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This research analyses the contribution of cyberactivism to the political and social change in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, as well as the opinion of young Arabs on the present context. Meaningful information has been extracted from regular interviews to 30 undergraduates over a five-year period. These students had already participated in the process boosting the Arab Spring in 2011, and they keep practising cyberactivism ever since. The use of a mixed method research allows for carrying out a study where quantitative elements are complemented by qualitative ones. Findings show that Arab countries have not yet shaken off the former structures that supported the regimes preceding 2011, which are those that hamper the consolidation of a modern country. At the moment, there are still two conflicting realities between millenary traditions and values connected to revolutions and symbols of progressivism in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. In a context where the unity of action action is needed, cyberactivism plays an essential role, as it brings together critical citizens in a common and virtual space. These groups are committed to change, they keep in touch with the outside world and beyond censorship, they make protests visible to the international arena, and monitor government actions.

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In Peru, young college students have leading roles in social protest mobilizations even when they seldom belong to political organizations. This study aims to analyze the perception of current politics and its institu-tions among young college students, and to inquire into their interest on relevant events at their surround-ings and into the importance gained by the media and the social networks concerning their information. The purpose of this project is also to examine the role assigned by college students to the university as a space of personal development and reflection. This project was carried out in Lima, Peru, directed to youngsters aged 17 to 25 from public and private universities. Opinions have been collected through six focus-groups and a survey applied to more than 400 students. The analysis concludes that college students distrust pro-foundly political parties and formal political organizations; likewise it shows they have a broad access to information sources, so as their willingness to solve Peru’s problematic issues. It also uncovers clear differ-ences between students of private and public universities regarding attitudes for participating in political action, inside and outside the campus. From the study stems a proposal to provide young students at their campuses with opportunities to debate public issues of national and global interest as a part of their overall academic training.

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The subject of our research is the evolution of the concept of "freedom" in liberal political thought at the end of the 19th century – first half of the 20th century, as well as its influence on further academic discussions of "freedom" as a concept. Our main sources, therefore, are the texts by liberal, conservative as well as left-wing theorists of the period in question (Isaiah Berlin, Carl Schmitt, Edmund Burke, Max Weber, Joseph Schumpeter, Walter Benjamin) and their interconnections with the subsequent development of the liberal tradition (Jurgen Habermas, Hannah Arendt) as well as its critics (Giorgio Agamben, Judith Butler). The aim of the project was to confirm our basic hypothesis that the key transformation of the concept of "freedom" in political and social thought takes place at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries – this was the moment when liberal doctrines took shape, in which collective freedom gave way to individual freedom. Thus, our project had three objectives: 1) to trace the transformation of the notion of freedom in the liberal tradition of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, 2) to identify lines of criticism of individual freedom in conservative and leftist thought of the early twentieth century, 3) to analyze the current crisis of liberalism related to the non-democratic basis of actual political representation and to show how the notion of freedom formed in early twentieth century liberal theory has affected the institutions of modern liberal democracy. The relevance of the research is determined by the deepening crisis of liberalism in our days and the pursuit of programmatic alternatives to liberal democratic institutions. Through an analysis based primarily on the "history of concepts" method, we have described the contradictions in liberal thought associated with the form of the democratic process and its elitist content. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that, for the first time in domestic political theory, an attempt was made to examine the key category of "freedom" in the liberal tradition in a broad historical and theoretical context, which made it possible to identify its contemporary understanding. We conclude that this anti-democratic and antiegalitarian element of the liberal tradition has common origins with the conservative critique of democracy of the early to mid-20th century. Since the Russian Federation's policy documents (in particular, the National Security Strategy) pay considerable attention to rethinking the relationship between individual freedoms and securing the collective freedom of the Russian people in the face of external challenges, the practical recommendation of the study is to further develop an original historical and theoretical concept of freedom that meets the contemporary conditions of our country.

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This article aims to analyze the journalistic content of the newspaper Perú21, on the focus of interest information on international relations to know the frames or episodic and thematic frames in the news, and the approach saved with the official agenda of foreign affairs. The corpus consisted of 1295 journalistic texts produced between the months of July 2011 to July 2015. The different framings were determined on the basis of the theory of framing and typology of frames proposed by Semetko and Valkenburg. The results indicate that the news production issues Chancellery is defined primarily by the “attribution of responsibility” and “economic consequences”, particularly on issues of free trade and market economy, security and defense, human rights, fight against drug trafficking, the environment and technical cooperation.

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This article aims to analyze the journalistic content of the newspaper Perú21, on the focus of interest information on international relations to know the frames or episodic and thematic frames in the news, and the approach saved with the official agenda of foreign affairs. The corpus consisted of 1295 journalistic texts produced between the months of July 2011 to July 2015. The different framings were determined on the basis of the theory of framing and typology of frames proposed by Semetko and Valkenburg. The results indicate that the news production issues Chancellery is defined primarily by the “attribution of responsibility” and “economic consequences”, particularly on issues of free trade and market economy, security and defense, human rights, fight against drug trafficking, the environment and technical cooperation.

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This paper presents an Epistemic Critical Discourse Analysis matrix applied to the column “Opinion state and clientelism” by Alicia Eugenia Silva, published in newspaper El Tiempo on January 30th 2010 during prelectoral period of campaign to Congress in Colombia. This analisis identifies pedagogical components and didactic strategies in the discourse. Besides, it point out manipulation textual elements that induced to reader for take part for writer’s interests or informative company. Thus, this ignited a complex process between author and reader based on language, ideology, communication of beliefs, and social interaction.

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