Documents published in 2011 : Scipedia

Methodology, evaluation, simulation and assessment for the analysis of the deployment of DSB and EEIC systems of the FREILOT project Contribution of LET
P. Pluvinet, J. Gonzalez-Feliu, B. d'Arcier, M. Gardrat, P. Basck, C. Ambrosini, J. Routhier

Collection of open reports in transport research (2012). 5

Abstract
This report contains the main contribution of CNRS-LET to the FREILOT project. It is organized in 4 main parts: the first presents the methodological contributions to the evaluation of ICT systems, the second the methodological contribution to the delpoyment assessment and analysis. The other two concern mainly the evaluation results produced by LET and the Cost Benefit Analyses and results made also by LET. Document type: Report
Abstract
This report contains the main contribution of CNRS-LET to the FREILOT project. It is organized in 4 main parts: the first presents the methodological contributions to the [...]
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Hydrogen pipeline compressors annual progress report
G. Fenske, R. Erck

Collection of open reports in transport research (2011). 8

Abstract
The objectives are: (1) develop advanced materials and coatings for hydrogen pipeline compressors; (2) achieve greater reliability, greater efficiency, and lower capital in vestment and maintenance costs in hydrogen pipeline compressors; and (3) research existing and novel hydrogen compression technologies that can improve reliability, eliminate contamination, and reduce cost. Compressors are critical components used in the production and delivery of hydrogen. Current reciprocating compressors used for pipeline delivery of hydrogen are costly, are subject to excessive wear, have poor reliability, and often require the use of lubricants that can contaminate the hydrogen (used in fuel cells). Duplicate compressors may be required to assure availability. The primary objective of this project is to identify, and develop as required, advanced materials and coatings that can achieve the friction, wear, and reliability requirements for dynamically loaded components (seal and bearings) in high-temperature, high-pressure hydrogen environments prototypical of pipeline and forecourt compressor systems. The DOE Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop identified critical needs in the development of advanced hydrogen compressors - notably, the need to minimize moving parts and to address wear through new designs (centrifugal, linear, guided rotor, and electrochemical) and improved compressor materials. The DOE is supporting several compressor design studiesmoreÂ Â» on hydrogen pipeline compression specifically addressing oil-free designs that demonstrate compression in the 0-500 psig to 800-1200 psig range with significant improvements in efficiency, contamination, and reliability/durability. One of the designs by Mohawk Innovative Technologies Inc. (MiTi{reg_sign}) involves using oil-free foil bearings and seals in a centrifual compressor, and MiTi{reg_sign} identified the development of bearings, seals, and oil-free tribological coatings as crucial to the successful development of an advanced compressor. MiTi{reg_sign} and ANL have developed potential coatings for these rigorous applications; however, the performance of these coatings (as well as the nickel-alloy substrates) in high-temperature, high-speed hydrogen environments is unknown at this point.Â«Â le Document type: Report
Abstract
The objectives are: (1) develop advanced materials and coatings for hydrogen pipeline compressors; (2) achieve greater reliability, greater efficiency, and lower capital in [...]
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The effects of simplifying traffic zone and street network systems on the accuracy of traffic assignments in small urban areas in indiana
E. Hanscom, K. Sinha

Collection of open reports in transport research (2011). 7

Abstract
As a part of a detailed study of synthetic travel demand modelling techniques that can be applied to small urban areas (population 50,000 to 250,000), this study concentrated solely on the traffic assignment phase of the modelling process. The study considered the effects of the following factors on the accuracy of traffic assignment: number of traffic zones, use of census tracts as traffic zones, complexity of the network configuration and method of traffic assignment. Transportation network and travel data from two small Indiana urban areas, Lafayette and Anderson, were used. The results indicated that traffic zones, based upon census tract boundaries, and street networks with less detail, can be used without significant reduction in assignment accuracy. For the small urban areas considered in the study 90 internal zones can provide acceptable accuracy in traffic assignment. Document type: Report
Abstract
As a part of a detailed study of synthetic travel demand modelling techniques that can be applied to small urban areas (population 50,000 to 250,000), this study concentrated [...]
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Barranquilla's port: challenges and recomendations
A. Cortés

Collection of open reports in transport research (2011). 4

Abstract
The port of Barranquilla is located on the western margin of the Magdalena River, 22 km before the river mouth at the Caribbean Sea. Nowadays, it is ranked fourth among the biggest ports of the country in terms of cargo volume. Nevertheless, it has problems for navigation throughout his access channel due to the accumulation of the sediments dragged by the discharge of the river, which has caused the port to loss competitiveness in comparison with other deepwater ports of the region like Santa Marta and Cartagena. This problem demonstrates the lack of a policy of maintenance of the access channel that guarantees the entry and exit of large vessels at any time. Even so, the port has a promising future, based on the reactivation of the navigation throughout the Magdalena River. Therefore, the presence of the port of Barranquilla will be key in order to connect inland factories with the Caribbean Sea through the Magdalena River. RESUMEN: El puerto de Barranquilla se encuentra ubicado sobre la margen occidental del rÃo Magdalena, a 22 km de la desembocadura del rÃo en el mar Caribe. En la actualidad, es el cuarto puerto mÃ¡s importante del paÃs por volumen de carga transportada. Sin embargo, presenta problemas para la navegaciÃ³n a lo largo de su canal de acceso por la acumulaciÃ³n de los sedimentos arrastrados por la corriente del rÃo, lo que ha hecho que pierda competitividad frente a otros puertos de aguas profundas como Cartagena y Santa Marta. Este problema evidencia la falta de una polÃtica de mantenimiento del canal que garantice la entrada y salida de grandes embarcaciones al puerto en cualquier momento. AÃºn asÃ, el puerto cuenta con un futuro prometedor, ya que en los prÃ³ximos aÃ±os se planea realizar importantes inversiones para reactivar la navegaciÃ³n por el rÃo Magdalena y el puerto de Barranquilla serÃ¡ la pieza clave para conectar el interior del paÃs con el mar Caribe por medio del rÃo Magdalena. Document type: Report
Abstract
The port of Barranquilla is located on the western margin of the Magdalena River, 22 km before the river mouth at the Caribbean Sea. Nowadays, it is ranked fourth among the [...]
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Blending study for srr salt disposition integration tank 50h scale modeling and computer modeling for blending pump design phase 2
R. Leishear, M. Poirier, M. Fowley

Collection of open reports in transport research (2011). 3

Abstract
The Salt Disposition Integration (SDI) portfolio of projects provides the infrastructure within existing Liquid Waste facilities to support the startup and long term operation of the Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF). Within SDI, the Blend and Feed Project will equip existing waste tanks in the Tank Farms to serve as Blend Tanks where 300,000-800,000 gallons of salt solution will be blended in 1.3 million gallon tanks and qualified for use as feedstock for SWPF. Blending requires the miscible salt solutions from potentially multiple source tanks per batch to be well mixed without disturbing settled sludge solids that may be present in a Blend Tank. Disturbing solids may be problematic both from a feed quality perspective as well as from a process safety perspective where hydrogen release from the sludge is a potential flammability concern. To develop the necessary technical basis for the design and operation of blending equipment, Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) completed scaled blending and transfer pump tests and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. A 94 inch diameter pilot-scale blending tank, including tank internals such as the blending pump, transfer pump, removable cooling coils, and center column, were used in this research. The test tank represents a 1/10.85 scaled version of an 85 foot diameter, Type IIIA, nuclear waste tank that may be typical of Blend Tanks used in SDI. Specifically, Tank 50 was selected as the tank to be modeled per the SRR, Project Engineering Manager. SRNL blending tests investigated various fixed position, non-rotating, dual nozzle pump designs, including a blending pump model provided by the blend pump vendor, Curtiss Wright (CW). Primary research goals were to assess blending times and to evaluate incipient sludge disturbance for waste tanks. Incipient sludge disturbance was defined by SRR and SRNL as minor blending of settled sludge from the tank bottom into suspension due to blending pump operation, where the sludge level was shown to remain constant. To experimentally model the sludge layer, a very thin, pourable, sludge simulant was conservatively used for all testing. To experimentally model the liquid, supernate layer above the sludge in waste tanks, two salt solution simulants were used, which provided a bounding range of supernate properties. One solution was water (H{sub 2}O + NaOH), and the other was an inhibited, more viscous salt solution. The research performed and data obtained significantly advances the understanding of fluid mechanics, mixing theory and CFD modeling for nuclear waste tanks by benchmarking CFD results to actual experimental data. This research significantly bridges the gap between previous CFD models and actual field experiences in real waste tanks. A finding of the 2009, DOE, Slurry Retrieval, Pipeline Transport and Plugging, and Mixing Workshop was that CFD models were inadequate to assess blending processes in nuclear waste tanks. One recommendation from that Workshop was that a validation, or bench marking program be performed for CFD modeling versus experiment. This research provided experimental data to validate and correct CFD models as they apply to mixing and blending in nuclear waste tanks. Extensive SDI research was a significant step toward bench marking and applying CFD modeling. This research showed that CFD models not only agreed with experiment, but demonstrated that the large variance in actual experimental data accounts for misunderstood discrepancies between CFD models and experiments. Having documented this finding, SRNL was able to provide correction factors to be used with CFD models to statistically bound full scale CFD results. Through the use of pilot scale tests performed for both types of pumps and available engineering literature, SRNL demonstrated how to effectively apply CFD results to salt batch mixing in full scale waste tanks. In other words, CFD models were in error prior to development of experimental correction factors determined during this research, which provided a technique to use CFD models for salt batch mixing and transfer pump operations. This major scientific advance in mixing technology resulted in multi-million dollar cost savings to SRR. New techniques were developed for both experiment and analysis to complete this research. Supporting this success, research findings are summarized in the Conclusions section of this report, and technical recommendations for design and operation are included in this section of the report. Document type: Report
Abstract
The Salt Disposition Integration (SDI) portfolio of projects provides the infrastructure within existing Liquid Waste facilities to support the startup and long term operation [...]
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Information propagation speed versus transport capacity in mobile ad hoc wireless networks
P. Jacquet

Collection of open reports in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 2

Abstract
We give an estimate of an upper bound of information propagation speed as a function of a targeted transport capacity density. The propagation speed depends on the density of simultaneous emitters and the node mobility model. We assume that nodes move according to an independent random walk. This work makes the junction between the work of Gupta and Kumar~(2000) and Grossglauser and Tse~(2002). We show that the information speed tends to zero when the transport capacity tends to infinity. We compare our result to the performance of an actual protocol based on angle determination.; Nous donnons une borne supérieure de la vitesse de propagation en fonction d'une capacité de transport ciblée. La vitesse de propagation dépend de la densité des émetteurs et de la mobilité des postes. Nous supposons fait la jonction entre les travaux de Gupta et Kumar (2000) et ceux de Grossglauser et Tse (2002). Nous montrons que la vitesse de propagation tend vers zero quand la capacité de transport tend vers l'infini. Nous comparons avec les performances d'un algorithme réaliste basé sur des angles. Document type: Report
Abstract
We give an estimate of an upper bound of information propagation speed as a function of a targeted transport capacity density. The propagation speed depends on the density [...]
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Scalable internet architecture supporting quality of service qos
P. Nanda, X. He

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 92

Abstract
The evolution of Internet and its successful technologies has brought a tremendous growth in business, education, research etc. over the last four decades. With the dramatic advances in multimedia technologies and the increasing popularity of real-time applications, recently Quality of Service (QoS) support in the Internet has been in great demand. Deployment of such applications over the Internet in recent years, and the trend to manage them efficiently with a desired QoS in mind, researchers have been trying for a major shift from its Best Effort (BE) model to a service oriented model. Such efforts have resulted in Integrated Services (Intserv), Differentiated Services (Diffserv), Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), Policy Based Networking (PBN) and many more technologies. But the reality is that such models have been implemented only in certain areas in the Internet not everywhere and many of them also faces scalability problem while dealing with huge number of traffic flows with varied priority levels in the Internet. As a result, an architecture addressing scalability problem and satisfying end-to-end QoS still remains a big issue in the Internet. In this chapter the authors propose a policy based architecture which they believe can achieve scalability while offering end to end QoS in the Internet. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The evolution of Internet and its successful technologies has brought a tremendous growth in business, education, research etc. over the last four decades. With the dramatic [...]
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Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Systems with Respect to Sustainable Energy:Focus on Electric Drive Vehicles
N. Juul, J. Clausen, D. Pisinger, P. Meibom

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 91

Abstract
Climate change and CO2 emissions is an important issue on the agenda of many politicians. Trying to decrease CO2 emissions, influences transportation, power production, etc. The power system is characterised by an increasing amount of renewables, with one of the most expanding renewable power sources being wind. Wind energy is fluctuating by nature, calling for increasing flexibility elsewhere in the energy system. For Denmark, hydro power from Norway help stabilizing the system, as does export of excess wind to Germany, although the latter is decreasing in use because of large correlations between high wind production in northern Germany and western Denmark. To decrease CO2 emissions through a decrease in the use of fossil fuelled plants, along with an increase the amount of renewable energy, the power system needs more flexibility such as flexible demands, storage etc. Flexibility could also come from the road transport system. Counting for 24% of the CO2 emissions in Denmark in 2009, the road transport system needs to move towards, e.g. electric drive vehicles. However, the electric drive vehicles are also demanding electricity from the power system. This brings both challenges and opportunities to the power system. One challenge is, that intelligence is needed unless peak-load is to increase drastically. With intelligent charging of the vehicles, though, the electric drive vehicles can be of great benefit providing flexible demand and charging at night time, instead of being regarded as yet another load and challenge for the energy system. Furthermore, discharging of vehicles can provide services to the power system. The batteries in the electric drive vehicles are batteries invested in anyway. Hence, why not use these actively for cheap storage by the energy system? Furthermore, the use of vehicles are opposite to the remaining demand for energy; e.g. while people are making dinner their vehicles will often be parked, being able to deliver back-up power - again, a great opportunity for the power system. In this PhD project I have focussed on modelling and analysis of a future integrated transport and power system. An integrated power and transport system enables analyses of the interactions between different parts of the energy system. The object of interest is an optimal configuration of an integrated power and transport system as well as I will be focussing on the drawbacks and benefits for the power system incorporating an electrified transport system. I have performed analyses in terms of integrating more renewable energy, for both Denmark as an isolated system and for the northern European countries including Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Germany. The analyses are performed using the deterministic energy systems analysis model, Balmorel. Furthermore, analyses have been made for the Irish power system on the influence of introducing electric drive vehicles in a predefined power system, using the stochastic energy systems analysis model, Wilmar. Interesting is, that it turns out to be most profitable to invest in enough wind to more than cover the electrified transport in Denmark. This holds, both when modelling Denmark as an isolated country, and when including the interactions between the Nordic countries. Furthermore, analyses show that fuel cell electric vehicles are not yet ready for competing with the other vehicle types. This is, among other things, due the technologies not being cheap enough, thus, the development is not expected to have reached a competitive stage. Another interesting finding is the results showing that it is beneficial for Ireland to have electric drive vehicles in terms of both costs and CO2 emissions. However, introducing the electric drive vehicles in Ireland, imply an increase in both costs and CO2 in the Great British side, as most of the power for the vehicles is produced on British coal power plants. Thus, focusing nationally, Ireland should invest in the electric drive vehicles, although, on an international level, the investments are costly. Document type: Book
Abstract
Climate change and CO2 emissions is an important issue on the agenda of many politicians. Trying to decrease CO2 emissions, influences transportation, power production, etc. [...]
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Interoperability Among Heterogeneous Networks for Future Aeronautical Communications
K. Xu, P. Pillai, Y. Fun, M. Ali

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 90

Abstract
Air traffic in Europe is expected to double by 2025 according to the last forecast of EUROCONTROL, with an average growth of 2.7%-3.7% per year. On a worldwide basis, the number of passengers is expected to grow by 4.5% per year over the same timeframe. Future passenger and freight fleets will bring higher efficiency and improved environmental performance, and will allow people all around the world to benefit from the essential connections that only air transport can deliver. (European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation [EUROCONTROL], 2006) Till recently Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN) communications predominantly across continental regions used narrowband Very High Frequency (VHF) voice systems along with digital data links like the VHF Digital Link (VDL) Mode 2 (ICAO, 2001) and Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) (ARINC, 2011). Such narrowband air-ground data link technologies have several limitations like the susceptibility to access collisions, lack of data prioritization mechanism at the sub-network level and also the vulnerability of jamming in narrowband communication channels. Hence, other High Frequency (HF) radio link technology like the ARINC GLOBALink (Homans, 2002) and also satellite based system like the INMARSAT SwiftBroadband systems have been used to provide voice and data communications between the aircraft and the ground control centres (EUROCONTROL, 2006). A detailed study on the various communications systems suitable for Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems was carried out by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and EUROCONTROL with the support of NASA (NASA, 2005). It highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of the various communications systems and showed that it is important for the future ATN communication systems to provide fast, high-speed and high-data rate reliable communications not only between the aircraft and ground infrastructure but also between airplanes directly. Hence it is envisaged that in order to provide the most efficient form of reliable ATM communications, different heterogeneous networks need to be adopted. It is also envisaged that future aeronautical communication systems would be able to simultaneously operate the different radio communication technologies. The different technologies will provide various advantages and provide the flexibility to the system to provide very high reliability. Hence different data i.e. Air Traffic Service (ATS), Airline Operation Centre (AOC), Airline Administrative Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Air traffic in Europe is expected to double by 2025 according to the last forecast of EUROCONTROL, with an average growth of 2.7%-3.7% per year. On a worldwide basis, the [...]
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Dealing with known unknowns towards a game theoretic foundation for software requirement evolution
L. Tran, F. Massacci

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 88

Abstract
Requirement evolution has drawn a lot of attention from the community with a major focus on management and consistency of requirements. Here, we tackle the fundamental, albeit less explored, alternative of modeling the future evolution of requirements.\r \r Our approach is based on the explicit representation of controllable evolutions vs observable evolutions, which can only be estimated with a certain probability. Since classical interpretations of probability do not suit well the characteristics of software design, we introduce a game-theoretic approach to give an explanation to the semantic behind probabilities. Based on this approach we also introduce quantitative metrics to support the choice among evolution-resilient solutions for the system-to-be.\r \r To illustrate and show the applicability of our work, we present and discuss examples taken from a concrete case study (the security of the SWIM system in Air Traffic Management). Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Requirement evolution has drawn a lot of attention from the community with a major focus on management and consistency of requirements. Here, we tackle the fundamental, albeit [...]
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Results Readiness in Social Protection and Labor Operations
L. Rawlings, M. Honorati, G. Rubio, J. Domelen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 86

Abstract
The main focus of the social protection and labor portfolio is on strengthening client's institutional capacity in the design and implementation of programs, but projects are not well equipped to track progress in this area. Correspondingly, there is a need to strengthen approaches to measuring and monitoring a 'missing middle' of service delivery, precisely those areas for which counterpart institutions are responsible during the course of a project. In particular, better measures of the primary functions of social protection and labor agencies are needed, such as identifying and enrolling beneficiaries, targeting, payment systems, fraud and error control, performance monitoring of service delivery providers, responsiveness to citizens, transparency, efficiency, management information systems and monitoring and evaluation systems. New World Bank initiatives particularly standard core indicators by sector and the introduction of results based investment lending call for substantial improvements in the use of monitoring and evaluation (M&E). Impact evaluations are included in about half of projects and should continue to be used selectively and strategically, particularly when the program is innovative, replicable and/ or scalable to reach a broader set of beneficiaries, addresses a knowledge gap and is likely to have a substantial policy impact. Structuring evaluations around core themes with common outcome measures is fundamental to building a global knowledge base on development effectiveness. Document type: Book
Abstract
The main focus of the social protection and labor portfolio is on strengthening client's institutional capacity in the design and implementation of programs, but projects [...]
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Flow Allocation Algorithms for Traffic Engineering
M. Kato, H. Hida, K. Kawahara, Y. Oie

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 84

Abstract
The objective of traffic engineering (TE) is to optimize network resources, while satisfying traffic-oriented performance requirements. As a technology for TE, we focus on a method by which to avoid congestion on some links and balance the traffic load over the network. Given a traffic matrix representing traffic demands, we allocate their traffic flows over the network. In this paper, we propose a number of flow allocation algorithms for TE in ISP backbone networks. As an objective function, we employ the maximum link utilization. We then evaluate the effect of the proposed algorithms with respect to load balancing and compare the performance of these algorithms. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The objective of traffic engineering (TE) is to optimize network resources, while satisfying traffic-oriented performance requirements. As a technology for TE, we focus on [...]
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How a fast lane may replace a congestion toll
M. Fosgerau

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 83

Abstract
This paper considers a congested bottleneck. A fast lane reserves a more than proportional share of capacity to a designated group of travellers. Travellers are otherwise identical and other travellers can use the reserved capacity when it would otherwise be idle. The paper shows that such a fast lane is always Pareto improving under Nash equilibrium in arrival times at the bottleneck and inelastic demand. It can replicate the arrival schedule and queueing outcomes of a toll that optimally charges a constant toll during part of the demand peak. Within some bounds, the fast lane scheme is still welfare improving when demand is elastic. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper considers a congested bottleneck. A fast lane reserves a more than proportional share of capacity to a designated group of travellers. Travellers are otherwise [...]
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Effective regulatory institutions for air transport
H. Niemeier

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 82

Abstract
The heated debate on the regulatory framework for airports has highlighted the importance of creating good institutions for air transport in general. This paper defines the concept of effective regulatory institutions for air transport. It also describes the value chain for air transport and how the state intervenes with what type of regulatory institution. The paper concludes by highlighting the institutional reforms necessary to make regulation effective. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The heated debate on the regulatory framework for airports has highlighted the importance of creating good institutions for air transport in general. This paper defines the [...]
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Implementation of quality of service in voip
I. Bose

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 81

Abstract
Today, Internet technologies have pervaded every corner of our society. More and more people are benefiting from the Internet in one way or the other. One of the current Internet technologies that may benefit us greatly is voice over Internet protocol (VoIP). According to Hardy (2003, p. 2), VoIP is the interactive voice exchange capability carried over packet-switched transport employing the Internet protocol. With VoIP technology, one can call anyone in this world at a lower cost, compared to traditional telephone systems. However, VoIP technology has one significant drawback. It has a low degree of reliability. From experimental results it is known that VoIP can achieve only 98% reliability. The service down time per year for VoIP is almost 20 working days (175 hours). For most companies and government organizations, such a degree of reliability is unacceptable since the traditional telephone system can achieve 99.999% reliability with a service down time of only five minutes per year (Kos, Klepec, & Tomaxic, 2005). As a result, quality of service (QoS) is an important concept for VoIP. Using QoS, VoIP may be able to overcome its limitation in reliability. QoS is often defined as the capability to provide resource assurance and service differentiation in a network. The definition includes two important termsresource assurance and service differentiation. Resource assurance provides a guarantee about the amount of network resources requested by the user. On the other hand, service differentiation provides higher priority of getting network resources to those applications that have critical latency constraints. Given the importance of low latency for voice communication, it is not difficult to predict that QoS will assume greater importance in the VoIP industry as this technology gains popularity in the mass market. It is reported that VoIP is aggressively growing, and this growth is expected to continue in the coming years. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Today, Internet technologies have pervaded every corner of our society. More and more people are benefiting from the Internet in one way or the other. One of the current Internet [...]
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The Effect of Congestion Frequency and Saturation on Coordinated Traffic Routing
M. Smith, R. Mailler

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 80

Abstract
Traffic congestion is a widespread epidemic that continually wreaks havoc in urban areas. Traffic jams, car wrecks, construction delays, and other causes of congestion, can turn even the biggest highways into a parking lot. Several congestion mitigation strategies are being studied, many focusing on micro-simulation of traffic to determine how modifying road structures will affect the flow of traffic and the networking perspective of vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Vehicle routing on a network of roads and intersections can be modeled as a distributed constraint optimization problem and solved using a range of centralized to decentralized techniques. In this paper, we present a constraint optimization model of a traffic routing problem. We produce congestion data using a sinusoidal wave pattern and vary its amplitude (saturation) and frequency (vehicle waves through a given intersection). Through empirical evaluation, we show how a centralized and decentralized solution each react to unknown congestion information that occurs after the initial route planning period. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Traffic congestion is a widespread epidemic that continually wreaks havoc in urban areas. Traffic jams, car wrecks, construction delays, and other causes of congestion, can [...]
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Nigeria 2011
G. Iarossi, G. Clarke

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 79

Abstract
This investment climate analysis reviews the experiences of over 3000 surveyed business owners in 26 states of Nigeria about the aspects of the business climate that affect their businesses. It complements a similar study in 2007 that covered 11 other Nigerian states. The survey asks business owners about both their perceptions and the actual costs of selected constraints. The analysis benchmarks Nigeria against comparator countries, and provides detailed data for each state. Nigerian firms have low productivity, as measured by their output in relation to their labor and capital inputs. Firms in Kenya are about 40 percent more efficient, firms in Russia almost twice as productive, and firms in South Africa almost four times as productive. Nigerian firms that export are about 90 percent more productive than non-exporters. Although labor in Nigeria is inexpensive, it is not inexpensive enough to compensate for this low productivity. The poor performance of Nigerian firms reflects many factors. This study focuses on constraints in the business climate and the serious costs they impose on Nigerian firms. Taken together, the total indirect costs of poor quality infrastructure, crime and security, and corruption amount to over 10 percent of sales for Nigerian firms. This is twice as high as in South Africa, Brazil, Russia and Indonesia. Microenterprises firms with fewer than five workers face similar constraints as larger firm's unreliable power, limited access to finance, corruption, and transportation bottlenecks. But the consequences for their businesses are far more severe. For instance, most microenterprises cannot afford generators, so power outages are more likely to shut down their operation. Lacking collateral, almost no microenterprises have access to formal external financing. Document type: Book
Abstract
This investment climate analysis reviews the experiences of over 3000 surveyed business owners in 26 states of Nigeria about the aspects of the business climate that affect [...]
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The Republic of Congo's Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective
N. Pushak, C. Briceno-Garmendia

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 78

Abstract
Upgrading infrastructure plays a critical role in the Republic of Congo's quest to diversify its economy and reduce poverty. It is also an important source of growth on its own. A cross-country statistical analysis conducted for this report shows that infrastructure contributed one-half of one percentage point to the Republic of Congo's per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth annually from 2001 to 2006. However, if the country's infrastructure could be improved to the level seen in Mauritius, the leading country in Sub-Saharan Africa, it could contribute more than 3 percentage points to annual per capita growth. The Republic of Congo's power infrastructure is inadequate and inefficiently operated. The country lags well behind peer countries in generation capacity and electrification. The parts of the population not served by the grid face exorbitant costs. The government has responded to these issues with an ambitious investment plan. However, if new assets are to operate effectively, major inefficiencies in the power utility will also need to be addressed. The utility's transmission and distribution losses are 47 percent, more than double best-practice benchmarks, while the cost of overstaffing is 30 percent of utility revenue. Tariffs recover barely half the cost of service provision, even though full cost recovery will be affordable to the population. In the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, the Republic of Congo has made good progress in developing its mobile telephony market in recent years, with high levels of signal coverage. The cost of international connectivity is currently high, but it should fall once the country connects to the international submarine cable and completes its domestic fiber optic network. On the other hand, the physically dilapidated and financially depleted condition of the fixed-line telephone operator is becoming a constraint to raising Internet penetration. The Republic of Congo performs relatively well on service coverage in the water and sanitation sector. The country's access statistics are substantially ahead of those in its peer group, particularly with regard to piped water, stand-posts, and improved latrines. However, access to services is much greater in urban areas than in rural areas. Furthermore, under-pricing of water has hurt the financial soundness of the water utility, even though analysis suggests that cost recovery tariffs would be affordable to consumers. Document type: Book
Abstract
Upgrading infrastructure plays a critical role in the Republic of Congo's quest to diversify its economy and reduce poverty. It is also an important source of growth on its [...]
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Using Provenance to Support Good Laboratory Practice in Grid Environments
M. Ney, G. Kloss, A. Schreiber

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 77

Abstract
Conducting experiments and documenting results is daily business of scientists. Good and traceable documentation enables other scientists to confirm procedures and results for increased credibility. Documentation and scientific conduct are regulated and termed as "good laboratory practice." Laboratory notebooks are used to record each step in conducting an experiment and processing data. Originally, these notebooks were paper based. Due to computerised research systems, acquired data became more elaborate, thus increasing the need for electronic notebooks with data storage, computational features and reliable electronic documentation. As a new approach to this, a scientific data management system (DataFinder) is enhanced with features for traceable documentation. Provenance recording is used to meet requirements of traceability, and this information can later be queried for further analysis. DataFinder has further important features for scientific documentation: It employs a heterogeneous and distributed data storage concept. This enables access to different types of data storage systems (e. g. Grid data infrastructure, file servers). In this chapter we describe a number of building blocks that are available or close to finished development. These components are intended for assembling an electronic laboratory notebook for use in Grid environments, while retaining maximal flexibility on usage scenarios as well as maximal compatibility overlap towards each other. Through the usage of such a system, provenance can successfully be used to trace the scientific workflow of preparation, execution, evaluation, interpretation and archiving of research data. The reliability of research results increases and the research process remains transparent to remote research partners. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Conducting experiments and documenting results is daily business of scientists. Good and traceable documentation enables other scientists to confirm procedures and results [...]
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Niger s infrastructure a continental perspective
C. Domínguez-Torres, V. Foster

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 75

Abstract
Between 2000 and 2005 infrastructure made a net contribution of only 0.3 percentage points to the improved per capita growth performance of Niger, one of the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries (MICs) could boost annual growth by about 4.5 percentage points, mainly by improving the condition of the road network. Niger has made significant progress in some areas of its infrastructure. Important reforms liberalizing the water supply and information and communication technology (ICT) sectors have boosted performance. In particular, reforms in urban water are among the most promising on the continent. Increased competition in the ICT market has contributed to the rapid expansion of mobile services. NIGELEC, the national power utility, has enhanced its performance. The Nigerien portions of regional corridors are in relatively good or fair condition. Air transport connectivity has improved. Niger has the potential to close this funding gap by tapping alternate sources of financing or adopting lower-cost technologies. There is plenty of room for private sector participation in Niger's infrastructure sectors, in particular ICT. Meanwhile, the adoption of alternate lower-cost technologies in the water supply, power, and road sectors would reduce the financing gap by almost a half ($219 million). Document type: Book
Abstract
Between 2000 and 2005 infrastructure made a net contribution of only 0.3 percentage points to the improved per capita growth performance of Niger, one of the lowest in Sub-Saharan [...]
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Eco methodology for urban and transport planning for the future eco technology
H. Knoflacher, E. Ocalir

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 74

Abstract
This study gives the reasons and basics of a new approach which adopts eco-technologies to urban and transport planning. In this chapter, in the case of urban and transport planning, based on research findings about human behaviour in the artificial and technical modified environment, the discrepancy between assumptions and real system behaviour is demonstrated. This gives the framework not only to improve urban structures and the transport system, but also to select (eco) technologies which are needed to solve existing problems and to develop agreeable technologies for the future. The study criticizes the use of technology in creating vulnerable urban structures instead of sustainable ones focusing mostly on the last 150 years, when the availability of cheap fossil fuels for use of new transport modes and for heating and cooling has changed urban life. The resulting part is the introduction of a new methodology which uses eco technologies in urban and transport planning with some success stories. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This study gives the reasons and basics of a new approach which adopts eco-technologies to urban and transport planning. In this chapter, in the case of urban and transport [...]
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Hazardous materials transportation
E. Erkut, V. Verter, S. Tjandra

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 73

Abstract
This chapter describes how the U.S. Department of Transportation (US DOT) defines a hazardous material as any substance or material capable of causing harm to people, property, and the environment. Dependence on hazardous materials is a fact of life in industrialized societies. There are thousands of different hazardous materials in use today. The United Nations sorts hazardous materials into nine classes according to their physical, chemical, and nuclear properties: explosives and pyrotechnics; gases; flammable and combustible liquids; flammable, combustible, and dangerous-when-wet solids; oxidizers and organic peroxides; poisonous and infectious materials; radioactive materials; corrosive materials; and miscellaneous dangerous goods, such as hazardous wastes. This first section of the chapter describes how the transportation of hazmats can be classified according to the mode of transport, namely; road, rail, water, air, and pipeline. The next section offers a high-level view of hazmat logistics literature. Section 3 contains a treatment of risk, the main ingredient of hazmat logistics problems that separate them from other logistics problems and section 4 deals with hazmat routing and scheduling problems. Section 5 focuses on models that combine undesirable facility location and hazmat transportation. The final section offers a critique of the existing literature and suggests directions for future research. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This chapter describes how the U.S. Department of Transportation (US DOT) defines a hazardous material as any substance or material capable of causing harm to people, property, [...]
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Development of a cost model for intermodal transport in Spain
J. Muñuzuri

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 71

Abstract
For several years, the promotion of intermodal transport has been a priority for the Spanish and European authorities (Cuerda et al., 2003; Conseil National des Transports [CNT], 2005) but the importance and the recent growth of rail transport in Spain is extremely small compared to road transport. This is more so in the case of small and medium-size companies shipping general (non-bulk) cargo, which almost exclusively use the road (Ministerio de Fomento, 2004). The establishment of a network of intermodal freight transport centres connected to the main railway lines and close to the main cities is viewed as an opportunity for the modal shift, and also the establishment of relevant intermodal corridors dedicated to specific freight purposes (ore, agricultural products), to be defined at a European level, should improve the overall figures. But nevertheless, there is the feeling in Spain that more attention should be given to general traffic issues, facing the needs of the great amount of small companies moving small amounts of freight, but with an enormous aggregate effect. Thus the strategic objectives of our work lie within the rationalization of mobility and the improvement of intermodal accessibility. They concentrate on establishing the basis for a higher participation of small and medium-size companies in intermodal transport by analyzing the specific experiences of an individual transport company, based in the city of Seville, seeking an enhancement of the modal shift within its logistic operations. This work is organized as follows: In section 2 we describe the role of intermodal transport in the supply chain. In Section 3 we list the actors involved in all phases of intermodal transport to then show the decision-making model for each one of these actors. In Section 4 we apply this model to the case of a transport company based in the South of Spain, describing all the shipment and cost data. Finally, in section 6 we explain our conclusions drawn from the decision making model in general and in particular for the case-study company, and analyze the effect of additional factors (other than cost) in the decision-making process with respect to intermodal transport. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
For several years, the promotion of intermodal transport has been a priority for the Spanish and European authorities (Cuerda et al., 2003; Conseil National des Transports [...]
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Logistics Costs and Competitiveness : Measurement and Trade Policy Applications
B. Shepherd

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 70

Abstract
This paper examines the issue of measuring logistics costs from an applied trade policy research perspective, as well as identifying logistics-intensive sectors. It focuses on currently available data at the macro-and firm-levels. This paper has two main aims. First, it provides a first overview of currently available data relevant to logistics, and suggests some preliminary applications. The second objective of this paper is to frame the issue of logistics cost measurement and data collection in terms of the types of inputs needed for applied trade policy research. The paper is organized as follows. The next section presents an overview of possible directions in applied trade policy research using logistics data. Section three examines existing data sources that can be used to measure domestic logistics costs, focusing on the national accounts, input-output tables, price comparisons, and firm-level data. Section four presents a new methodology for measuring international trade costs, and identifies the proportion of those costs due to logistics. Section five uses input-output data to identify logistics-intensive sectors in a range of countries. Section six concludes. This paper has explored a number of different data sources and methodologies in an effort to move forward on the analysis of logistics costs from a trade policy research perspective. In the future, it will be important to distinguish between data collection efforts that are industry-driven-such as estimates of total logistics costs in Gross Domestic Product (GDP)-and those that are research-driven. Moving further in this direction will help fuel research that identifies sectors in particular countries that are most sensitive to improvements in logistics performance, and which therefore will tend to expand relative to other sectors in the face of logistics sector reforms. From a policy and political economy point of view, it will be important to identify such sectors and make them aware of the potential role logistics can play in facilitating their growth. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper examines the issue of measuring logistics costs from an applied trade policy research perspective, as well as identifying logistics-intensive sectors. It focuses [...]
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Balancing by preflex congestion aware traffic engineering
. João, . Araújo, R. Clegg, I. Grandi, M. Rio, G. Pavlou

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 69

Abstract
Part 3: Resource Allocation; International audience; There has long been a need for a robust and reliable system which distributes traffic across multiple paths. In particular such a system must rarely reorder packets, must not require per-flow state, must cope with different paths having different bandwidths and must be self-tuning in a variety of network contexts. PREFLEX, proposed herein, uses estimates of loss rate to balance congestion. This paper describes a method of automatically adjusting how PREFLEX will split traffic in order to balance loss across multiple paths in a variety of network conditions.Equations are derived for the automatic tuning of the time scale and traffic split at a decision point. The algorithms described allow the load balancer to self-tune to network conditions. The calculations are simple and do not place a large burden on a router which would implement the algorithm. The algorithm is evaluated by simulation using ns-3 and is shown to perform well under a variety of circumstances. The resulting adaptive, end-to-end traffic balancing architecture provides the necessary framework to meet the increasing demands of users while simultaneously offering edge networks more fine-grained control at far shorter timescales. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Part 3: Resource Allocation; International audience; There has long been a need for a robust and reliable system which distributes traffic across multiple paths. In particular [...]
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Interface Layers Detection in Oil Field Tanks: A Critical Review
M. Meribout, A. Al, K. Al

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 68

Abstract
An emulsion layer is a mixture of two or more liquids in which one of them the dispersed phase, is present as droplets of microscopic size, distributed throughout the other, called continuous phase. The existence of such layer between oil and water is due to the crude properties, and contaminants such as asphaltenes and resins. A measurement system to determine the boundaries of this emulsion in a modern oil production field is necessary to extract the pure single phase liquids [1, 2, 3]. This would for instance reduce the usage of expensive two phase flow meters and avoid the installation of additional tank separators along the upstream oil pipeline. In addition, this would help collecting accurate daily oil production statistics from each oil station. One widely deployed solution consists to inject chemical substances to completely eliminate the emulsion layer and leave only a crisp oilwater interface which can then be detected relatively much more easier. However, this approach is costly, not environmental friendly, and leads to a significant increase of the retention time in the separator. This book chapter provides a survey on electronic-basedtechniques which are capable to measure the high and low boundaries of the emulsion layer in real-time. It then describes in more details a new ultrasonic-based device along with the experimental results it could provide. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
An emulsion layer is a mixture of two or more liquids in which one of them the dispersed phase, is present as droplets of microscopic size, distributed throughout the other, [...]
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Is it what you inherited or what you learnt intergenerational linkage and interpersonal inequality in senegal
S. Lambert, M. Ravallion, D. van de Walle

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 67

Abstract
Institutional features of the African setting -- large extended families and imperfect credit and land markets -- matter to the equity and efficiency roles played by intergenerational linkages. Using original survey data on Senegal that include an individualized measure of consumption, this paper studies the role played by land inheritance, other bequests and parental background as influences on an adult's economic welfare and economic activities. Although intergenerational linkages are evident, the analysis finds a seemingly high degree of mobility across generations, associated with the shift from farm to non-farm sectors and the greater economic activity of women. Male-dominated bequests of land and housing bring little gain to mean consumption and play little role in explaining inequality, although they have effects on the sector of activity. Inheritance of non-land assets and the education and occupation of parents (especially the mother) and their choices about children's schooling are more important to adult welfare than property inheritance. Significant gender inequality in consumption is evident, although it is almost entirely explicable in terms of factors such as education and (non-land) inheritance. There are a number of other pronounced gender differences, with intergenerational linkages coming through the mother rather than the father. Document type: Book
Abstract
Institutional features of the African setting -- large extended families and imperfect credit and land markets -- matter to the equity and efficiency roles played by intergenerational [...]
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Ghana's Infrastructure : A Continental Perspective
V. Foster, N. Pushak

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 66

Abstract
Infrastructure contributed just over one percentage point to Ghana's improved per capita growth performance during the 2000s, though unreliable power supplies held growth back by 0.5 percentage points. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could boost annual growth by more than 2.7 percentage points. Today, Ghana has a very advanced infrastructure platform when compared with other low-income countries in Africa. But as the country approaches the middle-income threshold, it will need to focus on upgrading its infrastructure indicators in line with this benchmark. The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) has gathered and analyzed extensive data on infrastructure in more than 40 Sub-Saharan countries, including Ghana. The results have been presented in reports covering different areas of infrastructure, including ICT, irrigation, power, transport, water, and sanitation, and different policy areas, including investment needs, fiscal costs, and sector performance. This report presents the key AICD findings for Ghana and allows the country's infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against its African peers. Given that Ghana is a relatively well-off low-income country well on its way to reaching middle-income status, two sets of African benchmarks will be used to evaluate Ghana's situation. Detailed comparisons will also be made with immediate regional neighbors in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). As on the rest of the continent, West Africa's growth performance improved markedly in the 2000s. The overall improvement in per capita growth rates has been estimated at around 2 percent, of which 1.1 percent is attributable to better structural policies and 0.9 percent to improved infrastructure. During the five years from 2003 to 2007, Ghana's economy grew at an average annual rate of 5.6 percent, which accelerated to 7.3 percent in 2009. Ghana's infrastructure improvements added just over one percentage point to the per capita growth rate for the period 2003 to 2007. Document type: Book
Abstract
Infrastructure contributed just over one percentage point to Ghana's improved per capita growth performance during the 2000s, though unreliable power supplies held growth [...]
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Stochastic traffic engineering for live audio/video delivering over energy-limited wireless access networks
N. Cordeschi, T. Patriarca, E. Baccarelli

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 65

Abstract
Part 4: Energy Efficiency International audience We study the Stochastic Traffic Engineering (STE) problem arising from the support of QoS-demanding live (e.g., real time) audio/video applications over unreliable IP-over-wireless access pipes. First, we recast the problem to be tackled in the form of a suitable nonlinear stochastic optimization problem, and then we develop a goodput analysis for the resulting IP-over-wireless pipe that points out the relative effects of fading-induced errors and congestion-induced packets losses. Second, we present an optimal resource-management policy that allows a joint scheduling of playin, transmit and playout rates. Salient features of the developed joint scheduling policy are that: i) it is self-adaptive; and, ii) it is able to implement reliable Constant Bit Rate (CBR) connections on the top of unreliable energy-limited wireless pipes. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Part 4: Energy Efficiency International audience We study the Stochastic Traffic Engineering (STE) problem arising from the support of QoS-demanding live (e.g., real time) [...]
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Harbour Light. Port and transport related EU policy and regulations: The professionals' guide
J. Merckx, D. Neyts, O. Rosier, P. Verhoeven

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2012). Vol. 2012, 36

Abstract
Document type: Book
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Plug and play transport chain management agent based support to the planning and execution of transports
P. Davidsson, J. Holmgren, J. Persson, A. Jacobsson

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 64

Abstract
A novel approach to efficiently plan and execute effective transport solutions is presented. It provides agent-based support for key tasks, such as, finding the best sequence of transport services for a particular goods transport, monitoring the execution of the transport, as well as the interaction between the involved actors. The approach is based on the FREIGHTWISE framework in which a minimal set of information packages is defined. The purpose is to capture all the information that needs to be communicated between the actors involved in a transport, such as, transport users, transport providers, and infrastructure managers, during the complete process from planning to termination. The approach is inspired by the concepts of virtual enterprises and breeding environments. We analyse the requirements of such an approach and describe a multi-agent system architecture meeting these requirements. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
A novel approach to efficiently plan and execute effective transport solutions is presented. It provides agent-based support for key tasks, such as, finding the best sequence [...]
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Live and work in North Denmark:Expat Survey 2012
S. Christensen, H. Pristed Nielsen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2012). Vol. 2012, 30

Abstract
This report is based on a survey among Expats in North Denmark, and was carried out in collaboration with 'Velkomstcentre - live and work in North Denmark'. It includes findings about the backgrounds of the Expats, their motives for coming to the region and their perceptions of the region before and after moving to North Denmark. Document type: Book
Abstract
This report is based on a survey among Expats in North Denmark, and was carried out in collaboration with 'Velkomstcentre - live and work in North Denmark'. It includes findings [...]
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Dataflow and remapping for wavelet compression and view dependent optimization of billion triangle isosurfaces
M. Duchaineau, S. Porumbescu, M. Bertram, B. Hamann, K. Joy

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 61

Abstract
Currently, large physics simulations produce 3D discretized field data whose individual isosurfaces, after conventional extraction processes, contain upwards of hundreds of millions of triangles. Detailed interactive viewing of these surfaces requires (a) powerful compression to minimize storage, and (b) fast view-dependent optimization of display triangulations to most effectively utilize high-performance graphics hardware. In this work, we introduce the first end-to-end multiresolution dataflow strategy that can effectively combine the top performing subdivision-surface wavelet compression and view-dependent optimization methods, thus increasing efficiency by several orders of magnitude over conventional processing pipelines. In addition to the general development and analysis of the dataflow, we present new algorithms at two steps in the pipeline that provide the glue that makes an integrated large-scale data visualization approach possible. A shrink-wrapping step converts highly detailed unstructured surfaces of arbitrary topology to the semi-structured meshes needed for wavelet compression. Remapping to triangle bintrees minimizes disturbing pops during realtime displaytriangulation optimization and provides effective selective-transmission compression for out-of-core and remote access to extremely large surfaces. Overall, this is the first effort to exploit semi-structured surface representations for a complete large-data visualization pipeline. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Currently, large physics simulations produce 3D discretized field data whose individual isosurfaces, after conventional extraction processes, contain upwards of hundreds of [...]
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Sierra Leone's Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective
N. Pushak, V. Foster

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 60

Abstract
Infrastructure has contributed significantly to the growth of West African economies during the past decade. In Sierra Leone, infrastructure added only around 0.51 percentage points to the per capita growth rate over 2003-07. Similarly to other countries in the region and the rest of the continent, the boost to historic growth came predominately from the ICT (Information and Telecommunications Technology) revolution while power-sector deficiencies and poor roads held back growth. After nine years of peace, economic activity is flourishing at every level in Sierra Leone. Political stability, high government accountability, good governance standards, and streamlined tax reform helped Sierra Leone to become a bright success story, turning the country into the easiest and quickest place to start business in West Africa. Sierra Leone's image in the eyes of investors is strengthened as the country ranked as one of the top five countries in Africa for investor protection. Looking ahead, the country faces a number of critical infrastructure challenges. Perhaps the most daunting of these challenges lies in the power sector, the poor state of which retards development of other sectors. Access to power is very low, at around 1 to 5 percent in urban areas, and is nonexistent in the countryside. The country's installed power-generation capacity is around 13 megawatts per million people, which is lower than what other low-income and fragile states have installed. The entire existing power infrastructure is concentrated in the western part of the country, and even with the functioning of the Bumbuna power plant, only half the suppressed demand for Freetown, let alone that for the rest of the country, is being met. Regardless of recent reduction in tariffs, Sierra Leoneans still pay some of the highest tariffs in Africa. In 2010, Sierra Leoneans paid three times as much for power as did residents of African countries that relied on hydropower. Making investments in more cost-effective power generation options is therefore an important strategic objective for Sierra Leone, without which further electrification will simply be unaffordable for the wider population. Document type: Book
Abstract
Infrastructure has contributed significantly to the growth of West African economies during the past decade. In Sierra Leone, infrastructure added only around 0.51 percentage [...]
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Rescue an integrated method for specifying requirements for complex sociotechnical systems
S. Jones, N. Maiden

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 59

Abstract
This chapter describes RESCUE (Requirements Engineering with Scenarios for a User-centred Environment), a method for specifying requirements for complex sociotechnical systems that integrates human activity modeling, creative design workshops, system goal modeling using the i* notation, systematic scenario walkthroughs, and best practice in requirements management. This method has been, and is being applied in, specifying requirements for three separate systems in the domain of air traffic control. In this chapter we present examples showing how the method can be applied in the context of a case study involving the specification of requirements for Countdown, a system to provide bus passengers with information about expected bus arrival times. While this system shares some important similarities with systems used in air traffic control, we hope it is small and familiar enough to readers to provide meaningful insights into the application of the RESCUE process. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This chapter describes RESCUE (Requirements Engineering with Scenarios for a User-centred Environment), a method for specifying requirements for complex sociotechnical systems [...]
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Results Readiness in Social Protection and Labor Operations
G. Rubio

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 56

Abstract
Social Safety Nets (SSN) are defined as non?contributory transfer programs targeted to the poor or those vulnerable to poverty and shocks. About half of World Bank social protection projects in the reviewed cohort are SSN. They are mostly non-emergency investment operations with a higher presence in Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa regions. Projects aimed at strengthening country's safety nets system, including their targeting, administration and service quality, are the most common type of SSN interventions (25 percent). These are closely followed by conditional cash transfers (20 percent), and health, nutrition and education projects (15 percent). The remaining projects are a mixture of public works; food crisis mitigation measures and other types of safety nets (social inclusion, housing, and technical assistance). Document type: Book
Abstract
Social Safety Nets (SSN) are defined as non?contributory transfer programs targeted to the poor or those vulnerable to poverty and shocks. About half of World Bank social [...]
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Nigeria s infrastructure a continental perspective
V. Foster, N. Pushak

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 55

Abstract
Infrastructure has made a net contribution of around one percentage point to Nigeria's improved per capita growth performance in recent years, in spite of the fact that unreliable power supply held growth back. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could boost annual growth by around four percentage points. Nigeria has made important strides toward improving much of its infrastructure. Compared to many African peers, Nigeria has relatively advanced power, road, rail, and information and communications technology (ICT) networks that cover extensive areas of the nation's territory. In recent years, Nigeria has conducted several important infrastructure sector reforms. The ports sector has been converted to a landlord model, and terminal concessions now attract private investment on a scale unprecedented for Africa. The power sector is undergoing a restructuring, paving the way for performance improvements; the sector is finally on a path toward raising tariffs to recover a larger share of costs. Bold liberalization measures in the ICT sector have resulted in widespread, low-cost mobile services, Africa's most vibrant fixed-line sector, and major private investments in the development of a national fiber-optic backbone. A burgeoning domestic air transport sector has emerged, with strong private carriers that have rapidly attained regional significance. Document type: Book
Abstract
Infrastructure has made a net contribution of around one percentage point to Nigeria's improved per capita growth performance in recent years, in spite of the fact that unreliable [...]
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Reverse logistics for sustainable waste management processes
F. McLeod, T. Cherrett

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 54

Abstract
This chapter highlights some of the innovative approaches that have been taken by businesses involved in reverse logistics for the removal of waste from urban areas. The chapter reviews some of these approaches and suggests which could be used more widely, recognising the specific limitations which may restrict their applicability. These innovative approaches include: the use of delivery vehicles to take-back waste/recyclate to out-of-town facilities such as a freight consolidation or recycling centre; combining commercial and household waste collections; deploying public transport vehicles to carry specialist recyclate; using multi-modal transport; smart bin technology and pipelines for the removal of waste from buildings. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This chapter highlights some of the innovative approaches that have been taken by businesses involved in reverse logistics for the removal of waste from urban areas. The chapter [...]
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Benin s infrastructure a continental perspective
C. Domínguez-Torres, V. Foster

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 52

Abstract
Between 2000 and 2005 infrastructure made an important contribution of 1.6 percentage point to Benin's improved per capita growth performance, which was the highest among West African countries during the period. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could boost annual growth by about 3.2 percentage points. Benin has made significant progress in some areas of its infrastructure. The rural road network is in relatively good condition, and about 30 percent of the rural population has access to an all-season road, a level above the country's peers. Air transport connectivity has improved. Also, important market liberalization reforms designed to attract private capital to the water and information and communications technology (ICT) sectors have boosted performance. In particular, increased competition in the ICT market has contributed to the rapid expansion of mobile and Internet services. Addressing Benin's infrastructure challenges will require sustained expenditures of $712 million per year over the next decade, with heavy emphasis on capital expenditure. Almost half of the total relates to the transport sector. At 16.6 percent of Benin's 2005 gross domestic product (GDP), this effort is almost at the level of other Sub-Saharan African countries. Benin already spends around $452 million per year on infrastructure, equivalent to about 10.5 percent of its GDP. Almost $101 million a year is lost to inefficiencies of various kinds, associated mainly with under pricing in the power and water sectors; poor financial management of utilities; and inefficient allocation of resources across sectors. If Benin could raise tariffs to cost-recovery levels, and reduce operational inefficiencies in line with reasonable developing-country benchmarks, it could substantially boost flows to the infrastructure sectors. Comparing spending needs with existing spending and potential efficiency gains (and assuming that the inefficiencies are fully captured) leaves an annual funding gap of $210 million per year. By far the largest share of the gap can be traced to the water supply and sanitation sectors. Benin has the potential to close this gap by adopting alternative technologies in water supply, transport and power. Savings from alternative technologies could amount to as much as $227 million per year. Document type: Book
Abstract
Between 2000 and 2005 infrastructure made an important contribution of 1.6 percentage point to Benin's improved per capita growth performance, which was the highest among [...]
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Port governance in the south west of england a comparative assessment
Y. Chang

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 51

Abstract
The South West of England is a very extensive region with constraints in terms of its transport network. It is imperative if the region is to optimise its economic development for transport services to fully utilise all transport modes, not least short sea shipping. To achieve this utilisation will require, inter alia, investment in the regions port infrastructure. In addition, the region is well-placed geographically in relation to a number of other European Union countries to develop seaborne trade links with them. If this can be supported both by the development of coastal shipping links between regional ports and the incremental capability of rail and road transport within the region then substantial increased economic activity for the region could result. Moreover, it will be beneficial if the regions ports could act as a network, optimising the contribution each port can make. This in no way precludes healthy competition between the ports. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The South West of England is a very extensive region with constraints in terms of its transport network. It is imperative if the region is to optimise its economic development [...]
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A novel real time emotion detection system for advanced driver assistance systems
F. Machot, A. Mosa, A. Fasih, C. Schwarzlmüller, M. Ali, K. Kyamakya

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 50

Abstract
This paper presents a real-time emotion recognition concept of voice streams. A comprehensive solution based on Bayesian Quadratic Discriminate Classifier(QDC) is developed. The developed system supports Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) to detect the mood of the driver based on the fact that aggressive behavior on road leads to traffic accidents. We use only 12 features to classify between 5 different classes of emotions. We illustrate that the extracted emotion features are highly overlapped and how each emotion class is effecting the recognition ratio. Finally, we show that the Bayesian Quadratic Discriminate Classifier is an appropriate solution for emotion detection systems, where a real-time detection is deeply needed with a low number of features. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This paper presents a real-time emotion recognition concept of voice streams. A comprehensive solution based on Bayesian Quadratic Discriminate Classifier(QDC) is developed. [...]
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Semantic technologies for describing measurement data in databases
U. Noyer, D. Beckmann, F. Köster

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 49

Abstract
Exploration and analysis of vast empirical data is a cornerstone of the development and assessment of driver assistance systems. A common challenge is to apply the domain specific knowledge to the (mechanised) data handling, pre-processing and analysis process.\r \r Ontologies can describe domain specific knowledge in a structured way that is manageable for both humans and algorithms. This paper outlines an architecture to support an ontology based analysis process for data stored in databases. Build on these concepts and architecture, a prototype that handles semantic data annotations is presented. Finally, the concept is demonstrated in a realistic example. The usage of exchangeable ontologies generally allows the adaption of presented methods for different domains. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Exploration and analysis of vast empirical data is a cornerstone of the development and assessment of driver assistance systems. A common challenge is to apply the domain [...]
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Advancing adult learning in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
C. Bodewig, S. Hirshleifer

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 48

Abstract
This report presents available evidence on adult education and training in Europe and Central Asia (ECA), differentiating two separate types: continuing vocational education and training (CVET) for the employed, sought either by employers or individuals, and retraining and second chance education for the non?employed. This paper presents available evidence on the extent and patterns of lifelong learning in ECA. It argues that advancing adult education and training in ECA is important not only to meet the new skills demands but also to respond to a rapidly worsening demographic outlook across most of the region. While it is not equally important for all ECA countries, adult education and training should be high on the agenda of those ECA economies that are closest to the technological frontier and facing a demographic decline, such as the new European Union (EU) member States and Russia. The paper lays out a framework for government action to advance adult learning in ECA through a mix consisting of policy coordination between government and the enterprise sector, a sound regulatory regime and appropriate financial incentives. Document type: Book
Abstract
This report presents available evidence on adult education and training in Europe and Central Asia (ECA), differentiating two separate types: continuing vocational education [...]
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Malawi's infrastructure: a continental perspective
V. Foster, M. Shkaratan

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 47

Abstract
Infrastructure contributed 1.2 percentage points to the annual per capita growth of Malawi's gross domestic product (GDP) over the past decade, thanks mainly to the revolution in information and communication technology (ICT). Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could further boost annual growth by 3.5 percentage points per capita. Today, Malawi's basic infrastructure indicators look relatively good when compared with other low-income countries in Africa, although the performance of that infrastructure could be significantly improved. Malawi is one of the few African countries to have already reached the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water, almost a decade ahead of the target. The private sector has made Global Management System (GSM) telephone signals widely available without public subsidy. A substantial road investment program has raised the average condition of the country's road network, and a foundation for institutional reform has been laid in the ICT, power, and road transport sectors. Even if those inefficiencies could be eliminated, Malawi will still face an infrastructure funding gap of almost $300 million a year. This could be lessened to $100 million by engaging in regional trade of electricity, using lower-cost supply modalities in water supply and sanitation, and adopting appropriate technologies for road sector development. As long as efficiency gains are captured and spending sustained at the levels of the recent past, the country's infrastructure targets could be reached within 16 years. Document type: Book
Abstract
Infrastructure contributed 1.2 percentage points to the annual per capita growth of Malawi's gross domestic product (GDP) over the past decade, thanks mainly to the revolution [...]
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Economic importance of the Belgian ports: Flemish maritime ports, Liège port complex and the port of Brussels Report 2009
C. Mathys

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 46

Abstract
This paper is an annual publication issued by the Microeconomic Analysis service of the National Bank of Belgium. The Flemish maritime ports (Antwerp, Ghent, Oostende, Zeebrugge), the Autonomous Port of Liège and the port of Brussels play a major role in their respective regional economies and in the Belgian economy, not only in terms of industrial activity but also as intermodal centres facilitating the commodity flow. This update paper provides an extensive overview of the economic importance and development of the Flemish maritime ports, the Liège port complex and the port of Brussels in the period 2004 - 2009, with an emphasis on 2009. Focusing on the three major variables of value added, employment and investment, the report also provides some information about social balance and the financial situation in these ports as a whole. These observations are linked to a more general context, along with a few cargo statistics. Annual accounts data from the Central Balance Sheet Office were used for the calculation of direct effects, the study of financial ratios and the analysis of the social balance sheet. The indirect effects of the activities concerned were estimated in terms of value added and employment, on the basis of data from the National Accounts Institute. In terms of maritime cargo traffic, the downturn recorded during the last quarter of 2008 continued throughout 2009. Direct value added declined in all the ports in Flanders. Maritime branches as a whole contracted. Only the value added of the maritime branches in the port of Ostend remained stable. The non-maritime branches as a whole saw a contraction in all the Flemish ports. It was the port of Antwerp that suffered the most from the drop in the value added. Its maritime branches shrank by nearly one third. While the non-maritime branches were slightly down. The port of Ghent recorded a bigger decrease in the non-maritime branches. Conversely, the value added in the port of Zeebrugge fell more sharply in the maritime branches. Direct employment in the ports of Flanders as a whole declined during the year 2009. Except in Ghent, direct employment in the maritime branches fell in all the Flemish ports. Similarly, only one of them, the port of Ostend, recorded a rise in employment in the non-maritime branches. Thanks to this, it has been the only Flemish port to register direct employment growth. Investment decreased in all the ports in Flanders. The decline in investment was between one-sixth and one-fifth in the ports of Ghent, Antwerp and Zeebrugge. While Ostend recorded a cut of more than one third in its investment levels in 2009. The volume of cargo handled in the port of Liège decreased strongly in 2009. Direct value added and employment registered a significant decline. Maritime and non-maritime branches were down for both value added and employment. Thanks to the "other services" branch of activity, investment rose steadily. The volume of cargo handled at the port of Brussels declined in 2009. Value added in this port remained steady. But employment contracted slightly. After the growth seen in 2008, investment was down by more than a quarter. This report provides a comprehensive account of these issues, giving details for each economic sector, although the comments are confined to the main changes that occurred in 2009. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper is an annual publication issued by the Microeconomic Analysis service of the National Bank of Belgium. The Flemish maritime ports (Antwerp, Ghent, Oostende, Zeebrugge), [...]
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Liberia's infrastructure: A continental perspective
V. Foster, N. Pushak

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 45

Abstract
Liberia's power generating capacity and national grid were completely demolished during 14 years of civil war. Piped water access fell from 15 percent of the population in 1986 to less than 3 percent in 2008. War also left the national road network in a state of severe disrepair. Since the return of peace, the port of Monrovia has resumed normal operations under private management, and progress has been made in securing donor finance for road reconstruction. Liberia has also successfully liberalized its mobile telephone markets, with low-priced access surging to 40 percent in 2009. Liberia's starkest challenge lies in funding a more cost-effective power sector. The country's generation capacity is barely one-tenth of the benchmark level of Africa's other low-income countries. The cost of generating power is exorbitant, and the power tariff is three times the regional average. Addressing Liberia's public infrastructure needs will require sustained expenditures of between $350 million and $600 million annually, mostly to fund power and transport. In the mid-2000s, with all sources of spending taken into account, Liberia spent around $90 million a year on infrastructure. An additional $17 million was lost to inefficiencies, such as underpricing of power. Because Liberia suffers an annual funding gap of between $250 million and $500 million per year, it will need a combination of increased finance, improved efficiency, and cost-reducing innovations to reach its infrastructure targets in a reasonable time. Without these, Liberians may have to wait for up to 40 years to achieve the targets. Document type: Book
Abstract
Liberia's power generating capacity and national grid were completely demolished during 14 years of civil war. Piped water access fell from 15 percent of the population in [...]
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Introducing mobility in serious games enhancing situated and collaborative learning
S. George, A. Serna

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 44

Abstract
International audience; This paper explores the introduction of mobile technologies in a particular serious games subset called learning games. We focus on two main purposes where mobility turns out to be useful: situated learning and collaborative learning. The article outlines the opportunities and the remaining challenges for these learning situations. Some important issues are highlighted for immerging learners in real context. We also propose some scenarios to illustrate the benefits of mobile devices in classroom situations. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience; This paper explores the introduction of mobile technologies in a particular serious games subset called learning games. We focus on two main purposes [...]
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Tool support for interactive prototyping of safety critical interactive applications
R. Bastide, D. Navarre, P. Palanque

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 43

Abstract
The complete specification of interactive applications is now increasingly considered a requirement in the field of software for safety-critical systems due to their use as the main control interface for such systems. The reason for putting effort in the use and the deployment of formal description techniques lies in the fact that they are the only means for both modeling in a precise and unambiguous way all the components of an interactive application (presentation, dialogue, and functional core; Pfaff, 1985) and proposing techniques for reasoning about (and also verifying) the models (Palanque & Bastide, 1995). Formal description techniques are usually applied to early phases in the development process (requirements analysis and elicitation) and clearly show their limits when it comes to evaluation (testing). When the emphasis is on validation, iterative design processes (Hix & Hartson, 1993) are generally put forward with the support of prototyping as a critical tool (Rettig, 1994). However, if used in a nonstructured way and without links to the classical phases of the development process, results produced using such iterative processes are usually weak in terms of reliability. They can also be unacceptable when interfaces for safety-critical applications are concerned. If we consider interfaces such as the ones developed in the field of air traffic control (ATC), a new characteristic appears, which is the dynamics of interaction objects in terms of existence, reactivity, and interrelations (Jacob, 1999). In opposition to WIMP (windows, icons, menus, and pointing) interfaces, in which the interaction space is predetermined, these interfaces may include new interactors (for instance, graphical representations of planes) at any time during the use of the application (Beaudouin-Lafon, 2000). Even though this kind of problem is easily mastered by programming languages, it is hard to tackle in terms of modeling. This is why classical description techniques must be improved in order to be able to describe in a complete way highly interactive applications. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The complete specification of interactive applications is now increasingly considered a requirement in the field of software for safety-critical systems due to their use as [...]
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TimeDistance Helioseismology Data-Analysis Pipeline for Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager Onboard Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO/HMI) and Its Initial Results
J. Zhao, S. Couvidat, R. Bogart, K. Parchevsky, A. Birch, T. Duvall, J. Beck, A. Kosovichev, P. Scherrer

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 42

Abstract
The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO/HMI) provides continuous full-disk observations of solar oscillations. We develop a data-analysis pipeline based on the time-distance helioseismology method to measure acoustic travel times using HMI Doppler-shift observations, and infer solar interior properties by inverting these measurements. The pipeline is used for routine production of near-real-time full-disk maps of subsurface wave-speed perturbations and horizontal flow velocities for depths ranging from 0 to 20 Mm, every eight hours. In addition, Carrington synoptic maps for the subsurface properties are made from these full-disk maps. The pipeline can also be used for selected target areas and time periods. We explain details of the pipeline organization and procedures, including processing of the HMI Doppler observations, measurements of the travel times, inversions, and constructions of the full-disk and synoptic maps. Some initial results from the pipeline, including full-disk flow maps, sunspot subsurface flow fields, and the interior rotation and meridional flow speeds, are presented. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO/HMI) provides continuous full-disk observations of solar oscillations. We develop a data-analysis [...]
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The air connectivity index : measuring integration in the global air transport network
J. Arvis, B. Shepherd

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 41

Abstract
The authors construct a new measure of connectivity in the global air transport network, covering 211 countries and territories for the year 2007. It is grounded in network analysis methods, and is based on a gravity-like model that is familiar from the international trade and regional science literatures. It is a global measure of connectivity, in the sense that it captures the full range of interactions among all network nodes, even when there is no direct flight connection between them. The best connected countries are the United States, Canada, and Germany; the United States' score is more than two-thirds higher than the next placed country's, and connectivity overall follows a power law distribution that is fully consistent with the hub-and-spoke nature of the global air transport network. The measure of connectivity is closely correlated with important economic variables, such as the degree of liberalization of air transport markets, and the extent of participation in international production networks. It provides a strong basis for future research in areas such as air and maritime transport, as well as international trade. Document type: Book
Abstract
The authors construct a new measure of connectivity in the global air transport network, covering 211 countries and territories for the year 2007. It is grounded in network [...]
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The Measurement of Educational Inequality: Achievement and Opportunity1
F. Ferreira, J. Gignoux

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 40

Abstract
This paper proposes two related measures of educational inequality: one for educational achievement and another for educational opportunity. The former is the simple variance (or standard deviation) of test scores. Its selection is informed by consideration of two measurement issues that have typically been overlooked in the literature: the implications of the standardization of test scores for inequality indices, and the possible sample selection biases arising from the Program of International Student Assessment (PISA) sampling frame. The measure of inequality of educational opportunity is given by the share of the variance in test scores that is explained by pre-determined circumstances. Both measures are computed for the 57 countries in which PISA surveys were conducted in 2006. Inequality of opportunity accounts for up to 35 percent of all disparities in educational achievement. It is greater in (most of) continental Europe and Latin America than in Asia, Scandinavia, and North America. It is uncorrelated with average educational achievement and only weakly negatively correlated with per capita gross domestic product. It correlates negatively with the share of spending in primary schooling, and positively with tracking in secondary schools. Document type: Book
Abstract
This paper proposes two related measures of educational inequality: one for educational achievement and another for educational opportunity. The former is the simple variance [...]
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User characteristics of transit oriented developments the case of kelvin grove urban village
D. Muley, J. Bunker, L. Ferreira

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 38

Abstract
Transit oriented developments are high density mixed use developments located within short and easily walkable distance of a major transit centre. These developments are often hypothesised as a means of enticing a mode shift from the private car to sustainable transport modes such as, walking, cycling and public transport. However, it is important to gather evidence to test this hypothesis by determining the travel characteristics of transit oriented developments users. For this purpose, travel surveys were conducted for an urban transit oriented development currently under development. This chapter presents the findings from the preliminary data analysis of the travel surveys. Kelvin Grove Urban Village, a mixed use development located in Brisbane, Australia, has been selected as the case for the transit oriented developments study. Travel data for all groups of transit oriented development users ranging from students to shoppers, and residents to employees were collected. Different survey instruments were used for different transit oriented development users to optimise their response rates, and the performance of these survey instruments are stated herein. The travel characteristics of transit oriented development users are reported in this chapter by explaining mode share, trip length distribution, and time of day of trip. The results of the travel survey reveal that Kelvin Grove Urban Village users use more sustainable modes of transport as compared to other Brisbane residents. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Transit oriented developments are high density mixed use developments located within short and easily walkable distance of a major transit centre. These developments are often [...]
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Burkina faso s infrastructure a continental perspective
C. Briceño-Garmendia, C. Domínguez-Torres

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 37

Abstract
Infrastructure contributed 1.3 percentage points to Burkina Faso's annual per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth over the past decade, much of it due to improvements in information and communication technology (ICT). Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries (MICs) could boost annual growth by more than 3 percentage points per capita.Today, Burkina Faso's infrastructure indicators look relatively good when compared with other low-income countries (LICs) in Africa. Burkina Faso has made significant progress in developing its infrastructure in recent years. The rapid modernization of the ICT sector, around 60 percent of the population lives within range of a global system for mobile communications (GSM) cell-phone signal. The expansion of safe water and sanitation technologies in urban areas since the late 1990s and the establishment of a system for funding road maintenance (by reducing the cost of road travel) should pay long-term dividends to the economy. The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) has gathered and analyzed extensive data on infrastructure across almost all African countries, including Burkina Faso. The results have been presented in reports covering different areas of infrastructure including ICT, irrigation, power, transport and water and sanitation and various policy areas, including investment needs, fiscal costs, and sector performance. Document type: Book
Abstract
Infrastructure contributed 1.3 percentage points to Burkina Faso's annual per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth over the past decade, much of it due to improvements [...]
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Cameroon's Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective
C. Dominguez-Torres, V. Foster

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 36

Abstract
Better access to improved infrastructure services is an important engine for economic growth. The poor state of infrastructure is a key bottleneck to growth in African countries, and Cameroon is no exception. Between 2000 and 2005, improvements in information and communication technologies boosted Cameroon's growth performance by 1.26 percentage points per capita, while deficient power infrastructure held growth back by 0.28 percentage points. If Cameroon could improve its infrastructure to the level of the middle-income countries of Africa, the growth effect could be on the order of 3.3 percentage points. Cameroon has made significant progress in many aspects of infrastructure. Across a broad range of sectors, the country has made serious efforts to implement institutional reforms with a view to attracting private sector investment. Private sector concessions have been awarded for the Port of Douala, the CAMRAIL railway, the national power utility, and the national water utility (CDE). These arrangements have generally led to performance improvements and attracted significant volumes of finance. Power supply remains expensive and unreliable. Cameroon needs to accelerate the development of some of its prime hydropower sites, which would greatly improve the domestic power situation and potentially allow Cameroon to play its natural role as hydropower exporter to the Central African Power Pool. Cameroon's information and communication technology (ICT) reform remains frozen at an early stage. The telecom incumbent, CAMTEL, remains state-owned and receives substantial public subsidy. The mobile sector is relatively uncompetitive, operating as a duopoly. Moreover, while Cameroon enjoys access to a submarine cable, CAMTEL's monopoly control over the international gateway has prevented consumers from benefiting. Document type: Book
Abstract
Better access to improved infrastructure services is an important engine for economic growth. The poor state of infrastructure is a key bottleneck to growth in African countries, [...]
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Review of Urban Air Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa Region
D. Schwela

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2012). Vol. 2012, 20

Abstract
In Africa, urban outdoor air pollution is responsible for an estimated 49,000 premature deaths annually with indoor use of solid fuels being responsible for eight times this value, the main burden being borne by Sub Saharan African countries. Air pollution, outdoor and indoor, affects the health and life chances of millions of people in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA)every day. There is a link between air pollution and poverty since poor people are exposed to higher concentrations of air pollutants and tend to suffer disproportionately from the effects of deteriorating air quality (AQ). Children in cities exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants will more often develop respiratory ailments which prevent them from developing and learning well. As a consequence they will suffer in adult life from low levels of qualifications and skills. The implication of poorly educated children is not only a reduction of quality of their lives but also an obstacle for the economic development of a country as a whole. Rapid urbanization means increase in motorization and economic activity which in turn leads to increased air pollution if countermeasures are not taken. In view these linkages addressing urban AQ in SSA is particularly important. Air pollution in Sub Saharan cities appears to be on the rise with respect to many key pollutants. In some cities where monitoring has been performed levels of air pollution exceed World Health Organization recommended guidelines. The main cause of urban air pollution is the use of fossil fuels in transport, power generation, industry and domestic sectors. In addition, the burning of firewood, agricultural and animal waste also contributes to pollution levels. Pollutant emissions have direct and indirect effects with a wide range of impacts on human health, ecosystems, agriculture and materials. There is a growing need to determine the state of urban AQ and the challenges posed to solve it and identify the most effective measures to protect human health and the environment. Learning from experience and successes in urban AQ management (AQM) from other countries can assists in the formulation and implementation of strategies to achieve better AQ in Sub Saharan Africa. This report compiles the information provided by the 25countries in a harmonized way and gives an in-depth review of AQ in SSA with AQ profile of each country, presenting the country's main current urban AQ issues, emissions standards, ongoing projects, lessons learned from good/bad practices. It was attempted to compile this information also for additional SSA countries from available publications and internet sources. Document type: Book
Abstract
In Africa, urban outdoor air pollution is responsible for an estimated 49,000 premature deaths annually with indoor use of solid fuels being responsible for eight times this [...]
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South sudan s infrastructure a continental perspective
R. Ranganathan, C. Briceno-Garmendia

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 35

Abstract
This study is a product of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project designed to expand the world's knowledge of physical infrastructure in Africa. AICD provides a baseline against which future improvements in infrastructure services can be measured, making it possible to monitor the results achieved from donor support. It also offers a solid empirical foundation for prioritizing investments and designing policy reforms in Africa's infrastructure sectors. The AICD is based on an unprecedented effort to collect detailed economic and technical data on African infrastructure. The project has produced a series of original reports on public expenditure, spending needs, and sector performance in each of the main infrastructure sectors, including energy, information and communication technologies, irrigation, transport, and water and sanitation. This report presents the key AICD findings for South Sudan, allowing the country's infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of its African peers. South Sudan is a newly independent country, affected by conflict, endowed with oil, but poor in terms of infrastructure and economic development. Because of these factors, both low-income, fragile states and resource-rich benchmarks will be used to evaluate its performance. Detailed comparisons will also be made with immediate regional neighbors in the East African Community (EAC). Document type: Book
Abstract
This study is a product of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project designed to expand the world's knowledge of physical infrastructure in Africa. AICD [...]
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Mining approximate frequent closed flows over packet streams
I. Brahmi, S. Ben Yahia, P. Poncelet

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 34

Abstract
International audience Due to the varying and dynamic characteristics of network traffic, the analysis of traffic flows is of paramount importance for net- work security, accounting and traffic engineering. The problem of ex- tracting knowledge from the traffic flows is known as the heavy-hitter issue. In this context, the main challenge consists in mining the traffic flows with high accuracy and limited memory consumption. In the aim of improving the accuracy of heavy-hitters identification while having a reasonable memory usage, we introduce a novel algorithm called ACL- Stream. The latter mines the approximate closed frequent patterns over a stream of packets. Carried out experiments showed that our proposed algorithm presents better performances compared to those of the pioneer known algorithms for heavy-hitters extraction over real network traffic traces. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience Due to the varying and dynamic characteristics of network traffic, the analysis of traffic flows is of paramount importance for net- work security, [...]
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A hazards based correctness statement for pipelined circuits
M. Aagaard

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 32

Abstract
The productivity and scalability of verifying pipelined circuits can be increased by exploiting the structural and behavioural characteristics that distinguish pipelines from other circuits. This paper presents a formal model of pipelines that augments a state machine with information to describe the transfer of parcels between stages, and reading and writing state variables. Using our model, we created a definition of correctness that is based on the well-established principles of structural, control, and data hazards. We have proved that any pipeline that satisfies our hazards-based definition of correctness is guaranteed to satisfy the conventional correctness statement of Burch-Dill style flushing. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The productivity and scalability of verifying pipelined circuits can be increased by exploiting the structural and behavioural characteristics that distinguish pipelines from [...]
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A Preliminary Investigation of Training Order for Introducing NextGen Tools
R. Rorie, A. Kiken, C. Morgan, S. Billinghurst, G. Morales, K. Monk, K. Vu, T. Strybel, V. Battiste

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 30

Abstract
Eleven students enrolled in a 16-week radar simulation course were trained on current-day and NextGen tools. The order of the training was manipulated so that half of the students received current-day training first, followed by the training on NextGen tools, while the remaining students received training on the NextGen tools first, followed by current-day training. This paper reports data from the debriefing sessions following the conclusion of the course, with the intent of determining students' reaction to the training order and their comments and suggestions for future training schedules. Results indicated that future training should start with current-day procedures and delay the introduction of NextGen tools until trainees have established fundamental air traffic management skills. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Eleven students enrolled in a 16-week radar simulation course were trained on current-day and NextGen tools. The order of the training was manipulated so that half of the [...]
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Zambia's infrastructure : a continental perspective
V. Foster, C. Dominguez

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 29

Abstract
Infrastructure improvements contributed 0.6 percentage points to the annual per capita growth of Zambia's gross domestic product (GDP) over the past decade, mostly because of the exponential growth of information and communication technology (ICT) services. Poor performance of the power sector reduced the per capita growth rate by 0.1 percentage point. Simulations suggest that if Zambia's infrastructure platform could be improved to the level of the African leader, Mauritius, per capita growth rates could increase by two percentage points per year. Zambia's high generation capacity and relatively high power consumption are accompanied by fewer power outages than its neighbors. But Zambia's power sector is primarily oriented toward the mining industry, while household electrification, at 20 percent, is about half that in other resource-rich countries. Zambia's power tariffs are among the lowest in Africa and are less than half the level needed to accelerate electrification and keep pace with mining sector demands. Meeting future power demands and raising electrification rates will be difficult without increasing power tariffs. Zambia's infrastructure situation is more hopeful than that of many other African countries. Infrastructure spending needs, though large, are not beyond the realm of possibility, and Zambia's resource wealth and relatively well-off population provide a more solid financing basis than is available to many other countries. Zambia's infrastructure funding gap, though substantial, can be dramatically reduced through measures to stem inefficiencies and lower costs. Document type: Book
Abstract
Infrastructure improvements contributed 0.6 percentage points to the annual per capita growth of Zambia's gross domestic product (GDP) over the past decade, mostly because [...]
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Computer vision systems for context aware active vehicle safety and driver assistance
P. Boyraz, X. Yang, J. Hansen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 28

Abstract
Recent developments of information technology and mobile lifestyle have forced drivers to multitask while they drive. The in-vehicle infotainment technology is already taking its place in the transformation of vehicles towards more intelligent and interactive devices rather than staying as mere transportation convenience. This transformation has several advantages such as easy route navigation, real-time traffic information, and staying connected with work or people while traveling. However, it has several drawbacks concerning the impact on driver cognitive load and attention sources. Therefore, it is crucial to take advantage of state-of-the-art in-vehicle technology to produce counter-measure systems that monitor the driver status and reduce driver workload adaptively depending on the context. In recognition and analysis of the driving context together with driver status monitoring, computer vision applications supply crucial information both in the vehicle (i.e., driver head and eye tracking) and out of the vehicle (i.e., lane, pedestrian, and vehicle detection and tracking, and road sign recognition). In this chapter, we provide a broad range of computer vision applications for CA-IVS from the literature and our previous studies, and we report our current research efforts. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Recent developments of information technology and mobile lifestyle have forced drivers to multitask while they drive. The in-vehicle infotainment technology is already [...]
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The scope for mdb leverage and innovation in climate finance
P. Basu, L. Finneran, V. Bishop, T. Sundararaman

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 27

Abstract
This note, prepared as background for the G20 submission, explores the potential for Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to increase the volume of climate financing by leveraging and intermediating resources, through two main avenues: leveraging shareholder capital through the MDBs non-concessional windows, by raising debt from capital markets to finance climate investment; and mobilizing and 'pooling' concessional flows to support climate investment beyond the MDBs own balance sheets. The note is organized along these two lines, with the aim of providing some insights into the feasibility for MDBs to mobilize resources to leverage a significantly larger volume of climate financing assistance. The next section of this note provides information on how MDBs can support concessional flows to climate investments through pooling of external concessional flows beyond traditional balance-sheet capital. Leveraging shareholder capital and mobilizing and-pooling concessional flows are two potential avenues through which MDBs can leverage and intermediate resources to ultimately increase the volume of climate financing. The experience gained by the MDBs and their clients and donors from implementing these financing arrangements should provide helpful lessons for the development community as it considers how to develop the green climate fund and other future climate change initiatives. Document type: Book
Abstract
This note, prepared as background for the G20 submission, explores the potential for Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to increase the volume of climate financing by leveraging [...]
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Ethiopia's Infrastructure : A Continental Perspective
V. Foster, E. Morella

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 25

Abstract
Infrastructure contributed 0.6 percentage points to Ethiopia's annual per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth over the last decade. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment level to that of the region's middle-income countries could lift annual growth by an additional 3 percentage points. This will represent a significant boost over the growth performance of the mid-2000s, which averaged around 5 percent. The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) has collected and analyzed extensive infrastructure data for more than 40 Sub-Saharan countries, including Ethiopia. The results are presented in reports on various infrastructure sectors Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), irrigation, power, transport, water and sanitation and policy areas, including investment needs, fiscal costs, and sector performance. This country report presents the key AICD findings for Ethiopia. This will allow its infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of other African nations that, like Ethiopia, are low-income countries, with particular emphasis on immediate regional neighbors in East Africa. Several methodological issues should be borne in mind. First, the cross country nature of the data collection creates an inevitable time lag. The period covered by the AICD runs from 2001 to 2006. Most technical data are presented for 2006 (or the most recent year available), while financial data typically are averaged over the available period to smooth out the effect of short term fluctuations. Second, cross country comparisons require standardization of the indicators and the analysis to ensure consistency. Therefore, some of the indicators may be slightly different from those that are routinely reported and discussed at the country level. During the 2000s, Ethiopia's annual economic growth has averaged 4.8 percent, compared with only 0.5 percent in the previous decade. Notwithstanding this improvement, current annual growth levels still fall short of the sustained 7 percent needed to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Improved structural and stabilization policies generated an estimated 4.2 percent of Ethiopia's improved per capita growth performance during the 2000s, and improvements in the country's infrastructure platform over that period contributed up to 0.6 percentage points to growth. This was due almost entirely to the introduction of mobile telephony in Ethiopia. Simulations suggest that if Ethiopia's infrastructure platform could be improved to the level of the African leader, Mauritius, annual per capita growth rates could increase by 3.8 percent. This potential impact would come equally from improvements to transport, power, and ICT infrastructure. Document type: Book
Abstract
Infrastructure contributed 0.6 percentage points to Ethiopia's annual per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth over the last decade. Raising the country's infrastructure [...]
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Kenya's infrastructure: A continental perspective
C. Briceño-Garmendia, M. Shkaratan

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 24

Abstract
This study is a product of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project designed to expand the world's knowledge of physical infrastructure in Africa. The AICD provides a baseline against which future improvements in infrastructure services can be measured, making it possible to monitor the results achieved from donor support. It also offers a solid empirical foundation for prioritizing investments and designing policy reforms in Africa's infrastructure sectors. The AICD is based on an unprecedented effort to collect detailed economic and technical data on African infrastructure. The project has produced a series of original reports on public expenditure, spending needs, and sector performance in each of the main infrastructure sectors, including energy, information and communication technologies, irrigation, transport, and water and sanitation. The focus of the AICD country reports is on benchmarking sector performance and quantifying the main financing and efficiency gaps at the country level. These reports are particularly relevant to national policy makers and development partners working on specific countries. This report presents the key AICD findings for Kenya, allowing the country's infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of its African peers. Given that Kenya is a relatively well-off low-income country that aspires to become a middle-income country, two sets of African benchmarks will be used to evaluate Kenya's situation. Detailed comparisons will also be made with immediate regional neighbors in the East African community. Document type: Book
Abstract
This study is a product of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project designed to expand the world's knowledge of physical infrastructure in Africa. The [...]
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Transport Emissions and Savings in Health Costs
R. Molemaker, O. Widerberg, R. Kok

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2012). Vol. 2012, 13

Abstract
The paper aims to provide the basis for an estimation equation and will focus on the relation between transport emissions and air quality in an urban environment. This is directly related to the fact that most health impacts are related to local air quality levels. The aim of the paper is to create an understanding of the factors that play a role in the causal relation between transport emissions and health effects and provides approximations from existing studies that can be used to assess these health impacts and related costs. The paper focuses on the translation of air pollution levels into health impacts and health costs. The overall structure of the paper follows the two key steps and elaborates on the inherent challenges: (1) identify and measure the health effects of air pollution, and (2) to estimate the costs of the health effects. The paper is divided into four chapters: chapter one is introduction- outlining the goals and background to the project; chapter two gives impacts of air pollution from transport on health; chapter three presents valuation of health impacts- reviews the literature on how to value the impacts on health associated with air pollution; and chapter four gives guidelines for calculating the health effects of air pollution from traffic. Document type: Book
Abstract
The paper aims to provide the basis for an estimation equation and will focus on the relation between transport emissions and air quality in an urban environment. This is [...]
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Angola on the move : transport routes, communications and history = Angola em movimento / Beatrix Heintze ; Achim von Oppen (eds.)
B. Heintze

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 23

Abstract
TABLE OF CONTENTS (here without authors) Introduction 1. Em Busca dos Sítios do Poder na África Centro Ocidental. Homens e Caminhos, Exércitos e Estradas (1483-1915) 2. The Supply and Deployment of Horses in Angolan Warfare (17th and 18th Centuries) 3. Wagon Technology, Transport and Long-distance Communication in Angola 1885-1908 4. Trade, Slavery, and Migration in the Interior of Benguela: The Case of Caconda, 1830-1870 5. The Economics of the Kwango Rubber Trade, c. 1900 6. As Vias de Comunicação e Meios de Transporte como Factores de Globalização, de Estabilidade Política e de Transformação Económica e Social: Caso do Caminho-de-ferro de Bengela (Benguela) (1889-1950) 7. Nas Malhas da Rede: Aspectos do impacto económicoe social do transporte rodoviário na região do Huambo c. 1920-c. 1960 8. Communications between Angola and East Central Africa Before c. 1700 9. Long-distance Caravans and Communication beyond the Kwango (c. 1850-1890) 10. A Escrita em Angola: Comunicação e Ruído entre as Diferentes Sociedades em Presença 11. Escrever o Poder: Os Autos de Vassalagem e a Vulgarização da Escrita entre as Elites Africanas Ndembu 12. Do Passado ao Presente: Tráfego Comercial e Redes de Comunicação, Factores Privilegiados de Modernidade 13. Refugees on Routes. Congo / Zaire and the War in Northern Angola (1961-1974) 14. Crossing the River: Myth and Movement in Central Africa 15. From Group Mobility to Individual Movement: The Colonial Effort to Turn Back History Notes on Contributors Angaben aus der Verlagsmeldung: Dieses Buch trägt zu einem besseren Verständnis der Bedeutung und Dynamik von Transport- und Kommunikationswegen in Afrika bei. Angola und sein Hinterland werden als herausragendes Beispiel dafür betrachtet, wie nachhaltig solche Verbindungen die Geschichte und Lebensbedingungen einer Region geprägt haben, die in vieler Hinsicht wie ein Mikrokosmos Afrikas insgesamt erscheint. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit richtet das Buch darauf, wie aus Routen und Verbindungen eine Landschaft in Bewegung, aber auch mit Begrenzungen und Blockaden entstand, und wie die Beteiligten diese wahrnahmen und mit ihr umgingen. Das Buch behandelt eine beachtenswerten Aspekt der Geschichte Afrikas, der zugleich ein konstitutiver Bestandteil von Weltgeschichte war. Es bezieht dazu eine Vielfalt sich ergänzender Ansätze und Perspektiven ein. Document type: Book
Abstract
TABLE OF CONTENTS (here without authors) Introduction 1. Em Busca dos Sítios do Poder na África Centro Ocidental. Homens e Caminhos, Exércitos e Estradas (1483-1915) 2. [...]
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Sustainable transportation development a framework to determine transportation disadvantaged
K. Rashid, T. Yigitcanlar, J. Bunker

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 22

Abstract
Urban sprawl combined with low density development causes unsustainable development patterns including accessibility and mobility problems, especially for those who do not have the capacity to own a vehicle or access to quality public transport services. Sustainable transportation development is crucial in order to solve transport disadvantage problems in urban settlements. People who are affected by these problems are referred to as transportation disadvantaged. Transportation disadvantage is a multi-dimensional problem that combines socio-economics, transportation and spatial characteristics or dimensions. However, a substantial number of transportation disadvantage studies so far only focus on the socio-economic and transportation dimensions, while the latter dimension of transportation disadvantage has been neglected. This chapter investigates the spatial dimension of transportation disadvantage by comparing the travel capabilities of residents and their accessibility levels with land use characteristics. The analysis of the study identifies significant land use characteristics with travel inability, and is useful for identifying the transportation disadvantaged population. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Urban sprawl combined with low density development causes unsustainable development patterns including accessibility and mobility problems, especially for those who do not [...]
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Zimbabwe's Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective
N. Pushak, C. Briceno-Garmendia

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 21

Abstract
Despite general economic decline and power supply deficiencies, infrastructure made a modest net contribution of less than half a percentage point to Zimbabwe's improved per capita growth performance in recent years. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could boost annual growth by about 2.4 percentage points. Zimbabwe made significant progress in infrastructure in its early period as an independent state. The country managed to put in place a national electricity network and establish regional interconnection in the power sector; to build an extensive network of roads for countrywide accessibility and integration into the regional transport corridors; to lay the water and sewerage system; and to make progress on building dams and tapping the significant irrigation potential. Unfortunately, at present the cross-cutting issue across all these sectors is Zimbabwe's inability to maintain and rehabilitate the existing infrastructure since the country became immersed in economic and political turmoil in the late 1990s. Neglect of all sectors due to the crisis has resulted in a generalized lack of new investment (in the power and water sectors in particular), and the accumulation of a huge rehabilitation agenda. Quality of service has declined across the board. The power system has become unjustifiably costly, inefficient, and unreliable. The condition of roads has deteriorated to the point that Zimbabwe became a bottleneck on the North-South transport corridor. Rural connectivity hardly exists. Failure to treat potable water, along with the deterioration of the water, sanitation, and garbage disposal systems, was responsible for the spread of cholera in 2008. By 2010 cholera affected most areas of the country and posed a health threat to neighboring countries. Looking ahead, Zimbabwe faces a number of important infrastructure challenges. Zimbabwe's most pressing challenges lie in the power and water sectors. Inefficient and unreliable power supply poses major risks to the economy, while the maintenance and upgrading of existing power infrastructure no longer looks to be affordable. At the same time, overhauling the water and sewerage system is imperative for curbing the public health crisis. Document type: Book
Abstract
Despite general economic decline and power supply deficiencies, infrastructure made a modest net contribution of less than half a percentage point to Zimbabwe's improved per [...]
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A Conceptual Model for Integrating Transport Planning: MRP IV
J. Mula, M. Díaz-Madroñero, D. Peidro

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 19

Abstract
In this article, a conceptual model, called MRP IV, is proposed in order to serve as a reference to develop a new production technology that integrates material planning decisions, production resource capacities and supply chain transport for the purpose of avoiding the suboptimization of these plans which, today, are usually generated sequentially and independently. This article aim is twofold: (1) it identifies the advances and deficiencies in the MRP calculations, mainly based on the dynamic multi-level capacitated lot-sizing problem (MLCLSP); and (2) it proposes a conceptual model, defining the inputs, outputs, modeling and solution approaches, to overcome the deficiencies identified in current MRP systems and act as a baseline to propose resolution models and algorithms required to develop MRP IV as a decision-making system. © 2012 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing. Mula, J.; Díaz-Madroñero Boluda, FM.; Peidro Payá, D. (2012). A conceptual model for integrating transport planning: MRP IV. En IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Springer. (384):54-65. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33980-6_7 Senia 54 65 384 Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In this article, a conceptual model, called MRP IV, is proposed in order to serve as a reference to develop a new production technology that integrates material planning decisions, [...]
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A multi agent simulation of collaborative air traffic flow management
S. Wolfe, P. Jarvis, F. Enomoto, M. Sierhuis, B. Putten

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 18

Abstract
Todays air traffic management system is not expected to scale to the projected increase in traffic over the next two decades. Enhancing collaboration between the controllers and the users of the airspace could lessen the impact of the resulting air traffic flow problems. The authors summarize a new concept that has been proposed for collaborative air traffic flow management, the problems it is meant to address, and our approach to evaluating the concept. The authors present their initial simulation design and experimental results, using several simple route selection strategies and traffic flow management approaches. Though their model is still in an early stage of development, these results have revealed interesting properties of the proposed concept that will guide their continued development, refinement of the model, and possibly influence other studies of traffic management elsewhere. Finally, they conclude with the challenges of validating the proposed concept through simulation and future work. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Todays air traffic management system is not expected to scale to the projected increase in traffic over the next two decades. Enhancing collaboration between the controllers [...]
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Green transport infrastructure from motorways to bikeways
K. Davidson, N. Lukies, D. Lehtonen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 17

Abstract
In an age when escalating fuel prices, global warming and world resource depletion are of great concern, sustainable transport practices promise to define a new way of mobility into the future. With its comparatively minimal negative environmental impacts, non reliance on fuels and positive health effects, the simple bicycle offers significant benefits to humankind. These benefits are evident worldwide where bicycles are successfully endorsed through improved infrastructure, supporting policies, public education and management. In Australia, the national, state and local governments are introducing measures to improve and support green transport. This is necessary as current bicycle infrastructure is not always sufficient and the longstanding conflict with motorized transport still exists. The aim for the future is to implement sustainable hard and soft bicycle infrastructure globally; the challenges of such a task can be illustrated by the city of Brisbane, Australia. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In an age when escalating fuel prices, global warming and world resource depletion are of great concern, sustainable transport practices promise to define a new way of mobility [...]
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Workload balancing and throughput optimization for heterogeneous systems subject to failures
A. Benoit, A. Dobrila, J. Nicod, L. Philippe

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 16

Abstract
In this report, we study the problem of optimizing the throughput of applications for heterogeneous platforms subject to failures. The considered applications are composed of a sequence of consecutive tasks linked as a linear graph (pipeline), with a type associated to each task. The challenge is to specialize the machines of a target platform to process only one task type, given that every machine is able to process all the types before being specialized, to avoid costly context or setup changes. Each instance can thus be performed by any machine specialized in its type and the workload of the system can be shared among a set of specialized machines. For identical machines, we prove that an optimal solution can be computed in polynomial time. However, the problem becomes NP-hard when two machines can compute the same task type at different speeds. Several polynomial time heuristics are presented for the most realistic specialized settings. Experimental results show that the best heuristics obtain a good throughput, much better than the throughput obtained with a random mapping, and close to the optimal throughput in the particular cases on which the optimal throughput can be computed.; Dans ce rapport, nous étudions le problème de l'optimisation du débit d'applications de type pipeline dans un environnement hétérogène sujet à des pannes. Les applications sont constituées d'un ensemble de tâches consécu\\-tives typées et organisées selon une chaîne linéaire ou pipeline. Le but est ici de spécialiser les machines de la plate-forme d'exécution afin qu'elles ne traitent qu'un seul type de tâches, sachant qu'au départ elles peuvent exécuter tous les types. Cela permet d'éviter des reconfigurations coûteuses entre tâches de types différents sur une même machine. Ainsi, les instances d'une même tâche peuvent être distribuées sur plusieurs machines spécialisées pour le type de cette tâche, ce qui permet une répartition de la charge du système sur un ensemble de machines spécialisées. Lorsque la plate-forme est composée de machines identiques, nous prouvons qu'une solution optimale peut être trouvée en temps polynomial. Par contre, le problème devient NP-complet dès lors que deux machines peuvent traiter une même tâche à des vitesses différentes. Ce faisant, plusieurs heuristiques sont présentées dans le cas le plus réaliste d'un système spécialisé. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que les meilleures heuristiques obtiennent de bons résultats en terme de débit, meilleurs qu'avec une allocation aléatoire, et que les débits atteints sont très proches des débits optimaux dans les cas particuliers pour lesquels une solution optimale peut être calculée. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In this report, we study the problem of optimizing the throughput of applications for heterogeneous platforms subject to failures. The considered applications are composed [...]
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Aktionsräume in polyzentrischen Stadtregionen - ein Abbild räumlicher Entgrenzung?
J. Kühl, S. Wörmer

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2012). Vol. 2012, 10

Abstract
"In polyzentralen Stadtregionen erfährt das aktionsräumliche Handeln durch eine hohe Dichte von Aktivitätsorten bei ubiquitär guter Erreichbarkeit eine ausgeprägte Angebotsvielfalt. Diese 'Multioptionalität' steht in Wechselbeziehung zu raum-zeitlich entgrenzten Handlungsweisen. Es bestehen sowohl immer weniger eindeutige Zeitpunkte und -räume als auch Orte für bestimmte Aktivitäten. Insbesondere im Erwerbsleben kommt es zu einer komplexen Vielfalt raum-zeitlicher Konfigurationen der Arbeits- und Lebensorganisation. Der Aktionsraum weitet sich auf die regionale Maßstabsebene zu regionalisierten Lebensweisen aus. Hierzu trägt insbesondere die räumliche Konfiguration von Wohnort und Arbeitsort bei. Die Distanz zum Arbeitsort weitet den Aktionsraum und synthetisiert somit eine Regionalisierung alltäglicher Lebensweisen. Jedoch zeigen empirische Annäherungen, dass sich im Wesentlichen eine Ausweitung des Radius alltäglicher Wegeketten vollzieht. Die Zahl verschiedener (administrativ abgegrenzter) Orte, die in das aktionsräumliche Handeln eingebunden sind, bleibt gering." (Autorenreferat) "Due to the high density of places of activity which are easily accessible at the same time, polycentric city regions provide multi-facetted offers for its inhabitants. This multioptionality correlates with actions that are spatio-temporally flexible. Traditional periods of time as well as socially defined dates and places lose significance. In particular with regard to working life there is a complex variety of possibilities how to organise the everyday life in terms of time and space. The space of activity is extended to the regional scale and turns into a regionalised way of life. The spatial configuration of living and working places significantly contributes to this phenomenon. The distance to the employment location increases the area of activity, thus synthesising regionalised ways of life. However, empirical surveys illustrate that mainly the radius of everyday mobility extends while the number of the various (administratively defined) places which are frequented remains low." (author's abstract) Document type: Book
Abstract
"In polyzentralen Stadtregionen erfährt das aktionsräumliche Handeln durch eine hohe Dichte von Aktivitätsorten bei ubiquitär guter Erreichbarkeit eine ausgeprägte Angebotsvielfalt. [...]
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Networking of vehicles applications challenges and some recent results
V. Leung

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 14

Abstract
Recent advances in wireless communication technologies are making it possible for automobiles to be integrated into the global network. Intelligent Transportation Systems with vehicles in the loop are expected to significantly improve road safety, reduce traffic congestion and cut greenhouse gas emissions. This is made possible in the USA by Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), which employs the IEEE 802.11p standard over the 75MHz of spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band allocated by the FCC for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. DSRC is expected to revolutionize road transportation by making possible many real-time safety applications. However, global deployment of DSRC is not expected to materialize in the near term due to regulatory and financial challenges. In the meantime, vehicles and their passengers are increasingly equipped with different forms of wireless networking capabilities, e.g., cellular, WiFi and WiMAX. Thus there is also a growing interest in supporting applications like infotainment, travel advisory, route planning, etc., using heterogeneous wireless networks. In this presentation, I shall describe several applications that leverage the wireless communications to put vehicles in the loop. Different applicants impose different requirements on the wireless network for data routing, transfer latency, etc. I shall review the technical challenges that need to be overcome to meet some of these requirements, and describe solutions developed in our recent research to meet these challenges. I shall conclude the presentation by discussing some future research directions. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Recent advances in wireless communication technologies are making it possible for automobiles to be integrated into the global network. Intelligent Transportation Systems [...]
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Mobility in collaborative alert systems building trust through reputation
M. Gil Pérez, F. Gómez Mármol, G. Martínez Pérez, . Antonio, G. Skarmeta

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 13

Abstract
Part 3: - WCNS 2011 Workshop; International audience; Collaborative Intrusion Detection Networks (CIDN) are usually composed by a set of nodes working together to detect distributed intrusions that cannot be easily recognized with traditional intrusion detection architectures. In this approach every node could potentially collaborate to provide its vision of the system and report the alarms being detected at the network, service and/or application levels. This approach includes considering mobile nodes that will be entering and leaving the network in an ad hoc manner. However, for this alert information to be useful in the context of CIDN networks, certain trust and reputation mechanisms determining the credibility of a particular mobile node, and the alerts it provides, are needed. This is the main objective of this paper, where an inter-domain trust and reputation model, together with an architecture for inter-domain collaboration, are presented with the main aim of improving the detection accuracy in CIDN systems while users move from one security domain to another. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Part 3: - WCNS 2011 Workshop; International audience; Collaborative Intrusion Detection Networks (CIDN) are usually composed by a set of nodes working together to detect distributed [...]
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Transport over Heterogeneous Networks Using the RINA Architecture
E. Trouva, E. Grasa, J. Day, I. Matta, L. Chitkushev, S. Bunch, M. Leon, P. Phelan, X. Hesselbach-Serra

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 12

Abstract
Part 6: Quality through Routing, Naming and Control; International audience; The evolution of various wireless technologies has greatly increased the interest in heterogeneous networks, in which the mobile users can enjoy services while roaming between different networks. The current Internet architecture does not seem to cope with the modern networking trends and the growing application demands for performance, stability and efficiency, as the integration of different technologies faces many problems. In this paper, we focus on the issues raised when attempting to provide seamless mobility over a hybrid environment. We highlight the shortcomings of the current architecture, discuss some of the proposed solutions and try to identify the key choices that lead to failure. Finally, we introduce RINA (Recursive Inter-Network Architecture), a newly-proposed network architecture that achieves to integrate networks of different characteristics inherently and show a simple example that demonstrates this feature. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Part 6: Quality through Routing, Naming and Control; International audience; The evolution of various wireless technologies has greatly increased the interest in heterogeneous [...]
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A Conceptual Framework and a Review of Conflict Sensing, Detection, Awareness and Escape Maneuvering Methods for UAVs
B. M., N. A.

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 11

Abstract
Because of the key characteristics of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), removal of pilot, UAVs will be highly suited for repetitive, dirty, and dangerous operations. A wide range of civil and military applications are being explored in the community (Clapper et al., 2007). As a result, UAVs are given serious considerations in worldwide, making them the next step in evolution of aviation. Whatever missions are chosen for UAVs, their number and use will significantly increase in future. Currently, UAVs do not have convenient access to civil and military operation theatres due to their inability to provide an equivalent level-of-safety comparable to see-and-avoid requirements for manned aircraft. The current procedure requires a certificate of authorization be applied for every mission. Obtaining such an authorization may take more than a month. This lengthy process is not in line with increasing number of UAVs development. Therefore, an autonomous collision sensing, detection, awareness and avoidance system will be a key enabler for the integration of unmanned with manned aircraft in a shared airspace. The main objective of the Collision Avoidance System (CAS) is to allow UAVs to operate safely within non segregated civil and military airspace on a routinely basis. For this purpose, the UAV must be able to identify and be identified by the surrounding traffic. The diversity of UAVs and their missions involve a wide-range of system operating concept. Current unmanned aircraft range in size from small hand launch vehicles to large fixed-wing UAV with a wing span similar to Boeing 737. In addition, some UAV autonomously, semiautonomous or completely guided by ground pilot. Furthermore, unmanned vehicles cruise speed, climb/dive rate, turn rate and operating altitudes are similarly varied. Therefore, many CAS methods were proposed to account for that variation and to ensure that the unmanned aircraft efficiently avoids other cooperative traffic while also avoids fixed and moving obstructions such as terrain, obstacles and no flying zones. Numerous technologies are being explored in the community addressing CAS systems. Much of the research in collision avoidance methods for UAVs had been imparted from the air traffic management, maritime and mobile ground robot research communities. However, aircraft complicates the avoidance problem by added dynamic constraints that must be fulfilled for Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Because of the key characteristics of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), removal of pilot, UAVs will be highly suited for repetitive, dirty, and dangerous operations. A wide [...]
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The 'Equivalent Cable Bundle Method' : an Efficient Multiconductor Reduction Technique to Model Industrial Cable Networks
G. Andrieu, X. Bunlon, L. Koné, J. Parmantier, B. Démoulin, A. Reineixl

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 10

Abstract
In automotive electromagnetic (EM) compatibility (EMC), the cable bundle network study is of great importance. Indeed, a cable network links all the electronic equipment interfaces included the critical ones and consequently can be assimilated both to a reception antenna and to an emission antenna at the same time. On the one end, as far as immunity problem is concerned, where an EM perturbation illuminates the car, the cable network acts as a receiving antenna able to induce and propagate interference currents until the electronic equipment interfaces and potentially induce dysfunction or in the worst case destruction of the equipment. At low frequency, the interference signal propagating on the cable network is generally considered as more significant than the direct coupling between the incident field and the equipment. On the other end, as far as emission problem is concerned, the EM field emitted by the cable network may disturb itself the electronic equipments by direct coupling. To avoid these problems, automotive manufacturers have to perform normative tests before selling vehicles. These tests are applied on electronic equipments outside and inside the car first to verify that the equipments are not disturbed by an EM perturbation of given magnitude and second to ensure that the EM emission of each equipment does not exceed a limit value at a given distance. Obviously, these tests are not exhaustive and fully representative of real conditions. For example, in immunity tests, two polarizations (vertical and horizontal polarizations) of the EM perturbation are generally tested in free space conditions. In reality, the EM perturbation due for example to a mobile phone outside the car could happen from any direction of space and be reflected by all the scattering objects located in the close environment of the vehicle (ground, other vehicles, buildings,...). Consequently, the contribution of EM modelling is a great tool for automotive manufacturers in order to proceed to numerical normative, additional and also parametric tests at early stages of the car development on numerical models and for a reasonable cost. Moreover, numerical modelling will reduce the number of prototypes built during the Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In automotive electromagnetic (EM) compatibility (EMC), the cable bundle network study is of great importance. Indeed, a cable network links all the electronic equipment interfaces [...]
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Angola s infrastructure a continental perspective
N. Pushak, V. Foster

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 7

Abstract
The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) has gathered and analyzed extensive data on infrastructure in more than 40 Sub-Saharan countries, including Angola. The results have been presented in reports covering different areas of infrastructure-information and communication technology (ICT), irrigation, power, transport, water and sanitation-and different policy areas, including investment needs, fiscal costs, and sector performance. This report presents the key AICD findings for Angola, allowing the country's infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of its African peers. Given that Angola is a low-income resource-rich country, two sets of African benchmarks will be used to evaluate Angola's situation: fragile low-income countries and resource-rich countries. Detailed comparisons will also be made with immediate regional neighbors in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Several methodological issues should be borne in mind. First, because of the cross-country nature of data collection, a time lag is inevitable. The period covered by the AICD for Angola runs from 2005 to 2009. But financial data for comparator countries typically cover an earlier period, 2001-06, and are averaged to smooth out fluctuations, while technical data are reported for 2006. In recent years, Angola's economy has been among the fastest growing in Africa. Looking ahead, the country's gross development product (GDP) is projected to rise by 6.5 percent in 2011, with oil-sector growth of 3.8 percent and nonoil- sector growth of 8.1 percent (IMF 2011). A 27-year war that ended in 2002 ravaged the country and destroyed most of its economic infrastructure. Many roads, rails, and bridges were mined and obliterated; surviving infrastructure is dilapidated after years of neglect. Document type: Book
Abstract
The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) has gathered and analyzed extensive data on infrastructure in more than 40 Sub-Saharan countries, including Angola. The [...]
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Fast vision based road tunnel detection
M. Bertozzi, A. Broggi, G. Boccalini, L. Mazzei

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 6

Abstract
When a vehicle equipped with an artificial vision system enters or exits a tunnel, the camera may temporarly suffer from reduced visibility, or even get completely blind due to quick changes in enviromental illumination.\r \r This paper presents a vision-based system that detects approaching tunnels entrances or exits. The proposed system allows other ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) to act on camera parameters to effectively avoid the tunnel blindness effect. Information regarding approaching tunnel entrance can be helpful for other sensors as well and for sensor fusion systems. In terms of path planning, this system can also inform GNSS-based systems (Global Navigation Satellite System), which usually do not receive any signal in tunnels, and trigger dead reckoning techniques.\r \r The proposed system is noticeably fast and therefore well fit to be used as a background process to support other ADAS applications. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
When a vehicle equipped with an artificial vision system enters or exits a tunnel, the camera may temporarly suffer from reduced visibility, or even get completely blind due [...]
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The central african republic s infrastructure a continental perspective
C. Domínguez-Torres, V. Foster

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 5

Abstract
Between 2000 and 2005, infrastructure contributed less than 1 percentage point to the Central African Republic's annual per capita GDP growth, despite substantial spending in the road sector. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could boost annual growth by about 3.5 percentage points. The CAR has made significant progress in the transport, water, power, and information and communications technology (ICT) sectors. But the high cost of fuel, which raises transportation and energy costs, has been a vexing issue across all infrastructure sectors. The CAR's most pressing infrastructural challenge lies in the transport sector, which relies heavily on neighboring countries and could benefit from improved road conditions and enhanced performance at the port of Douala in Cameroon. In the power sector, the country suffers from a deteriorating infrastructure stock that it can no longer afford to maintain, and an inefficient and unreliable power supply. Additional challenges include a need for improved infrastructure in the water and sanitation and ICT sectors. Addressing the CAR's infrastructure challenges will require sustained expenditure of $346 million per year over the next decade. The nation already spends around $134 million per year on infrastructure, with $37 million a year lost to inefficiencies of various kinds. If those inefficiencies were fully eliminated, the country's annual infrastructure funding gap would be $183 million per year. Improvements in funding, coupled with the prospect of an economic rebound and prudent policies, could lift the country from its fragile state back to and beyond the prosperity standards it once enjoyed. Document type: Book
Abstract
Between 2000 and 2005, infrastructure contributed less than 1 percentage point to the Central African Republic's annual per capita GDP growth, despite substantial spending [...]
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Evaluation of a new coarse to fine strategy for fast semi global stereo matching
S. Hermann, R. Klette

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 4

Abstract
The paper considers semi-global stereo matching in the context of vision-based driver assistance systems. The need for real-time performance in this field requires a design change of the originally proposed method to run on current hardware. This paper proposes such a new design; the novel strategy first generates a disparity map from half-resolution input images. The result is then used as prior to restrict the disparity search space for full-resolution computation. This approach is compared to an SGM strategy as employed currently in a state-of-the-art real-time FPGA solution. Furthermore, trinocular stereo evaluation is performed on ten real-world traffic sequences with a total of 4,000 trinocular frames. An extension to the original evaluation methodology is proposed to resolve ambiguities and to incorporate disparity density in a statistically meaningful way. Evaluation results indicate that the novel SGM method is up to 40% faster when compared to the previous strategy. It returns denser disparity maps, and is also more accurate on evaluated traffic scenes. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The paper considers semi-global stereo matching in the context of vision-based driver assistance systems. The need for real-time performance in this field requires a design [...]
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Traffic Congestion Management as a Learning Agent Coordination Problem
K. Tumer, Z. Welch, A. Agogino

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2011, 3

Abstract
Traffic management problems provide a unique environment to study how multi-agent systems promote desired system level behavior. In particular, they represent a special class of problems where the individual actions of the agents are neither intrinsically “good” nor “bad” for the system. Instead, it is the combinations of actions among agents that lead to desirable or undesirable outcomes. As a consequence, agents need to learn how to coordinate their actions with those of other agents, rather than learn a particular set of “good” actions. In this chapter, the authors focus on problems where there is no communication among the drivers, which puts the burden of coordination on the principled selection of the agent reward functions. They explore the impact of agent reward functions on two types of traffic problems. In the first problem, the authors study how agents learn the best departure times in a daily commuting environment and how following those departure times alleviates congestion. In the second problem, the authors study how agents learn to select desirable lanes to improve traffic flow and minimize delays for all drivers. In both cases, they focus on having an agent select the most suitable action for each driver using reinforcement learning, and explore the impact of different reward functions on system behavior. Their results show that agent rewards that are both aligned with and sensitive to, the system reward lead to significantly better results than purely local or global agent rewards. They conclude this chapter by discussing how changing the way in which the system performance is measured affects the relative performance of these rewards functions, and how agent rewards derived for one setting (timely arrivals) can be modified to meet a new system setting (maximize throughput). Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Traffic management problems provide a unique environment to study how multi-agent systems promote desired system level behavior. In particular, they represent a special class [...]
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Senegal's Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective
C. Torres, C. Briceno-Garmendia, C. Dominguez

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2011). Vol. 2011, 2

Abstract
Between 2000 and 2005 infrastructure made a contribution of 1 percentage point to Senegal's improved per capita growth performance, placing it in the middle of the distribution among West African countries during the period. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries (MICs) could boost annual growth by about 2.7 percentage points. Senegal has made significant progress in some areas of its infrastructure. In the transport sector, road standards are adequate and their quality average. Senegal has also strengthened the road institutional framework with the creation of the Second Generation Road Fund (FERA) and the Road Maintenance Executing Agency. It has also managed to have a toll road concession granted for the Dakar-Diamniadio Toll Highway. The tariffs in the railway sector are internationally competitive, and there has been improvement in the financial viability of ports. After Nigeria, the country stands as an emerging hub and a major player in air transport. Also, Senegal has managed to introduce private participation in electricity generation, and the unbundling of the electricity sector is under way even as the country actively participates in the regional power market. The country is on track to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in improved water. In the information and communication technology (ICT) sector there has been an impressive expansion of the mobile and Internet markets. Senegal already spends around $911 million per year on infrastructure, equivalent to about 11 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP). Almost $312 million a year is lost to inefficiencies of various kinds, associated mainly with under-pricing in the power and water sectors, poor financial management of utilities, and inefficient allocation of resources across sectors. If Senegal could raise tariffs to cost-recovery levels and reduce operational inefficiencies in line with reasonable developing-country benchmarks, it could substantially boost its infrastructure sector. Document type: Book
Abstract
Between 2000 and 2005 infrastructure made a contribution of 1 percentage point to Senegal's improved per capita growth performance, placing it in the middle of the distribution [...]
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Historische evolutie van zeescheldehabitats:kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve analyse van invloedsfactoren
A. Van Braeckel, L. Coen, P. Peeters, Y. Plancke, J. Hinsch Mikkelsen, E. Van den Bergh

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2012, 4

Abstract
In een eerste historische analyse van de ingreep-effectrelaties op de Zeeschelde (Van Braeckel et al., 2006) werden data verzameld, geëvalueerd naar kwaliteit en continuïteit en ecologisch geïnterpreteerd. De eerste analyse van ingrepen, getij en evolutie van Zeescheldehabitats was vooral kwalitatief. Eenduidige oorzaak-gevolg relaties waren moeilijk te leggen omdat verschillende ingrepen gelijktijdig plaatsvonden en het relatief belang van autonome processen moeilijk in te schatten was. Kennishiaten werden geïdentificeerd en een aantal onderzoeksvragen werden als stelling geformuleerd."br/"In dit vervolgproject werd de systeemkennis verder uitgediept met nieuw verworven informatie: de tij-analyse werd meer in detail doorgevoerd en het historisch beeld van de ecotopen werd vervolledigd. Het doel van deze vervolgstudie was vooral om ingreep-effect relaties beter te kwantificeren."br/"Met betrekking tot arealen werd vastgesteld dat slik- en schoroppervlakten langs de Zeeschelde en haar getijgebonden zijrivieren respectievelijk met 66% en 82% verminderden tussen 1850 en 2003. Sinds 1930 verdween ook 40% van het ondiep subtidaal. Zowel rechtstreekse habitatvernietiging als hydrodynamische en morfologische ontwikkelingen die voortschrijdende erosie veroorzaken, liggen hier aan de basis. Meer bepaald rechttrekkingen, inpolderingen, dijkwerken, zeespiegelstijging, wijziging en manipulatie van het debiet van de bovenafvoer, verruiming en verdieping van de vaargeul, vaargeulonderhoud en"br/"baggerstortwerken, zandwinning en morfologische aanpassingen worden steeds in die context vermeld."br/"In deze studie wordt met behulp van numerieke modelleringen (1D en 2D modellen) getracht het effect van de verschillende ingrepen te kwantificeren. Het doel is om de relatieve bijdrage van rechttrekkingen, debietwijzigingen van de bovenafvoer, inpolderingen, verruimingen, zandwinning en de algemene zeespiegelstijging op de getij-indringing in het Schelde-estuarium te bepalen. Omdat de morfologische veranderingen van het Middelgat en het Gat van Ossenisse eveneens het getij beïnvloedden werden ook deze gemodelleerd in enkele bagger/stort-scenario‟s. Vertrekkend van modellen die de huidige topo-bathymetrie"br/"weergeven worden de ingrepen uit het verleden schematisch ongedaan gemaakt. Het resultaat is dus niet echt een reconstructie van het verleden maar eerder een „hindcast‟ vanuit het heden. Door de resultaten van verschillende simulaties te vergelijken kunnen richting en grootteorde van het aandeel van de ingrepen op wijzigingen in de getij-variabelen begroot worden. Via deze getijkenmerken werd dan de potentiële impact op areaal en kwaliteit van habitats ingeschat."br/"Een laagwater daling heeft de potentie in zich de slikoppervlakte te vergroten, althans indien de hoogtegradiënt niet te steil is. Op dezelfde wijze kan stijging van hoogwater potentieel schoruitbreiding met zich meebrengen op voorwaarde dat de zijdelingse ruimte voorhanden is. De werkelijke ontwikkeling van slikken en schorren ten gevolge van toenemend getijverschil is echter ook nog afhankelijk van sedimentvracht, hydro- en morfodynamiek en topografie. In de Zeeschelde is de beschikbaarheid van sediment geen beperkende factor. Door gebrek aan zijdelingse ruimte en luwten echter zal toename in het getijverschil zelden in duurzame slik- en schorwinst resulteren. Document type: Book
Abstract
In een eerste historische analyse van de ingreep-effectrelaties op de Zeeschelde (Van Braeckel et al., 2006) werden data verzameld, geëvalueerd naar kwaliteit en continuïteit [...]
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Social aspects of place experience in mobile work/life practices
L. Ciolfi, B. Gray, A. D’Andrea

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2012, 3

Abstract
eer-reviewed\nThis chapter examines the importance of “where” mobile work/life practices\noccur. By discussing excerpts of data collected through in-depth interviews\nwith mobile professionals, we focus on the importance of place for mobility, and\nhighlight the social character of place and the intrinsically social motivations of\nworkers when making decisions regarding where to move. In order to show how\nthe experience of mobility is grounded within place as a socially significant construct,\nwe concentrate on three analytical themes: place as an essential component\nof social/collaborative work, place as expressive of organizational needs and characteristics,\nand place as facilitating a blending of work/life strategies and relationships.\nACCEPTED\nPeer reviewed Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
eer-reviewed\nThis chapter examines the importance of “where” mobile work/life practices\noccur. By discussing excerpts of data collected through in-depth interviews\nwith [...]
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Análisis del método para calificación de software QSOS para la selección de software aplicable a procesos educativos
G. Ramos, J. Páez

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2011). Vol. 2, (4), 45

Abstract
Español:En
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Los valores morales en la conducta personal
B. Aguirre Palma

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2011). Vol. 2, (4), 44

Abstract
Español:¿Cómo
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Disponibilidad de infraestructura y recursos tecnológicos en el sistema escolar de educación básica del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito
J. Coronel

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2011). Vol. 2, (4), 43

Abstract
Español:La combinación curricular de los medios tecnológicos (informáticos, audiovisuales y de la comunicaciónen general) y el aprovechamiento de las ventajas didácticas no resulta una labor sencilla. Eldocente necesita determinadas destrezas e ideas técnicas, ha de estar enterado sobre los materialesdisponibles y sobre cómo usarlos didácticamente, y precisa recursos e infraestructura para desarrollarlas actividades educativas con sus estudiantes. También es necesario tiempo para: preparar todasestas actividades, planificar, evaluar su uso, etc.El problema que presume el uso de los medios informáticos y audiovisuales en los procesos de enseñanzay aprendizaje, las instituciones educativas que quieren iniciar o ampliar su utilización porparte del cuerpo docente han de procurar una buena organización de estos recursos. Esta organizacióngeneralmente supone el montaje de aulas de recursos que faciliten la utilización, el control y elalmacenamiento de estos materiales.En la distribución de los recursos tecnológicos de un centro logramos diferenciar tres tipos de elementosmateriales:La infraestructura física. Se considera:- El área física adecuada para el uso y almacenamiento de los recursos: aulas, almacenes, bodegas,etc.- Las instalaciones: iluminación, enchufes, ventilación, aislamiento, sistemas de seguridad.- Los materiales adicionales: mesas, armarios, sillas...Los aparatos tecnológicos. Son aquellos aparatos obligatorios para poder usar los materiales curricularesque se presentan como soporte tecnológico. Por ejemplo:- Computadoras, impresoras, conexiones y otros recursos informáticos.- Televisión, Televisión por cable, Televisión satelital.- Retro-proyectores, proyectores de diapositivas, cámaras fotográficas.- Casetes, cadenas musicales, altavoces, micros.Materiales curriculares. Son los materiales que, en conjunto con sus guías didácticas, contienen lainformación. Su aplicación requiere el uso de algunos aparatos tecnológicos. Entre los materialescurriculares que necesitan soporte tecnológico se puede destacar:- Software informático.- Diapositivas, transparencias.- Programas de vídeo.- Discos compactos.Esta investigación tiene como objetivo fundamental realizar una descripción de la situación de lasEscuelas del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito en el año 2011, en los siguientes ámbitos de estudio:infraestructura y recursos tecnológicos. Una parte importante de este estudio es determinar los contrastesexistentes entre las Instituciones Educativas de este territorio.English:The curricular combination of the technological resources (computer, audiovisuals and the communicationsin general) and the didactics aids provided by them, seems not to be an easy task. Theteachers need certain skills as well as technical ideas. They need to be well trained on the uses of theavailable materials and have a wide knowledge about the didactic use of them. It is also mandatoryto provide the institutions with an appropriate infrastructure to develop the educative activitiesalong with the students. So forth in order to prepare, plan and asses the correct application of suchactivities time is required.The problem comes out in the uses of the computer and audiovisuals means during the teaching –learning process. The educative institutions, in an attempt to initiate or increase the use of thesemeans, should provide teachers with a rightful organization of these resources. Such organization isrelated to the provision of source rooms which facilitate the utilization, control and storage of thesematerials.In the distributions of the technological resources of an institution there are three types of materialelements.The physic infrastructure: it is considered:- The physic area arranged for the use and storage of the resources: classrooms, stores, shops,etc.- The facilities: illumination, plugs, air condition, security systems- The additional materials: tables, chairs, closets, etc.The technological apparatus. They are the mandatory apparatus in order to utilize the curricular materialspresented as technological support. For instance:- Computers, printers, connections, and any other informatics resources.- TV, cable TV, satellite TV.- LCD projectors, overhead projectors, camera.- Cassettes, devises to store music, speakers, microphones.Curricular materials. They are materials that together with their didactic guides contain the information.Its application requires the use of technological apparatus. For instance:- Informative software.- Slides.- Compact discs.- Video programsThe aim of this research is to map the current situation of the schools within the Metropolitan Districtof Quito in the year 2011 in both infrastructure and technological resources fields. A very importantcomponent of this study is to determine the existent contrast among the Educative Institutionslocated within this territory.
Abstract
Español:La combinación curricular de los medios tecnológicos (informáticos, audiovisuales y de la comunicaciónen general) y el aprovechamiento de las ventajas didácticas [...]
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Estudio de la construcción de índices integrales para el apoyo al control de gestión empresarial
A. Medina León, N. Piloto Fleitas, D. Nogueira Rivera, A. Hernández Nariño, A. Ricardo Alonso, J. Viteri Moya

Enfoque UTE - Scientific Engineering Journal (2011). Vol. 2, (4), 42

Abstract
Español:El
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Estimation of the dispersion error in the numerical wave number of standard and stabilized finite element approximations of the Helmholtz equation
L. Steffens, N. Parés, P. Diez

Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng. (2011). Vol. 86 (10), pp. 1197-1224

Abstract
An estimator for the error in the wave number is presented in the context of finite element approximations of the Helmholtz equation. The proposed estimate is an extension of the ideas introduced in [28]. In the previous work, the error assessment technique was developed for standard Galerkin approximations. Here, the methodology is extended to deal also with stabilized approximations of the Helmholtz equation. Thus, the accuracy of the stabilized solutions is analyzed, including also their sensitivity to the stabilization parameters depending on the mesh topology. The procedure builds up an inexpensive approximation of the exact solution, using post-processing techniques standard in error estimation analysis, from which the estimate of the error in the wave number is computed using a simple closed expression. The recovery technique used in [28] is based in a polynomial least squares fitting. Here a new recovery strategy is introduced, using exponential (in a complex setup, trigonometric) local approximations respecting the nature of the solution of the wave problem.
Abstract
An estimator for the error in the wave number is presented in the context of finite element approximations of the Helmholtz equation. The proposed estimate is an extension [...]
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Numerical modeling of the Double Punch Test for plain concrete
A. Pros, P. Diez, C. Molins

Int. J. Solids and Structures (2011). Vol. 48 (7-8), pp. 1229-1238

Abstract
Double punch test is used to indirectly assess the tensile strength of plain concrete, ft. For this normalized test, the tensile strength is obtained as a function of the failure load, P, which is expressed as ft = F(P). Different authors have proposed different expressions for the relation F(.), yielding scattered values of ft. None of these alternatives is universally recognized as being more suitable than the others. In fact, these expressions are mainly based on elastic models considering the maximum tensile stress under the load P and ft is obtained as an output of the linear model. A numerical simulation allows using models in which ft is an input of the material model and the corresponding failure load P is obtained associated with each value of ft. In the present work, double punch test is simulated numerically considering two alternatives for modeling plain concrete accounting for damage and cracking: (a) the nonlocal Mazars damage model and (b) an heuristic crack model including joint elements in an a priori defined crack pattern. Numerical results are validated with experimental data and compared with the analytical expressions available in the literature.
Abstract
Double punch test is used to indirectly assess the tensile strength of plain concrete, ft. For this normalized test, the tensile strength is obtained as a function of the [...]
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Goal-oriented h-adaptivity for the Helmholtz equation: error estimates, local indicators and refinement strategies
L. Steffens, N. Parés, P. Diez

Computational Mechanics (2011). Vol. 47 (6), pp. 681-699

Abstract
This paper introduces a new goal-oriented adap- tive technique based on a simple and effective post-process of the finite element approximations. The goal-oriented character of the estimate is achieved by analyzing both the direct problem and an auxiliary problem, denoted as adjoint or dual problem, which is related to the quantity of interest. Thus, the error estimation technique proposed in this paper would fall into the category of recovery-type explicit residual a posteriori error estimates. The procedure is valid for general linear quantities of interest and it is also extended to non-linear ones. The numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach and discuss: 1) different error representations, 2) assessment of the dispersion error, and 3) different remeshing criteria.
Abstract
This paper introduces a new goal-oriented adap- tive technique based on a simple and effective post-process of the finite element approximations. The goal-oriented character [...]
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Numerical modeling of erosion using an improvement of the extended finite element method
R. Cottereau, P. Diez

European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering (2011). Vol. 15 (8), pp. 1187-1206

Abstract
We present in this paper a numerical model of the erosion of a soil that accounts for both the flow in the open fluid and the flow of fluid through the porous soil. The interface between the open fluid and the soil is represented using a level-set function, and the erosion is controlled by the shear stress vector. The evaluation of the approximate value of this gradient is particularly focused on, and an improved method, called XFE+ method, is presented. Numerical results in 2D and 3D illustrate the accuracy and the potentiality of this method.
Abstract
We present in this paper a numerical model of the erosion of a soil that accounts for both the flow in the open fluid and the flow of fluid through the porous soil. The interface [...]
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A combined nodal continuous-discontinuous finite element formulation for the Maxwell problem
S. Badia, R. Codina

Applied Mathematics and Computation (2011). Vol. 218 (8), pp. 4276-4294

Abstract
Continuous Galerkin formulations are appealing due to their low computational cost, whereas discontinuous Galerkin formulation facilitate adaptative mesh refinement and are more accurate in regions with jumps of physical parameters. Since many electromagnetic problems involve materials with different physical properties, this last point is very important. For this reason, in this article we have developed a combined cG–dG formulation for Maxwell’s problem that allows arbitrary finite element spaces with functins continuous in patches of finite elements and discontinuous on the interfaces of these patches. In particular, the second formulation we propose comes from a novel continuous Galerkin formulation that reduces the amount of stabilization introduced in the numerical system. In all cases, we have performed stability and convergence analyses of the methods. The outcome of this work is a new approach that keeps the low CPU cost of recent nodal continuous formulations with the ability to deal with coefficient jumps and adaptivity of discontinuous ones. All these methods have been tested using a problem with singular solution and another one with different materials, in order to prove that in fact the resulting formulations can properly deal with these problems.
Abstract
Continuous Galerkin formulations are appealing due to their low computational cost, whereas discontinuous Galerkin formulation facilitate adaptative mesh refinement and are [...]
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The Fixed‐Mesh ALE approach for the numerical simulation of floating solids
J. Baiges, R. Codina, H. Coppola-Owen

Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids (2011). Vol. 67 (8), pp. 1004-1023

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a method to solve the problem of floating solids using always a background mesh for the spatial discretization of the fluid domain. The main feature of the method is that it properly accounts for the advection of information as the domain boundary evolves. To achieve this, we use an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian framework, the distinctive characteristic being that at each time step results are projected onto a fixed, background mesh. We pay special attention to the tracking of the various interfaces and their intersections, and to the approximate imposition of coupling conditions between the solid and the fluid.
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a method to solve the problem of floating solids using always a background mesh for the spatial discretization of the fluid domain. The main feature [...]
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Finite element dynamical subgrid-scale approximation of low Mach number flow equations
M. Ávila, J. Principe, R. Codina

Journal of Computational Physics (2011). Vol. 230, pp. 7988-8009

Abstract
In this work we propose a variational multiscale finite element approximation of thermally coupled low speed flows. The physical model is described by the low Mach number equations, which are obtained as a limit of the compressible Navier Stokes equations in the small Mach number. In contrast to the commonly used Boussinesq approximation, this model permits to take volumetric deformation into account. Although the former is more general than the later, both systems have similar mathematical structure and their numerical approximation can suffer the same type of instabilities. We propose a stabilized finite element approximation based on the the variational multiscale method, in which a decomposition of the approximating space into a coarse scale resolvable part and a fine scale subgrid part is performed. Modeling the subscale and taking its effect on the coarse scale problem into account, results in a stable formulation. The quality of the final approximation (accuracy, efficiency) depends on the particular model. The distinctive features of our approach are to consider the subscales as transient and to keep the scale splitting in all the nonlinear terms. The first ingredient permits to obtain an improved time discretization scheme (higher accuracy, better stability, no restrictions on the time step size). The second ingredient permits to prove global conservation properties. It also allows us to approach the problem of dealing with thermal turbulence from a strictly numerical point of view. Numerical tests show that nonlinear and dynamic subscales give more accurate solutions than classical stabilized methods.
Abstract
In this work we propose a variational multiscale finite element approximation of thermally coupled low speed flows. The physical model is described by the low Mach number [...]
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Finite element approximation of transmission conditions in fluids and solids introducing boundary subgrid scales
R. Codina, J. Baiges

Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng. (2011). Vol. 87 (1-5), pp. 386-411

Abstract
Terms involving jumps of stresses on boundaries are proposed for the finite element approximation of the Stokes problem and the linear elasticity equations. These terms are designed to improve the transmission conditions between subdomains at three different levels, namely, between the element domains, between the interfaces in homogeneous domain interaction problems and at the interface between the fluid and the solid in fluid–structure interaction problems. The benefits in each case are respectively the possibility of using discontinuous pressure interpolations in a stabilized finite element approximation of the Stokes problem, a stronger enforcement of the stress continuity in homogeneous domain decomposition problems and a considerable improvement of the behavior of iterative schemes to couple the fluid and the solid in fluid–structure integration algorithms. The motivation to introduce these terms stems from a decomposition of the unknown into a conforming and a non‐conforming part, a hybrid formulation for the latter and a simple approximation for the unknowns involved in the hybrid problem.
Abstract
Terms involving jumps of stresses on boundaries are proposed for the finite element approximation of the Stokes problem and the linear elasticity equations. These terms are [...]
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A free surface finite element model for low Froude number mould filling problems on fixed meshes
H. Coppola-Owen, R. Codina

Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids (2011). Vol. 66 (7), pp. 833-851

Abstract
The simulation of low Froude number mould filling problems on fixed meshes presents significant difficulties. As the Froude number decreases, the coupling between the position of the interface and the resulting flow field increases. The usual two‐phase flow model provides poor results for such flow. In order to overcome the difficulties, a free surface model that applies boundary conditions at the interface accurately is used. Moreover, the use of wall laws on curved boundaries also fails in the case of low Froude number flows. To solve this second problem, we combine wall laws with ‘do nothing’ boundary conditions. A special feature of our approach is that ‘do nothing’ boundary conditions are only applied in the normal direction. These two key ingredients together with the Level Set method allow us to simulate three‐dimensional mould filling problems borrowed directly from the foundry.
Abstract
The simulation of low Froude number mould filling problems on fixed meshes presents significant difficulties. As the Froude number decreases, the coupling between the position [...]
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Approximation of the inductionless MHD problem using a stabilized finite element method
R. Planas, S. Badia, R. Codina

Journal of Computational Physics (2011). Vol. 230 (8), pp. 2977-2996

Abstract
In this work, we present a stabilized formulation to solve the inductionless magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) problem using the finite element (FE) method. The MHD problem couples the Navier–Stokes equations and a Darcy-type system for the electric potential via Lorentz’s force in the momentum equation of the Navier–Stokes equations and the currents generated by the moving fluid in Ohm’s law. The key feature of the FE formulation resides in the design of the stabilization terms, which serve several purposes. First, the formulation is suitable for convection dominated flows. Second, there is no need to use interpolation spaces constrained to a compatibility condition in both sub-problems and therefore, equal-order interpolation spaces can be used for all the unknowns. Finally, this formulation leads to a coupled linear system; this monolithic approach is effective, since the coupling can be dealt by effective preconditioning and iterative solvers that allows to deal with high Hartmann numbers.
Abstract
In this work, we present a stabilized formulation to solve the inductionless magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) problem using the finite element (FE) method. The MHD [...]
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