Documents published in 2005 : Scipedia

IMPROVEMENT TO PIPELINE COMPRESSOR ENGINE RELIABILITY THROUGH RETROFIT MICRO-PILOT IGNITION SYSTEM
S. Chase, T. Bestor, D. Olsen

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 30

Abstract
This report documents a 3-year research program conducted by the Engines & Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) at Colorado State University (CSU) to develop micropilot ignition systems for existing pipeline compressor engines. Research activities for the overall program were conducted with the understanding that the efforts are to result in a commercial product to capture and disseminate the efficiency and environmental benefits of this new technology. An extensive state-of-art review was conducted to leverage the existing body of knowledge of micropilot ignition with respect to retrofit applications. Additionally, commercially-available fuel injection products were identified and applied to the program where appropriate. This approach will minimize the overall time-to-market requirements, while meeting performance and cost criteria. The objective for Phase I was to demonstrate the feasibility of micropilot ignition for large bore, slow speed engines operating at low compression ratios under laboratory conditions at the EECL. The primary elements of Micropilot Phase I were to develop a single-cylinder test chamber to study the injection of pilot fuel into a combustion cylinder and to develop, install and test a multi-cylinder micropilot ignition system for a 4-cylinder, natural gas test engine. In all, there were twelve (12) tasks defined and executed to support these two (2) primarily elements in a stepwise fashion. Task-specific approaches and results are documented in this report. The four-cylinder prototype data was encouraging for the micro-pilot ignition technology when compared to spark ignition. The objective for Phase II was to further develop and optimize the micropilot ignition system at the EECL for large bore, slow speed engines operating at low compression ratios. The primary elements of Micropilot Phase II were to evaluate the results for the 4-cylinder system prototype developed for Phase I, then optimize this system and prepare the technology for the field demonstration phase in Year 3. In all, there were twelve (12) tasks defined and executed to support objectives in a stepwise fashion. The optimized four-cylinder system data demonstrated significant progress compared to Phase I results, as well as traditional spark ignition systems. These laboratory results were enhanced, then verified via a field demonstration project during Phase III of the Micropilot Ignition program. An Implementation Team of qualified engine retrofit service providers was assembled to install the retrofit micropilot ignition system on an engine operated by El Paso Pipeline Group at a compressor station near Window Rock, Arizona. Testing of this demonstration unit showed that the same benefits identified by laboratory testing at CSU, i.e., reduced fuel consumption and exhaust emissions (NOx, THC, CO, and CH2O). Commercialization of the retrofit micropilot ignition technology is awaiting a ''market pull'', which is expected to materialize as the results of the field demonstration become known and accepted. The Implementation Team, comprised of Woodward Governor Company, Enginuity LLC, Hoerbiger Corporation of America, and DigiCon Inc., has direct experience with the technology development and implementation, and stands ready to promote and commercialize the retrofit micropilot ignition system.
Abstract
This report documents a 3-year research program conducted by the Engines & Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) at Colorado State University (CSU) to develop micropilot ignition [...]
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Evaluación de la concesión del puerto de Matarani: ¿quién ganó y quién perdió.
L. Alcázar, R. Lovatón

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 29

Abstract
En el contexto de un proceso de concesiones portuarias paralizado y de un debate acerca de la conveniencia de retomarlo, este estudio evalúa el desempeño del terminal de Matarani, administrado desde 1999 por la empresa Terminal Internacional del Sur S.A. (TISUR), y único puerto peruano entregado en concesión hasta el momento. El objetivo es evaluar las características del proceso de concesión, estimar su impacto en la economía e identificar las implicancias de entregar en concesión otros puertos del país. Con este fin, se analizó el modelo utilizado para introducir la participación privada, se examinó si existe evidencia de una mejor operación del puerto con la concesión y se estimó el impacto sobre el bienestar de cada grupo involucrado. Los resultados revelan que la concesión tuvo un efecto positivo neto sobre el bienestar, estimado en 47,7 millones de soles. El principal beneficiado habría sido el Gobierno, que a pesar de perder los flujos resultantes de la operación de la infraestructura, ha resultado más que compensado por otros efectos: el pago inicial, la retribución, la tasa regulatoria y una mayor recaudación. En segundo lugar, los consumidores, quienes reciben una tercera parte de este cambio en el bienestar y, por último, el concesionario. Los grupos perjudicados serían los trabajadores y el grupo de usuarios intermedios.
Abstract
En el contexto de un proceso de concesiones portuarias paralizado y de un debate acerca de la conveniencia de retomarlo, este estudio evalúa el desempeño del terminal de [...]
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Development of Permanent Mechanical Repair Sleeve for Plastic Pipe
H. Patadia

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 28

Abstract
The report presents a comprehensive summary of the project status related to the development of a permanent mechanical repair fitting intended to be installed on damaged PE mains under blowing gas conditions. Specifically, the product definition has been developed taking into account relevant codes and standards and industry input. A conceptual design for the mechanical repair sleeve has been developed which meets the product definition.
Abstract
The report presents a comprehensive summary of the project status related to the development of a permanent mechanical repair fitting intended to be installed on damaged PE [...]
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REALTIME MONITORING OF PIPELINES FOR THIRD-PARTY CONTACT
G. Burkhardt, A. Crouch

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 27

Abstract
Third-party contact with pipelines (typically caused by contact with a digging or drilling device) can result in mechanical damage to the pipe, in addition to coating damage that can initiate corrosion. Because this type of damage often goes unreported and can lead to eventual catastrophic failure of the pipe, a reliable, cost-effective method is needed for monitoring and reporting third-party contact events. The impressed alternating cycle current (IACC) pipeline monitoring method consists of impressing electrical signals on the pipe by generating a time-varying voltage between the pipe and the soil at periodic locations where pipeline access is available. The signal voltage between the pipe and ground is monitored continuously at receiving stations located some distance away. Third-party contact to the pipe that breaks through the coating changes the signal received at the receiving stations. In this project, the IACC monitoring method is being developed, tested, and demonstrated. Work performed to date includes (1) a technology assessment, (2) development of an IACC model to predict performance and assist with selection of signal operating parameters, (3) investigation of potential interactions with cathodic protection systems, and (4) experimental measurements on operating pipelines. Based on information recently found in published studies, it is believed that the operation of IACC on a pipeline will cause no interference with CP systems. Initial results on operating pipelines showed that IACC signals could be successfully propagated over a distance of 3.5 miles, and that simulated contact can be detected up to a distance of 1.4 miles, depending on the pipeline and soil conditions.
Abstract
Third-party contact with pipelines (typically caused by contact with a digging or drilling device) can result in mechanical damage to the pipe, in addition to coating damage [...]
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Virtual Pipeline System Testbed to Optimize the U.S. Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline System
K. Chapman, L. Chen, M. Abbaspour, J. Sengupta, V. Wallentine, P. Krishniswami, R. Addanki, R. Ranganathan

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 26

Abstract
The goal of this project is to develop a Virtual Pipeline System Testbed (VPST) for natural gas transmission. This study uses a fully implicit finite difference method to analyze transient, nonisothermal compressible gas flow through a gas pipeline system. The inertia term of the momentum equation is included in the analysis. The testbed simulate compressor stations, the pipe that connects these compressor stations, the supply sources, and the end-user demand markets. The compressor station is described by identifying the make, model, and number of engines, gas turbines, and compressors. System operators and engineers can analyze the impact of system changes on the dynamic deliverability of gas and on the environment.
Abstract
The goal of this project is to develop a Virtual Pipeline System Testbed (VPST) for natural gas transmission. This study uses a fully implicit finite difference method to [...]
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Microfabricated BTU monitoring device for system-wide natural gas monitoring.
A. Robinson, W. Einfeld, M. Moorman, R. Manginell

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 25

Abstract
The natural gas industry seeks inexpensive sensors and instrumentation to rapidly measure gas heating value in widely distributed locations. For gas pipelines, this will improve gas quality during transfer and blending, and will expedite accurate financial accounting. Industrial endusers will benefit through continuous feedback of physical gas properties to improve combustion efficiency during use. To meet this need, Sandia has developed a natural gas heating value monitoring instrument using existing and modified microfabricated components. The instrument consists of a silicon micro-fabricated gas chromatography column in conjunction with a catalytic micro-calorimeter sensor. A reference thermal conductivity sensor provides diagnostics and surety. This combination allows for continuous calorimetric determination with a 1 minute analysis time and 1.5 minute cycle time using air as a carrier gas. This system will find application at remote natural gas mining stations, pipeline switching and metering stations, turbine generators, and other industrial user sites. Microfabrication techniques will allow the analytical components to be manufactured in production quantities at a low per-unit cost.
Abstract
The natural gas industry seeks inexpensive sensors and instrumentation to rapidly measure gas heating value in widely distributed locations. For gas pipelines, this will improve [...]
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Delivery Reliability for Natural Gas--Inspection Technologies
A. Teitsma, J. Maupin

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 24

Abstract
The Remote Field Eddy Current (RFEC) technique is ideal for inspecting unpiggable pipelines because all of its components can be made smaller than the diameter of the pipe to be inspected. For these reasons, RFEC was selected as a technology to be integrated with the Explorer II robotic platform for unpiggable pipeline inspections. The research work is a continuation of a prior DOE-NETL project but is now directed towards a seamless integration with the robot. The laboratory set-up has been improved and data collection is nearly autonomous. With the improved collections speeds, GTI has been able to test more variables. Tests have been run on 6-inch and 12-inch seamless and seam-welded pipes. Testing on the 6-inch pipes have included using five exciter coils, each of a different geometry. Two types of sensor coils have been tested. With a focus on preparing the technology for use on the Explorer II, improvements in power consumption have proved successful. Tests with metal components have been performed to check for interference with the electromagnetic field. The results of these tests indicate RFEC will produce quality inspections while on the robot. GTI has also been testing manufactured detection boards currently used for boiler tube inspections. These boards are appropriately compact for use on the Explorer II robot and are able to detect defects at the speed of robot travel. In addition to advanced sensor development, GTI has participated in sensor/platform definition and module design activities. Mechanical constraints, power requirements, limited control and communication protocols, and potential busses and connectors have been addressed. GTI has conducted a proper design process to produce a sound design for the RFEC components to fit into two modules. The remaining work to be performed in the design of the sensor module is packaging and strengthening.
Abstract
The Remote Field Eddy Current (RFEC) technique is ideal for inspecting unpiggable pipelines because all of its components can be made smaller than the diameter of the pipe [...]
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Impact of Camera and Lighting Position on Video Detection Precision
D. Bullock, K. Jennings, A. Rhodes

Collection of open reports in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 15

Abstract
On well-illuminated approaches, vehicle headlight reflections on the pavement were observed to cause video detection units to activate early. This early activation results in a dramatic increase in the length of the effective vehicle detection zone. This observed variation in the effective length of the vehicle detection zone that varies by ambient lighting condition and camera placement presents a very serious impediment for traffic engineers to design vehicle extension intervals that operate correctly during day, night and transition periods. Furthermore, the stochastic variation in the length of the vehicle detection zone length has the potential to create driver expectancy issues. Tables are included that reports the observed average and range of detection zone length variations for 16 observed video cameras that were extensively calibrated by the manufacturer at the test site. The paper concludes by recommending near-side placement of video detection devices to reduce the stochastic variation in detection zone length.
Abstract
On well-illuminated approaches, vehicle headlight reflections on the pavement were observed to cause video detection units to activate early. This early activation results [...]
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Ramp Metering and High Occupancy Vehicle Facilities: A Synthesis Study
S. Labi, A. Bhargava, K. Sinha, E. Oware

Collection of open reports in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 14

Abstract
High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes and ramp metering have been implemented at several places in the country to improve traffic conditions on freeways. This report presents a comprehensive study of the state of the art and state of the practice of these facilities in the U.S. and their effectiveness in improving traffic conditions on the freeway. The various types of HOV facilities have been discussed along with other system components such as park-and-ride facilities, ridership programs, enforcement areas and policies, ingress/egress facilities. The cost of several HOV facilities in the country has been presented and a set of guidelines have been prepared that may be followed for the implementation of a HOV Lane Facility. A comprehensive review of the various ramp metering facilities in the country has been presented. The components of the ramp metering system, the physical infrastructure and the various classifications of the ramp metering algorithms have been discussed. The results of a feasibility study for the implementation of these facilities on I-70 in Indianapolis, between I-65 and I-465 have also been presented.
Abstract
High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes and ramp metering have been implemented at several places in the country to improve traffic conditions on freeways. This report presents [...]
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INTEGRATED POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS FOR COAL MINE WASTE METHANE UTILIZATION
M. Smith, P. Soot, D. Jesse

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 23

Abstract
n integrated system to utilize the waste coal mine methane (CMM) at the Federal No. 2 Coal Mine in West Virginia was designed and built. The system includes power generation, using internal combustion engines, along with gas processing equipment to upgrade sub-quality waste methane to pipeline quality standards. The power generation has a nominal capacity of 1,200 kw and the gas processing system can treat about 1 million cubic feet per day (1 MMCFD) of gas. The gas processing is based on the Northwest Fuel Development, Inc. (NW Fuel) proprietary continuous pressure swing adsorption (CPSA) process that can remove nitrogen from CMM streams. The two major components of the integrated system are synergistic. The byproduct gas stream from the gas processing equipment can be used as fuel for the power generating equipment. In return, the power generating equipment provides the nominal power requirements of the gas processing equipment. This Phase III effort followed Phase I, which was comprised of a feasibility study for the project, and Phase II, where the final design for the commercial-scale demonstration was completed. The fact that NW Fuel is desirous of continuing to operate the equipment on a commercial basis provides the validation for havingmore » advanced the project through all of these phases. The limitation experienced by the project during Phase III was that the CMM available to operate the CPSA system on a commercial basis was not of sufficiently high quality. NW Fuel's CPSA process is limited in its applicability, requiring a relatively high quality of gas as the feed to the process. The CPSA process was demonstrated during Phase III for a limited time, during which the processing capabilities met the expected results, but the process was never capable of providing pipeline quality gas from the available low quality CMM. The NW Fuel CPSA process is a low-cost ''polishing unit'' capable of removing a few percent nitrogen. It was never intended to process CMM streams containing high levels of nitrogen, as is now the case at the Federal No.2 Mine. Even lacking the CPSA pipeline delivery demonstration, the project was successful in laying the groundwork for future commercial applications of the integrated system. This operation can still provide a guide for other coal mines which need options for utilization of their methane resources. The designed system can be used as a complete template, or individual components of the system can be segregated and utilized separately at other mines. The use of the CMM not only provides an energy fuel from an otherwise wasted resource, but it also yields an environmental benefit by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The methane has twenty times the greenhouse effect as compared to carbon dioxide, which the combustion of the methane generates. The net greenhouse gas emission mitigation is substantial.« le
Abstract
n integrated system to utilize the waste coal mine methane (CMM) at the Federal No. 2 Coal Mine in West Virginia was designed and built. The system includes power generation, [...]
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Influence of modern cableways on the development of mountain tourist centres
S. Težak, I. Mavrin, I. Jurić

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 22

Abstract
The paper studies the problem of constructing cableways with advanced technology and their influence on the operation and development of cableway companies from several aspects. Modern cableways with detachable grips enable faster carriage of passengers. They have the possibility of transporting more passengers over the same distances. Recently, this trend of introducing modern cableways has been particularly present in chairlifts which carry skiers. Such chairlifts with detachable grips allow transport of skiers over greater distances and therefore must have respective ski slopes covering wider areas which in turn affects the expansion of the mountain tourist centres. The chairlifts with detachable grips require more knowledge and personnel to manage and maintain them, as well as more investment capital. Članak proučava problem izgradnje žičara s modernom tehnikom i njihov utjecaj na rad i razvoj žičarskih poduzeća s više gledišta. Moderne žičare s tehnikom priklopnih spojki omogućavaju brži prijevoz putnika. One imaju mogućnost da na jednakim relacijama prevoze više putnika. U posljednje je vrijeme ovaj trend uvođenja modernih žičara naročito prisutan kod sjedežnica koje služe za prijevoz skijaša. Ovakve sjedežnice s priklopnim spojkama omogućavaju prijevoz skijaša na većim daljinama pa zbog toga moraju imati pripadajuće skijaške pruge veće površine, što ima utjecaj na širenje gorskih turističkih centara. Sjedežnice s priklopnim spojkama zahtijevaju više znanja i osoblja za upravljanje i održavanje i isto tako više uloženog kapitala.
Abstract
The paper studies the problem of constructing cableways with advanced technology and their influence on the operation and development of cableway companies from several aspects. [...]
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Vendor Comparison of Video Detection Systems
A. Rhodes, D. Bullock, E. Smaglik

Collection of open reports in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 11

Abstract
Video detection has become increasingly popular for presence detection at signalized intersections because of its versatility. However, several reports have documented performance problems in specific systems. This paper quantifies the performance of three different commercially available video detection systems. The systems were tested in May and September 2005 for presence detection accuracy. Prior to the May 2005 test, a representative from each vendor configured the video detection zones to match the loop detection zone as closely as possible. The outputs from the loop detection for the through-right and left-turn lane groups were compared with the corresponding output from each of the video detection systems. Whenever there was a discrepancy between the loop and video, a digital video was observed to determine the cause of the discrepancy. Missed calls and false calls were categorized for each system. The errors were also categorized according to the impact that they would have on signal operations. During a 24hr test on two separate days, the number of missed detections longer than 5 seconds ranged from 9 to 147, and the number of false calls longer than 5 seconds ranged from 16 to 149.
Abstract
Video detection has become increasingly popular for presence detection at signalized intersections because of its versatility. However, several reports have documented performance [...]
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SEALING LARGE-DIAMETER CAST-IRON PIPE JOINTS UNDER LIVE CONDITIONS
G. Pittard, K. Kothari

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 21

Abstract
Utilities in the U.S. operate over 75,000 km (47,000 miles) of old cast-iron pipes for gas distribution. The bell-and-spigot joints tend to leak as these pipes age. Current repair practices are costly and highly disruptive. The objective of this program is to design, test and commercialize a robotic system capable of sealing multiple cast-iron bell and spigot joints from a single pipe entry point. The proposed system will perform repairs while the pipe remains in service by traveling through the pipe, cleaning each joint surface, and attaching a stainless-steel sleeve lined with an epoxy-impregnated felt across the joint. This approach will save considerable time and labor, avoid traffic disruption, and eliminate any requirement to interrupt service (which results in enormous expense to utilities). Technical challenges include: (1) repair sleeves must compensate for diametric variation and eccentricity of cast-iron pipes; (2) the assembly must travel long distances through pipes containing debris; (3) the pipe wall must be effectively cleaned in the immediate area of the joint to assure good bonding of the sleeve; and (4) an innovative bolt-on entry fitting is required to conduct repair operations on live mains. The development effort is divided into eleven tasks. Task 1-Program Management was previously completed. Two reports, one describing the program management plan and the other consisting of the technology assessment, were submitted to the DOE COR in the first quarter. Task 2-Establishment of Detailed Design Specifications and Task 3-Design and Fabricate Ratcheting Stainless-Steel Repair Sleeves are now well underway. First-quarter activities included conducting detailed analyses to determine the capabilities of coiled-tubing locomotion for entering and repairing gas mains and the first design iteration of the joint-sealing sleeve. The maximum horizontal reach of coiled tubing inside a pipeline before buckling prevents further access was calculated for a wide range of coiled-tubing string designs and pipe environments. Work conducted in the second quarter consisted of: (1) selecting a preferred pan/zoom/tilt camera; (2) initiating design of the digital control electronics and switching power supply for the control and operation of the in-pipe robotic modules; (3) continuing design of the repair sleeve and (4) initial testing of the wall-cleaning device. Activities in the third quarter included: (1) development of the system's pan/zoom/tilt camera control electronics and operating software, and implementing these in the surface and downhole modules and (2) further testing of the wall-cleaning elements used to clean the inside of the bell and spigot joints. Most recently, fourth quarter developments were centered on designing and testing the pipe-wall cleaning device including the selection of the drive motor and its control electronics. In addition, efforts were also focused on the design of the repair sleeve. Details of these activities are described in the body of the report along with a summary of events scheduled for the next quarter.
Abstract
Utilities in the U.S. operate over 75,000 km (47,000 miles) of old cast-iron pipes for gas distribution. The bell-and-spigot joints tend to leak as these pipes age. Current [...]
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Applicability of Related Data, Algorithms, and Models to the Simulation of Ground-Coupled Residential Hot Water Piping in California
J. Warner, J. Lutz

Collection of open reports in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 9

Abstract
Residential water heating is an important consideration in California?s building energy efficiency standard. Explicit treatment of ground-coupled hot water piping is one of several planned improvements to the standard. The properties of water, piping, insulation, backfill materials, concrete slabs, and soil, their interactions, and their variations with temperature and over time are important considerations in the required supporting analysis. Heat transfer algorithms and models devised for generalized, hot water distribution system, ground-source heat pump and ground heat exchanger, nuclear waste repository, buried oil pipeline, and underground electricity transmission cable applications can be adapted to the simulation of under-slab water piping. A numerical model that permits detailed examination of and broad variations in many inputs while employing a technique to conserve computer run time is recommended.
Abstract
Residential water heating is an important consideration in California?s building energy efficiency standard. Explicit treatment of ground-coupled hot water piping is one of [...]
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INCREASED FLEXIBILITY OF TURBO-COMPRESSORS IN NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION THROUGH DIRECT SURGE CONTROL
S. Siebenaler, R. McKee, D. Deffenbaugh

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 20

Abstract
This annual progress report describes the second year's technical progress in a three-year program. This report summarizes what is known about internal flows as surge precursors in centrifugal compressors and focuses on accessing factors that affect pre-surge detection. An attempt is made in this analysis to identify and quantify factors concerning compressor design and operations that affect the detection of pre-surge conditions. This progress report presents results from recent laboratory tests conducted during the course of this second year. This project is co-funded by the Gas Machinery Research Council (GMRC) and by Siemens Energy and Automation (Siemens). The most recently available measured pre-surge internal flow data is parameterized to help identify factors that affect the indications that a compressor is approaching surge. Theoretical arguments are applied to access the factors that influence surge precursors and surge initiation in different centrifugal compressors. This work is considered a step in accessing the factors that affect the success or limitations of pre-surge detection in natural gas pipeline compressors.
Abstract
This annual progress report describes the second year's technical progress in a three-year program. This report summarizes what is known about internal flows as surge precursors [...]
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Evaluation of Stop Bar Video Detection Accuracy at Signalized Intersections
J. Sturdevant, Z. Clark, A. Rhodes, D. Bullock

Collection of open reports in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 8

Abstract
Many agencies nationwide have adopted video vehicle detection technology as an alternative to inductive loops. While many product evaluations have been performed, the majority of these evaluations have concentrated on freeway applications where speed and volume were the primary evaluation criteria. At an actuated intersection, the metrics of speed and volume do not necessarily represent how well a device will operate as a presence detector. Video detection was evaluated at two signalized intersections in West Lafayette, Indiana and Noblesville, Indiana. A camera on each approach was located at the vendor recommended position, at a height of 40 feet and offset so that the camera was approximately inline with the lane line dividing the left-turn lane and through lane. Two additional cameras were located on each approach at less optimal horizontal and vertical locations. Additionally at the West Lafayette site, a fourth camera was located directly above the stop bar so that it looked down onto the detection zone. Inductive loops were used as baseline data to screen for discrepancies. Each time the loop detectors were not in agreement with a specific video detector, a discrepancy was noted. A digital video recording was later observed to determine whether the video detector or the loop detector was in error. An analysis of the data showed video detection was found to produce statistically significantly more false detections and missed detections than the loop detectors on most phases. Generally, only very small variations in video detector performance were observed at the different camera locations. The video detection was also evaluated in terms of itsâ consistency of detector turn-on and turn-off times. The video detection displays an undesirable inconsistency between night periods and day periods where it tends to activate 1 to 3 seconds earlier during the night period due to headlight reflections on the pavement. However, the camera at West Lafayette located directly above the stop bar displayed very consistent behavior between the night and day periods.
Abstract
Many agencies nationwide have adopted video vehicle detection technology as an alternative to inductive loops. While many product evaluations have been performed, the majority [...]
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Modeling Stochastic Hybrid Systems
M. Ghosh, M. Ghosh, A. Bagchi

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 39

Abstract
Stochastic hybrid systems arise in numerous applications of systems with multiple models; e.g., air traffc management, flexible manufacturing systems, fault tolerant control systems etc. In a typical hybrid system, the state space is hybrid in the sense that some components take values in a Euclidean space, while some other components are discrete. In this paper we propose two stochastic hybrid models, both of which permit diffusion and hybrid jump. Such models are essential for studying air traffic management in a stochastic framework.
Abstract
Stochastic hybrid systems arise in numerous applications of systems with multiple models; e.g., air traffc management, flexible manufacturing systems, fault tolerant control [...]
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Total factor productivity growth on Britain's railways, 1852-1912: a reappraisal of the evidence
N. Crafts, T. Mills, A. Mulatu

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 38

Abstract
This paper revisits the issue of the productivity performance of pre-World War I Britainâs railway system with an improved dataset and with modern time-series econometrics. We find a slowdown in TFP growth between 1850 and 1870, after which it stabilized at about 1.1%. An analysis of company-level productivity rejects the claims that there was a regulation-induced revival of productivity performance in the railway sector after 1900 but, on the other hand, it supports the claim that there was some managerial failure during the period.
Abstract
This paper revisits the issue of the productivity performance of pre-World War I Britainâs railway system with an improved dataset and with modern time-series econometrics. [...]
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The Evolution of Alliances in the Airline Industry
F. Dimanche, D. Jolly

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 38

Abstract
This highly accessible and comprehensive Handbook presents a cutting edge discussion of the state of tourism economics and its likely directions in future research. Leading researchers in the field explore a wide range of topics including: demand and forecasting, supply, transport, taxation and infrastructure, evaluation and application for policy-making. Each chapter includes a discussion of its relevance and importance to the tourism economics literature, an overview of its main contributions and themes, a critical evaluation of existing literature and an outline of issues for further conceptual and applied research.
Abstract
This highly accessible and comprehensive Handbook presents a cutting edge discussion of the state of tourism economics and its likely directions in future research. Leading [...]
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Genetic Algorithms Applied to Air Traffic Management
N. Durand, J. Gotteland

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 36

Abstract
International audience; The constant increase in air traffic, since the beginning of the commercial aviation, has led to problems of saturation on airports, approaching areas,or higher airspace.Whereas the aircraft are largely optimized and automated, the air traffic control is still essentially relying on human experience.The present case study details two problems of air traffic management (ATM) for which a genetic algorithm based solution has been proposed. Thefirst application deals with the en route conflict resolution problem. The second application deals with the traffic management problem in an airport platform.
Abstract
International audience; The constant increase in air traffic, since the beginning of the commercial aviation, has led to problems of saturation on airports, approaching areas,or [...]
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Agent-Based Self-Management of MPLS DiffServ-TE domain
R. Rahim-Amoud, L. Merghem-Boulahia, D. Gaiti

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 34

Abstract
MPLS DiffServ-TE presents the solution awaited so much by the network service providers by allowing a differentiation of services and a traffic engineering based on a fast packet switching technology. However, the management of such a network is not a simple function and could not be done manually. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture based on the Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) capable of managing automatically MPLS DiffServ-TE domains. Based on the network states, our intelligent agents take the appropriate decisions. They, for example, reconfigure the network accordingly.
Abstract
MPLS DiffServ-TE presents the solution awaited so much by the network service providers by allowing a differentiation of services and a traffic engineering based on a fast [...]
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Transportation of liquid bulk chemicals by tankers in the Baltic Sea
S. Hänninen, J. Rytkönen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 31

Abstract
While gathering information about oil transportation for VTT Publication 547, Oil transportation and terminal development in the Gulf of Finland (2004), the question about other harmful substances transported in liquid bulk was raised. The Finnish Ministry of the Environment, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) and Finnish Maritime Administration (FMA) have made it possible for us to continue the work on tanker transportations by financing this study. The area has been widened to cover the entire Baltic Sea. This publication introduces the statistics concerning the chemicals handled in liquid bulk in the Baltic Sea ports in 2004. The data is based on the public registers, data files and announcements of port authorities and operators. A special questionnaire on transported chemicals, and specifically on bulk form chemicals, was made for ports. Some of the ports have expressed their concern about giving what they consider to be sensitive information; alas, the data in this publication is not to be considered full and complete, but it does give an indication of where chemical tankers are sailing. The latest comprehensive study about chemical transportations in the Baltic Sea was made by HELCOM in 1990 (Study of the Risk for Accidents and the Related Environmental Hazards from the Transportation of Chemicals by Tankers in the Baltic Sea Area). HELCOM statistics were gathered by a thorough collection of data in all Baltic Sea ports during the entire year of 1987. Unfortunately, this specific and time-consuming means of data acquisition was impossible with this publication due to the time scale of the project. Some of the most dangerous or most common chemicals were selected and briefly analysed on the basis of their environmental impact if released into the water. The risk of chemical outflow has also been discussed within the collision and grounding modes. A special chapter related to the Northern Baltic waters has been written on the risk of winter navigation for chemical transportation. Discussion has also been carried out on the fate of chemicals spilled on water and on the physical fundamentals when trying to control them; finally, some scenarios are presented on potentially high-risk areas. Marine chemical transportation is constantly growing in regard of the number of chemicals and the total volume of goods transported. Today, the number of different substances and compounds is quoted in thousands. A great many of these chemicals are dangerous to the environment, and even though the risk of a chemical accident is considered small due to very high standards regarding safety, it does exist. Even if chemical tankers do take safety aspects into consideration, there are a number of other ships in the same sea area, as well as a number of ships crossing their paths and meeting each other in narrow sounds or in dense traffic areas. The safety practices of chemical tankers are among the best. Maritime society has also introduced several new actions to improve maritime safety. It is a well known fact that the number of large scale oil and chemical spills has declined during the last decades. This fact shows that recent measures such as phase out of single hull tankers, stricter legislation, IMO actions, Erika packages, etc. have improved the safety of ships and routes. However, around 80% of all incidents and accidents are due to the human factor, for example human/machine interaction or cultural behaviour. Thus even though new technical means (VTS, AIS, ECDIS, etc.) have been established to improve safety, there is a lot of work to be done to prevent accidents and environmental damage.
Abstract
While gathering information about oil transportation for VTT Publication 547, Oil transportation and terminal development in the Gulf of Finland (2004), the question about [...]
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Intermodal and Intramodal Competition in Passenger Rail Transport
M. Ivaldi, C. Vibes

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 33

Abstract
The objective of the paper is to elaborate a simulation model to analyse inter and intra-modal competition in the transport industry, based on game theory models. In our setting, consumers choose a transport mode and an operator to travel on a given city-pair; operators strategically decide on prices for the types of service they provide. We derive the market equilibrium and simulate potential scenarios. In particular we measure the impact of entry by a low cost train operator and the effect of a kerosene tax. Hence our framework could serve as a tool to measure the effectiveness of competition on a relevant market or to design marketing strategies. More generally it can be applied in cases of oligopolistic competition when detailed data are not available.
Abstract
The objective of the paper is to elaborate a simulation model to analyse inter and intra-modal competition in the transport industry, based on game theory models. In our setting, [...]
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The Transportation-Land Use Policy Connection
Y. Song, G. Knaap

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 32

Abstract
The paper explores the transportation-land use policy connection. More specifically, it considers the question, can land use policy be used to alter transportation behavior? The answer is of some importance. If the answer is yes, then there is hope that land use policies can be designed and implemented that will bring some relief to the congestion and complex transportation problems that are facing US metropolitan areas. This is the underlying assumption behind most smart growth policy reforms. If the answer is no, then land use policy may still be important, but is not likely to play an important role in resolving transportation issues. The paper then offers a schematic that identifies necessary conditions for land use policy to play a role in addressing transportation issues. Specifically, the paper argues that for land use policy to play an effective role, three conditions must hold. First, land use must be able to alter transportation behavior; secondly, transportation infrastructure must not fully determine land use; and thirdly, the condition on which the authors consider most extensively, land use policy must significantly and constructively affect land use. After presenting the schematic, the paper considers the evidence on each of these conditions. Based on the review of the evidence, the paper concludes that land use policy can play an effective role in transportation issues, but that the role is likely to be small, often counter productive, and most effective at the neighborhood scale.
Abstract
The paper explores the transportation-land use policy connection. More specifically, it considers the question, can land use policy be used to alter transportation behavior? [...]
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Cooperative Content Distribution: Scalability Through Self-Organization
P. Felber, E. Biersack

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 30

Abstract
Peer-to-peer networks have often been touted as the ultimate solution to scalability. Although cooperative techniques have been initially used almost exclusively for content lookup and sharing, one of the most promising application of the peer-to-peer paradigm is to capitalize the bandwidth of client peers to quickly distribute large content and withstand flash-crowds (i.e., a sudden increase in popularity of some online content). Cooperative content distribution is based on the premise that the capacity of a network is as high as the sum of the resources of its nodes: the more peers in the network, the higher its aggregate bandwidth, and the better it can scale and serve new peers. Such networks can thus spontaneously adapt to the demand by taking advantage of available resources. In this paper, we evaluate the use of peer-to-peer networks for content distribution under various system assumptions, such as peer arrival rates, bandwidth capacities, cooperation strategies, or peer lifetimes. We argue that the self-scaling and self-organizing properties of cooperative networks pave the way for cost-effective, yet highly efficient and robust content distribution.
Abstract
Peer-to-peer networks have often been touted as the ultimate solution to scalability. Although cooperative techniques have been initially used almost exclusively for content [...]
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Time is money: a re-assessment of the passenger social savings from Victorian British railways
T. Leunig

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 29

Abstract
This paper reassesses and extends Hawkeâs passenger railway social savings for England and Wales. Better estimates of coach costs and evidence that third class passengers would otherwise have walked reduce Hawkeâs social savings by two-thirds. We calculate railway speeds, and the amount and value of time saved by railways. Initially small, time savings was three times fare savings by 1912, when total railway passenger social savings exceeded 13% of GDP. The transition from railways saving money to saving time came when railway technology stopped simply fulfilling existing demand more cheaply (travel for the affluent) and became a new good (travel for the masses).
Abstract
This paper reassesses and extends Hawkeâs passenger railway social savings for England and Wales. Better estimates of coach costs and evidence that third class passengers [...]
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Estimation of leak rate from the emergency pump well in l area complex basin
A. Duncan

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 19

Abstract
This report provides an estimate of the leak rate from the emergency pump well in L-basin that is to be expected during an off-normal event. This estimate is based on expected shrinkage of the engineered grout (i.e., controlled low strength material) used to fill the emergency pump well and the header pipes that provide the dominant leak path from the basin to the lower levels of the L-Area Complex. The estimate will be used to provide input into the operating safety basis to ensure that the water level in the basin will remain above a certain minimum level. The minimum basin water level is specified to ensure adequate shielding for personnel and maintain the ''as low as reasonably achievable'' concept of radiological exposure. The need for the leak rate estimation is the existence of a gap between the fill material and the header pipes, which penetrate the basin wall and would be the primary leak path in the event of a breach in those pipes. The gap between the pipe and fill material was estimated based on a full scale demonstration pour that was performed and examined. Leak tests were performed on full scale pipes as a part of thismoreÂ Â» examination. Leak rates were measured to be on the order of 0.01 gallons/minute for completely filled pipe (vertically positioned) and 0.25 gallons/minute for partially filled pipe (horizontally positioned). This measurement was for water at 16 feet head pressure and with minimal corrosion or biofilm present. The effect of the grout fill on the inside surface biofilm of the pipes is the subject of a previous memorandum.Â«Â le Document type: Report
Abstract
This report provides an estimate of the leak rate from the emergency pump well in L-basin that is to be expected during an off-normal event. This estimate is based on expected [...]
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Gas liquid flow in pipelines
T. Hanratty, N. Hanratty

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 18

Abstract
A research program was carried out at the University of Illinois in which develops a scientific approach to gas-liquid flows that explains their macroscopic behavior in terms of small scale interactions. For simplicity, fully-developed flows in horizontal and near-horizontal pipes. The difficulty in dealing with these flows is that the phases can assume a variety of configurations. The specific goal was to develop a scientific understanding of transitions from one flow regime to another and a quantitative understanding of how the phases distribute for a give regime. These basic understandings are used to predict macroscopic quantities of interest, such as frictional pressure drop, liquid hold-up, entrainment in annular flow and frequency of slugging in slug flows. A number of scientific issues are addressed. Examples are the rate of atomization of a liquid film, the rate of deposition of drops, the behavior of particles in a turbulent field, the generation and growth of interfacial waves. The use of drag-reducing polymers that change macroscopic behavior by changing small scale interactions was explored. Document type: Report
Abstract
A research program was carried out at the University of Illinois in which develops a scientific approach to gas-liquid flows that explains their macroscopic behavior in terms [...]
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Cleanup verification package for the 100 k 55 1 and 100 k 56 1 pipelines and the 116 kw 4 and 116 ke 5 heat recovery stations
J. Capron, N. Capron

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 17

Abstract
This cleanup verification package documents completion of remedial action for the 100-K-55:1 and 100-K-56:1 reactor cooling effluent underground pipelines and for the 116-KW-4 and 116-KE-5 heat recovery stations. The 100-K-55 and 100-K-56 sites consisted of those process effluent pipelines that serviced the 105-KW and 105-KE Reactors. Document type: Report
Abstract
This cleanup verification package documents completion of remedial action for the 100-K-55:1 and 100-K-56:1 reactor cooling effluent underground pipelines and for the 116-KW-4 [...]
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Pipelines as communication network links
S. Dunn-Norman, C. Wu, K. Erickson, N. Erickson, K. Stanek, A. Miller, N. Dunn-Norman, N. Stanek, N. Wu, N. Miller

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 16

Abstract
This report presents the results of an investigation into two methods of using the natural gas pipeline as a communication medium. The work addressed the need to develop secure system monitoring and control techniques between the field and control centers and to robotic devices in the pipeline. In the first method, the pipeline was treated as a microwave waveguide. In the second method, the pipe was treated as a leaky feeder or a multi-ground neutral and the signal was directly injected onto the metal pipe. These methods were tested on existing pipeline loops at UMR and Batelle. The results reported in this report indicate the feasibility of both methods. In addition, a few suitable communication link protocols for this network were analyzed. Document type: Report
Abstract
This report presents the results of an investigation into two methods of using the natural gas pipeline as a communication medium. The work addressed the need to develop secure [...]
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TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE THE OPERATION OF EXISTING NATURAL GAS COMPRESSION INFRASTRUCTURE
A. Smalley, G. Bourn, D. Deffenbaugh, R. Harris, N. Harris, N. Smalley, N. Deffenbaugh, N. Bourn

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 15

Abstract
This quarterly report documents work performed under Tasks 15, 16, and 18 through 23 of the project entitled: ''Technologies to Enhance the Operation of Existing Natural Gas Compression Infrastructure''. The project objective is to develop and substantiate methods for operating integral engine/compressors in gas pipeline service, which reduce fuel consumption, increase capacity, and enhance mechanical integrity. The report first documents a survey site test performed on a TCVC10 engine/compressor installed at Dominion's Groveport Compressor Station. This test completes planned screening efforts designed to guide selection of one or more units for design analysis and testing with emphasis on identification and reduction of compressor losses. The report further presents the validation of the simulation model for the Air Balance tasks and outline of conceptual manifold designs. Document type: Report
Abstract
This quarterly report documents work performed under Tasks 15, 16, and 18 through 23 of the project entitled: ''Technologies to Enhance the Operation of Existing Natural Gas [...]
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An electromagnetic pneumo capsule system for conveying minerals and mine wastes
N. Liu, C. Lenau, H. Liu, N. Lenau

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 14

Abstract
The purpose of this project is to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of using a new and advanced pneumatic capsule pipeline (PCP) system for transporting minerals and mine wastes. The new system is different from conventional PCPs in two main respects: (1) it uses linear induction motors (LIMs) instead of blowers (fans) at the inlet of the pipeline to drive (pump) the capsules and the air through the pipeline; and (2) the capsules in the PCP have steel wheels running on steel rails as opposed to capsules in conventional systems, which use wheels with rubber tires running inside a pipe without rail. The advantage of using LIM pump instead of blower is that the former is non-intrusive and hence does not block the passage of capsules, enabling the system to run continuously without having to make the capsules bypass the pump. This not only simplifies the system but also enables the system to achieve much larger cargo throughput than that of PCPs using blowers, and use of LIMs as booster pumps which enables the system to have any length or to be used for transporting cargoes over practically any distance, say even one thousand kilometers or miles. An advantagemoreÂ Â» of using steel wheels rolling on steel rails instead of using rubber tires rolling inside a pipeline is that the rolling friction coefficient and hence the use of energy is greatly reduced from that of conventional PCP systems. Moreover, rails enable easy control of capsule motion, such as switching capsules to a branch line by using railroad switching equipment. The advanced PCP system studied under this project uses rectangular conduits instead of circular pipe, having cross-sectional areas of 1 m by 1 m approximately. The system can be used for various transportation distances, and it can transport up to 50 million tonnes (metric tons) of cargo annually--the throughput of the largest mines in the world. Both an aboveground and an underground system were investigated and compared. The technical feasibility of this new PCP system was determined by designing the details of the system and conducting a detail analysis of the system--both steady and unsteady analyses. Through the detailed design and analyses, it was found that no technical problem or hurdle exist that would otherwise prevent commercial use of the system today. Still, since it is a new technology, it will be prudent and advantageous to run a demonstration project before this technology is used.Â«Â le Document type: Report
Abstract
The purpose of this project is to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of using a new and advanced pneumatic capsule pipeline (PCP) system for transporting minerals [...]
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A low cost gpr gas pipe leak detector
D. Cist, A. Schutz, N. Schutz, N. Cist

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 13

Abstract
A light-weight, easy to use ground penetrating radar (GPR) system for tracking metal/non-metal pipes has been developed. A pre-production prototype instrument has been developed whose production cost and ease of use should fit important market niches. It is a portable tool which is swept back and forth like a metal detector and which indicates when it goes over a target (metal, plastic, concrete, etc.) and how deep it is. The innovation of real time target detection frees the user from having to interpret geophysical data and instead presents targets as dots on the screen. Target depth is also interpreted automatically, relieving the user of having to do migration analysis. In this way the user can simply walk around looking for targets and, by ''connecting the dots'' on the GPS screen, locate and follow pipes in real time. This is the first tool known to locate metal and non-metal pipes in real time and map their location. This prototype design is similar to a metal detector one might use at the beach since it involves sliding a lightweight antenna back and forth over the ground surface. The antenna is affixed to the end of an extension that is either clipped to or held by the user. This allows him to walk around in any direction, either looking for or following pipes with the antenna location being constantly recorded by the positioning system. Once a target appears on the screen, the user can locate by swinging the unit to align the cursor over the dot. Leak detection was also a central part of this project, and although much effort was invested into its development, conclusive results are not available at the time of the writing of this document. Details of the efforts that were made as a part of this cooperative agreement are presented. Document type: Report
Abstract
A light-weight, easy to use ground penetrating radar (GPR) system for tracking metal/non-metal pipes has been developed. A pre-production prototype instrument has been developed [...]
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Gas storage technology consortium
N. Wood, J. Morrison, S. Elder, N. Morrison, N. Robuck

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2007, 12

Abstract
Gas storage is a critical element in the natural gas industry. Producers, transmission and distribution companies, marketers, and end users all benefit directly from the load balancing function of storage. The unbundling process has fundamentally changed the way storage is used and valued. As an unbundled service, the value of storage is being recovered at rates that reflect its value. Moreover, the marketplace has differentiated between various types of storage services, and has increasingly rewarded flexibility, safety, and reliability. The size of the natural gas market has increased and is projected to continue to increase towards 30 trillion cubic feet (TCF) over the next 10 to 15 years. Much of this increase is projected to come from electric generation, particularly peaking units. Gas storage, particularly the flexible services that are most suited to electric loads, is critical in meeting the needs of these new markets. In order to address the gas storage needs of the natural gas industry, an industry-driven consortium was created--the Gas Storage Technology Consortium (GSTC). The objective of the GSTC is to provide a means to accomplish industry-driven research and development designed to enhance operational flexibility and deliverability of the Nation's gas storage system, and provide a cost effective, safe, and reliable supply of natural gas to meet domestic demand. To accomplish this objective, the project is divided into three phases that are managed and directed by the GSTC Coordinator. The first phase, Phase 1A, was initiated on September 30, 2003, and was completed on March 31, 2004. Phase 1A of the project included the creation of the GSTC structure, development and refinement of a technical approach (work plan) for deliverability enhancement and reservoir management. This report deals with Phase 1B and encompasses the period July 1, 2004, through September 30, 2004. During this time period there were three main activities. First was the ongoing negotiations of the four sub-awards working toward signed contracts with the various organizations involved. Second, an Executive Council meeting was held at Penn State September 9, 2004. And third, the GSTC participated in the SPE Eastern Regional Meeting in Charleston, West Virginia, on September 16th and 17th. We hosted a display booth with the Stripper Well Consortium. Document type: Report
Abstract
Gas storage is a critical element in the natural gas industry. Producers, transmission and distribution companies, marketers, and end users all benefit directly from the load [...]
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Using Tracer Technology to Characterize Contaminated Pipelines
R. Hales, L. Wesley, W. Bratton, J. Maresca, W. Dickerson, W. Joseph

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 11

Abstract
The Pipeline Characterization Using Tracers (PCUT) technique uses conservative and partitioning, reactive or other interactive tracers to remotely determine the amount of contaminant within a run of piping or ductwork. The PCUT system was motivated by a method that has been successfully used to characterize subsurface soil contaminants and is similar in operation to that of a gas chromatography column. By injecting a ?slug? of both conservative and partitioning tracers at one end (or section) of the piping and measuring the time history of the concentration of the tracers at the other end (or another section) of the pipe, the presence, location, and amount of contaminant within the pipe or duct can be determined. The tracers are transported along the pipe or duct by a gas flow field, typically air or nitrogen, which has a velocity that is slow enough so that the partitioning tracer has time to interact with the contaminant before the tracer slug completely passes over the contaminate region. PCUT not only identifies the presence of contamination, it also can locate the contamination along the pipeline and quantify the amount of residual. PCUT can be used in support of deactivation and decommissioning (D&D) of piping and ductsmoreÂ Â» that may have been contaminated with hazardous chemicals such as chlorinated solvents, petroleum products, radioactive materials, or heavy metals, such as mercury.Â«Â le Document type: Report
Abstract
The Pipeline Characterization Using Tracers (PCUT) technique uses conservative and partitioning, reactive or other interactive tracers to remotely determine the amount of [...]
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Extended performance handheld and mobile sensors for remote detection of natural gas leaks
P. Cataldi, B. Green, M. Laderer, M. Frish, N. Scire-Scappuzzo, R. Wainner, N. Green, N. Wainner, F. Scire-Scappuzzo, N. Cataldi, N. Laderer, N. Frish

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 10

Abstract
This report summarizes work performed by Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) to advance the state-of-the-art of surveying for leaks of natural gas from transmission and distribution pipelines. The principal project goal was to develop means of deploying on an automotive platform an improved version of the handheld laser-based standoff natural gas leak detector previously developed by PSI and known as the Remote Methane Leak Detector or RMLD. A laser beam which interrogates the air for methane is projected from a spinning turret mounted upon a van. As the van travels forward, the laser beam scans an arc to the front and sides of the van so as to survey across streets and to building walls from a moving vehicle. When excess methane is detected within the arc, an alarm is activated. In this project, we built and tested a prototype Mobile RMLD (MRMLD) intended to provide lateral coverage of 10 m and one lateral scan for every meter of forward motion at forward speeds up to 10 m/s. Using advanced detection algorithms developed as part of this project, the early prototype MRMLD, installed on the back of a truck, readily detected simulated gas leaks of 50 liters per hour. As a supplement to the originally planned project, PSI also participated in a DoE demonstration of several gas leak detection systems at the Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center (RMOTC) during September 2004. Using a handheld RMLD upgraded with the advanced detection algorithms developed in this project, from within a moving vehicle we readily detected leaks created along the 7.4 mile route of a virtual gas transmission pipeline. Document type: Report
Abstract
This report summarizes work performed by Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) to advance the state-of-the-art of surveying for leaks of natural gas from transmission and distribution [...]
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Flight testing of an advanced airborne natural gas leak detection system
D. Lenz, R. Lines, J. Owen, D. Murdock, M. Stoogenke, N. Murdock, N. Lines, N. Stearns, S. Stearns, N. Stoogenke, N. Owen, N. Lenz

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 9

Abstract
ITT Industries Space Systems Division (Space Systems) has developed an airborne natural gas leak detection system designed to detect, image, quantify, and precisely locate leaks from natural gas transmission pipelines. This system is called the Airborne Natural Gas Emission Lidar (ANGEL) system. The ANGEL system uses a highly sensitive differential absorption Lidar technology to remotely detect pipeline leaks. The ANGEL System is operated from a fixed wing aircraft and includes automatic scanning, pointing system, and pilot guidance systems. During a pipeline inspection, the ANGEL system aircraft flies at an elevation of 1000 feet above the ground at speeds of between 100 and 150 mph. Under this contract with DOE/NETL, Space Systems was funded to integrate the ANGEL sensor into a test aircraft and conduct a series of flight tests over a variety of test targets including simulated natural gas pipeline leaks. Following early tests in upstate New York in the summer of 2004, the ANGEL system was deployed to Casper, Wyoming to participate in a set of DOE-sponsored field tests at the Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center (RMOTC). At RMOTC the Space Systems team completed integration of the system and flew an operational system for the first time. The ANGELmoreÂ Â» system flew 2 missions/day for the duration for the 5-day test. Over the course of the week the ANGEL System detected leaks ranging from 100 to 5,000 scfh.Â«Â le Document type: Report
Abstract
ITT Industries Space Systems Division (Space Systems) has developed an airborne natural gas leak detection system designed to detect, image, quantify, and precisely locate [...]
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Remaining sites verification package for the 600 233 waste site vertical pipe near 100 b electrical laydown area waste site reclassification form 2005 041
R. Carlson, N. Carlson

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 8

Abstract
The 600-233 waste site consisted of three small-diameter pipelines within the 600-232 waste site, including previously unknown diesel fuel supply lines discovered during site remediation. The 600-233 waste site has been remediated to achieve the remedial action objectives specified in the Remaining Sites ROD. The results of verification sampling show that residual contaminant concentrations do not preclude any future uses and allow for unrestricted use of shallow zone soils. The results also demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River. Document type: Report
Abstract
The 600-233 waste site consisted of three small-diameter pipelines within the 600-232 waste site, including previously unknown diesel fuel supply lines discovered during site [...]
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Technologies to enhance the operation of existing natural gas compression infrastructure manifold design for controlling engine air balance
F. Phillips, G. Bourn, N. Phillips, R. Harris, N. Bourn, N. Harris

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 7

Abstract
This document provides results and conclusions for Task 15.0--Detailed Analysis of Air Balance & Conceptual Design of Improved Air Manifolds in the ''Technologies to Enhance the Operation of Existing Natural Gas Compression Infrastructure'' project. SwRI{reg_sign} is conducting this project for DOE in conjunction with Pipeline Research Council International, Gas Machinery Research Council, El Paso Pipeline, Cooper Compression, and Southern Star, under DOE contract number DE-FC26-02NT41646. The objective of Task 15.0 was to investigate the perceived imbalance in airflow between power cylinders in two-stroke integral compressor engines and develop solutions via manifold redesign. The overall project objective is to develop and substantiate methods for operating integral engine/compressors in gas pipeline service, which reduce fuel consumption, increase capacity, and enhance mechanical integrity. Document type: Report
Abstract
This document provides results and conclusions for Task 15.0--Detailed Analysis of Air Balance & Conceptual Design of Improved Air Manifolds in the ''Technologies to Enhance [...]
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INNOVATIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSORS FOR PIPELINE CRAWLERS
J. Nestleroth, N. Davis, N. Nestleroth

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 6

Abstract
Internal inspection of pipelines is an important tool for ensuring safe and reliable delivery of fossil energy products. Current inspection systems that are propelled through the pipeline by the product flow cannot be used to inspect all pipelines because of the various physical barriers they encounter. Recent development efforts include a new generation of powered inspection platforms that crawl slowly inside a pipeline and are able to maneuver past the physical barriers that can limit inspection. At Battelle, innovative electromagnetic sensors are being designed and tested for these new pipeline crawlers. The various sensor types can be used to assess a wide range of pipeline anomalies including corrosion, mechanical damage, and cracks. The Applied Energy Systems Group at Battelle is concluding the first year of work on a projected three-year development effort. In this first year, two innovative electromagnetic inspection technologies were designed and tested. Both were based on moving high-strength permanent magnets to generate inspection energy. One system involved translating permanent magnets towards the pipe. A pulse of electric current would be induced in the pipe to oppose the magnetization according to Lenz's Law. The decay of this pulse would indicate the presence of defects in the pipe wall. This inspection method is similar to pulsed eddy current inspection methods, with the fundamental difference being the manner in which the current is generated. Details of this development effort were reported in the first semiannual report on this project. This second semiannual report focuses on the development of a second inspection methodology, based on rotating permanent magnets. During this period, a rotating permanent magnet exciter was designed and built. The exciter unit produces strong eddy currents in the pipe wall. The tests have shown that at distances of a pipe diameter or more, the currents flow circumferentially, and that these circumferential currents are deflected by pipeline defects such as corrosion and axially aligned cracks. Simple sensors are used to detect the change in current densities in the pipe wall. Document type: Report
Abstract
Internal inspection of pipelines is an important tool for ensuring safe and reliable delivery of fossil energy products. Current inspection systems that are propelled through [...]
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Potential for natural gas storage in deep basalt formations at canoe ridge washington state a hydrogeologic assessment
F. Spane, S. Reidel, V. Johnson

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 5

Abstract
Between 1999 and 2002, Pacific Gas Transmission Company (PGT) (now TransCanada Pipeline Company) and AVISTA Corporation, together with technical support provided by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) examined the feasibility of developing a subsurface, natural gas-storage facility in deep, underlying Columbia River basalt in south-central Washington state. As part of this project, the 100 Circles #1 well was drilled and characterized in addition to surface studies. This report provides data and interpretations of the geology and hydrology collected specific to the Canoe Ridge site as part of the U.S. DOE funding to the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in support of this project. Document type: Report
Abstract
Between 1999 and 2002, Pacific Gas Transmission Company (PGT) (now TransCanada Pipeline Company) and AVISTA Corporation, together with technical support provided by the Pacific [...]
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Innovative electromagnetic sensors for pipeline crawlers progress report april september 2005
N. Nestleroth

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 4

Abstract
Internal inspection of pipelines is an important tool for ensuring safe and reliable delivery of fossil energy products. Current inspection systems that are propelled through the pipeline by the product flow cannot be used to inspect all pipelines because of the various physical barriers they encounter. Recent development efforts include a new generation of powered inspection platforms that crawl slowly inside a pipeline and are able to maneuver past the physical barriers that can limit inspection. At Battelle, innovative electromagnetic sensors are being designed and tested for these new pipeline crawlers. The various sensor types can be used to assess a wide range of pipeline anomalies including corrosion, mechanical damage, and cracks. Battelle has completed the second year of work on a projected three-year development effort. In the first year, two innovative electromagnetic inspection technologies were designed and tested. Both were based on moving high-strength permanent magnets to generate inspection energy. One system involved translating permanent magnets towards the pipe. A pulse of electric current would be induced in the pipe to oppose the magnetization according to Lenz's Law. The decay of this pulse would indicate the presence of defects in the pipe wall. This inspection method is similar to pulsed eddy current inspection methods, with the fundamental difference being the manner in which the current is generated. Details of this development effort were reported in the first semiannual report on this project. The second inspection methodology is based on rotating permanent magnets. The rotating exciter unit produces strong eddy currents in the pipe wall. At distances of a pipe diameter or more from the rotating exciter, the currents flow circumferentially. These circumferential currents are deflected by pipeline defects such as corrosion and axially aligned cracks. Simple sensors are used to detect the change in current densities in the pipe wall. The second semiannual report on this project reported on experimental and modeling results. The results showed that the rotating system was more adaptable to pipeline inspection and therefore only this system will be carried into the second year of the sensor development. In the third reporting period, the rotating system inspection was further developed. Since this is a new inspection modality without published fundamentals to build upon, basic analytical and experimental investigations were performed. A closed form equation for designing rotating exciters and positioning sensors was derived from fundamental principles. Also signal processing methods were investigated for detection and assessment of pipeline anomalies. A lock in amplifier approach was chosen as the method for detecting the signals. Finally, mechanical implementations for passing tight restrictions such as plug valves were investigated. This inspection concept is new and unique; a United States patent application has been submitted. In this fourth reporting period, the rotating system inspection was further developed. A multichannel real-time data recorder system was implemented and fundamental experiments were conducted to provide data to aid in the design of the rotating magnetizer system. An unexpected but beneficial result was achieved when examining the separation between the rotating magnet and the pipe wall; separations of over an inch could be tolerated. Essentially no change in signal from corrosion anomalies could be detected for separations up to 1.35 inches. The results presented in this report will be used to achieve the next deliverable, designs of components of the rotating inspection system that will function with inspection crawlers in a pipeline environment. Document type: Report
Abstract
Internal inspection of pipelines is an important tool for ensuring safe and reliable delivery of fossil energy products. Current inspection systems that are propelled through [...]
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Remote detection of internal pipeline corrosion using fluidized sensors
N. Sridhar, N. Tormoen, G. Tormoen, A. Sabata, N. Sridhar, N. Sabata

Collection of open reports in transport research (2020). Vol. 2005, 3

Abstract
Pipelines present a unique challenge to monitoring because of the great geographical distances they cover, their burial depth, their age, and the need to keep the product flowing without much interruption. Most other engineering structures that require monitoring do not pose such combined challenges. In this regard, a pipeline system can be considered analogous to the blood vessels in the human body. The human body has an extensive ''pipeline'' through which blood and other fluids are transported. The brain can generally sense damage to the system at any location and alert the body to provide temporary repair, unless the damage is severe. This is accomplished through a vast network of fixed and floating sensors combined with a vast and extremely complex communication/decision making system. The project described in this report mimics the distributed sensor system of our body, albeit in a much more rudimentary fashion. Internal corrosion is an important factor in pipeline integrity management. At present, the methods to assess internal corrosion in pipelines all have certain limitations. In-line inspection tools are costly and cannot be used in all pipelines. Because there is a significant time interval between inspections, any impact due to upsets in pipeline operations can bemore missed. Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (ICDA) is a procedure that can be used to identify locations of possible internal corrosion. However, the uncertainties in the procedure require excavation and location of damage using more detailed inspection tools. Non-intrusive monitoring techniques can be used to monitor internal corrosion, but these tools also require pipeline excavation and are limited in the spatial extent of corrosion they can examine. Therefore, a floating sensor system that can deposit at locations of water accumulation and communicate the corrosion information to an external location is needed. To accomplish this, the project is divided into four main tasks related to wireless data transmission, corrosion sensor development, sensor system motion and delivery, and consideration of other pipeline operations issues. In the first year of the program, focus was on sensor development and wireless data transmission. The second year of the program, which was discontinued due to funding shortfall, would have focused on further wireless transmission development, packaging of sensor on wireless, and other operational issues. Because, the second year funding has been discontinued, recommendations are made for future studies. Document type: Report
Abstract
Pipelines present a unique challenge to monitoring because of the great geographical distances they cover, their burial depth, their age, and the need to keep the product [...]
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Airborne optical remote sensng of methane and ethane for natural gas pipeline leak detection
J. Myers, N. Myers

Collection of open reports in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 2

Abstract
Ophir Corporation was awarded a contract by the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory under the Project Title ''Airborne, Optical Remote Sensing of Methane and Ethane for Natural Gas Pipeline Leak Detection'' on October 14, 2002. The scope of the work involved designing and developing an airborne, optical remote sensor capable of sensing methane and, if possible, ethane for the detection of natural gas pipeline leaks. Flight testing using a custom dual wavelength, high power fiber amplifier was initiated in February 2005. Ophir successfully demonstrated the airborne system, showing that it was capable of discerning small amounts of methane from a simulated pipeline leak. Leak rates as low as 150 standard cubic feet per hour (scf/h) were detected by the airborne sensor. Document type: Report
Abstract
Ophir Corporation was awarded a contract by the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory under the Project Title ''Airborne, Optical Remote Sensing [...]
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Isac a cbr system for decision support in air traffic control
P. Cunningham, C. Meckiff, A. Bonzano

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 28

Abstract
The conflict resolution task performed by air-traffic controllers appears a suitable task for automation using CBR. This is because human competence seems to involve recognising situations and reusing solutions. In this paper we present our experiences in developing a CBR system to support this conflict resolution task. We discuss the problems of case representation: the macro problem of what should constitute a case and the micro problem of how to characterise a case. We evaluate some alternative case representations and identify a representation with one aircraft per case that is extendible to describe conflicts with multiple aircraft. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The conflict resolution task performed by air-traffic controllers appears a suitable task for automation using CBR. This is because human competence seems to involve recognising [...]
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The machine for access
K. Krizek, D. Gillen, D. Levinson, D. Levinson

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 27

Abstract
As a house is a machine for living, cities are the machine for accessibility. This chapter introduces the book "Access to Destinations" and outlines the editors reasons for presenting a series of papers centered around the concept of access. It is observed that, if the city is the machine for access, then policies need to be evaluated against that metric--policies that are based on empirically grounded research. These papers will not only serve to broaden the understanding of the meaning of accessibility, but raise questions that provide a research agenda for years to come on understanding the relationship between infrastructure, location, behavior, and accessibility. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
As a house is a machine for living, cities are the machine for accessibility. This chapter introduces the book "Access to Destinations" and outlines the editors reasons for [...]
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Multi-resolution image analysis for vehicle detection
C. Hilario, J. Collado, J. Armingol, A. Escalera

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 25

Abstract
Proceeding of: Second Iberian Conference, IbPRIA 2005, Estoril, Portugal, June 7-9, 2005 Computer Vision can provide a great deal of assistance to Intelligent Vehicles. In this paper an Advanced Driver Assistance Systems for Vehicle Detection is presented. A geometric model of the vehicle is defined where its energy function includes information of the shape and symmetry of the vehicle and the shadow it produces. A genetic algorithm finds the optimum parameter values. As the algorithm receives information from a road detection module some geometric restrictions can be applied. A multi-resolution approach is used to speed up the algorithm and work in realtime. Examples of real images are shown to validate the algorithm. Publicado Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Proceeding of: Second Iberian Conference, IbPRIA 2005, Estoril, Portugal, June 7-9, 2005 Computer Vision can provide a great deal of assistance to Intelligent Vehicles. In [...]
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Modeling coating flaws with non linearpolarization curves for long pipelines
M. Orazem, D. Riemer

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 24

Abstract
Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
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An Approach for 3D Visualization of Pipelines
Y. Du, S. Zlatanova, Y. Du

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 24

Abstract
Utility networks (pipelines and cables) are usually modelled by lines and nodes. The systems used for maintenance of utilities are typically two-dimensional, allowing for creating vertical profiles in limited key places. Since the position is visualized on 2D maps, it is rather difficult to distinguish between cables and pipelines with the same x,y coordinates. Such visualization might be misunderstood by both field workers (maintaining the utilities) and specialists. Therefore the interest in 3D visualization is rapidly increasing. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Utility networks (pipelines and cables) are usually modelled by lines and nodes. The systems used for maintenance of utilities are typically two-dimensional, allowing for [...]
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The Evolution of Transport Networks
D. Levinson

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 23

Abstract
Between 1900 and 2000, the length of paved roads in the United States increased from 240 km to 6,400,000 km (Peat 2002, BTS 2002) with virtually 100% of the U.S. population having almost immediate access to paved roadways. Similarly, in 1830 there were 37 km of railroad in the United States, but by 1920 total track mileage had increased more than ten-thousand times to 416,000 km miles, however since then, rail track mileage has shrunk to about 272,000 km (Garrison 1996, BTS 2002). The growth (and decline) of transport networks obviously affects the social and economic activities that a region can support; yet the dynamics of how such growth occurs is one of the least understood areas in transport, geography, and regional science. This is revealed time and again in the long-range planning efforts of metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), where transport network changes are treated exclusively as the result of top-down decision-making. Changes to the transport network are rather the result of numerous small decisions (and some large ones) by property owners, firms, developers, towns, cities, counties, state department of transport districts, MPOs, and states in response to market conditions and policy initiatives. Understanding how markets and policies translate into facilities on the ground is essential for scientific understanding and improving forecasting, planning, policy-making, and evaluation. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Between 1900 and 2000, the length of paved roads in the United States increased from 240 km to 6,400,000 km (Peat 2002, BTS 2002) with virtually 100% of the U.S. population [...]
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Congestion and its extent
R. Bertini

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 21

Abstract
This paper describes how traffic congestionboth in perception and in realityimpacts the movement of people and freight and is deeply tied to the history of high levels of accessibility and mobility. Along spatial and temporal dimensions, traffic congestion has been around since ancient Rome; it wastes time and energy, causes pollution and stress, decreases productivity and imposes costs on society equal to 2-3% of the gross national product (GDP). In terms of technology, it was that an automobile is a conveyance which is capable of moving 1.6 km (a mile) a minute, yet the average speed of traffic in large cities is around 17.7 km/h or 11 mph. The paper describes how in 2002, it was estimated that congestion wastes $63.2 billion in 75 metropolitan areas during 2002 because of extra time lost and fuel consumed, or about $829 per person. Some people refer to these kinds of estimates as misleading since the prospect of eliminating all congestion during peak periods is only a myth; congestion could never be completely eliminated. While some research emphasizes that rush hour is longer than an hour in the morning and more than an hour in the evening, few people are rushing anywhere, and others say that gridlock is not going to happen because people change what they do long before the gridlock occurs. Some view congestion as a problem that individual drivers are subjected to, while others emphasize that the users of transportation networks not only experience congestion, they create it. The paper shows that most people make travel decisions based on an expectation of experiencing a certain amount of congestion; while few consider the costs their trips impose on others by adding to the congestion. The objective of this paper is to discuss current definitions of metropolitan traffic congestion and ways that it is currently measures. In addition, the accuracy and reliability of these measures will be described along with a review of how congestion has been changing over the past few decades. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This paper describes how traffic congestionboth in perception and in realityimpacts the movement of people and freight and is deeply tied to the history of high levels [...]
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Economisch belang van de Vlaamse zeehavens: verslag 2003
F. Lagneaux, F. Lagneaux

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 20

Abstract
The Flemish maritime ports play a major role in the Belgian economy, not only in terms of the industries they encompass but also as intermodal centres where transhipment activities are concentrated. This update1 paper provides an extensive overview of the economic importance and development of the Flemish maritime ports, through revised results for the period 1997 - 2003. Focusing on the three major variables of value added, employment and investment, it also provides some information about the financial situation of a few vital sectors in each port. A global indication concerning the financial health of the companies studied is also provided, using the NBB bankruptcy prediction model. In addition, it includes figures with respect to the ongoing growth of several cargo traffic segments and provides an overall picture of social developments in the Flemish maritime ports. The indirect effects of these port activities are estimated in terms of value added and employment. Annual account data from the Central Balance Sheet Office were used for the calculation of direct effects, the study of financial ratios and the analysis of the social balance sheet. The indirect effects were estimated on the basis of data from the National Accounts Institute. In the Flemish maritime ports, direct VA came to almost 11.5 billion euro and total VA - the sum of direct and indirect VA - to 22 billion euro in 2003. In the same year direct and total employment reached respectively 105,000 and 239,000 full-time equivalents, while direct investment reached 2.5 billion euro. The ongoing developments in the maritime ports sector in the Hamburg - Le Havre range continue to affect the port operations: concentration of capital, privatisation of port logistic services, expansion and dispersion of foreign trade, internationalisation of production and consumption patterns, increase in containerised shipments, etc. Production, trade and transport are no longer considered as individual and isolated activities, but are integrated within a single system, while economies of scale continue. Therefore, ports are becoming real logistic centres: ports able to add value to the goods passing through the port area have a major advantage in a climate of increasing international competition. Flemish ports are following this trend, and that is also reflected in the analysis presented in this report. Document type: Book
Abstract
The Flemish maritime ports play a major role in the Belgian economy, not only in terms of the industries they encompass but also as intermodal centres where transhipment activities [...]
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Towards a discussion of support to urban transport development in india
I. Chatterton, S. Mitric, I. Chatterton, S. Mitric

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 19

Abstract
The purpose of this policy note is to respond to the request from the Government of India for the World Bank to provide support to the development of the urban transport agenda in India and to provide lending support. During the discussions between the World Bank and the Government of India represented by the Ministry of Finance, the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) agreed on a three year program of support 2005-2008 reflected in the World Bank's Country Strategy for India September 15, 2004. Support is currently reflected in the operations program as an urban transport project under consideration and as a policy note as part of the non-lending services. In conjunction with these operations support to urban roads are included in Chennai under the Tamil Nadu Third Urban Development Project and in Bangalore under the Karnataka Municipal Reform Project. Document type: Book
Abstract
The purpose of this policy note is to respond to the request from the Government of India for the World Bank to provide support to the development of the urban transport agenda [...]
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Making Outbound Route Selection Robust to Egress Point Failure
M. Amin, K. Ho, M. Howarth, G. Pavlou

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 18

Abstract
Offline inter-domain outbound Traffic Engineering (TE) can be formulated as an optimization problem whose objective is to determine primary egress points for traffic exiting a domain. However, when egress point failures happen, congestion may occur if secondary egress points are not carefully determined. In this paper, we formulate a bi-level outbound TE problem in order to make outbound route selection robust to egress point failures. We propose a tabu search heuristic to solve the problem and compare the performance to three alternative approaches. Simulation results demonstrate that the tabu search heuristic achieves the best performance in terms of our optimization objectives and also keeps traffic disruption to a minimum. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Offline inter-domain outbound Traffic Engineering (TE) can be formulated as an optimization problem whose objective is to determine primary egress points for traffic exiting [...]
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The transportation land use policy connection
G. Knaap, Y. Song

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 18

Abstract
The paper explores the transportation-land use policy connection. More specifically, it considers the question, can land use policy be used to alter transportation behavior? The answer is of some importance. If the answer is yes, then there is hope that land use policies can be designed and implemented that will bring some relief to the congestion and complex transportation problems that are facing US metropolitan areas. This is the underlying assumption behind most smart growth policy reforms. If the answer is no, then land use policy may still be important, but is not likely to play an important role in resolving transportation issues. The paper then offers a schematic that identifies necessary conditions for land use policy to play a role in addressing transportation issues. Specifically, the paper argues that for land use policy to play an effective role, three conditions must hold. First, land use must be able to alter transportation behavior; secondly, transportation infrastructure must not fully determine land use; and thirdly, the condition on which the authors consider most extensively, land use policy must significantly and constructively affect land use. After presenting the schematic, the paper considers the evidence on each of these conditions. Based on the review of the evidence, the paper concludes that land use policy can play an effective role in transportation issues, but that the role is likely to be small, often counter productive, and most effective at the neighborhood scale. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The paper explores the transportation-land use policy connection. More specifically, it considers the question, can land use policy be used to alter transportation behavior? [...]
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High level visualization of users navigation in virtual environments
L. Ieronutti, R. Ranon, L. Chittaro

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 17

Abstract
This paper presents the current status of VU-Flow (Visualization of Users Flow), a software tool that is able to automatically record usage data in Virtual Environments and provide a set of 2D and 3D visualizations that make it easy for an evaluator to visually detect peculiar users behaviors and navigability problems. The paper focuses on novel functionalities we recently added to the tool. More specifically, the new version of VU-Flow includes: (i) the possibility of visualizing predominant flow directions for multiple users or multiple visiting sessions, (ii) a visualization aimed at highlighting traffic congestion problems in multi-user VEs, (iii) the possibility of visualizing a replay of users visits together with audio and video recordings of actual users (e.g. gathered during lab experiments), and (iv) the ability to derive, for each user, a list of quantitative data characterizing her behavior in the VE. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This paper presents the current status of VU-Flow (Visualization of Users Flow), a software tool that is able to automatically record usage data in Virtual Environments [...]
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Modeling stochastic hybrid systems
M. Ghosh, M. Ghosh, A. Bagchi, J. Cagnol, J. Zolésio

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 16

Abstract
Stochastic hybrid systems arise in numerous applications of systems with multiple models; e.g., air traffc management, flexible manufacturing systems, fault tolerant control systems etc. In a typical hybrid system, the state space is hybrid in the sense that some components take values in a Euclidean space, while some other components are discrete. In this paper we propose two stochastic hybrid models, both of which permit diffusion and hybrid jump. Such models are essential for studying air traffic management in a stochastic framework. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Stochastic hybrid systems arise in numerous applications of systems with multiple models; e.g., air traffc management, flexible manufacturing systems, fault tolerant control [...]
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Quality control a cornerstone to quality measurement and motivation are key issues abstract
R. Almgren

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 15

Abstract
The primary objective of quality control is to determine the extent to which a product exhibits required software qualities. Quality control may apply to static quality attributes, i.e., attributes of design, code and documents that one can measure without executing the product, as well as to dynamic quality attributes, which may be considerably more difficult to measure. Objective and well defined quality requirements have to be developed and specified to serve as the yardstick by which quality controllers can measure quality. Quality requirements negotiated and agreed with the client constitute a well-defined contract regarding the criteria of high quality. Quality control also measures the process quality to detect roadblocks in the development environment that interfere with achieving software product quality. High process quality is a prerequisite for producing high product quality. Appropriate set of development and configuration tools, continuous coaching of project members, clear project organisation and senior management commitment ensure high process quality and job satisfaction. Motivated personnel enforce success. Rikard Almgren studied mathematics, computer science and economics at the University of Stockholm (B.Sc. 1974). He has five years of experience in developing real-time systems for air traffic control and defence systems, primarily in the areas of system software and methods & techniques. Experiences from the financial industries were gained over eight years at Philips where he specialised in methods & techniques, tools, and software quality engineering. He is a member of IEEE, ACM and the Swedish Quality Association (SFK). Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The primary objective of quality control is to determine the extent to which a product exhibits required software qualities. Quality control may apply to static quality attributes, [...]
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Zygmunt Bauman: Die ambivalente Verfassung moderner und postmoderner Kultur
T. Kron, M. Reddig

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 16

Abstract
Das Werk des polnischen Soziologen Zygmunt Bauman wird zusammenfassend dargestellt. Geprägt durch die Erfahrungen des nationalsozialistischen und kommunistischen Totalitarismus, des Krieges und des Exils, steht für Bauman die Förderung von Verantwortung, Freiheit und Autonomie des Individuums im Zentrum seiner Arbeit. Um Aufklärung mit dem Ziel der menschlichen Einsicht zu erreichen, ist eine soziologische Auseinandersetzung mit der Kultur unverzichtbar. In der postmodernen Kultur verlieren nach Bauman die traditionellen und lokalen Bindungen an Bedeutung. Wenn Mobilität zur vorherrschenden Lebensform wird, schrumpfen auch die Möglichkeiten des kollektiven Handelns. Bauman ist der Überzeugung, dass in der Postmoderne die menschlichen Beziehungen ihre moralische Bedeutsamkeit verlieren, wobei die Adiaphorisierung durch neue Mechanismen verstärkt wird. (GB) Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Das Werk des polnischen Soziologen Zygmunt Bauman wird zusammenfassend dargestellt. Geprägt durch die Erfahrungen des nationalsozialistischen und kommunistischen Totalitarismus, [...]
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Traffic Anomaly Detection and Characterization in the Tunisian National University Network
K. Ramah, F. Kamoun, H. Ayari

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 15

Abstract
Traffic anomalies are characterized by unusual and significant changes in a network traffic behavior. They can be malicious or unintentional. Malicious traffic anomalies can be caused by attacks, abusive network usage and worms or virus propagations. However unintentional ones can be caused by failures, flash crowds or router misconfigurations. In this paper, we present an anomaly detection system derived from the anomaly detection schema presented by Mei-Ling Shyu in [12] and based on periodic SNMP data collection. We have evaluated this system against some common attacks and found that some (Smurf, Sync flood) are better detected than others (Scan). Then we have made use of this system in order to detect traffic anomalies in the Tunisian National University Network (TNUN). For this, we have collected network traffic traces from the Management Information Base MIB of the central firewall of the TNUN network. After that, we calculated the inter-anomaly times distribution and the anomaly durations distribution. We showed that anomalies were prevalent in the TNUN network and that most anomalies lasted less than five minutes. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Traffic anomalies are characterized by unusual and significant changes in a network traffic behavior. They can be malicious or unintentional. Malicious traffic anomalies can [...]
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Adelaide innovations in transport systems infrastructure and services
M. Taylor

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 14

Abstract
Adelaide, South Australia is a city with a long tradition of state of the art planning of its urban development and transport systems. As a planned new world city it has largely escaped many of the traffic and environmental problems that beset other cities. An ongoing feature of its transport planning has been a readiness to adopt, adapt and attempt innovative solutions that are arguably worlds firsts. This chapter describes two such solutions from the last quarter of the twentieth century: a guided busway and a fully reversible one-way road. Further developments using Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) technologies to meet community goals for improved public transport operations are also described. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
Adelaide, South Australia is a city with a long tradition of state of the art planning of its urban development and transport systems. As a planned new world city it has [...]
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Paving new ground a markov chain model of the change in transportation networks and land use
D. Levinson, W. Chen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 12

Abstract
This paper explores the inter-connectedness of the evolution of transportation networks and land use through the application of a Markov Chain mode. The model investigates how individual cells, with both land use and transportation network attributes, change over time. While this paper does not consider land use density directly, it does not consider land use type, and as cells change, it can be concluded that some form of development is likely to be occurring. The next section of the paper outlines the Markov Chain model and a discussion of the Twin Cities data used in the study follows. The subsequent section develops the transition probability matrices used by the Markov Chain. Those matrices are analyzed in order to understand the empirical regularities that appear in the data. They are then applied to both assess the predictive ability of the Markov Chain model (comparing what the model would predict with what actually happened), and then applying the mode to forecast future changes the Twin Cities area. The paper concludes with some suggestions for future research. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This paper explores the inter-connectedness of the evolution of transportation networks and land use through the application of a Markov Chain mode. The model investigates [...]
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State Estimation of Congested TCP Traffic Networks
G. Abbas, A. Nagar, H. Tawfik

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 12

Abstract
State Estimation is an intrinsic element of many network manage-ment systems, like Power Distribution Networks and Water Distribution Networks, where its implementation not only facilitates real-time online monitoring with better observability, but it also enables an advanced control with improved system security. This paper presents a new technique based on State Estimation to address some general shortcomings of the current Active Queue Management schemes such as RED and discusses potential issues in TCP networks in order to achieve better performance. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
State Estimation is an intrinsic element of many network manage-ment systems, like Power Distribution Networks and Water Distribution Networks, where its implementation not [...]
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Dynamic routing in qos aware traffic engineered network
S. Avallone, F. Kuipers, G. Ventre, P. Van Mieghem

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 11

Abstract
The problem of finding multi-constrained paths has been addressed by several QoS routing algorithms. While they generally satisfy the application requirements, they often do not consider the perspective of service providers. Service providers aim at maximizing the throughput and the number of accepted requests. These goals have been addressed by traffic engineering algorithms considering bandwidth as the sole application requirement. We propose a proper length function for an existing QoS routing algorithm (SAMCRA) that attempts to optimize network utilization while still offering QoS guarantees. This paper presents a comparison between several proposed algorithms via simulation studies. The simulations show that SAMCRA with a proper length performs similarly or even better than the best among the other algorithms and it has a fast running time. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The problem of finding multi-constrained paths has been addressed by several QoS routing algorithms. While they generally satisfy the application requirements, they often [...]
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Evolutionary safety analysis motivations from the air traffic management domain
M. Felici

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 10

Abstract
In order realistically and cost-effectively to realize the ATM (Air Traffic Management) 2000+ Strategy, systems from different suppliers will be interconnected to form a complete functional and operational environment, covering ground segments and aerospace. Industry will be involved as early as possible in the lifecycle of ATM projects. EUROCONTROL manages the processes that involve the definition and validation of new ATM solutions using Industry capabilities (e.g., SMEs). In practice, safety analyses adapt and reuse system design models (produced by third parties). Technical, organisational and cost-related reasons often determine this choice, although design models are unfit for safety analysis. Design models provide limited support to safety analysis, because they are tailored for system designers. The definition of an adequate model and of an underlying methodology for its construction will be highly beneficial for whom is performing safety analyses. Limited budgets and resources, often, constrain or inhibit the model definition phase as an integral part of safety analysis. This paper is concerned with problems in modeling ATM systems for safety analysis. The main objective is to highlight a model specifically targeted to support evolutionary safety analysis. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In order realistically and cost-effectively to realize the ATM (Air Traffic Management) 2000+ Strategy, systems from different suppliers will be interconnected to form a complete [...]
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An integrated network management framework for inter-domain outbound traffic engineering
K. Ho, G. Pavlou, M. Howarth, M. Amin, M. Howarth

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2006). Vol. 2006, 5

Abstract
This paper proposes an integrated network management framework for inter-domain outbound traffic engineering. The framework consists of three functional blocks (monitoring, optimization and implementation) to make the outbound traffic engineering adaptive to network condition changes such as inter-domain traffic demand variation, inter-domain routing changes and link failures. The objective is to keep the inter-domain link utilization balanced under any of these changes while reducing service disruptions and reconfiguration overheads. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed framework can achieve better load balancing with less service disruptions and re-configuration overheads in comparison to alternative approaches. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This paper proposes an integrated network management framework for inter-domain outbound traffic engineering. The framework consists of three functional blocks (monitoring, [...]
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Financing transport infrastructure
R. Maggi

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 3

Abstract
The financing of transport infrastructure has been discussed in this chapter as an issue between efficient pricing and political distribution. Historically, toll pricing and private investment in transport infrastructure has been frequent and important (e.g., in the railway era), and market orientation relevant. More recently, e.g., in the economic growth after the Second World War and the construction of large motorway networks as well as urban transit systems, public funding and operation has largely dominated. Economists, models for the return to some economic principles promoting an efficient allocation of funds, environmental resources, and users’ time are of limited relevance as long as distributional issues prevail. Therefore, the conclusion is that the increasing emphasis in the literature on analyzing and understanding the economics of transport policy and the mechanisms of collective choices in the sector will improve the feasibility of financing infrastructure via pricing. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The financing of transport infrastructure has been discussed in this chapter as an issue between efficient pricing and political distribution. Historically, toll pricing and [...]
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Seismic hazard evaluation for buried pipes crossing unstable slopes
P. Casamichele, M. Maugeri, E. Motta

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2005). Vol. 2005, 2

Abstract
This paper describes how pipelines are often located in seismic unstable slopes where earthquake-induced movements may cause their collapse. Thus, the analysis of the soil-pipe interaction plays a large role for the seismic hazard prevision. This paper deals with an analytical approach for the study of the interaction phenomena occurring between pipe and surrounding soil when pipelines cross unstable slopes. Some analytical solutions are presented in order to evaluate displacement, lateral deflection and bending moment distribution along the pipe. The Newmark method extended to a 3-D analysis was used to evaluate the permanent earthquake-induced displacement in slope due to ground motion. The aim is the prevention of unacceptable conditions for the pipeline and to avoid the pipe failure. Field and laboratory tests confirm that the soil shows a non-linear behavior even under low loading: so a non-linear behavior for the soil-pipe interaction should be considered to take into account the plastic response. The non-linear model used in the analysis and the results obtained, with particular reference to the influence of the soil modeling are presented in the paper. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This paper describes how pipelines are often located in seismic unstable slopes where earthquake-induced movements may cause their collapse. Thus, the analysis of the soil-pipe [...]
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Improving Eulerian two-phase flow finite element approximation with discontinuous gradient pressure shape functions
A. Coppola‐Owen, R. Codina

Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids (2005). Vol. 49 (12), pp. 1287-1304

Abstract
In this paper we present a problem we have encountered using a stabilized finite element method on fixed grids for flows with interfaces modelled with the level set approach. We propose a solution based on enriching the pressure shape functions on the elements cut by the interface. The enrichment is used to enable the pressure gradient to be discontinuous at the interface, thus improving the ability to simulate the behaviour of fluids with different density under a gravitational force. The additional shape function used is local to each element and the corresponding degree of freedom can therefore be condensed prior to assembly, making the implementation quite simple on any existing finite element code.
Abstract
In this paper we present a problem we have encountered using a stabilized finite element method on fixed grids for flows with interfaces modelled with the level set approach. [...]
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Programación y gestión de redes de notas via Internet I
J. Jiménez, A. Priegue, F. Guzmán, E. Oñate

(2005). Research Report, Nº PI279

Abstract
Este trabajo presenta los desarrollos llevados a cabo en CIMNE en la programación y gestión de redes de motas utilizando Internet. El trabajo se enmarca dentro de la línea de I+D de CIMNE en el estudio, desarrollo y aplicación de redes de sensores inteligentes sin hilos en diversos ámbitos de la ingeniería. En las referencias [(1-3)] se describen los resultados de investigaciones anteriores del equipo de CIMNE sobre el tema. El trabajo se ha llevado a cabo en el marco de las actividades del proyecto "Desarrollo de tecnologías para investigación y gestión de procesos constructivos utilizando redes de sensores sin hilos.(PROSENSOR)" financiado por el programa PROFIT del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. El proyecto se inició en Noviembre de 2005 y su finalización está prevista en Diciembre, 2007. Los autores agradecen a la empresa Sensoria S.A., el asesoramiento y colaboración en la realización del trabajo.
Abstract
Este trabajo presenta los desarrollos llevados a cabo en CIMNE en la programación y gestión de redes de motas utilizando Internet. El trabajo se enmarca [...]
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Plataforma WSN/NIMS I
J. Piazzese, J. Jiménez, E. Oñate

(2005). Research Report, Nº PI268
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Discrete Green's functions for unbounded using finite element method
B. Boroomand, F. Mossaiby

(2005). Research Report, Nº PI267

Abstract
In this report dynamic solution of unbounded domains using pure finite element method is presented. The problems of concern are those with governing differential equations of constant coefficient. When the grid is of repeatable pattern the solution of an unbounded domain is reducible to a solution over a smaller domain with a grid consisting of few numbers of repeatable patterns. It is shown that by use of the proportionality property, having roots in governing equations, both conditions required for a unique solution, i.e. the decay and radiation of energy, are met through a spectral formulation. As a key point, a consistent transformation approach is proposed in order to employ such a spectral formulation for the solution. The transformation technique is analogous to those conventionally used for solution of partial differential equations but of course in a matrix form. To demonstrate the applicability of method, Green’s functions for two dimensional scalar and elastic wave equations are obtained numerically in frequency domain. The method is also capable of giving Green’s functions for dynamic solution of domains with repeatable material properties. Comprehensive discussions are given for accuracy and convergence of the solution.
Abstract
In this report dynamic solution of unbounded domains using pure finite element method is presented. The problems of concern are those with governing differential equations [...]
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El método de partículas y elementos finitos. Aplicaciones en ingeniería de puertos
E. Oñate, M. Celigueta, S. Idelsohn, F. Del Pin

(2005). Research Report, Nº PI278
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Plataforma WSN/NIMS III. Programación básica de motas
J. Jiménez, A. Priegue, J. Piazzese, E. Oñate

(2005). Research Report, Nº PI277
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Large membranes structures for scientific remote sensing and space exploration
M. Tessler

(2005). Research Report, Nº PI276

Abstract
As part of the NASA Floyd L.Thompson Fellowship, the author spent four months in the beginning of 2005 at the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) in Barcelona, Spain. During this visit, he had many opportunities to discuss the new NASA Space Exploration Program with graduate students and faculty at CIMNE, and worked closely with several researchers focusing on the modeling and analysis of thin-film membranes. Here, a brief overview of the space exploration technologies that use very large structural membranes is presented, together with some comments related to computational mechanics issues for simulating the response of large membrane structures.
Abstract
As part of the NASA Floyd L.Thompson Fellowship, the author spent four months in the beginning of 2005 at the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) [...]
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An edge-based solver for compressible flow
E. Ortega, R. Flores, E. Oñate

(2005). Research Report, Nº PI275

Abstract
An edge-based high-resolution scheme for the solution of the compressible Euler equations on unstructured finite elements grids is presented. The flow solver adopted in the present work is the approximate Riemann solver developed by Roe. A high-order spatial approximation is achieved by means of a piecewise linear reconstruction of the interface variables according to the MUSCL (Monotone Upstream-centered Schemes for Conservation Laws) formulation. Finally, non-linear limiters are introduced in order to prevent the generation of oscillations. The proposed approach corresponds with the methodology presented by Löhner in [1].
Abstract
An edge-based high-resolution scheme for the solution of the compressible Euler equations on unstructured finite elements grids is presented. The flow solver adopted in the [...]
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Goal oriented adaptivity: Una introducción a través del problema elástico lineal
J. Ródenas

(2005). Research Report, Nº PI274

Abstract
En este documento se presenta el estudio iniciado por el autor durante su estancia en el Centro Internacional de Métodos Numéricos en Ingeniería de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (CIMNE-UPC-Barcelona) durante los meses de Julio, Agosto y Septiembre de 2004 y continuado posteriormente en el Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y de Materiales de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (DIMM-UPV). El autor desea expresar su agradecimiento a los directores de ambos centros, Eugenio Oñate (CIMNE) y Javier Fuenmayor (DIMM-UPV), por el apoyo prestado para la realización de la estancia y la elaboración de este informe, así como al resto de miembros de dichos centros, sin olvidar, por supuesto, a Pedro Diez (Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric, LACAN-UPC-Barcelona) por su inestimable ayuda. El objetivo del documento es el de proporcionar una introducción a la adaptatividad en magnitudes de interés (Goal Oriented Adaptivity, GOA) siguiendo, en la medida de lo posible, un planteamiento intuitivo. Para ello, este trabajo se centra exclusivamente en la aplicación de esta técnica al problema Elástico Lineal resuelto mediante el Método de los Elementos Finitos (MEF) y procedimientos h-adaptativos. La calidad de la solución que proporciona un modelo de Elementos Finitos (EF) depende, entre otras cosas, de la selección adecuada de los parámetros de la discretización, es decir, del tamaño de los elementos, el grado de las funciones de forma utilizadas en la interpolación de desplazamientos, etc. Como resultado de la simulación numérica se puede obtener una aproximación a la magnitud de interés y también ciertos indicadores de calidad de la solución que pueden venir dados como aportaciones de cada uno de los elementos al error global del análisis. Estos indicadores de calidad de la solución pueden ser utilizados para mejorar automáticamente el modelo de EF y conseguir así una solución más precisa del problema. En el procedimiento tradicional se realiza una estimación local del error de discretización en norma energética para, posteriormente, utilizar técnicas de adaptación automática de la malla a fin de obtener modelos de EF que proporcionen soluciones con un error global en norma energética inferior al especificado por el analista. En todo caso, la norma energética de la solución no suele ser una magnitud de interés para el analista. En este trabajo se describirá una nueva técnica llamada Goal Oriented Adaptivity que permite la estimación de error a-posteriori y la adaptación de la malla de modelos de EF a fin de controlar el error de la magnitud de interés para el analista.
Abstract
En este documento se presenta el estudio iniciado por el autor durante su estancia en el Centro Internacional de Métodos Numéricos en Ingeniería de la [...]
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Plataforma WSN/NIMS II. Primeras experiencias en CIMNE
J. Jiménez, A. Priegue, E. Oñate

(2005). Research Report, Nº PI272
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Identificación modal mediante ajuste local de la respuesta
L. Villa

(2005). Research Report, Nº PI271
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Evolutionary methods for optimal shape design
A. Fung, E. Pahl, G. Bugeda, E. Oñate

(2005). Research Report, Nº PI270

Abstract
An optimization code called Optima has been developed at the International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE). This report validates two reputably robust Evolutionary Algorithms available in Optima and employs them on aerodynamic shape optimization problems. The two schemes, Differential Evolution Scheme 1 (DE1) and Evolution Strategy coupled with Covariance Matrix Adaptation (ES-CMA), were tested and verified on three standard parametric optimization objective functions through comparison against existing results. Analysis of the test data allowed trends to be established and from this, settings to enhance the performance of the algorithms were proposed and substantiated. The algorithms and their suggested settings were applied on an inverse and a direct constrained shape optimization problem involving NACA four digit airfoils. The inverse task involves the recovery of an airfoil profile through its pressure distribution combination of lift and drag coefficients. Simulation of the airfoil in turbulent flow was done using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) setup. Finally, the results are presented and the ES-CMA method, using the setting CMA-B proposed in this paper, was found to be most robust. Suggestions for improvements and further work in the optimization configuration and the problem simulation are also proposed.
Abstract
An optimization code called Optima has been developed at the International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE). This report validates two reputably robust [...]
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Modelación del ensayo brasileño empleando modelación discreta
C. Recarey Morfa, E. Oñate, J. Rojek, J. Canet, F. Zárate, G. Cadoce, C. Labra

Ingeniería Civil (2005). Vol. 139, pp. 112-124

Abstract
Se presenta un modelo de elementos discretos o distintos (MED) en la modelizacion del ensayo de traccion indirecta o ensayo brasileno (Brazilian Test). Se realiza una comparacion entre los resultados obtenidos por el MED, con la de otros autores [26,35] que emplean el MEF. Se obtienen buenos resultados en el proceso de simulacion del ensayo brasileno, y la comparacion con el MEF (método de los elementos finitos) es muy efectiva. Se evidencia la similitud fisica que existe entre los resultados obtenidos por el MED y ensayos experimentales, lo que posibilita demostrar la fiabilidad y veracidad de la formulacion realizada. (A). English abstract: This work deals whit the use of the Distinct Element Method (DEM) to simulate an indirect traction test, also known as "the Brazilian test" A comparison is realized between results obtained with the DEM, and those obtained by other authors [26, 35] using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The Brazilian test's simulation gives good results and the comparison is very effective. There is a similarity between the results obtained using the DEM and those obtained from real experiments, similarity which proves the reliability and the veracity of this formulation.
Abstract
Se presenta un modelo de elementos discretos o distintos (MED) en la modelizacion del ensayo de traccion indirecta o ensayo brasileno (Brazilian Test). Se realiza una comparacion [...]
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Red de revistas iberoamericanas
Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 260
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Reseñas
Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 259
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Apuntes
Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 258
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First steps to guarantee good audio-visual habits on children
M. Pons, M. de Anta, X. Ferrer

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 257

Abstract
Mass media and new technologies have an increasing influence on children, defenseless in front of screens.The TV, for example, occupies much of its time and often competitively against the school values and the professor´s work. In order to resist or to diminish the negative effects of TV, we offer to the educative centres that collaborate in this project ( nowadays more than twenty) tools that facilitate the audio-visual education.
Abstract
Mass media and new technologies have an increasing influence on children, defenseless in front of screens.The TV, for example, occupies much of its time and often competitively [...]
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Children, cinema and television: an experiment with film and educational mediation
M. Fantin

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 256

Abstract
This study reflects on some possibilities for the consumption of culture based on an experience of watching films at movie theaters and on television. Considering that television is the media through which most Brazilian children have access to films exhibited in the cinema, understanding how children relate to films on television can be important to consider possible educational mediations in the construction of various mediatic abilities and for the experience of signification. The purpose of the study is to broaden the understanding about the way with which children relate to films, to understand how their emotions are stimulated and how the strategies of construction of meaning produce behaviors, values, feelings and knowledge. To understand these practices from various perspectives, the study sought perspectives that dialog with theories about the distance and similarity between cinema and television. It also presents the voices of children from different social-cultural contexts about this issue to then imagine how this question can be interpreted in the «poetry» of some songs. The initial question is raised again and the proposal of possible meanings suggests the importance of educational mediation in the construction of a theoretical, reflexive and aesthetic practice, which considering the poetic and contemporary thought of artists and children, can be a practice and a cultural consumption that is also a type of poetry.
Abstract
This study reflects on some possibilities for the consumption of culture based on an experience of watching films at movie theaters and on television. Considering that television [...]
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The televison persuasive
S. Vázquez Toledo

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 255

Abstract
The mass media, especially television, have established as indispensable elements in society. These media are so influential in our lives that they have come to form part of them, through physical as psychological dependence. Television is peculiar, interesting and «dangerous». Persuasion is one of the most used strategies, and one could wonder about its intention. Perhaps it is time to question the privileged role society has given to television, and without doubt, reflection and a critical spirit are essential to do this.
Abstract
The mass media, especially television, have established as indispensable elements in society. These media are so influential in our lives that they have come to form part [...]
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25² lines: mathematics on television
J. Muñoz Santonja

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 254

Abstract
I will talk about the relationship between Mathematics and television from an educational point of view. We will see different ways of presenting Maths on television programs and how we can use them in the classroom as teaching materials. We will say which television cartoons or fiction series are full of Maths and which special programs are about them.
Abstract
I will talk about the relationship between Mathematics and television from an educational point of view. We will see different ways of presenting Maths on television programs [...]
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You do your announcement amused
J. Clares López, T. de la Montaña de Santiago y Pavón

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 253

Abstract
The announcement is an element of the TV with much influence on the child world. For that reason the education, in this form, receives a character of vital importance in the first educative stage. In this work we presented a experience of the use of the television like a educational resource, with the primary target to educate to the pupils in the aggressive techniques for the diffusion of products as they are the announcements. The brief pupils carry out spots in which they will announce the virtues of a product trying to convince possible consumers of the necessity of his use. Thus, by means of the game they could be you participate in the mechanisms that are behind the announcements to which as much they are customary.
Abstract
The announcement is an element of the TV with much influence on the child world. For that reason the education, in this form, receives a character of vital importance in the [...]
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The public pedagogy of television advertising: a way of didactic appropiation
V. Funes

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 252

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the theoretical background of an analysis practice as well as to design such practice for a didactic application aimed at a corpus of television advertisements addressed to the general public. Although the teaching practice to be described is intended to be introduced in an Audio-visual Communication Teaching Program, it could be developed (with necessary adjustments) in other educational levels and contexts. One of the main guiding principles of our educational project is to hire teachers who will be able to acquire critical analysis tools in terms of audio-visual media. Then, it seems necessary to carry out an audio-visual literacy process as the basis of their education as professionals in the field of Audio-visual Communication. Indeed, being able to perfom such analysis is an essential requirement to then incorporate the media into their practice in a critical way.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the theoretical background of an analysis practice as well as to design such practice for a didactic application aimed at a corpus [...]
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When children are the public: analysing the information from Quiosque
C. Candeias

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 251

Abstract
Considering that television continues to be the elected medium by children, we decided to present the information done for children in the Portuguese public tv channel. That requires an analysis not only to the information produced, but also the kind of language used and the thematic trends. A special attention will be paid to the children’s participation in the making of news, as well as to the space that they have to express their thoughts in this program.
Abstract
Considering that television continues to be the elected medium by children, we decided to present the information done for children in the Portuguese public tv channel. That [...]
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«Tweenies»: a TV-series as model for musical education in the classroom a transdisciplinary proposal
F. García Gallardo, H. Arredondo Pérez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 250

Abstract
Tweenies is a televising series for children created by the BBC. The TVE-2 (Spanish Television-Channel 2) emits it every day on mornings (from Monday to Friday). Their protagonists are four children between three and five years old coexisting in a preschool center. After the analysis of the Series, we observed an educative transdisciplinary model, a model which worries on the personal values education, and in which the music plays an important role through abundant and varied practices and musical experiences.
Abstract
Tweenies is a televising series for children created by the BBC. The TVE-2 (Spanish Television-Channel 2) emits it every day on mornings (from Monday to Friday). Their protagonists [...]
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Barcelona Film Diverse: young glances and voices for cultural diversity
A. Blázquez Abella, M. Heredero Jiménez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 249

Abstract
Mitjans is an association of Communication and Education professionals, persons and collectives worried about and interested in Media Literacy and its incidence in the society. Nowadays, Mitjans is working on two related projects: Barcelona Film Diverse and YEFF! (Young European Film Forum for cultural diversity). On one hand, both encourage young people to learn film language and aesthetic principals of film and television while encouraging them to develop their voice. On the other hand, both ask the entrants to reflect on the experiences and perception of the issues of cultural diversity from their individual point of view.
Abstract
Mitjans is an association of Communication and Education professionals, persons and collectives worried about and interested in Media Literacy and its incidence in the society. [...]
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Quality cinema: literacy reading strategies through television
E. Méndez Fregozo

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 248

Abstract
Facing the new realities and social challenges that experience the different groups involved at the educational spaces (i.e. students, teachers, administrators, parents), the need to create pedagogical strategies that allow the establishment of a complex network of thinking to provide the content and the means in order to read them and most importantly, to act upon them become urgent. This would be a network that cross over and articulate a set of new socially pertinent proposals which helps to strengthen the educational foundation of learning to live together. Edgar Morin says that cinema offers what “is invisible for human sciences”, it gives us the possibility to know the human being: its existencial, subjective and affective features; experiences, passions, love, hate, commitments, pain, joy and rave among others.
Abstract
Facing the new realities and social challenges that experience the different groups involved at the educational spaces (i.e. students, teachers, administrators, parents), [...]
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The children's tv and adolescents with camera by hand
V. Quintão Carneiro

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 247

Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the perception of 424 children and teenagers about the programs they watch on tv, and what kind of programs they would produce if they had a camera on their hands. The data collection was made in 12 schools of Distrito Federal, attended by students who belong to medium and lower income classes. A questionnaire was presented to the students, who were asked to elaborate individually some audiovisual instructions with drawings (storyboard). The starting point to the elaboration of the instructions by the kids and teens was the question: What tv program would you make if you had a camera on your hands? This paper presents the analysis of the answers of the children and teenagers about the question above, as well as the other questions in the questionnaire, so that it was possible to observe which kind of relation they have with the television and which tv storyboards they would like to watch in the open channels.
Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the perception of 424 children and teenagers about the programs they watch on tv, and what kind of programs they would produce [...]
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Latin american university videos and cultural, scientific and economic development
J. Bustamante Newball

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 246

Abstract
This paper is the product of the author’s five year continued experience in the teaching of journalism in the classes of TV Production (third year of the career), Audiovisual Journalism (fourth year) Writing and Realization of Scripts for TV (fifth year) at the University of Los Andes in Venezuela, based on the reform and revision accomplished during the year 2000 of the programs of three subjects in which three fundamental axes were used: the performance of productions associated to the three mentions of the career of Social Communication at the university of Los Andes (Scientific Development, Economic Development, and Cultural Development), the incorporation of New Technologies of Information and Communication (TIC) for the production and digital postproduction of videotapes, and the annual organization of a festival (EXPOVISUAL), aimed at the public in general for which the students elaborate special productions.
Abstract
This paper is the product of the author’s five year continued experience in the teaching of journalism in the classes of TV Production (third year of the career), Audiovisual [...]
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From local tv to global education
M. Vázquez Vázquez, S. Sánchez Vázquez, A. Sánchez Vázquez

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 245

Abstract
The word LOCAL shouldn’t mean restriction but nearness, a closeness which allows an active collaboration of studens, from just a visit to the station to an active involvement in programme planning (either participating or producing reports, news, or TV game shows). We give a chance to viewers to be part of the process and learning by doing. But nearness isn’t just something physical it also means “typical”, so we try to spread and preserve our local lore, which sometimes is close to become extinct. In short with all these experiences we try to form & inform our learners and provide them with a critical vision a good knowledge of the media and always having in mind their ages.
Abstract
The word LOCAL shouldn’t mean restriction but nearness, a closeness which allows an active collaboration of studens, from just a visit to the station to an active involvement [...]
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Brazilian experiences with communitarian TVs
V. Filé

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 244

Abstract
This text intends to present some Brazilian experiences of use of the audiovisual language - TVs communitarian, TVs of street - from two projects: the communicative TV Maxambomba and TV Pinel and its ecosystems. From my insertion as member of its respective teams, I have searched interlocutions between the knowledge that these works had propitiated me and the questions that make the rounds to make pedagogical daily of many Brazilian schools. Questions that become related with the quarrels on the television, the uses of the audiovisual language in practical comunicacionais with small groups, the chore with the tensions of the intercultural relations and the possibilities to think on the production of knowledge.
Abstract
This text intends to present some Brazilian experiences of use of the audiovisual language - TVs communitarian, TVs of street - from two projects: the communicative TV Maxambomba [...]
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Telepuebla and Ebarrios TV, two experiences of audiovisual communication
J. Conde García

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 243

Abstract
Do we teach just what we know, or what our students really need? They spend about a thousand hours per year watching TV, and that is much more time they employ in attending school. To cope with this situation an audiovisual literacy programme should be elaborated by teachers themselves from the schools. This paper deals with two real experiences: Telepuebla, a TV station which was on the air for four years, involving the citizens of a whole village, and Ebarrios TV, an education project designed to teach the media languages, criticize and produce audiovisual messages.
Abstract
Do we teach just what we know, or what our students really need? They spend about a thousand hours per year watching TV, and that is much more time they employ in attending [...]
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Educative possibilities of televising means:analysis proposals
M. Raposeiras Roubín

Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal (2005). Vol. 13, (2), 242

Abstract
Es casi obvio pensar que los medios de comunicación tienen una gran incidencia en el sistema de valores de los individuos. Los jóvenes han aprendido sus valores, aspiraciones y modelos de conductaa través de los medios de comunicación. Lo que ocurre es que en muchas ocasiones lo que enseña la escuela y lo que los jóvenes aprenden a través de los medios de comunicación está en divergencia. En esta línea, Pérez Tornero asegura que, si la educación tiene que ver con las actitudes, normas y valores, es bien cierto que los medios de comunicación, las ciudades, las modas y el grupo de iguales se convierten en los más poderosos sistemas educativos del momento. En muchas ocasiones, los diferentes actores del proceso educativo sienten cómo escapa de sus manos la posibilidad de influir en la educación de los estudiantes (Pérez Tornero, 2000: 46). Además, uno de los grandes problemas que existen en la actualidad, y tal y como asegura Ferrés, es que la televisión, que se ha convertido en el fenómeno cultural más impresionante de la historia de la humanidad, es la práctica para la que menos se prepara a los ciudadanos (Ferres citado en Aguaded Gómez, 2000: 222). Es necesario, por ello, enseñar a los estudiantes a descubrir la realidad de los medios, alertarles sobre la uniformización cultural que están generando para que sean más críticos y vean los contenidos mediáticos partiendo de una reflexión previa. Una reflexión que debería partir del aula aunque, como afirma Cabero, resulta llamativo que estemos empezando a plantear las necesidades que pueden generar otros medios y que todavía nuestra escuela no ha asumido, consciente y críticamente, la necesidad de alfabetizar a los alumnos para descodificar los mensajes emitidos por los medios de comunicación de masas(Yuste, 2000:177). Los medios actúan como una ventana, proporcionando solamente una pequeña parte de la realidad maquillada según los propios intereses del medio. Y este problema lleva a que para cualquier usuario de medios de comunicación, existe lo que aparece en los medios y lo que en ellos no se refleja o bien no existe o no es importante. Así, los medios, contrariamente a lo que se afirma algunas veces, no pretenden ofrecer conocimiento, como tampoco tienen el fin de formar ni informar. Su objetivo es conquistar audiencias que produzcan beneficios económicos (Yuste, 2000:185). El gran problema es que a través de la televisión, de esa pequeña parte de la realidad, a través de la que la gran parte de las personas configuran sus valores y conductas que no son más que un reflejo de la cultura occidental como modelo o paradigma cultural mundial.
Abstract
Es casi obvio pensar que los medios de comunicación tienen una gran incidencia en el sistema de valores de los individuos. Los jóvenes han aprendido sus valores, aspiraciones [...]
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