind of Media Literacy activities by employing methodologies that they are familiar with. The results show that such a methodology could facilitate the comparative analysis of important coincidences between these examples (such as the importance of friendship and couple relationships) and also underlines meaningful differences (like the orientation towards the future). The conclusion reached is that the comparison between such different kinds of media fictional narrations is a useful educational tool for improving Media Literacy skills and helping teenage students in the identification of the values and images they really want to choose as reference and inspiration for their own identity building.
Abstract
Media fictional narrations on adolescents as characters and target are used by teenage audiences when looking for references for their identity building. As a starting point [...]
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Media Literacy and Information Literacy: Similarities and Differences
A. Lee, C. So

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 15

Abstract
In knowledge society, there is currently a call for cultivating a combination of media literacy and information literacy. This, however, requires cooperation from these two separate fields of study, and uncertainty regarding their boundaries hinders a smooth merger. It is unclear whether they are subsets of each other or separate entities. In this study, we have explored the relationship between these two fields by empirically mapping out their territories and discussing their similarities and differences. We have made use of the Web of Science database to delineate the content and boundary of these two fields. Our findings from 1956 to 2012 show that the two fields have different authors, university affiliations, and journals; they also differ in terms of academic origin, scope, and social concern. Information literacy has a closer tie to library science, while media literacy is more related to media content, media industry, and social effects. Due to their different academic orientations, the two fields adopt different analytical approaches. We have found that media literacy is not a subset of information literacy as some scholars have suggested, although the two fields have similarities. They share the same goal, and their publications overlap in terms of subject areas, countries of origin, and titles. The two fields could find common ground by cooperating together to contribute to the promotion of new literacy in knowledge societies.
Abstract
In knowledge society, there is currently a call for cultivating a combination of media literacy and information literacy. This, however, requires cooperation from these two [...]
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Empowering Media Citizenship through Educommunication
V. Gozálvez Pérez, P. Contreras Pulido

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 14

Abstract
This article analyses the different meanings of the citizenship concept (political, legal, social, economic, ecological and intercultural) in order to justify the current media citizenship concept, which is particularly useful and valid for media education. The ultimate goal is to rebuild the social, ethical and political dimension of educommunication on a practical and philosophical foundation. With this in mind, we have analysed two very powerful and current ap proaches, the ethics of dialogue and ability, mainly because of their links to communication and their contribution to the human development concept, which is on the media education agendas of international organizations such as UNESCO or the European Commission. From the philosophical foundation proposed, the criteria for evaluating and reconstructing the practical dimension of educommunication are: civic participation, freedom as development and critical autonomy, which are also considered goals of the educational systems in pluralistic and democratic societies, especially from a model of deliberate and participatory democracy. The paper concludes with a positive evaluation of interdisciplinary approach in the study of media education, an educational project that is crucial for the revival of civil society and the empowerment of citizens in the current communicative context.
Abstract
This article analyses the different meanings of the citizenship concept (political, legal, social, economic, ecological and intercultural) in order to justify the current [...]
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Primary School Second Grade Teachers’ and Students’ Opinions on Media Literacy
E. Sur, E. Ünal, K. Iseries

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 13

Abstract
In this study, interviews were conducted with teachers of media literacy to determine the needs of media literacy teaching in the classroom. As a result, we see that teachers need in-service training for classes in media literacy; the media literacy lesson is adequate in terms of content but inadequate as an activity. Students indicated significant changes in their perceptions of media after taking these lessons. A «Media Literacy Level Scale» and a «Media Literacy Attitude were applied to determine students’ level and attitude. The information on students was obtained through the «Private Information Form». As a result, a positive, low-level and significant relationship was found between the students’ attitude levels on media literacy lessons and their media literacy levels. The study’s conclusion is that there is no significant difference between the media literacy classes taken by the primary school second grade students and their attitudes and levels on media literacy. Also, no significant difference was found between the educational levels of the parents of these second graders and their attitudes and levels on media literacy. However, there was a significant difference between the students’ daily newspaper reading habits and the frequency of listening to the radio and their attitudes on media literacy classes and media literacy levels.
Abstract
In this study, interviews were conducted with teachers of media literacy to determine the needs of media literacy teaching in the classroom. As a result, we see that teachers [...]
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Design Thinking and Collaborative Learning
T. Leinonen, E. Durall Gazulla

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 12

Abstract
This paper presents design thinking as an alternative approach to conduct research on collaborative learning with technology. The underlying premise of the paper is the need to adopt human-centered design principles in research and design of computer-supported collaborative tools. Two research results are described in order to discuss the possibilities and challenges of applying design methods for designing and researching collaborative knowledge building tools. The paper begins by defining collaborative learning with new technologies as a wicked problem that can be approached by adopting a design mindset. Design thinking and particularly research-based design relies on a shared, social construction of understanding with the people who will later use the tools. The key phases in researchbased design (contextual inquiry, participatory design, product design and software as hypothesis) are described and exemplified through the presentation of two research results. The two prototypes presented are the fourth version of the Future Learning Environment (Fle4), a software tool for collaborative knowledge building and Square1, a set of hardware and software for self-organized learning environments. Both cases contribute to the discussion about the role of artifacts as research outcomes. Through these cases, we claim that design thinking is a meaningful ap proach in CSCL research.
Abstract
This paper presents design thinking as an alternative approach to conduct research on collaborative learning with technology. The underlying premise of the paper is the need [...]
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A Community of Practice: An Intervention Model based on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning
M. Fernández Sánchez, J. Valverde Berrocoso

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 11

Abstract
This paper describes the results of a research study on the establishment of a Community of Practice through social eLearning and Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL). The sample consisted of 20 adult women of gypsy origin of various ages, educational level and work activity residing in Extremadura (Spain). The study makes a contextualization and then describes the design, implementation and evaluation of a training scheme in social eLearning about Equal Opportunities and Social Leadership. This is followed by an analysis of the content of the course forums, according to the dimensions of the «Community of Inquiry» model (CoI) which is one of the most promising theoretical perspectives on e-learning and collaborative and constructivist approaches developed in hundreds of studies during the last decade. And finally, the study evaluates the learning experience, using triangulation as procedure for data analysis. The most important research results are: a) the validity of the design and implementation of the training, b) the forming of an effective Community of Practice for Roma women in virtual learning environments, and c) the significant changes in the participants that can favor the cultural promotion of women. It provides a new model of ICT-based educational intervention in CSCL, aimed at improving training for and promotion of sociocultural groups in situations of social exclusion.
Abstract
This paper describes the results of a research study on the establishment of a Community of Practice through social eLearning and Computer Supported Collaborative Learning [...]
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Exploring Student and Teacher Perception of E-textbooks in a Primary School
J. Minelli de Oliveira, M. Camacho i Martí, M. Gisbert Cervera

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 10

Abstract
The potential of technology in digital society offers multiple possibilities for learning. E-books constitute one of the technologies to which great attention has to be paid. This article presents a case study on the perceptions held by a teacher and his students on the use of e-textbooks in a Primary education classroom. It examines students’ meaning-making practices and the perceptions that teachers and students have towards their engagement in learning activities in this context. In the analysis of the data generated, the classroom is considered a multimodal learning space, where virtual, physical and cognitive environments overlap, allowing students to negotiate meaning across multiple contexts and reflect upon it. Results show that e-textbook users’ perceptions greatly depend on the institutional culture in which they are embedded. While the adoption of e-textbooks does not necessarily mean a transition from traditional textbooks to e-textbooks, students and teachers may develop a more demanding range of criteria which must be met by e-textbook providers. By doing this, e-books become a real alternative to free internet resources. Although e-textbooks favor a communicatively active style of learning, there are still real challenges to be overcome by publishers so that e-textbooks do not become the next forgotten fad.
Abstract
The potential of technology in digital society offers multiple possibilities for learning. E-books constitute one of the technologies to which great attention has to be paid. [...]
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Meaning Processes mediated through a Protagonists’ Collaborative Learning Platform
M. Arancibia Herrera, I. Oliva Figueroa, F. Paiva Cornejo

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 9

Abstract
The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the classroom requires the creation of contextualized proposals which foster in students collaboration and the use of resources to hand. This paper shows the results obtained in the analysis of the signification process which teachers and students have built through their participation in a project implementing collaborative didactic designs using ICT, in particular social networking. Focus groups were formed with 102 students and interviews with 21 teachers took place in two stages (pre- and post-), and they participated in 21 learning experiences developed at 12 schools in southern Chile. Main results reveal a positive assessment of the experience related to the motivational effects of the use of ICT and social networking among students; a considerable change in the didactic interaction inside the classroom; an interest in the possibility of collaborating with students from different contexts and from different regions; a lack of knowledge of the Web 2.0 resources available on the part of teachers, and some negative considerations on the inappropriate use of the Internet. In conclusion, the meaning-creation process of the protagonists enabled this study to gain relevant qualitative information related to didactic, technological and logistic factors in the development of learning experiences through a virtual learning platform.
Abstract
The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the classroom requires the creation of contextualized proposals which foster in students collaboration and the [...]
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ICT in Collaborative Learning in the Classrooms of Primary and Secondary Education
A. García-Valcárcel Muñoz-Repiso, V. Basilotta Gómez-Pablos, C. López García

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 8

Abstract
Digital technologies offer new opportunities for learning in an increasingly connected society, in which learning to work with others and collaborate has become an extremely important skill. This article presents the results of a research study into the conceptions and practices of working teachers regarding collaborative learning methodologies mediated by information and communication technologies (ICT) in Elementary and Secondary Education schools. We analyze data concerning ICT contributions to collaborative work processes in the classroom, from the point of view of teachers at schools accredited with a high level of ICT by the Regional Government of Castile and Leon. We furthermore take into account the limitations of these tools, as well as teachers’ conceptions of collaborative learning strategies. The methodology is based on the content analysis of interviews of teachers from a representative sample of schools. The results indicate that teachers think that ICT have great potential for enhancing collaborative activities among students and for developing highly relevant generic skills, although they are also aware of the difficulties that both students and teachers face in educational practice.
Abstract
Digital technologies offer new opportunities for learning in an increasingly connected society, in which learning to work with others and collaborate has become an extremely [...]
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Collaboration and Social Networking in Higher Education
A. Gewerc Barujel, L. Montero Mesa, M. Lama Penín

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 7

Abstract
This paper presents an exploratory analysis of the experience of educational innovation in the configuration of a social learning network in a subject for the Education degree course at the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). This innovation is based on the premise of student-centered teaching (independent learning, self-regulated, authentic and breaking boundaries between formal and informal areas) enriched with collaborative activities. The study aims to analyze the intensity and relevance of the student´s contributions in this collaborative framework. We used learning analytics tools with two types of techniques: social network analysis (SNA) and information extraction, to measure the intensity, centrality and relevance of collaboration among students. The results obtained allow us to confirm: 1) The consistency and coherence between the pedagogical approach and the option of using a social network in university education; 2) A dense network with a high level of interaction, a moderate degree of centrality and a low centralization index (structure moves away from star), with a group with the capacity to influence the rest (degree of betweenness); 3) High level of relevance to the content analyzed; 4) The usefulness of learning analytics techniques to guide teacher decision-making.
Abstract
This paper presents an exploratory analysis of the experience of educational innovation in the configuration of a social learning network in a subject for the Education degree [...]
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Audioblogs and Tvblogs, Tools for Collaborative Learning in Journalism
N. López Vidales, P. González Aldea

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 6

Abstract
The aim of the present submission is to show the results of the study carried out with 199 students of journalism degree from the University of Valladolid. This experience evaluates to what extend blogs promote individual and group competences and skills, with the goal to determine the advantages and disadvantages of collaborative learning in the virtual environment of the blogosphere. New hybrid weblogs, audioblogs and tvblogs, have been used for practical on the subjects of News on Radio and News on Television for two consecutive courses. The experience has shown great usefulness not only in building the horizontal knowledge about the journalistic work from the classroom, the labs, and in their individual work outside the university environment, but it has also contributed positively to their community integration, enhancing negotiated decision-making and respect for the work of the others. These multimedia logs have enabled students to participate in the creation of content, in the production process, corporate design, bringing out and social media distribution, while learning to organize every element in harmonious and consistent way in order to create an independent audiovisual product related to other webs that can be used as documentary, specialized or critical complement. This collaborative experience has joined creativity, initiative, self-assessment and knowledge of online news production.
Abstract
The aim of the present submission is to show the results of the study carried out with 199 students of journalism degree from the University of Valladolid. This experience [...]
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Construction of the Foundations of the PLE and PLN for Collaborative Learning
V. Marín Juarros, F. Negre Bennasar, A. Pérez Garcias

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 5

Abstract
In this article we approach the topic of collaborative learning by means of the creation and maintenance of personal learning environments and networks (PLE and PLN) and their integration within institutional virtual learning environments (VLE) as strategies to enhance and foster collaborative learning. We take an educational point of view: the student learns independently and carries out activities in groups to achieve common goals. Our aim is to experiment with didactical methodologies of integration between the institutional VLE and PLE, and to analyze the university students’ construction of PLE. Due to its importance in facilitating and fostering collaborative learning, special emphasis is placed on the construction of the personal learning network. We performed a design-based research on an academic course for Primary teachers. The results show that the students construct their PLE and PLN using newly acquired knowledge and that an appropriate methodological integration takes place between these environments and the institutional VLE for integrated learning. As conclusion, we propose an integrative methodological model for collaborative learning as a good practice.
Abstract
In this article we approach the topic of collaborative learning by means of the creation and maintenance of personal learning environments and networks (PLE and PLN) and their [...]
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Planning Collaborative Learning in Virtual Environments
N. Hernández Sellés, M. González Sanmamed, P. Muñoz Carril

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 4

Abstract
Collaborative learning has a strong presence in technology-supported education and, as a result, practices being developed in the form of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) are more and more common. Planning seems to be one of the critical issues when elaborating CSCL proposals, which necessarily take into account technological resources, methodology and group configuration as a means to boost exchange and learning in the community. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relevance of the CSCL planning phase and weigh up the significance of its key design components as well as examining group agreement typology and its usefulness in team building and performance. To do so, research was carried out using a non-experimental quantitative methodology consisting of a questionnaire answered by 106 undergraduate students from 5 different CSCL-based subjects. Results prove the usefulness of the planning components and the drafting of group agreements and their influence on group building and interaction. In order to ensure the quality of learning, it is essential to plan CSCL initiatives properly and understand that organizational, pedagogical and technological decisions should converge around a single goal which is to sustain the cognitive and social aspects that configure individual and group learning.
Abstract
Collaborative learning has a strong presence in technology-supported education and, as a result, practices being developed in the form of Computer Supported Collaborative [...]
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Collaborative Construction of a Project as a Methodology for Acquiring Digital Competences
M. Pérez-Mateo Subirà, M. Romero Carbonell, T. Romeu Fontanillas

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 3

Abstract
As a result of the emergence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) we are currently experiencing a period of major changes. Higher education plays a key role in helping students to acquire the competences which enable them to be autonomous in both academic and professional environments, where ICT literacy and collaborative processes are considered crucial. This study analyzes students’ perceptions about how the collaborative construction of an online project facilitates the acquisition of digital competences. It examines the methodological approach, within the context of the Open University of Catalonia, of the subject: «ICT Competences». This subject is conducted fully online at the UOC, and learners are required to engage in a collaborative project organized in 4 phases: starting, structuring, developing and concluding. Based on an evaluation research approach, quantitative and qualitative data from a survey have been triangulated. The results support the pedagogical methodology which forms the basis of this subject and indicates that collaborative projects facilitate the acquisition of digital competences, highlighting those linked to digital teamwork and digital attitude. The conclusions reinforce the importance of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) processes, the need to put forward pedagogical proposals for the acquisition of both digital and collaborative competences and the relevant role of the teacher in this process.
Abstract
As a result of the emergence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) we are currently experiencing a period of major changes. Higher education plays a key role [...]
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Revolution in Education: Computer Support for Collaborative Learning
B. Rubia Avi, M. Guitert Catasús

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 2
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From Infoxication to the Right to Communicate
J. Aguaded Gómez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2014). Vol. 22, (1), 1
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Reviews
Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 48
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Visual stories: From the entertainment society to the knowledge society
E. Martínez-Salanova Sánchez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 47
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Intimacy and «Extimacy» in Social Networks. Ethical Boundaries of Facebook
L. Tello Díaz

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 46

Abstract
The current paper aims to analyze how certain Facebook settings, model of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), have turned into an infringement of some existing privacy Ethical principles. This totally changed and modern paradigm has its clearest expression in recent Web 2.0., and omnipotent Communication Technology, and implies the reconsideration of each Ethical Principles, especially those related to Intimacy and Image Protection. Our research explains not just how these areas are affected by technological changes but also the way these imperative ethical principles are violated because users ignorance and confidence. This carefree attitude and the increasing communicative relevance have given networking precedence over Intimacy protection. The result of this action has been denominated «Extimacy» according to the author Jacques Lacan, a concept which can be translated as public Intimacy through networking activities, namely, exposed Intimacy. The goal we aim to achieve is to illustrate the different ways our Privacy can be damaged by some Facebook measures (as Privacy Policies Change, collecting tendencies of consumption, the use of private data and revealing users confidence). Likewise these arguments will be endorsed by international researches focused on Facebook privacy violations, which we are going to expose to understand how citizens can carry out different actions to defend our Intimacy and Image Rights.
Abstract
The current paper aims to analyze how certain Facebook settings, model of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), have turned into an infringement of some existing [...]
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The Influence of Social Networks on the Adolescents’ Online Practices
A. García Jiménez, M. López de Ayala López, B. Catalina García

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 45

Abstract
The aim of this article is to study in depth the changes taking place in the habits of adolescents using online communication, particularly due to the dramatic arrival of social networks in their daily lives, and the sociocultural implications of these processes. The research methodology focuses on a selfadministered questionnaire applied nationally. Based on the results of a survey of a representative national sample of 2,077 adolescents (12 to 17yearolds), this study has sought to update the information about online practices among Spanish adolescents, specifically with regard to the remarkable development of social networks. Similarly, the behavior of both regular users of social networks and of nonregular users has been compared, with the aim of detecting the influence of social network use on general online life, and we have considered the following variables: gender, age, funding type of the educational establishment and social class. Among the main conclusions of the study, we emphasize a more intensive use of the Internet as regards time and activities by those who are more frequent users of social networks, and especially the activities they carry out to keep in touch and share content with their equals.
Abstract
The aim of this article is to study in depth the changes taking place in the habits of adolescents using online communication, particularly due to the dramatic arrival of [...]
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Gender Representation in Advertising of Toys in the Christmas Period (2009-12)
E. Martínez Pastor, M. Nicolás Ojeda, Á. Salas Martínez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 44

Abstract
This paper analyzes the representation of children’s gender in toy advertising on television during three different periods. To achieve our purpose, this study examines seven variables: Toy typologies, Gender, Values, Voiceovers, Period, Actions depicted and Interaction between characters. These variables are taken from previous works that have studied the uses and preferences in toy selection according to gender, and research that studies the ways in which advertising represents children and toys. The sample comprises 595 toy commercials broadcast on the TVE1, TVE2, Telecinco, Antena 3, Cuatro, La Sexta, Boing and Disney Channel television channels. The period of study is October to January 200910, 201011 and 201112. The choice of this period is because most toy commercials are broadcast for Christmas. The most important results are: the percentage of male characters is higher than female characters; the advertising of vehicles and action figures is associated with male characters; the values associated with vehicles and action figures are: competition, individualism, ability, physical development, creativity, power and strength, and the values associated with dolls and accessories are beauty and motherhood.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the representation of children’s gender in toy advertising on television during three different periods. To achieve our purpose, this study examines [...]
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Advertising Stereotypes and Gender Representation in Social Networking Sites
I. Tortajada Giménez, N. Araüna Baró, I. Martínez Martínez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 43

Abstract
This article presents the results of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of adolescent selfpresentations in Fotolog. The images which these adolescents create and share through the Net focus on the construction of the Self. Here gender and sexuality become the main structuring factors of representation. Results point to the fact adolescents selfpresentations mirror some of the categories defined by Goffman in his study of gender hyperritualization in advertising. Moreover, other gender expressions are found in the sample, such as the lesbian pose or the erotization of bodies which Gill also detects in advertising. Despite the fact that the images that adolescents upload in Social Networking Sites reproduce gender stereotypes and patriarchal patterns based in advertising, it must be said that they also elaborate a relatively varied repertoire of pictures and are able to conceive original creations. These creative selfrepresentations are the outcome of a process of negotiation of gender and sexual identity which occurs in these settings, as well as in other adolescent media practices. To avoid a thoughtless reproduction of gender stereotypes and contribute to a critical negotiation of these representations, media education is needed. This media education should take into account the way in which adolescent practices are shaped by other media consumption.
Abstract
This article presents the results of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of adolescent selfpresentations in Fotolog. The images which these adolescents create and share [...]
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Connecting Generations. A Research and Learning Approach for Media Education and Audience Studies
C. Ponte, P. Aroldi

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 42

Abstract
Based on theoretical and methodological orientations from authors’ previous research on media and generations, this article presents a research and learning process involving supervised field work conducted by graduate students from a Master Seminar on Media Studies at FCSH, New University of Lisbon. Acting as facilitators of focus groups composed of older participants, exploring intergenerational and intragenerational differences and similarities that emerge from different age cohorts, and critically reflecting on this experience on their individual essays, students were able to build a contextual knowledge of media uses among their grandparents’ and parents’ generation in Portugal. The choice of focus groups as a tool for research and the topic of generations to be investigated within Media Studies proved to be very productive. The article argues on the potentialities of this intergenerational relation between facilitator and focus groups’ respondents as a way of activating the interactions inside the groups, leading –for instance– the participants to assume an «explaining» attitude in selfaccounting. Final notes are presented about the educational gains of this methodology for Media Education and for different branches of Media Studies, such as media and social history, journalism and the news or political participation.
Abstract
Based on theoretical and methodological orientations from authors’ previous research on media and generations, this article presents a research and learning process involving [...]
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Masking as a Persuasive Strategy in Advertising for Young
J. Bermejo Berros

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 41

Abstract
Los jóvenes viven hoy en una cultura multimedia donde los contenidos a los que acceden y hacen circular a través de diferentes dispositivos tecnológicos audiovisuales, forman parte de su educación informal. En ese contexto, la publicidad clásica inserta en esos medios de comunicación está dando paso a nuevas estrategias en las que la publicidad se enmascara en otros contenidos dirigidos a los jóvenes. Estos creen estar suficientemente bien informados para considerar que la influencia de la publicidad sobre ellos es relativa y afirman estar dotados de eficaces estrategias que les inmunizan contra ella. Sin embargo, como se argumenta en el presente artículo, la actual publicidad está implementando nuevas formas persuasivas que no perciben. Se presenta una investigación empírica en la que participan 154 estudiantes. Mediante un dispositivo informático interactivo procesan un total de 223 estímulos correspondientes a un medio de comunicación gráfico. Como variables dependientes se recoge el grado de acierto en la identificación de la presencia de publicidad en los estímulos y el tiempo de reacción. Los resultados muestran cómo las nuevas estrategias de enmascaramiento en publicidad evitan la toma de conciencia de los jóvenes de estar recibiendo mensajes publicitarios. Ello favorece que éstos no contraargumenten. Estos resultados abren la discusión de la pertinencia de dar a conocer a los jóvenes, en su proceso educativo, estas actuales estrategias publicitarias eficaces provenientes de los sistemas de educación informal.
Abstract
Los jóvenes viven hoy en una cultura multimedia donde los contenidos a los que acceden y hacen circular a través de diferentes dispositivos tecnológicos audiovisuales, [...]
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The Role of the Internet and Social Networks in the Arab Uprisings An Alternative to Official Press Censorship
X. Soengas Pérez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 40

Abstract
This research analyzes the power of the Internet and social networks in the Arab uprisings. We are interested in learning about the contribution of communication technology in low advanced societies in conflict situations and the value of the network as a link between young people who supported the changes from abroad and those who were directly involved in protests. On the importance of technology as a virtual communication tool we have conducted a series of online interviews with 30 young people from Tunisia, Egypt and Libya living in Barcelona, Madrid and Santiago de Compostela during the development of the conflicts and who were involved in the Arab Spring though the network. The research findings in this study prove that virtual support for uprisings were not based on coordinated actions, and that it was simply a confluence of similar acts coinciding in time and on the same platforms. The Internet and social networks served as elements for supporting the process and as a counterbalance to official censorship and to governmentsupportive media, and were useful for overcoming the isolation of Arab society, in order to make the conflicts visible and to attract relevant support from abroad. But it also showed that the network had constraints in the face of the consolidated propaganda infrastructure which existed in each country.
Abstract
This research analyzes the power of the Internet and social networks in the Arab uprisings. We are interested in learning about the contribution of communication technology [...]
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The Reasons for Non-Use of Social Networking Websites by University Students
Z. Turan, H. Tinmaz, Y. Goktas

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 39

Abstract
Although social networking websites (SNSs, especially Facebook) have become highly popular with youths, some university students do not want to participate in such sites. This study explores the underlying reasons for hightech university students’ non-use of social networking websites. The study group (n=20) consisted of 18 to 25yearold undergraduate students, who were selected by the purposive sampling method. Data were collected from two large state universities in Turkey. Facebook, as one of the most popular social networking websites, was selected as a study context. Qualitative research methods were used in the data collection and analysis processes. The primary reasons for not using social networking websites were that they were perceived to be a waste of time, or an unnecessary tool; that they might lead to an addiction; that they might violate privacy concerns or share unnecessary information; and that they might invoke family concerns. Additionally, the findings indicated that most of the students did not trust virtual friendships, and did not like sharing photographs and political views online. This identification of non-user students’ attitudes about SNSs will help us to better understand individual perceptions and experiences relating to these social services.
Abstract
Although social networking websites (SNSs, especially Facebook) have become highly popular with youths, some university students do not want to participate in such sites. [...]
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Ethos, Pathos and Logos in Facebook. User Networking: New «Rhetor» of the 21th Century
I. Berlanga Fernández, F. García García, J. Victoria Mas

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 38

Abstract
One of the «black holes» of academic research in Communication is the shallowness of reflections on the classic origins of Communication, its aims and points of entry. In this respect, the study of communicative processes on the Internet becomes particularly relevant (specifically the social networks processes) when observed from the classic rhetorical perspective. We focus on the use of persuasion strategies (ethos, pathos, logos) as well as the abundant use of rhetorical figures. Such parameters, along with the resources that emergent technologies offer, unleash creativity and afford humanist aspects to network communication. These give online platforms an extremely persuasive strength. Thus, we may speak of the network user of the 21st century as the new «Rhetorician». Our research on Facebook addresses the presence of rhetoric in online social network communication: the user of these platforms applies communicative strategies described by the Rhetoricians dating back to GrecoRoman antiquity. The methodology in this work (the study of three typified cases and the content analysis of conversations generated on Facebook walls) allows us to intertwine rhetoric and communication today, mediated by the emergence of online networks. We propose the retrieval of certain parameters of deep, critical thought to the benefit of a more human communication.
Abstract
One of the «black holes» of academic research in Communication is the shallowness of reflections on the classic origins of Communication, its aims and points of entry. In [...]
- 11
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Informal Learning through Facebook among Slovenian Pupils
K. Erjavec

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 37

Abstract
Since existing research has failed to consider how primary school pupils use Facebook for informal learning and to enhancing social capital, we attempted to fill this research gap by conducting 60 indepth interviews and thinkaloud sessions with Slovenian primary school pupils. Furthermore, we used content analysis to evaluate their Facebook profiles. The results of the study show that Slovenian pupils regularly use Facebook for informal learning. Pupils are aware that they use Facebook for learning and they use it primarily as social support, which is seen as exchanging practical information, learning about technology, evaluation of their own and other people’s work, emotional support, organising group work and communicating with teachers. In using Facebook, pupils acquire bridging and bonding social capital; they maintain an extensive network of weak ties that are a source of bridging capital, and deeper relationships that provide them with emotional support and a source of bonding capital. Key differences between the participants were found in the expression of emotional support. Female participants are more likely to use Facebook for this purpose, and more explicitly express their emotions. This study also showed that our participants saw a connection between the use of Facebook and the knowledge and skills they believed their teachers valued in school.
Abstract
Since existing research has failed to consider how primary school pupils use Facebook for informal learning and to enhancing social capital, we attempted to fill this research [...]
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Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Women and Advertising: Differences in Print and Audiovisual Media
M. Navarro Beltrá, M. Martín Llaguno

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 36

Abstract
The media in general, and advertising in particular, are considered as important agents of socialization, including genderrelated issues. Thus the legislator has focused on the regulation of the images of women and men in advertisements. However, regulations prohibiting sexist advertising in Spain pay specific attention to audiovisual media. The objective of this study is to check whether this unequal interest also takes place in academic research. This paper analyzes the differences in the scientific literature (national and international) on the sexism in advertising depending on the media. Specifically we examine the methodology, techniques and ways to measure concepts. In order to do this, we conduct a systematic review of studies on gender and advertising published in Spanish or English between 1988 and 2010 in seven databases Spanish (Dialnet, Compludoc, ISOC), or international (Scopus, Sociological Abstracts, PubMed and Eric).The main results of the 175 texts analyzed show that, unlike legislative controls, the academy has studied mainly sexism in advertising in print media, although interest by analysis of the treatment of gender in the discourse of advertising audiovisual seems to be increasing.
Abstract
The media in general, and advertising in particular, are considered as important agents of socialization, including genderrelated issues. Thus the legislator has focused on [...]
- 0
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Methodological Approaches to Study Interactivity in Communication Journals
A. Milojević, J. Kleut, D. Ninković

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 35

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to map out the research around the concept of interactivity, as well as to point out the dominant streams and underresearched areas. It is based upon the content analysis of methods employed in articles published in five topranking communication journals over five year period (200610). The review of methods applied in research of interactivity is based upon distinction between social interactivity, textual interactivity and technical interactivity. This classification is further developed by adding the category of levels of interactivity (low, medium and high) which allows further classification of different mediated practices. This leads to specification of nine theoretical subsets of interactivity as the main categories of the analysis of research articles. Within this matrix we have situated diverse methods that respond to conceptually different types and levels of audience/users interactivity. The analysis shows that scholarly focus lies within the low textual and the high social interactive practices, whereas the high technical and high textual interactivity are underresearched areas. Investigations into the audience/users relations with texts are mainly orientated towards content analyses and surveys. High social interaction research is reviving the application of ethnographic methods, while the possibilities of technical interactivity are embraced not as an object but as a tool for research.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to map out the research around the concept of interactivity, as well as to point out the dominant streams and underresearched areas. It is based upon [...]
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The Videoarticle: New Reporting Format in Scientific Journals and its Integration in MOOCs
E. Vázquez Cano

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 34

Abstract
The new training context in higher education is moving toward a new model of massive, open and free education through a methodology based on video simulation and students’ collaborative work. Using a descriptive methodology, we analyze the formats and Web content presentation of 72 journals indexed in the Journal Citation Reports® (2013) in the field of communication, and their presence in the development of massive open online courses (MOOCs) at the leading global platform, «Coursera». The findings show that the vast majority of scientific journals in the field of communication offer few disclosure formats and are difficult to embed in new massive, ubiquitous and collaborative movements which use the selfcreated «audiovisual pill». Therefore, the integration of articles of international scientific journals in MOOCs is almost nonexistent. Journals are not taking advantage of the great potential of these courses for scientific divulgation, probably because its unique disclosure format is written text. Thus, we propose a new model for scientific publication which shares writing text format with the video article, social media outreach and new formats supported by mobile digital devices to foster greater international visibility of scientific development and social progress in an everyday, more interconnected and visual society.
Abstract
The new training context in higher education is moving toward a new model of massive, open and free education through a methodology based on video simulation and students’ [...]
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The Multidisciplinarity in Spanish and Foreign Communication Journals
J. Mañana Rodríguez, B. Sierra Arizmendiarrieta

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 33

Abstract
Communication can be understood, under an epistemological framework, as a macrocontext from which education participates as a part. One of the objectives of this work is to contrast this theoretical consideration with the observed interaction between education and communication scientific journals defined by citations and relatedness towards other scientific journals. At the same time, there might be relevant differences between the citation patterns of Spanish and foreign (journals in Journal Citation Reports) communication journals, particularly with regard to their disciplinary composition. These differences might become a major problem for the interexchange of information between both sets of journals. The authors analyze the citations distribution by subject category for Spanish and JCR journals, as well as for the journal «Comunicar», and also the frequency of related journals per subject category in the case of JCR. It is concluded: a) that the aforementioned epistemological relationship is valid only for Spanish Communication journals, b) that there are relevant differences between both sets of journals in the disciplinary composition of their citedciting and related journals and that Information Science & Library Science might serve as a suitable communication channel; finally, c) the characteristic multidisciplinarity of the journal «Comunicar» is corroborated, both at the national and international level.
Abstract
Communication can be understood, under an epistemological framework, as a macrocontext from which education participates as a part. One of the objectives of this work is to [...]
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Spanish Communication Academia: Scientific Productivity vs. Social Activity
C. Casanueva Rocha, F. Caro González

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 32

Abstract
At a time when academic activity in the area of communication is principally assessed by the impact of scientific journals, the scientific media and the scientific productivity of researchers, the question arises as to whether social factors condition scientific activity as much as these objective elements. This investigation analyzes the influence of scientific productivity and social activity in the area of communication. We identify a social network of researchers from a compilation of doctoral theses in communication and calculate the scientific production of 180 of the most active researchers who sit on doctoral committees. Social network analysis is then used to study the relations that are formed on these doctoral thesis committees. The results suggest that social factors, rather than individual scientific productivity, positively influence such a key academic and scientific activity as the award of doctoral degrees. Our conclusions point to a disconnection between scientific productivity and the international scope of researchers and their role in the social network. Nevertheless, the consequences of this situation are tempered by the nonhierarchical structure of relations between communication scientists.
Abstract
At a time when academic activity in the area of communication is principally assessed by the impact of scientific journals, the scientific media and the scientific productivity [...]
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Altmetrics: New Indicators for Scientific Communication in Web 2.0
D. Torres Salinas, Á. Cabezas Clavijo, E. Jiménez Contreras

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 31

Abstract
In this paper we review the socalled altmetrics or alternative metrics. This concept raises from the development of new indicators based on Web 2.0, for the evaluation of the research and academic activity. The basic assumption is that variables such as mentions in blogs, number of twits or of researchers bookmarking a research paper for instance, may be legitimate indicators for measuring the use and impact of scientific publications. In this sense, these indicators are currently the focus of the bibliometric community and are being discussed and debated. We describe the main platforms and indicators and we analyze as a sample the Spanish research output in Communication Studies. Comparing traditional indicators such as citations with these new indicators. The results show that the most cited papers are also the ones with a highest impact according to the altmetrics. We conclude pointing out the main shortcomings these metrics present and the role they may play when measuring the research impact through 2.0 platforms.
Abstract
In this paper we review the socalled altmetrics or alternative metrics. This concept raises from the development of new indicators based on Web 2.0, for the evaluation of [...]
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The Impact of Scientific Journals of Communication: Comparing Google Scholar Metrics, Web of Science and Scopus
E. Delgado López-Cózar, R. Repiso Caballero

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 30

Abstract
Google Scholar Metrics' launch in April 2012, a new bibliometric tool for the evaluation of scientific journals by means of citation counting, has ended with the duopoly exerted by the Web of Science and Scopus databases. This paper aims at comparing the coverage of these three databases and the similarity their journal rankings may have. We selected a sample of journals from the field of Communication Studies indexed in the three databases. Data was recollected on 1720 November, 2012. 277 journals were identified to which we calculated their hindex and ranked them according to such indicator. Then, we analyzed the correlation between the rankings generated. Google Scholar Metrics dobles the coverage of the other databases, reducing the bias toward English language both; web of Science and Scopus have. Google Scholar Metrics shows higher hindex values (an average 47% higher than Scopus and 40% higher than Web of Science), allowing to better rank journals. We conclude that Google Scholar Metrics is a tool capable of identifying the main journals in Communication Studies offering results as reliable and valid as the ones Web of Science and Scopus show.
Abstract
Google Scholar Metrics' launch in April 2012, a new bibliometric tool for the evaluation of scientific journals by means of citation counting, has ended with the duopoly exerted [...]
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Internationalization and Coauthorship in Major Communication Journals in Spain
E. Escribà Sales, S. Cortiñas Rovira

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 29

Abstract
This work has conducted an analysis of Spanish Communication journals in terms of their level of internationalization and the collaborative models used by their authors, by assessing 1,182 articles published between 2007 and 2011 in the seven toprated Communication journals according to a set of six quality indicators. The ultimate goal has been to perform a data processing in order to detect the degree of inclination of international authors to publish their works in Spanish journals in the years covered by this study. Secondly, the study draws a profile of coauthorship patterns focused on geographical and institutional alliances. The results show there is no clear and convincing signs of evolution towards a desired level of internationality. Concerning coauthorship, although the results indicate a willingness on the part of authors to chart a path of wider geographical and institutional collaboration, unique authorship continues to be the preferred form of publication. Finally, the work shows that investigative alliances are confined to Spain and when they go international collaborations are almost exclusively with Latin American authors.
Abstract
This work has conducted an analysis of Spanish Communication journals in terms of their level of internationalization and the collaborative models used by their authors, by [...]
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Spanish Scientific Output in Communication Sciences in WOS. The Scientific Journals in SSCI (2007-12)
D. de Filippo

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 28

Abstract
Although the field of Communication Sciences has been slower to organize in Spain than in other European countries and the United States, in recent years it has shown a clear tendency to growth. One way to trace this process is by analyzing scientific production, and this paper focuses on this aspect. Using bibliometric methods, we analyze scientific journals and papers indexed in Thomson Reuter’s international database, the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) for Communication. While the focus of the study is Spanish scientific output, the results are related to international activities in this field. The three Spanish journals included in SSCI in recent years: «Comunicar», «Comunicación y Sociedad» and «Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico» were studied in detail. The results show that Spain plays an important role in Communcation journal publishing (4th in the world) and as a producer of scientific papers (6th in the world), with a remarkable evolution, in quantitative terms, especially in the last five years. The inclusion of these three Spanish journals in the international database has been an important contribution to the country's visibility in this field, but there is still a need to promote international collaboration to achieve greater impact and openness in the scientific community.
Abstract
Although the field of Communication Sciences has been slower to organize in Spain than in other European countries and the United States, in recent years it has shown a clear [...]
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Three Decades of Spanish Communication Research: Towards Legal Age
D. Fernández Quijada, P. Masip Masip

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 27

Abstract
This paper analyses the evolution of Spanish communication research published as scientific articles between 1980 and 2010. It quantifies the volume of this production with two different samples: the first sample includes national journals and offers original and unprecedented data; the second one includes international journals, defined as those indexed by the Web of Science. As a whole, more than 6,000 articles were analysed. Additionally, the collaboration patterns in authorship and internationality were also studied. On the one hand, collaboration was measured through indicators of multiple authorship and the evolution of coauthorship indexes. On the other hand, internationality was measured through the share of Spanish authors in international journals, the weight of international collaborations and the language used in national journals. Data obtained illustrate a growth and maturity process of communication as a scientific discipline: at the end of the period analysed, a tension between growing collaboration and internationalization and traditional publication patterns was found. Through the period studied, the birth of new faculties with communication studies and the growing number of journals have feed the own growth of the number of articles. However, other elements such as scientific assessment have also played a role in the internationalization of authors. As a whole, this article offers a first image of the evolution of communication as an academic discipline in Spain.
Abstract
This paper analyses the evolution of Spanish communication research published as scientific articles between 1980 and 2010. It quantifies the volume of this production with [...]
- 0
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Black holes of communication Scientific communication and meta-research
E. Giménez Toledo, E. Jiménez Contreras

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 26
- 1
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The MOOC Revolution: A New Form of Education from the Technological Paradigm?
J. Aguaded Gómez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 25
- 1
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Reviews
Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 24
- 0
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Visual Stories: Digital Idiosyncrasy
E. Martínez-Salanova Sánchez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 23
- 0
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The Participation and Web Visibility of University Digital Repositories in the European Context
A. Calderón Martínez, E. Ruiz Conde

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 22

Abstract
This study focuses on academic institutional repositories as tools that allow us open access to scientific and academic production. Specifically, we analyze the Top 50 European University repositories differentiating, firstly, those repositories linked to Spanish universities compared to those belonging to universities throughout Europe and, secondly, repositories that only include research content as opposed to those that also include teaching content. Specifically, this work complements previous studies on the consolidation of the repositories, focusing on the analysis of the competitive environment by considering their participation and relative visibility shares. The analysis, using competitive maps and comparative advantage method, allows us to identify European university repositories that lead their segments, in terms of their levels of participation and web visibility in the market. In general, without distinguishing by segments, results show that the leadership at European level in terms of participation is held by the University College of London (UK) and the repository of the University of Umea (Sweden) is the leader in visibility.
Abstract
This study focuses on academic institutional repositories as tools that allow us open access to scientific and academic production. Specifically, we analyze the Top 50 European [...]
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Cultural Diversity across the Networks: The Case of National Cinema
M. Ledo Andión, E. Castelló Mayo

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 21

Abstract
The research «Cinema, Diversity and Networks» tries to isolate the principal stimuli or reticences in the consumption of products generated by small cinematographies, analyzing the particular case of the diffusion through the digital interactive networks of cinematographic contents produced in Galicia. It is a multicentral investigation with the collaboration of the universities of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay – the countries with a significant migratory Galician presence, with special focus on the university groups of reception for their special predisposition to the media intercultural consumption. Our work addresses a statistical determination of the social-demographic and axiologic profile as well as the habits of consumption of the participant groups as an introduction to the confrontation with some representative films produced in Galicia between 2003 and 2008 in order to establish the influence of certain thematic, formal and linguistic variables in the acceptance or objection to certain messages. The study can be identified with the models of basic and applied investigation: basic, for its analysis of the cultural determinant indicators of the cinematographic consumption in communities, which although geographically dispersed preserve their identity elements such as the language; and applied, as our investigation provides a transfer of knowledge to their technological partners in addition to the opening of unexplored niches of transnational consumption through the potential that the digital networks offer nowadays.
Abstract
The research «Cinema, Diversity and Networks» tries to isolate the principal stimuli or reticences in the consumption of products generated by small cinematographies, analyzing [...]
- 1
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Media literacy, participation and accountability for the media of generation of silence
M. del Moral Pérez, L. Villalustre Martínez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 20

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to study the level of media literacy in a sample of elderly women, the so-called «silent generation», belonging to the Asturian Housewives Association, by means of a questionnaire to collect data on critical awareness in women. The questionnaire seeks information on the persuasive effects of advertising; the women’s evaluation of the information conveyed by the media, and their training, commitment and participation as media consumers. The survey also tries to identify the women’s demands and concerns, regarding the media they usually use, by conducting focus group discussions. Findings show that the women surveyed believe that advertising lacks credibility and claim that some TV stations offer information and content which is biased or has been manipulated to the extent that it goes against the law. Although such women know the channels for citizen participation, they do not know how to exercise their rights in the face of illegal content. In addition, certain training needs have been detected. This research points to the need to design a training plan for media literacy which will empower them with critical skills and foster participation as active and responsible consumers. It is also intended that such women will acquire specific knowledge about the media, as well as the psychological strategies, technical resources and audiovisual language the media use.
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to study the level of media literacy in a sample of elderly women, the so-called «silent generation», belonging to the Asturian Housewives [...]
- 0
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Disability in the Perception of Technology among University Students
A. Zubillaga del Río, C. Alba Pastor

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 19

Abstract
There is a widespread discourse across academic and scientific literature extolling the benefits of technology as an element of the educational process for people with disabilities that is based on many assumptions and implicit claims related to «the education, disability and technology» triangle. Although these assumptions and claims have a rationale, too often they have been considered valid, and therefore guide educational practice, without having previously undergone any process of scientific research that supports and justifies them. In this context, and in order to analyse one of these theoretical premises, this study aims to establish, firstly, whether the disability is involved in the process of giving meaning to technology and, secondly, to what extent the impact of disability is a differentiating factor in the perception and use of technology as an educational element. After gathering data from questionnaires completed by university students (28 with disabilities and 109 without), the results allowed us to establish two main conclusions. The first one shows that the most valuable dimension of technology as a teaching tool is its use as a tool for curriculum access and participation. As for the second, related to the perception of accessibility issues, it paradoxically revealed that students with disabilities find the use of technology easier than their peers without disabilities.
Abstract
There is a widespread discourse across academic and scientific literature extolling the benefits of technology as an element of the educational process for people with disabilities [...]
- 0
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The Notion of Violence in Television Fiction: Children’s Interpretation
S. Aran Ramspott, M. Rodrigo Alsina

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 18

Abstract
In this paper we analyse child viewers’ interpretation of television violence shown in television programmes specifically aimed at children. The justification for this work is based on the research that considers that more theoretical and empirical studies need to be carried out on the conceptualisation of violence, and about how much violence is legitimised and through what mechanisms such legitimacy is constructed. It is aimed at providing a notion of television violence as interpreted by child television viewers which takes these mechanisms into account. The methodology used is based on an analysis of the content and the dialogue of in-depth interviews conducted with sixteen children under the age of 12 years, after showing them two sequences of television programmes with types and various formalisation of fictional violence. The results, as well as providing a conceptual map of the responses, also show how children define and differentiate different types of violence. We can also verify how their reception process is framed by their cultural history and specific reading and consumption experiences, in which contextual narrative aspects play a very important role in children’s interpretation of violence. Thus, the results of this study indicate how children give an unrestricted significance to violence.
Abstract
In this paper we analyse child viewers’ interpretation of television violence shown in television programmes specifically aimed at children. The justification for this work [...]
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A Children’s Observatory of Television: «Observar TV», a Space for Dialogue between Children
J. Vega Casanova, A. Lafaurie Molina

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 17

Abstract
This paper presents the results of work on «Observar TV», a children’s observatory of television launched in the city of Barranquilla (Colombia) in which children participated as protagonists in research, training and spaces for dialogue centred on their observations of television broadcasts. The goals of the project included: 1) to ascertain the reflection and discussion of preferences and opinions (expressed by boys and girls) regarding television; 2) to identify and discuss their imagery around citizenship in relation to coexistence and peace, multiculturalism and democratic responsibility and participation; 3) to understand the development processes that contribute to the construction of their critical thinking abilities regarding television and its consumption; 4) to increase the visibility of children as active participants in setting the public agenda of their city. This study was developed using a participatory action research approach that employed qualitative methods (focus groups, workshops, and observations) for the simultaneous execution of three components: research, training, and visibility/interaction. The results demonstrate that the child participants displayed a critical attitude toward television and expressed their likes and dislikes regarding television content. The participants took up the challenge to discuss, transform, or reaffirm their imagery relating to citizenship and strengthened their capacities in language and communication. The children expressed the reflections that came up in the work of the observatory by participating in the television program «Learning to watch television», that was produced by the regional station Telecaribe.
Abstract
This paper presents the results of work on «Observar TV», a children’s observatory of television launched in the city of Barranquilla (Colombia) in which children participated [...]
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TV Broadcasters and Research on TV and Children
M. Ortiz Sobrino, J. Ruiz San Román, E. Díaz Cerveró

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 16

Abstract
This paper describes the main contributions of the TV broadcasters in Spain to the study of the relationships between television and childhood. It is justified by the need of compile and organise these contributions. Quality contents broadcasted for children, children consumption of television and the role of TV channels to transfer a positive image of the childhood have been the mainstays of this text. The information that we report is the result of the study carried out from Observatorio Comunicación y Sociedad. Methodologically, consulting scientific bibliography about television and childhood has made possible to put our study into context. After that, the use of questionnaire to people responsible of contents broadcasted for children by the main Spanish TV channels, and the analysis of the different experiences and work papers prepared by televisions, have allowed to create a setting with the broadcasters’ main contributions to a new paradigm which improves the relationship between minors and television. The conclusion from the analysis and the consultation to experts point that, except in the case of the public state television and some regional televisions, the research and the redesign of the childhood/television relationship is not one of the channels priorities. In fact, only TVE has an important scientific production in this field.
Abstract
This paper describes the main contributions of the TV broadcasters in Spain to the study of the relationships between television and childhood. It is justified by the need [...]
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Social Networks and Young People. Comparative Study of Facebook between Colombia and Spain
A. Almansa Martínez, O. Fonseca, A. Castillo Esparcia

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 15

Abstract
Social networks have become areas of social interaction among young people where they create a profile to relate with others. The way this population uses social networks has an impact on their socialization as well as the emotional and affective aspects of their development. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze how Facebook is used by young people to communicate among themselves and the experiences they gain from it. On the one hand, while teenagers claim to know the risks, they admit to accepting strangers as friends and to sharing large amounts of true data about their private lives. For this reason, it is necessary to understand the media and digital phenomenon that the youth are living through. Although they are legally prohibited from using Facebook until they are 13, the number of underage users of this social network is growing, without any restraint from parents or schools. This investigation compares the use of Facebook by youth in Colombia and Spain by using the content analysis and interview techniques. In Colombia 100 Facebook profiles were analyzed and 20 interviews carried out with students between 12- and 15-years-old attending the Institución Educativa Distrital Técnico Internacional school in Bogotá. In Spain, 100 Facebook profiles were analyzed and 20 interviews held with students of the same age group attending various secondary schools in Andalusia.
Abstract
Social networks have become areas of social interaction among young people where they create a profile to relate with others. The way this population uses social networks [...]
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Communication Technology in the Home Environment of Four-year-old Children (Slovenia)
J. Lepicnik Vodopivec, P. Samec

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 14

Abstract
Nowadays, we cannot ignore the fact that young children are over flooded with technologies. Only a proper action and a positive attitude from adults can prevent potential negative consequences, and prepares the child for a life where the usage of communication technologies (ICTs) is necessary for an individual’s social success. This article represents the child’s access to information-communication technology, its usage at home, the influence of child’s ICTs usage on his or hers development of competences, and the child’s relation with the ICTs at home. The data was gathered with the help of 130 parents who filled out a questionnaire and provided us with their opinions about their four-year-old children and their usage of ICTs at home. We found out that four-year-old children in their home environment regularly encounter ICTs. Besides that, we were also interested whether there exist differences according to the child’s gender and the parents’ level of education. Moreover, we present parents’ opinions at suggestions for further studying of this issue.
Abstract
Nowadays, we cannot ignore the fact that young children are over flooded with technologies. Only a proper action and a positive attitude from adults can prevent potential [...]
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The e-Research on Media & Communications: Attitudes, Tools and Practices in Latin America Researchers
C. Arcila Calderón, J. Piñuel Raigada, M. Calderín Cruz

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 13

Abstract
e-Research is changing practices and dynamics in social research by the incorporation of advanced e-tools to process data and increase scientific collaboration. Previous research shows a positive attitude of investigators through e-Research and shows a fast incorporation of e-Tools, in despite of many cultural resistances to the change. This paper examines the current state (attitudes, tools and practices) of e-Research in the field of Media and Communication Studies in Latin America, Spain and Portugal. A total of 316 researchers of the region answered an online survey during the last 2 months of 2011. Findings confirm an optimistic attitude through e-Research and an often use of e-Tools to do research. Even though, most of them informed to use basic e-Tools (e.g. e-mail, commercial videoconference, office software and social networks) instead of advanced technologies to process huge amount of data (e.g. Grid, simulation software and Internet2) or the incorporation to Virtual Research Communities. Some of the researchers said that they had an «intensive» (31%) and «often» (53%) use of e-Tools, but only 22% stated that their computer capacity was not enough to manage and process data. The paper evidences the gap between e-Research in Communications and e-Research in other disciplines; and makes recommendations for its implementation.
Abstract
e-Research is changing practices and dynamics in social research by the incorporation of advanced e-tools to process data and increase scientific collaboration. Previous research [...]
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New Media as a Tool for Civic Learning
E. Middaugh, J. Kahne

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 12

Abstract
Service-Learning, a popular approach to citizenship education in the US, provides youth with opportunities to define and address public needs while reflecting on the knowledge, skills, and relationships needed to do such work. This approach assumes education for democratic citizenship must help youth understand themselves as part of a larger community, increase their sense of agency and efficacy as civic actors, and increase their ability to analyze social and political issues. It also assumes that these outcomes are best learned through experience. Creating these conditions can be quite challenging in the context of schools, where students are typically separated from the community, highly controlled in their activities, and have limited time to grasp the complexities of a given topic. This piece responds to the growing role of new media in civic and political activity. Specifically, it examines how the integration of new media into service learning may facilitate or challenge the core pedagogical goals of this approach to civic education and the implications for the practice of supporting youth civic engagement in school settings. Based on a review of existing programs and research, the authors illustrate how new media can be used to support four primary goals of service learning – designing authentic learning environments, connecting to community, supporting youth voice, and encouraging engagement with issues of social justice.
Abstract
Service-Learning, a popular approach to citizenship education in the US, provides youth with opportunities to define and address public needs while reflecting on the knowledge, [...]
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Learning Lives Connected: Digital Youth across School and Community Spaces
O. Erstad, Ø. Gilje, H. Arnseth

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 11

Abstract
Whereas most studies of learning explore intra-institutional experiences, our interest is to track individual learning trajectories across domains. Research on young people’s use of different media outside schools shows how practices of using digital media are different from practices in schools in both form and content. The major challenge today, however, is to find ways of understanding the interconnections and networking between these two lifeworlds as experienced by young people. Important elements here are adapted concepts like context, trajectories and identity related to activity networks. We will present data from the ongoing «learning lives project» in a multicultural community in Oslo. We will especially focus on students of Media and Communication studies at upper secondary school level. Using an ethnographic approach we will focus on how learners’ identities are constructed and negotiated across different kinds of learning relationships. The data will consist of both researcher-generated data (interviews, video-observations, field notes) and informant-generated data (photos, diaries, maps).
Abstract
Whereas most studies of learning explore intra-institutional experiences, our interest is to track individual learning trajectories across domains. Research on young people’s [...]
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Expanding Community: Youth, Social Networking and Schools
A. Stornaiuolo, J. DiZio, E. Hellmich

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 10

Abstract
This study examined the construct of community and its development in online spaces through a qualitative analysis of middle school students’ participation in a private social network. Drawing on notions of community inspired by philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy, we found that students, despite not knowing one another previously, were willing both to encounter and come to know each other, using the resources of the network to build the trust that became foundational to their online social relationships. They did so primarily through two kinds of interactional effort that we call «public work» and «proximity work». Negotiating their positions relative to one another (proximity work) and across public/private spaces (public work), youth used a variety of semiotic tools to establish relationships and address the considerable challenges of digitally mediated communication with unknown others. This study suggests that educationally focused social networks can be designed for, or their uses primed toward, communicative purposes and activities foregrounding reciprocal exchange that is ethically alert and socially aware, and that schools and other educational institutions, though historically resistant to technological innovation, have an important role to play in this process.
Abstract
This study examined the construct of community and its development in online spaces through a qualitative analysis of middle school students’ participation in a private [...]
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Everyday Racism and «My Tram Experience»: Emotion, Civic Performance and Learning on YouTube
S. Banaji

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 9

Abstract
Does the public expression and performance of shock, distress, anger, frustration and ideological disapproval of particular sorts of politics constitute a form of collective political expression from which individuals can learn about being citizens? When it comes to the expression of feelings of racial and other types of prejudice, has political correctness led to a deepening of entrenched racist beliefs with no channel for discussion? This article engages with such questions through a case study of YouTube responses to «My Tram Experience» a commuter-uploaded mobile-phone video of a racist diatribe on a tram in the UK. Using qualitative content analysis, and thematic analysis, it describes how these performed, networked and distributed moments of citizen angst demonstrate a limited but interesting range of civic engagements with and positionings towards racism, immigration, class and nationalism. For one reason or another these are not allowed to occur in other public for a such as the mainstream media or schools. The article argues that these vlogs are both a wide-ranging potentially therapeutic resource for those needing validation for their racist or anti-racist views, or for those who wish to express and garner solidarity for discomfort and pain caused by racism; they are also a significant though currently uncurated resource for citizenship education both formal and informal because of their engagements with technology, social context, emotional context and political rhetoric.
Abstract
Does the public expression and performance of shock, distress, anger, frustration and ideological disapproval of particular sorts of politics constitute a form of collective [...]
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Interactive Youth and Civic Cultures: The Educational, Mediatic and Political Meaning of the 15M
E. Hernández Merayo, M. Robles Vílchez, J. Martínez Rodríguez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 8

Abstract
This contribution is justified by the necessity of analyzing the participative content that the interactive youth transmitted in the use of ICTs and social networks in the origin of the social movement of the Spanish Revolution. Our objectives have been focused on proving how young people feel, live and experience the democratic citizenship by means of audiovisual display systems, participating in public open spaces where a better informed digital citizenship is being formed among the technological convergence, hypertextuality and non linearity. We have tried to identify both the educational content of their interactions and implications and the use of audiovisual display systems in their organization as a group. The methodology we have used is the in-depth case study in the days when people occupied public spaces. We collected observations, interviews, information from the social networks (Twitter, Facebook, n-1, Tuenti), news in the media and also information, posters and photographs generated during the occupation by the participants themselves. From this techno-educational point of view we analyze how these young people widen their communicative relationships and get connected on line creating new meanings for educational, social and political issues. The analysis of their speeches shows us a reappropriation of the ICTs by these young people who express and communicate publicly and contributing in this way with new points of view for the citizenship education.
Abstract
This contribution is justified by the necessity of analyzing the participative content that the interactive youth transmitted in the use of ICTs and social networks in the [...]
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Learning about Power and Citizenship in an Online Virtual World
D. Buckingham, C. Rodríguez Hoyos

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 7

Abstract
This work presents a research study designed to analyse the development of power relations in a virtual world, known as Habbo Hotel, aimed at the child and teenage market. What motivated this work was the desire to understand how this company wielded its power through the different agents responsible for taking decisions on the behaviour of the users within this virtual world. Simultaneously, this research went deeply into the type of lessons learnt by users as to citizenship springing from the behaviour rules imposed by the company owning this space. In order to understand what young people were learning about the wielding of power, and the prototype model citizen within the virtual world, we analyse the systems of rules that govern what users can or cannot do, and we proceed to analyse the contents of spaces in which users will talk about the reasons why the company had expelled them from Habbo Hotel. The findings of this work reveal that the application of rules on the part of the company results in the experience inside this virtual world not always being fun, democratic, creative, participative or completely satisfying. This thus questions some of the main arguments proposed by different writers on these new forms of communication.
Abstract
This work presents a research study designed to analyse the development of power relations in a virtual world, known as Habbo Hotel, aimed at the child and teenage market. [...]
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The «i-Generation» and its Interaction in Social Networks. An Analysis of Coca-Cola on Tuenti
C. Marta Lazo, E. Martínez Rodrigo, L. Sánchez Martín

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 1

Abstract
Teenagers and young adults are increasingly using social networks as a means to interact and participate in constructing a multiple speech. Companies take direct options with followers in networks and use these virtual structures to approach their target. The purpose of this paper is to study, using empirical and observational methodology, how to build «Coca-Cola» brand image in «Tuenti», followed by the network over the public sector. Among other things, we will see how involved the brand and how followers, what are the issues that are introduced on the inputs and through what kind of formats. In conclusion, we noted that the interest in the brand of free speech to let the followers is just a strategy, the actual entries of «Coca-Cola» are very rare but they all have a high effect, a language that challenges the user to activate and resume his speech so directed. Moreover, there is no mechanism differentiating between information, entertainment and advertising, which combined with continued exposure to advertising impacts across different formats, leads us to propose the need for media education to encourage responsible use critic and social networks by young people.
Abstract
Teenagers and young adults are increasingly using social networks as a means to interact and participate in constructing a multiple speech. Companies take direct options with [...]
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Youth’s Usage of Leisure Time with Video Games and Social Networks
B. Muros Ruiz, Y. Aragón Carretero, A. Bustos Jiménez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 6

Abstract
The aim of this article is to understand the behaviour of Secondary Education students during their leisure time when using some different virtual spaces. We report a study carried out in a Community Centre offering training and leisure services for youngsters. Due to the large number of technological activities offered, this study paves the way for analysis and reflection about the hidden reasons and motivations young people have to use virtual spaces. We also show the interpretations and reflections of youngsters in their personal relationships and models of cohabitation. Our study likewise approaches the relation that youngsters establish between real and virtual spaces, focusing our attention on the construction of interactions which stems from their personal experiences. For data collection we carried out observations, conversations, analysis of documents and interviews. We analyzed with special interest the meanings that youngsters assign to their experiences in relation with mediatic and civic processes during their leisure time. The results of the study help to know the initiative, motivations and manner of acting that the youngsters of this study have on their ways of socialization in community. Concretely, the aspects allied with the search of pleasure, entertainment, the maintenance of social ties and continuous stimulation uses.
Abstract
The aim of this article is to understand the behaviour of Secondary Education students during their leisure time when using some different virtual spaces. We report a study [...]
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Interactions of Young Andalusian People inside Social Networks
C. Bernal Bravo, F. Angulo Rasco

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2013). Vol. 21, (1), 5

Abstract
Several studies on youth and social networks have generally revealed extensive usage of these Internet services, widespread access from almost any location and the special importance that the youth attach to these services in building their social relations. This article presents part of the analyses and results from a research questionnaire on «Scenarios, digital technologies and youth in Andalusia», administered to a population of 1,487 youth between the ages of 13 and 19. The discussion on young Andalusians and social networks revolves around the structure and configuration of their profiles, intended uses and the privacy and security involved. The results reveal a population with nearly unlimited access to social networks and with very little adult monitoring; moreover, those connecting are younger than the legal minimum age defined by the Internet services themselves. The motivations of Andalusian youth for using social networks fall into three areas. The first two, social and psychological/affective motivations, are also commonly found in other studies; the third refers to the need to use social networks in matters concerning everyday life. This paper suggests certain new aspects in its conclusions in order to explain the nature and meaning of the practices of Andalusian youth in social networks.
Abstract
Several studies on youth and social networks have generally revealed extensive usage of these Internet services, widespread access from almost any location and the special [...]
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