Abstract

Abstract

One of the most important engineering tasks over the years has been the design
and manufacture of increasingly sophisticated structural materials as a result of the
requirements related to the technological progress. In the last decades, the growing
needs for improved properties of products have been partially solved through the
development of composite materials. A key to the success of many modern structural
components is the tailored behavior of the material to given applications.
Therefore, research efforts in material science engineering have been focused in the
design of new materials either through the creation of new structures at the scale
of single atoms and molecules or through the development of structural materials
by changing the composition, size, arrangement and topology of the constituents
at larger scales: the microscopic/mesoscopic level.

The development of new materials has been linked to the development of a new
theoretical field within the mechanics of solids. This branch of the mechanical,
known as Continuum Micromechanics, introduces a series of new concepts that are
key to the definition of the macroscopic properties of composite materials on the
basis of the definition of the characteristics of its components. Starting from the
premise of separation of scales and the concept of Representative Volume Element,
defined the so-called homogenization methods, whose number has been increasing
as the Micromechanics is gone extend over the years. Such methods are many and
varied, although especially there have been two that have been used and developed
by the majority of authors: the so-called Mean-Homogenization techniques and the
multi-scale based on Finite Element Approaches.

Mean-fifieeld homogenization schemes are an efficient way to predict the behavior
of heterogeneous materials. They range from the simplest hypotheses of the stress
or strain sharing among the phases which do not require analytical solution on the
associated boundary-value problem to more involved geometric models based on
the solution of a boundary-value problem involving a single or composite inclusion
embedded in an equivalent homogenized medium whose elastic module become part
of the solution procedure. In general, they are based on analytical solutions of the
boundary value problem defined in the microstructure level of the inhomogeneous
material and provide good predictions for the mean values over the RVE. Although
originally designed for elastic materials, some approaches to deal with elastoplastic
materials and even with viscoplastic materials have been developed over the years
and compared with the results obtained using Finite Element Approaches. The comparison between different methods of homogenization allows the definition of
a range of validity between the different methods, which helps to discover the
limitations of the various methods and aspects to take into account for future
developments and research.

The main goal of this work is, firstly, to present a general overview of the
different techniques that have been developed in the last years in order to obtain
a prediction of the behavior of elastoplastic composites by taking into account
geometrical and mechanical aspects. Secondly, a comparison between the different
approaches is carried out through a numerical implementation of such techniques.
Both objectives will be carried out through eight different chapters. The first
chapter serves as an introduction and historical review of the advances that have
been made in the field of micromechanics. On the other hand, the second chapter
deals with some important theoretical background that is important in the field
of Continuum Micromechanics, as well as a short introduction of the different
approaches that traditionally have been considered to solve the problem. One group
of methods, based on analytical solutions { the so-called Mean Field Analysis {
will be commented in chapter 3. Chapter 4 is devoted to the implementation
and validation of a numerical tool that solves the mean-field homogenization using
analytical schemes for elastoplastic materials. Subsequent chapters are devoted to
the comparison of the results with the results given by the Finite Element Method.
The general formulation of such method { applied to multi-scale problems { is
presented in chapter 5 from a theoretical point of view, as well as the corresponding
numerical examples. Finally, last chapter will be dedicated to enumerate some
conclusions extracted from the present work, including some aspects that can be
object of future works or improvements.

The current work presents some important aspects about the theoretical concepts
and the numerical implementation of some key approaches for solving the
mechanical problem regarding composite materials. There exist a large number
of possibilities to approximate the response of such complex materials, based in
different assumptions. This document shows the general efficiency of the so-called
mean-field homogenization schemes to capture correctly the macroscopic behavior
of composites. Although these techniques show some limitations, like the incapability
to provide results for the distribution of the different variables over the
microgeometry or the low accuracy in the case of complex microgeometries (like
porous materials), they represent an efficient way to predict the main general behavior
of a composite material spending low computational effort. They are specially
indicated to be used in the previous steps of an analysis or as a tool to validate the
results with more involved approaches.

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Quality of material issues have been a significant source of concern since the dawn of recorded history. Building materials are essential and should be performed according to standard specifications because they cover around 60% of the project cost. Prior to project construction, specific codes, standards, and specifications should be available. Using all required materials does not guarantee a sound building appearance or function. Even with suitable materials, workmanship, and supervision, unexpected output can affect a building. Quality workmanship is a comprehensive approach to bolstering building durability, serviceability, and safety. The study evaluated Ambo University's building construction materials and quality. Convenience and quota sampling techniques were collected from all contractors and consultants involved in building construction via questionnaires and interviews. A comprehensive literature review identified 15 major factors affecting building construction materials quality and workmanship, and respondents ranked them in the order of importance. Defects in existing buildings and ongoing projects had observed due to non-compliance with construction materials and workmanship based on specifications and standards. The results indicated that Ambo University building has no defect-free structure, including the degree and type of defects vary. A 94% of the studied buildings had moisture leakage, plastering defects, paint peeling, and cracks. Hence, the consultants and Ambo University project representatives should adhere with the standard specifications, and must exercise their profession according to the ethical code of conduct. All of these, it will play a vital role in the success of construction projects.