Documents published in 2020 : Scipedia

Optimization of reinforcing steel for the design of concrete columns
L. Verduzco Martínez, A. Hernández-Martínez

(2019). http://www.repositorio.ugto.mx/handle/20.500.12059/2684

Abstract
Is presented hereby the creation of an optimization software for a the design of reinforcing steel for any type of structural elements which may be considered as columns, pillars, pilots or foundation dies, subjected to flexo-compression mechanic stresses for rectangular and circular cross section elements with the support of computational numeric methods and a new mathematical original model named "The idealized steel profile" for the optimization of constructions costs, in which the reinforcing steel is idealized as a steel structural profile embeded in concrete columns, so that then an approxiamte required reinforcing steel area may be determined in order to compute all the possible reinforcing bar options over the element cross section making comparisons in structural efficiency and cost for each option generated to then determine the optimal topology regarding cost and efficiency. The optimization problem is adapted so that it makes the resultant designs practical and convenient for its application in the construction industry in Mexico, based on certain design criteria from the NTC-2017 (Technical Construction Normative of Mexico City) and questioning other such criteria. It will be shown how such optimization algorithm was adapted, as well as other general numeric methods for engineering. Moreover the implementation of this program as a software for its practical application in the industry for any concrete structure with "n" number of concrete elements is presented. At the end, results of various experiments with the optimization program are shown, making comparisons between different resultant structural models regarding structural eficciency and geometry.
Abstract
Is presented hereby the creation of an optimization software for a the design of reinforcing steel for any type of structural elements which may be considered as columns, [...]
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Optimización de acero de refuerzo para el diseño de columnas de concreto
L. Verduzco Martínez, A. Hernández-Martínez

(2019). http://www.repositorio.ugto.mx/handle/20.500.12059/2684

Abstract
Is presented hereby the creation of an optimization software for the design of reinforcing steel for any type of structural elements which may be considered as columns, pillars, pilots or foundation dies, subjected to flexo-compression mechanic stresses for rectangular and circular cross section elements with the support of computational numeric methods and a new mathematical original model named "The idealized steel profile" for the optimization of constructions costs, in which the reinforcing steel is idealized as a steel structural profile embeded in concrete columns, so that then an approxiamte required reinforcing steel area may be determined in order to compute all the possible reinforcing bar options over the element cross section making comparisons in structural efficiency and cost for each option generated to then determine the optimal topology regarding cost and efficiency. The optimization problem is adapted so that it makes the resultant designs practical and convenient for its application in the construction industry in Mexico, based on certain design criteria from the <span style="color: #800000;">NTC-2017</span> (Technical Construction Normative of Mexico City) and questioning other such criteria. It will be shown how such optimization algorithm was adapted, as well as other general numeric methods for engineering. Moreover the implementation of this program as a software for its practical application in the industry for any concrete structure with "n" number of concrete elements is presented. At the end, results of various experiments with the optimization program are shown, making comparisons between different resultant structural models regarding structural eficciency and geometry.
Abstract
Is presented hereby the creation of an optimization software for the design of reinforcing steel for any type of structural elements which may be considered as columns, [...]
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Optimization of reinforcing steel for the design of concrete columns
L. Verduzco Martínez, D. Martínez

(2019). http://repositorio.ugto.mx/handle/20.500.12059/2684

Abstract
Is presented hereby the creation of an optimization software for the design of reinforcing steel for any type of structural elements which may be considered as columns, pillars, pilots or foundation dies, subjected to flexo-compression mechanic stresses for rectangular and circular cross section elements with the support of computational numeric methods and a new mathematical original model named "The idealized steel profile" for the optimization of constructions costs, in which the reinforcing steel is idealized as a steel structural profile embeded in concrete columns, so that then an approxiamte required reinforcing steel area may be determined in order to compute all the possible reinforcing bar options over the element cross section making comparisons in structural efficiency and cost for each option generated to then determine the optimal topology regarding cost and efficiency. The optimization problem is adapted so that it makes the resultant designs practical and convenient for its application in the construction industry in Mexico, based on certain design criteria from the <span style="color: #800000;">NTC-2017</span> (Technical Construction Normative of Mexico City) and questioning other such criteria. It will be shown how such optimization algorithm was adapted, as well as other general numeric methods for engineering. Moreover the implementation of this program as a software for its practical application in the industry for any concrete structure with "n" number of concrete elements is presented. At the end, results of various experiments with the optimization program are shown, making comparisons between different resultant structural models regarding structural eficciency and geometry.
Abstract
Is presented hereby the creation of an optimization software for the design of reinforcing steel for any type of structural elements which may be considered as columns, [...]
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Analysis of the Degradation Condition of Elementary Schools
S. Raposo

DBMC (2020). 55

Abstract
Currently, there is still no information regarding the performance of public buildings after their construction and the relationship with the needs for carrying out maintenance activities. This paper presents some of the main anomalies detected in six schools, built between 1997 and 2003 in Lisbon. The analysis of the degradation condition of these schools was based on data obtained through detailed visual inspections, carried out in three distinct periods of their operation phase, 2007, 2013 and 2018. The highest level of severity mainly concerns defects on buildings structure and buildings envelope and results from bad decisions made during design and/or construction. Therefore, there are serious problems related to the premature deterioration of these educational buildings, requiring expensive, complex and unplanned major repairs to achieve their specified design service life. This work highlights the need for greater involvement of school building management entities, in the early stages of the building process, including design, tendering, construction and handover.
Abstract
Currently, there is still no information regarding the performance of public buildings after their construction and the relationship with the needs for carrying out maintenance [...]
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Influence of Lightweight Concrete Block Support on Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Applied Mortars
D. Silveira, I. Torres, I. Colen, R. Pinto

DBMC (2020). 54

Abstract
The objective of the present work is to analyze the influence of the lightweight concrete block support on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the applied mortar. This work aims to understand how the physical and mechanical properties of the mortar are modified by the support. The methodology used consisted of conducting laboratory experimental tests to compare the behavior of mortar molded in standard moulds with the behavior of mortar applied to lightweight concrete block supports. Open porosity, bulk density, capillary water absorption, water vapor permeability and compressive strength were studied. These results have shown how the support influences the characteristics of the mortar, improving the understanding of the performance of the applied mortar. This study provides a global approach to the assessment of mortar characteristics, considering the analysis and comparison of mortar applied to the support and molded in the laboratory, according to current standards. Such understanding may contribute to the reassessment of the way mortars are produced, seeking to optimize their characteristics and compatibility with the support.
Abstract
The objective of the present work is to analyze the influence of the lightweight concrete block support on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the applied mortar. [...]
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Strategies to Support Facility Management Resourcing Building Information Modelling
R. Matos, F. Rodrigues, H. Rodrigues, A. Costa

DBMC (2020). 53

Abstract
The significant growth of the building stock in the 20th century allied to the low rate of building retrofitting over the last years results in the current low conservation level of the Portuguese building stock. The building natural aging, associated with the lack of planned maintenance actions and the climate changes consequences contributed to accelerating the degradation of building materials in the existing buildings, leading to a poor conservation of Portuguese public building stock. So, to extend the service life of the materials, the application of appropriate maintenance actions is imperative. This work aims to assess the building performance and to prioritize the maintenance actions employing Key Performance Indicators using Building Information Modelling (BIM) as a supporting tool for building condition assessment and maintenance management. To achieve these goals the following methodology was applied to a case study: 1)Building Information Collection; 2) Building Life Cycle Cost Estimation, and 3) Automated calculation of Building Performance Indicator supported by BIM, using Revit software and Dynamo programming. The application of this maintenance management automated strategy shows the importance of BIM in Facility Management; permits the model‘s permanent update of information decreasing the probability of information loss and the consequent investment in data collection, and has high potential to prioritise the building maintenance actions, extending the materials service life and building durability.
Abstract
The significant growth of the building stock in the 20th century allied to the low rate of building retrofitting over the last years results in the current low conservation [...]
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A Risk-Based Approach for Quantifying Durability and Life-Expectancy of the Wall-Foundation Construction Detail in Timber Buildings
A. Gaspari, I. Giongo, M. Piazza

DBMC (2020). 52

Abstract
Understanding and predicting the durability of timber structural components of buildings can lead to a more reliable and efficient use of this material in constructions. The work described herein presents a methodology to assess the life-expectancy of wall-foundation details in timber buildings based on the estimation of the durability of the timber structural element. Risk classes were defined starting from the inputs from the most relevant standards addressing the durability of timber available in Europe. The attribution of a risk class to the wall-foundation detail requires decision trees that consider the key aspects that affect the durability of this construction detail in the case of fungal attack. The methodology was then applied to three case studies and the results were compared to the observations from onsite inspections carried out on the decayed structural timber elements. The present work represents the first step towards the development of a tool capable of predicting the durability of timber components within the building structure. The work reported herein was carried out within the framework of the TSafe project.
Abstract
Understanding and predicting the durability of timber structural components of buildings can lead to a more reliable and efficient use of this material in constructions. The [...]
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Transport of Moisture and Chlorides into Sprayed Concrete
D. Aponte, M. Barra, S. Valls, L. Fernandez

DBMC (2020). 51

Abstract
This contribution is a study of the durability and transport properties of sprayed concrete used in an actual construction site. It considers whether concrete spraying can generate different porosities as the thickness of the sprayed layer increases. The work consisted of a study of the properties of the interior and exterior concrete layers with a particular focus on chloride penetration. A few of the methodologies and techniques used are compressive strength at 28 days, depth of penetration of water under pressure UNE EN 12390-8, boiled absorption and volume of permeable voids ASTM C642, and accelerate chloride penetration NT BUILD 443. Calculated transport property values included absorption (A) and volume of permeable voids (VPV), porosity interconnection, and chloride diffusion coefficient (De). The conclusion obtained is that there are no significant differences between the physical microstructural properties of the interior and exterior sprayed concrete layers, they present a similar porosity, and behave in the same way under a chloride attack when test tubes are completely saturated.
Abstract
This contribution is a study of the durability and transport properties of sprayed concrete used in an actual construction site. It considers whether concrete spraying can [...]
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The Efficiency of Fly Ash Concrete in the Context of the Combined Action between Chlorides and Carbonation
R. Malheiro, G. Camacho, G. Meira, A. Camões

DBMC (2020). 50

Abstract
The fly ash concrete (FAC) has often been used in chloride contaminate environments. The aluminates present in fly ash (FA) react with free chlorides binding them and reducing the amount of chlorides able to penetrate into concrete. However, Ca(OH)2 present in FAC is easily consumed by pozzolanic reactions, making easier the advance of carbonation. In this context, it is important to know the FAC behaviour in environments subjected simultaneously to chlorides and carbonation. Chloride diffusion coefficient (D) increases in environments containing chlorides and CO2 when compared to one containing only chlorides. This increase is related to the effects of carbonation on concrete. Therefore, this paper investigates the efficiency of FAC in context of the combined action of chlorides and carbonation. Two different concretes were cast, a FAC (40% FA) and a reference concrete (RC), that is a concrete with similar properties to FAC but without FA. After 90 days humid curing, half of specimens were subjected to accelerated carbonation (20ºC, 55% RH and 4% CO2) during 1, 2 and 7 months. The other half was protected and remained in laboratory during the same period. Afterwards, non-steady-state migration tests were performed. The results show that, under the studied conditions, the efficiency of the FAC against chloride penetration is not affected when compared to the results obtained for RC. The carbonation depth in FAC is higher than in RC, but the D in FAC remain lower than in RC. This behaviour can be attributed to the higher capacity of FAC binding chlorides.
Abstract
The fly ash concrete (FAC) has often been used in chloride contaminate environments. The aluminates present in fly ash (FA) react with free chlorides binding them and reducing [...]
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Towards the Determination of Chloride Profiles by means of Resistivity Measurements in Reinforced Concrete
G. Villain, M. Alhajj, S. Lopes, V. Bouteiller

DBMC (2020). 49

Abstract
Reinforced concrete (RC) structures, such wharfs or floating structures, are submitted to chloride ingress which can lead to rebar corrosion. Before the corrosion initiation, in a preventive point of view, engineers can be interested in non-destructive evaluation and inspection methods. In that way, electrical resistivity tomography is a promising tool to access to resistivity profiles then to chloride profiles in real RC structures in the future. We would like to present herein the advances in the necessary research developments to reach this goal, i.e. the resistivity profiles obtained in reinforced concrete slabs submitted to chloride ingress. The 4 slab dimensions are 90x70x13 cm. The specimens are cured, dried during 9 months then submitted to salted water imbibition during 4 months. Electrical resistivity tomography measurements are performed at short terms during 1 week of imbibition. The monitoring show that several phenomena influence the resistivity profiles such as the penetration of water and chloride ions. Meanwhile, steel rebar effect can be considered thus eliminated from electrical resistivity profiles following the method developed by (Alhajj et al. 2019).
Abstract
Reinforced concrete (RC) structures, such wharfs or floating structures, are submitted to chloride ingress which can lead to rebar corrosion. Before the corrosion initiation, [...]
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Implementation of an Embedded Sensor Based on Electrical Resistivity to Monitor Drying in Thick Concrete Structures
J. Badr, G. Villain, J. Balayssac, S. Lopes, Y. Fargier, F. Deby, S. Delepine-Lesoille

DBMC (2020). 48

Abstract
Electrical resistivity is a parameter sensitive to several properties of concrete, including water content, which is one of the key parameters governing concrete long-term durability. In this paper, the monitoring of the concrete water content profile throughout its entire thickness is discussed using an electrical approach as a measurement method. This is very relevant to applications requiring a centimeter resolution over a large thickness. The aim of this paper is to implement a multi-electrode embedded sensor in a concrete slab to determine the resistivity profile over concrete depth in order to monitor its drying. The sensor, designed as a printed circuit board (PCB), is integrated in two 30 cm thick concrete slabs. Different measurement configurations are presented. Following qualification in laboratory and controlled conditions, the study focuses on characterizing the sensor‘s response during the drying of the slabs. The results demonstrate the capability of the sensor to monitor concrete drying by measuring the resistivity profiles with a spatial centimetric resolution.
Abstract
Electrical resistivity is a parameter sensitive to several properties of concrete, including water content, which is one of the key parameters governing concrete long-term [...]
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Identification of the Influence of Concrete Cover Thickness and ∅/ρ Parameter on Crack Spacing.
C. Naotunna, S. Samarakoon, K. Fosså

DBMC (2020). 47

Abstract
Cracks due to the service load in the reinforced concrete structures are controlled at the design stage, by limiting the calculated crack width. Widely used crack width calculation models (Eurocode 2 and Model code 2010), estimates the crack width by multiplying the crack spacing with the mean strain difference of concrete and reinforcement. Concrete cover thickness and the ratio of diameter to reinforcement area to effective tensile area of concrete (∅/ρp,ef) are the two main crack spacing governing parameters in the aforementioned models. The existing models are mostly applicable when concrete cover thickness is within the specified limit. For example, Model Code 2010 model limits the concrete cover thickness to 75 mm. In order to identify the influence of aforementioned two governing parameters on crack spacing, the results of recent experiments have been considered. According to some recent studies, it is found that the concrete cover thickness has a significant influence and the ∅/ρp,ef parameter has a negligible effect on crack spacing. To investigate the reasons why the ∅/ρp,ef parameter has a negligible effect on crack spacing, the involvement of bond properties is needed to study. Some authors have specified that the large diameter bars consist of higher bond force per unit surface area than the small diameter bars, due to the high rib area. Due to this reason, the similar bond behavior could be identified, from low number of large bar diameters and high number of small diameter bars. A literature review has been carried out to study the bond behavior on specimens subjected to pure tension. With the facts and available data, it is further verified that the ∅/ρp,ef parameter has a negligible influence and concrete cover thickness has a significant effect on crack spacing.
Abstract
Cracks due to the service load in the reinforced concrete structures are controlled at the design stage, by limiting the calculated crack width. Widely used crack width calculation [...]
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Statistical Analysis on Belgian Building Defects
J. Vos, A. Blommaert, N. Bossche

DBMC (2020). 46

Abstract
The lack of systematization in the collection of building defects leads to a wide range of data that is not used to its full potential. Unfortunately, this opportunity is missed since lessons could be drawn from analyzing this data by systematically mapping and investigating building defects. This paper presents the results of a statistical analysis on 27074 cases of building defects provided by a Belgian insurance company, ranging from 1991 up to 2019. This analysis focuses on the types of damage, the occurrence in relation to the construction time and the typology of the claims. Spearman correlation tests, X² tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests are performed to assess the significance of correlations. Moisture problems constitute 49% of all technical defects, followed by structural issues (19%), and cracking (17%). Within the category of moisture problems, the roof is the dominant location for problems to occur, followed by basements, façades, windows, and rising damp. 50% of the judicial cases were closed after 3 years, whereas cases without lawsuit are typically settled after 1-2 years.
Abstract
The lack of systematization in the collection of building defects leads to a wide range of data that is not used to its full potential. Unfortunately, this opportunity is [...]
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Performance of Fibre-Reinforced Slag-Based Alkali Activated Mortar in Acidic Environment
P. Perumal, T. Paul, T. Luukkonen, J. Röning, P. Kinnunen, M. Illikainen

DBMC (2020). 45

Abstract
The main aim of the work is to study the effect of different fibres (steel, glass and basalt) on resistance of blast furnace slag-based alkali-activated mortar in acidic environment. The alkaliactivated slag mortars were exposed to 5% sulfuric and acetic acid solutions for 30 days. Mass change, compressive strength and microstructural changes were evaluated. In plain mortar, it was observed that 70% of the strength was retained in acetic acid environment whereas only 20% of residual strength remains in sulphuric acid environment. FTIR spectroscopy shows the degradation of the matrix, which implies the alkali-activated mortar was more vulnerable in sulphuric acid environment due to its aggressive nature compared to acetic acid. Decalcification and formation of calcium acetate also hinders the further progress of damage in acetic acid attack. Fibres helped in improving the performance of the mortar by holding the matrix together when the degradation occurred in acidic environment. Compared to plain mortar, incorporation of steel fibres exhibited a maximum strength retention of 19% in acetic acid and 7% in sulphuric acid, followed by glass and basalt fibres. SEM images clearly show the debonding of fibres and disintegration of matrix in acidic environment, which resulted in strength loss.
Abstract
The main aim of the work is to study the effect of different fibres (steel, glass and basalt) on resistance of blast furnace slag-based alkali-activated mortar in acidic environment. [...]
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Study on Technical Standards of Reinforced Concrete Structures with Long Service Life when Using Blended Cement and Finishing Materials
T. Kage, H. Tanano, N. Tsuchiya, H. Jinnai

DBMC (2020). 44

Abstract
It is very important to improve and secure durability of reinforced concrete (RC) building and housing, in order to extend the service life of it. In this study, these were studied experimentally that the contribution ratio of blended cement to the carbonation resistance of concrete when a part of OPC replaced to FA or BFS much more were used for concrete, and the effect of carbonation suppression required for an effective finishing materials when these were applied for concrete surface. As a result, we were able to obtain the knowledge that the contribution ratio to the carbonation resistance of concrete using blended cement with different mixture replacement ratio, and the effect of carbonation suppression required for 4 types of finishing materials and its specifications, from the viewpoint of securing durability and extending the service life of RC structures. Therefore, these were considered to be able to sufficiently contribute to the review of the evaluation method or technical standards concerning about the durability of RC structures prescribed in "Housing Quality Assurance Act" in Japan.
Abstract
It is very important to improve and secure durability of reinforced concrete (RC) building and housing, in order to extend the service life of it. In this study, these were [...]
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Influence of Different Types of Metakaolin on Compressive Strength and Chloride Migration of Concrete
R. Teodoro, H. Carasek, O. Cascudo

DBMC (2020). 43

Abstract
The use of mineral admixtures in concrete has grown in recent years, specially the highperformance ones, such as silica fume, nanosilica and metakaolin. Metakaolin has been extensively studied due to its high reactiveness. Thus, an experimental program was conducted to evaluate the behavior of compressive strength and non-steady state chloride migration due to differences of metakaolin characteristics. Three different metakaolins were characterized, then used in a 10% replacement ratio (of mass of cement), among two water/binder ratios (0.40 and 0.60) in concrete mixes. The results show that metakaolin increased compressive strength in every age tested. Moreover, durability properties were significantly enhanced due to the addition of metakaolin. Nonsteady state chloride migration coefficient of metakaolin concretes were noticeably lower than plain concrete. In general, the addition of metakaolin in concrete caused pore refinement and reduction in total porosity, which lead to enhancements of mechanical e durability properties of concrete.
Abstract
The use of mineral admixtures in concrete has grown in recent years, specially the highperformance ones, such as silica fume, nanosilica and metakaolin. Metakaolin has been [...]
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Field Study on Hydrophobised Internally Insulated Masonry Walls
E. Vereecken, D. Deckers, H. Janssen, S. Roels

DBMC (2020). 42

Abstract
This paper presents a field study on the hygrothermal performance of hydrophobised masonry walls, provided with vapour tight or capillary active interior insulation. As a reference, also nonhydrophobised and non-insulated walls are analysed. To study the hygric performance, apart from traditional relative humidity sensors, in-house made moisture pins are embedded in the walls and are shown to yield valuable information in the high moisture range. Attention is given to the hygric performance of the wooden beam heads, the impact of wind-driven rain on the moisture conditions in the masonry wall, as well as to the impregnation depth of the water repellent agent. For the latter, the field study is supplemented with X-ray and liquid droplet measurements on a small semi-duplicate test wall. During the hydrophobisation process, an increased moisture level was induced. A drying period was needed to again reduce this level. After this period, a hydrophobic treatment showed a positive impact on the wall‘s hygric performance. The non-hydrophobised wall with a vapour tight interior insulation system showed the highest moisture level, especially deeper in the wall and thus where the wooden beam ends are located.
Abstract
This paper presents a field study on the hygrothermal performance of hydrophobised masonry walls, provided with vapour tight or capillary active interior insulation. As a [...]
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Stability Assessment of Historic Plaster Ceilings on Wood Lath
H. Currie, M. Bronski, R. Lynde

DBMC (2020). 41

Abstract
Plaster (often lime plaster, reinforced with animal hair) installed on wood lath secured to wood framing was a common ceiling system for hundreds of years in the Americas, and for thousands of years in Europe. Despite having a relatively good record of stability, some ceilings of this type have collapsed. Given their overhead position, often above large groups of people, when cracks or localized areas of displacement or damage occur in these ceilings, the question often arises as to whether the ceiling is stable and safe. Because procedures for stability assessment of historic plaster ceilings on wood lath are not well quantified in building codes or technical literature, this article proposes key considerations and best practices for assessing these ceilings.
Abstract
Plaster (often lime plaster, reinforced with animal hair) installed on wood lath secured to wood framing was a common ceiling system for hundreds of years in the Americas, [...]
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Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Material and Fine Recycled Aggregates on Shrinkage Properties of Self-Compacting Microconcrete
M. Etxeberria, B. Reddy

DBMC (2020). 40

Abstract
An increase in the population has led to the progressive construction of infrastructures and buildings. This causes severe environmental problems, firstly high emissions of CO2 are caused in cement production; secondly, a high volume of construction and demolition waste is landfilled and thirdly, it is necessary to look for new, no natural resources for the production of construction materials. The objective of this work is to analyse the influence of fine recycled aggregates and high volumes of fly ash in the properties of high-performance self-compacting (SC) microconcrete. The experimental work presented in this paper was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, SC- microconcrete were produced with 100% of Portland cement, and natural sand was replaced by both mixed and ceramics recycled aggregates in 30% and 50%. In phase 2, SC- microconcretes were produced with the replacement of 50% of Portland cement by fly ash, and natural sand was replaced by both mixed and ceramics recycled aggregates in 30% and 50%. In each phase, the drying and autogenous shrinkage of all mortars was measured via their storage in a climate chamber after 24 hours of casting and the determining of properties during 90 days. In order to assess the influence of the shrinkage effect on the mechanical properties, the prismatic samples were also stored in a climatic chamber, and the compressive strength at several ages was determined in all of the SC mixtures. The results showed that the microconcretes produced employing mixed and ceramic fine aggregates achieved higher compressive strength and lower autogenous shrinkage. Although the C-N achieved the lowest drying shrinkage, the mixtures with 30% of CRA and MRA were found to have similar values. The employment of the CRA aggregates improved the drying shrinkage and compressive strength of the C-FA-N mixture.
Abstract
An increase in the population has led to the progressive construction of infrastructures and buildings. This causes severe environmental problems, firstly high emissions of [...]
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Properties of Czech WW2 Concrete Fortifications after 80 Years
O. Holčapek, P. Reiterman, J. Pazderka

DBMC (2020). 39

Abstract
This paper deals with the investigation of properties of Czech fortification concrete bunkers built before Second World War (WWII). The Czech defense system consisted mainly of light bunkers type No. 37. The vast numbers of these bunkers have been preserved in various conditions to nowadays. The light bunkers type No. 37 were designed to last limited lifetime of decades. According to the preserved test protocols, strength of used concrete varied from 40 to 50 MPa, measured on cube specimens with dimensions 200×200×200 mm. There is an information, in general public, about high quality and strength of used concrete. The non-destructive analysis of compressive strength, determined by Schmidt hammer was performed. This method was used to maintain a historical value of the structures. Three were analyzed different bunkers type No. 37 located in Western Bohemia - Pilsner region. Tested bunkers are preserved in various conditions with various quality of concrete. The measurements by Schmidt hammer took place in several locations especially in the interior part. The exterior was also investigated but only in the locations of surface which were not covered with camouflage plaster. Non-destructive testing had shown high quality of concrete older than 80 years old concrete, with compressive strength between 50 to 60 MPa. On the other hand, based on the visual assessment, the concrete showed very different characteristics, especially in compactness and the quality of surface layer. We can find places with insufficiently compacted concrete with exposed steel reinforcement.
Abstract
This paper deals with the investigation of properties of Czech fortification concrete bunkers built before Second World War (WWII). The Czech defense system consisted mainly [...]
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Restoration of Historic Windows: Methodology and Case Studies
E. Gerns, S. Domelen

DBMC (2020). 38

Abstract
All too often, the original windows are unnecessarily removed and replaced from historic buildings. In some instances, replacement is justified due to the extent of deterioration resulting from years of deferred or inappropriate maintenance. However, often historic windows are unnecessarily replaced as a result of incorrect assumptions or misinterpretation of their condition. Alternatively, a designer may believe that a new window will perform better, require less maintenance, increase energy efficiency, or just last longer than the existing original windows. This may not be the case. This paper will address issues related to the evaluation and restoration of historic wood and metal windows. An overview of the methodology used by the authors to evaluate the condition of windows and determine repairs that are necessary to maintain structural integrity, repairs that are necessary to address air and water infiltration, and repairs relative to aesthetics and function, will be presented.
Abstract
All too often, the original windows are unnecessarily removed and replaced from historic buildings. In some instances, replacement is justified due to the extent of deterioration [...]
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Do We Need Hygrothermal Simulations to Evaluate the Design for Durability?
M. Morelli, E. Brandt

DBMC (2020). 37

Abstract
The Danish Building regulations are function based and describe in broad terms which requirements must be fulfilled. The main message is that buildings and their structures must be built in such a way that they have a satisfactory functionality and durability i.e. that materials and constructions used can resist the stresses they are exposed to under use. However, there are no Danish guidelines on how to document fulfillment of the requirements. Durability largely depends on moisture related problems, and many failure modes/mechanisms are linked to moisture conditions. It is a prerequisite that the hygrothermal performance of a building component is satisfactory if a long service life shall be obtained. The paper will demonstrate how the risk of moisture problems is assessed in Denmark by using a stud wall as an example. However, simulations can be used for documenting the expected performance of wall assemblies, under in use conditions, however is not a conditional necessity. Even though an evaluation or simulation of moisture conditions show satisfactory results problems can occur e.g. if unsuited materials are used or if materials or building elements are used in another way than foreseen. A few examples are shown how simulations could and could not be used to determine whether a structure would have a long service life or not. Finally, a comparison of simulations, calculations and measurements are performed to illustrate the difference in results from moisture assessment that can be achieved based on assessment methodology.
Abstract
The Danish Building regulations are function based and describe in broad terms which requirements must be fulfilled. The main message is that buildings and their structures [...]
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Effect of Cement Type and Micro-cracks on Chloride Penetration in Concrete
N. Russo, M. Gastaldi, L. Schiavi, A. Strini, R. Zanoni, F. Lollini

DBMC (2020). 36

Abstract
Chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel rebar is one of the major durability issues affecting reinforced concrete structures (RC). Various models have been developed to assess the durability design with regard to corrosion prevention in chloride-bearing environments, which refer mainly to uncracked concrete. Cracks, however, are frequently present in real RC structures and accelerate corrosion initiation of steel reinforcement, resulting in a shortened service life. This paper presents preliminary results concerning chloride-penetration resistance of different types of uncracked and cracked concrete, made with Ordinary Portland (OPC), Portland-Limestone (PLC) and Pozzolanic cement (PC) and a water/cement ratio of 0.45. Load-induced micro-cracks were obtained with a specifically developed technique. Cracked and uncracked concrete specimens were immersed in a sodium chloride solution for 32 and 90 days. The chloride penetration front was detected on split surfaces, perpendicular to the exposed surface, with a colorimetric technique to evaluate the combined effect of cracks and cement type on the chloride-penetration resistance of different concretes. Results showed that in uncracked conditions cement type strongly affected chloride penetration depth in concrete. A mathematical model was applied to evaluate chloride diffusion coefficient (D) from chloride penetration depth measurements and exposure time. The lowest value of D was found for PC concrete, that can be attributed to a higher pore refinement in the cement paste, five times higher for OPC and nine times higher for PLC. In cracked conditions, an additional penetration of chlorides occurred in correspondence of crack, even for micro-cracks 10-50 μm wide and 8-30 mm deep, leading to a decrease in chloride penetration resistance. The model however did not provide for an estimation of D in correspondence of the crack.
Abstract
Chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel rebar is one of the major durability issues affecting reinforced concrete structures (RC). Various models have been developed [...]
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Possible Applications of Neural Networks in Managing Urban Road Networks
I. Marovic

DBMC (2020). 35

Abstract
Life-cycle management of urban road networks as a part of an urban system is a very complex process from the management standpoint of social, technical and economic aspects. The complexity and multidisciplinarity of such a problem suggest the need for using soft computing tools as well as multicriteria analysis and group decision-making. Recently, there is a significant increase in using various soft computing tools, especially neural networks, for different prediction purposes in the field of road construction planning and management. Along with known advantages of such a prediction method, yet some applications showed the shortcomings. In that sense, the focus of this research is on possible applications of neural networks related to the life-cycle phases during the management of urban road projects. This is done in both horizontal (projects‘ life-cycle phases) and vertical (hierarchical decisionmaking levels) approach. The final aim of the research is to compare and highlight the possible applications of neural networks as a prediction tool and support for decision-making in urban road management.
Abstract
Life-cycle management of urban road networks as a part of an urban system is a very complex process from the management standpoint of social, technical and economic aspects. [...]
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Carbonation Behavior of Powdered Cement-Based Materials Under Different Relative Humidities and CO2 Concentrations
K. Nakada, K. Komiya, H. Fumino, Y. Nishio, M. Kanematsu, T. Noguchi

DBMC (2020). 34

Abstract
The aim of the current study is to investigate the carbonation behavior of cement hydrates at different environments. Hardened cement pastes are prepared using OPC and BFS and crushed into ~90μm powder. The powder samples are carbonated at 5/20% CO2 and at 60/85%RH. TGA, XRD and phenolphthalein tests are conducted before and after carbonation. The results show that CH remain uncarbonated even after CO2 uptake apparently ended and that the amount of the residual CH affects the results of phenolphthalein test. External humidity strongly affects the carbonation behavior of both CH and other hydrates. The degree of CH carbonation is greater at higher humidity, while the degree of other hydrates carbonation is greater at lower humidity. This conflicting effect can occur at surface of bulk concretes and changes in its properties (coarsening of pore structure and cracking) can be caused without apparent carbonation detected by phenol phthalein test. The effect of relative humidity on CSH carbonation should be taken into consideration when estimating long-term performance of carbonated concretes.
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to investigate the carbonation behavior of cement hydrates at different environments. Hardened cement pastes are prepared using OPC and BFS [...]
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Behavior of Mortars with Different Porosities in Front of Attack of Aggressive Agents
A. Weber, W. Mazer, D. Pedroso, C. Pedroso

DBMC (2020). 33

Abstract
Chemical reactions that lead to decreased durability in concrete structures may result from chemical interactions between aggressive agents present in the external environment and cement paste compounds or may result from internal reactions. The chemical reactions are manifested by the physical properties of the concrete, such as porosity and permeability and the decrease of resistance and cracking. Among the several aggressive agents that attack the reinforced concrete structures it can be highlighted chloride ions, sulphate ions and carbon dioxide. In this context, the study presents the analysis of different traces of mortar executed with cement type CPII-F-32 (OPC Cement, in Brazil one of the most used cements) with w/c ratios of 0.4 and 0.7, when subjected to the attack of sulphates, chlorides and carbonation. The analyzes quantitatively evaluated the amount of ions present after exposure to the agents and demonstrate the importance of evaluating the dosage of water in the mortars to minimize future problems with durability.
Abstract
Chemical reactions that lead to decreased durability in concrete structures may result from chemical interactions between aggressive agents present in the external environment [...]
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Development of an Integrated Durability Assessment Methodology of Thermal Mortars Applied in Multi-layer Systems
J. Maia, N. Ramos, R. Veiga

DBMC (2020). 32

Abstract
A gap in the durability assessment of thermal mortars applied in multi-layer systems was observed. The existing standardisation for the durability assessment of hardened mortars does not include a consistent evaluation of thermal coatings applied in multilayer systems, which motivated the development of a new durability assessment methodology. The determination of the physical, hygrothermal and mechanical properties allowed deepening the knowledge of thermal mortars, contributing to develop more reliable simulations. The existing durability methodologies applicable to one-coat mortars and those applicable to thermal multilayer systems (such as ETICS - External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems) are suitable to be adapted to thermal rendering and plastering systems since they present some similar characteristics. The methodology takes into account the material characteristics and specific requirements, such as the application and climatic conditions. The knowledge of these parameters allows the definition of representative accelerated ageing cycles of the relevant degradation mechanisms. The combination of existing procedures with hygrothermal simulation allowed the development of accelerated ageing cycles, taking into account the European climatic context. The existing procedures allowed analysing several degradation mechanisms, but the fixed parameters are not transversal to different climates. The developed methodology allows a realistic durability evaluation since the ageing cycles are adapted to thermal mortars and real climate conditions, contrary to the existing standardised procedures.
Abstract
A gap in the durability assessment of thermal mortars applied in multi-layer systems was observed. The existing standardisation for the durability assessment of hardened mortars [...]
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Evaluation of ETICS Characteristics that Affect Surface Mould Development
J. Parracha, A. Cortay, G. Borsoi, R. Veiga, L. Nunes

DBMC (2020). 31

Abstract
External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) are nowadays often used in new constructions but are also one of the most frequently used thermal retrofitting solutions for buildings.These systems have several advantages such as low installation cost, ease of application and increased thermal efficiency. Nevertheless, a number of questions have been raised on their long-time durability particularly related to biodeterioration. Biological growth is strongly influenced by several parameters, such as water content, temperature, pH but also by the type and hygroscopic properties of the building materials. It is therefore essential to understand and correlate those properties with biological growth. This paper aims at evaluating some ETICS characteristics that might influence surface mould development which is recognized as one of the major groups of deteriorating organisms. The susceptibility of the surface finishing layer and thermal insulation to biological growth was assessed through natural inocula and selected fungi and, whenever possible, correlated with water absorption and drying capacity. This study is part of a wider research project: WGB_Shield (Shielding building‘ facades on cities revitalization. Triple-resistance for water, graffiti and biocolonization of external thermal insulation systems) that aims at the development of ETICS with improved durability in the urban environment. Further development on this issue are ongoing.
Abstract
External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) are nowadays often used in new constructions but are also one of the most frequently used thermal retrofitting solutions [...]
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Freeze-Thaw Risk in Solid Masonry: Are ‘Hygrothermal Response Based‘ Analyses Mandatory when Studying the Sensitivity of Building Envelopes to Climate Change?
I. Vandemeulebroucke, S. Caluwaerts, N. Bossche

DBMC (2020). 30

Abstract
The 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports important evolutions in the climate system. These changes are likely to affect the durability of the built environment. Although many contemporary studies investigate the future energy efficiency of buildings, research on the impact of climate change on the hygrothermal behaviour and degradation of building envelopes is rather scarce. Using climate projections, we studied the advantage of ‘hygrothermal response based‘ analyses over ‘climate based‘ analyses when assessing the impact climate change on façades. This paper presents a sensitivity study on solid masonry wall assemblies, before and after internal retrofitting, using three RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) projections of the ALARO-0 Regional Climate Model at the grid point of Brussels (BE). The findings suggest the necessity of a ‘hygrothermal response based‘ analysis to study the sensitivity of the building envelope to climate change. Moreover, the largest sensitivity is observed for RCP 8.5, the scenario having the highest projected greenhouse gas concentrations by the end of the century.
Abstract
The 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports important evolutions in the climate system. These changes are likely to affect the [...]
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Vinyl and Linoleum Floorings in Health Infrastructures: Maintenance Recommendations Based on Fieldwork Data
C. Carvalho, J. Brito, I. Flores-Colen, C. Pereira

DBMC (2020). 29

Abstract
Resilient flooring is a popular choice in healthcare facilities, given its durability, comfort, low maintenance and cost. However, anomalies that occur in vinyl and linoleum floorings (VLF) often do not fulfil the expectations of a flooring with good performance and durability. In fact, studies show that pathological phenomena in VLF occur more often in the first years in service, indicating a probable connection with the design and execution stages. These stages are crucial to the quality of VLF, since, if not given adequate attention, pathological symptoms are likely to increase, hence decreasing service life.The authors developed an inspection, diagnosis and rehabilitation system for VLF in healthcare facilities, including: the classification of anomalies, their probable causes, in situ diagnosis methods and repair techniques; anomalies - causes, inter-anomalies, anomalies - diagnosis methods, and anomalies - repair techniques correlation matrices. The same system was validated through the visual inspection of 101 compartments in six health infrastructures in Lisbon, Portugal, and the respective descriptive statistics analysis of the collected data. That analysis showed, for instance, that the summed contribution of "design errors" and "execution errors" to "faulty welding joints" was 59%. Making an effort to change the situation diagnosed in the mentioned inspection sample, some design and application stages‘ recommendations are highlighted, according to the main sensitive issues of the flooring system during its service life. The sensitiveness of VLF highlights the importance of a suitable maintenance plan to minimise susceptibility to various degradation mechanisms.
Abstract
Resilient flooring is a popular choice in healthcare facilities, given its durability, comfort, low maintenance and cost. However, anomalies that occur in vinyl and linoleum [...]
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Testing Joints of Air and Vapour Barriers, Do We Use Relevant Testing Methods?
E. Møller, T. Rasmussen

DBMC (2020). 28

Abstract
This article describes testing of peel and shear resistance and airtightness of joints of air and vapour barrier systems before and after artificial aging. The testing of peel and shear resistance was based on standardised methods while the test of airtightness was a method invented for this project. The results show that while peel and shear strength increased with aging, the airtightness was significantly reduced. As these two results seem to contradict each other, the methods are discussed, especially whether the standardised tests are too far from the conditions on site or joints should be tested on other materials as well. Furthermore, weaknesses in the airtightness method is also pointed out.
Abstract
This article describes testing of peel and shear resistance and airtightness of joints of air and vapour barrier systems before and after artificial aging. The testing of [...]
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Influence of Fly Ash on Strength Development of Concrete and its Temperature Dependence
H. Yanokura, I. Kurashige, N. Sugihashi, K. Takahashi, Y. Kuroda

DBMC (2020). 27

Abstract
Experiments on the development of compressive strength and static and dynamic Young’s moduli were performed by the following mix proportions of concrete: the first uses different types of Portland cement without fly ash (FA) with a water-cement ratio of 45%, keeping at different curing temperatures; the second partially use FA in place of the cement, with the other conditions same as above; the third uses only blast furnace cement B instead of Portland cement. With these specimens, we comparatively examined in terms of temperature adjusted concrete age, how the mechanical properties change with the use of cement only, FA replacement for cement and with variation in curing temperatures. As a result, it was confirmed that the replacement of cement by fly ash enhanced the long-term mechanical properties of concrete regardless of the curing temperature applied in this experiment.
Abstract
Experiments on the development of compressive strength and static and dynamic Young’s moduli were performed by the following mix proportions of concrete: the first uses [...]
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Assessing the Condition of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Using Visual Inspection Ratings
A. Bah, T. Sanchez, Y. Zhang, K. Sasai, D. Conciatori, L. Chouinard, G. Power, N. Zufferey

DBMC (2020). 26

Abstract
The evolution of the state of a structure is characterized by deterioration. This is mainly due to corrosion of the steel reinforcement and damage from mechanical solicitations. The maintenance of existing infrastructures involves a good grasp of their condition and a high level of expertise on the part of the project managers. An accurate assessment of the bridge state condition is required to plan maintenance and repair activities for better durability, and to maintain the level of service of the road network. In this paper, an effective management framework for bridge is proposed using field observations from visual inspections. Each element of the bridge was evaluated separately by a visual inspection from which were derived ratings to quantify the structural performance and the material condition. The element ratings were also combined to obtain an overall rating for the bridge considering its defects and impact on the behavior of the complete structure. The modelling approach proposed in this work can better represent the deterioration of concrete-built bridges when the defect is visible. A representative structure in Quebec was studied to illustrate how to apply the methodology for the assessment of a real structure condition at specific times.
Abstract
The evolution of the state of a structure is characterized by deterioration. This is mainly due to corrosion of the steel reinforcement and damage from mechanical solicitations. [...]
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Comparative Life-Cycle Analysis of Two Repair Measures for Chloride Contaminated Concrete Structures
S. Keßler

DBMC (2020). 24

Abstract
Often the mere mention of the word “Sustainability” leads to the reflection of the effect of our actions on environment and future generations. Especially the application of reinforced concrete as the most used construction material has a huge impact on a society being sustainable. Thus, the construction industry focuses on the design of environmentally- and resource-friendly buildings. However, due to our aging infrastructure and expected high demand of maintenance and repair in future, a further look on the sustainability of different repair measures for reinforced concrete structures has been neglected in the past. This paper presents a comparative case study of the life-cycle analysis of two different repair measures for reinforced concrete affected by chloride-induced corrosion. The selected repair measures – removal of the chloride-contaminated concrete and cathodic protection – are the most common repair measures in Germany. In future way concrete repair measure could be selected not only by the costs but as well by their environmental impact. This paper provides first information to achieve this target.
Abstract
Often the mere mention of the word “Sustainability” leads to the reflection of the effect of our actions on environment and future generations. Especially the [...]
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Comparative Study on (Non-)Destructive Techniques for On-Site Strength and Durability Assessment of Limestone Based Concrete Slabs
B. Craeye, D. Keijzerswaard, P. Maeijer

DBMC (2020). 22

Abstract
For rehabilitation of existing concrete structures, strength and durability related properties of the reinforced element are of high importance. Assessment of these properties of existing structures can be performed by (i) destructive testing of drilled cores and testing the extracted samples in lab environment and (ii) indirect methods by using non- or semi-destructive techniques on site. The use of core-drilling is a time-consuming and labour-intensive method that weakens the existing concrete structure, leaving a lasting impression on it. As an alternative, many different non and semi-destructive techniques are available for the in-situ determination of compressive strength and durability related properties. An experimental program is conducted on concrete slabs of different strength classes intended for various exposure classes (according to EN206), based on a limestone aggregate matrix, which is typically used for Belgian applications. The plates have an age of approximately 5 years, which were also characterized at younger stage (in 2014). Besides destructive core drilling and testing (compressive strength tests, chloride migration testing, and determination of carbonation rate), several non-destructive techniques were selected for this study: the rebound hammer, the ultrasonic pulse velocity tester, the Wenner probe for concrete resistivity and the air permeability tester. Best fit correlations between the output of these different techniques were established. The effect of age (e.g. carbonation) on the established predictive models is being evaluated.
Abstract
For rehabilitation of existing concrete structures, strength and durability related properties of the reinforced element are of high importance. Assessment of these properties [...]
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Durability Studies of Polyurethane-Based Structural Adhesives Used in Engineered Wood Products in New Zealand
C. Nicholson

DBMC (2020). 20

Abstract
The New Zealand Building Code is unique in the world in requiring evidence of a minimum durability of 50 years for all structural building elements. This prescriptive durability requirement equally applies to the adhesives used in structural applications such as engineered wood products (EWPs), including glulam, CLT and LVL. Conventional resorcinol-based structural adhesives have a long history of use in New Zealand, providing evidence of their ability to meet stringent durability requirements. Structural adhesives based on polyurethanes (PURs) are used extensively in other parts of the world and are rapidly gaining increasing interest in New Zealand due to their perceived environmental and production advantages. However, without a sufficiently long history of use, and a lack of data around their performance in the preservative treated pine EWPs typically manufactured in New Zealand, it is difficult to provide evidence of long-term durability for PURs in our domestic building industry. In this work, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with multi-component analysis (chemometrics) was used to understand the changes that accelerated ageing cause in the chemistry of five PUR-based adhesives. The effect of hygrothermal stress was investigated through exposure of samples to accelerated ageing cycles of varying temperatures and humidities for up to 3 years’ duration. Different samples were affected to different extents by each cycle. Spectroscopic data were also used to build predictive models which have the potential to be used in long-term durability assessment. Spectroscopic investigation in conjunction with mechanical testing offers the opportunity to provide a robust, fit-for-purpose test methodology for assessing the long-term durability of PUR-based structural adhesives.
Abstract
The New Zealand Building Code is unique in the world in requiring evidence of a minimum durability of 50 years for all structural building elements. This prescriptive durability [...]
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Salt and Ice Crystallization Resistance of Lime Mortars with Natural Lightweight Aggregate
M. Vyšvařil, P. Bayer

DBMC (2020). 18

Abstract
In this study, the comparison of lava sand, pumice, and natural zeolite as lightweight aggregate in air lime mortars, natural hydraulic lime mortars, and cement-lime mortars has been investigated with emphasis on the resistance of salt and ice crystallization. The lava sand and pumice improved frost resistance of the mortars while natural zeolite mortars remained without this effect due to their high water absorption. Salt crystallization resistance of the mortars was improved by using lava sand and natural pumice, while the mortars with natural zeolite were not resistant to crystallization of sodium chloride. The mortars have relatively little resistance to the reacting of Na2SO4, where gypsum and calcium sulfoaluminates were formed breaking the structure of the mortars. The best results were obtained using natural pumice.
Abstract
In this study, the comparison of lava sand, pumice, and natural zeolite as lightweight aggregate in air lime mortars, natural hydraulic lime mortars, and cement-lime mortars [...]
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Use of Machine Learning in the Function of Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment Plants
G. Volf

DBMC (2020). 16

Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are complex and dynamic systems whose management and sustainability can be improved by using different modelling and prediction approaches of their work. A machine learning tool for development of model trees was used in this paper in order to develop a model for chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the wastewater effluent from the WWTP with activated sludge to increase its sustainability and helps in its management purposes.Measured data, both in influent and effluent of the WWTP were used for modelling. For the COD model, machine learning tool Weka and algorithm for development of model trees M5P were used.Obtained model has a high descriptive power and correlation coefficient and thus can be used for prediction and modelling purposes, which can help in management and sustainability of the WWTP.Also, the purpose of this paper is to show the benefits of using machine learning tools for developing WWTP models.
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are complex and dynamic systems whose management and sustainability can be improved by using different modelling and prediction approaches [...]
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Early Stage Construction Cost Prediction in Function of Project Sustainability
D. Car-Pusić, M. Mladen

DBMC (2020). 14

Abstract
Construction project costs often reach values higher than planned. Accuracy in project cost estimation is one of the most important criteria for project success, even for its sustainability.The main idea of this research is to examine the relationship between realized cost and contracted cost values for residential buildings. The aim of the research is to determine the mathematical relationship between realized and planned costs in the project implementation phase by using a few mathematical methods and some machine learning methods in comparison to linear regression. This would enable validation of methods themselves by comparing and evaluating the obtained relevant parameters.Comparison would be performed on two levels, based on its general characteristics, as well as on the results of their application on the basis of 24 building reconstructions and new buildings by comparing the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the determination coefficient (R2) using Predictive Modelling Software DTREG (pronounced D-T-Reg). The relationship of realized and planned costs will be determined for the building as a whole and for certain types of construction works. That relationship would enable more realistic budget planning of similar future projects. Cost overrun factors will be analysed for particular types of construction works, as well as the probability of their occurrence, and what measures should be undertaken to prevent or reduce them in similar future projects. The phenomenon known in project planning as "optimism bias" will be analysed in the context of research focus of exceeding the construction cost.
Abstract
Construction project costs often reach values higher than planned. Accuracy in project cost estimation is one of the most important criteria for project success, even for [...]
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Field Survey of Hygrothermal Behaviour within Wall Assembly Derived from Rain Penetration and Ventilation Performance of Exterior System
S. Osamura, H. Saito

DBMC (2020). 12

Abstract
Rainwater and moisture control are key factors for maintaining the durability of wooden houses. Wall assemblies with sidings are installed on vented cavities to build durable wooden houses.Moisture condensation does not occur generally behind a vapor retarder in walls assembled with a vented cavity; however, it is reported that the condensation mechanism which occurs in the wall assembly due to the high humidity of the vented cavity by rain penetration in Japan, there are only a few studies that investigate hygrothermal behaviour considering effects such as rain penetration in the exterior system. To unravel the mechanism of internal condensation derived from rain penetration, labexperiments and field measurements were conducted. In the lab experiments, rain penetration from siding joints were quantitated using a water spray test. In the field measurements, for the exterior finishes of the experimental house, the sidings were installed on three types of vented cavities. To verify hygrothermal behavior within the wall assembly, intermittent long-term rain penetration into the vented cavity was reproduced for the experimental house. The measurements confirmed that internal condensation occurs with low ventilation performance, when moisture retained in the vented cavity is released into the wall assembly. This phenomenon is caused when the surface temperature on the sidings is increased because of solar radiation after rain. In conclusion, rain penetration through exterior finishes has a significant effect on the moisture behavior of wall assemblies. The obtained results verify that moisture condensation at the vapor retarder was caused by several factors including rain penetration, insufficient ventilation, and solar radiation. To maintain durability, it is important to ensure a ventilation performance and not retain moisture.
Abstract
Rainwater and moisture control are key factors for maintaining the durability of wooden houses. Wall assemblies with sidings are installed on vented cavities to build durable [...]
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Seismic Performance of the Reinforced Concrete Girders Obtained from Existing Building Constructed in 1961
H. Araki

DBMC (2020). 10

Abstract
This study examines, through experiments, two reinforced concrete girders obtained from a residential building constructed in 1961. The average concrete strength obtained from the material tests was approximately consistent with the specified strength. Honeycombs were observed in girders; hence, one of the girders was repaired using an epoxy resin injection to investigate the effect of retrofitting.The original and retrofitted girders were subjected to reverse loadings with displacement control and had a sectional area of 250 mm × 800 mm, according to the structural draft. Both girders were designed to exhibit a common shear span length of 1,200 mm to evaluate the validity of the current equations for shear capacity in seismic evaluation, as recommended in the criteria for seismic assessment in Japan. Using these equations, the ratio of the shear strength to flexural strength of the test girders was found to be 1.67. No significant difference was observed in the crack patterns of both girders. Their maximum strength reached the calculated flexural strengths; however, the shear cracks apparently progressed with the increase in drift angle. The hysteresis loops were slip-type because of the bond slippage of the main bars. The final failure mechanism was shear failure mode. The equation for flexural strength predicted the observed value of the original girder; the maximum strength of the retrofitted girder was approximately 1.1 times that of the original. Consequently, the epoxy resin injection recovered the seismic performance of the girders in this building.
Abstract
This study examines, through experiments, two reinforced concrete girders obtained from a residential building constructed in 1961. The average concrete strength obtained [...]
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Reliability Assessment of Pressurized Pipes with Inclined Defect
Y. Wang, W. Wang, W. Yang, C. Li

DBMC (2020). 8

Abstract
Inclined defects in pipelines can lead to failures in the form of mixed mode fracture. A review of the literature suggests that few studies have been carried out on reliability assessment of pipelines considering mixed mode fracture. This paper intends to present a reliability-based method for assessing fracture failures of pressurized pipes with inclined defects. Richard’s criterion is employed in the development of the limit state function for reliability assessment. A Stochastic model of load effects is developed, and first passage method with a developed analytical solution is used to predict the pipe failures. A worked example is provided to illustrate the application of the proposed method. The method presented in this paper can help pipe engineers and asset managers to develop a reliability-based maintenance strategy for better management of pipelines.
Abstract
Inclined defects in pipelines can lead to failures in the form of mixed mode fracture. A review of the literature suggests that few studies have been carried out on reliability [...]
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Self-Compacting Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregate: Resistance against Aggressive External Agents
V. Revilla-Cuesta, M. Skaf, A. García-Llona, I. Piñero, J. Manso, V. Ortega-López

DBMC (2020). 6

Abstract
The use of waste in civil-engineering products, such as concrete and asphalt mixes, is a very effective strategy for reducing high consumption levels of Natural Aggregates (NA) in the construction sector. In this research, rejected precast concrete elements of high compressive strength are studied,following their crushing for use as a high quality Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) in the manufacture of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). High volumes of this waste stream are employed in the mixture, completely replacing the coarse fraction of the natural aggregate (100% replacement rate)and half of the fine fraction (50% replacement rate). Once hardened, samples of the recycled SCC are exposed to several aggressive external agents, in order to evaluate their performance and durability in aggressive environments. Behavioral tests on the concrete in the presence of the most frequent aggressive agents in the surrounding environment demonstrated that the SCC containing RCA was resistant to freeze/thaw and moist/dry cycles, and sulphate attack, according to the results obtained in 4, 3 and 2 samples respectively, and of sufficient durability for use in structural concrete components.
Abstract
The use of waste in civil-engineering products, such as concrete and asphalt mixes, is a very effective strategy for reducing high consumption levels of Natural Aggregates [...]
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Global Inspection, Diagnosis and Repair System for Buildings: Homogenising the Classification of Repair Techniques
C. Pereira, J. Brito, J. Silvestre

DBMC (2020). 4

Abstract
Building inspection systems are a useful tool for surveyors, standardising the collection of information. Thisresearch is framed within the development of a global inspection system based on twelve expert inspection systems for twelve types of building elements used in the envelope of current buildings. Homogenised classification lists replace the use of several records and unify designations used in fieldwork. A homogenised global classification list of repair techniques comprises, in a single component, all the techniques used to repair defects and eliminate their causes for different types of building elements. It includes curative and preventive repairs, as well as planned maintenance works. Well-defined criteria guided the harmonisation process of a large set of repair techniquesin a user-friendly list. For instance, the association of different operations in a single repair technique took into account: similarities between procedures, applicability to one type of building element, solving identical defects and the use of similar repair materials. Considering data from the validation samples of the expert inspection systems, it is observed that techniques "R-A1 Cleaning" in painted façades and "R-A12 Application of a new (adequate) cladding/finishing coat over the existent/replacement" in wall renders are the most commonly prescribed. The provision of a homogenised classification list of repair techniques is expected to improve the quality of information collected on-site and give a comprehensive view of the most relevant repair techniques used in the envelope of current buildings.
Abstract
Building inspection systems are a useful tool for surveyors, standardising the collection of information. Thisresearch is framed within the development of a global inspection [...]
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Condition-Based Maintenance Models for Stone Claddings
C. Ferreira, A. Silva, J. Brito, L. Neves

DBMC (2020). 2

Abstract
Most of the maintenance actions in the construction sector are still reactive and sporadic, based on subjective criteria. Usually, maintenance actions are performed when the building already presents unacceptable degradation levels, and the reactive maintenance actions carried out only correct the anomalies observed, not dealing with the causes, thus leading to additional costs and risks for owners. This study establishes a condition-based maintenance model applied to natural stone claddings. This model has a stochastic nature, in order to deal with the complexity of the degradation phenomena. For that purpose, Petri nets are used, providing an efficient tool to model the deterioration process and the maintenance decisions considered for stone claddings. The maintenance model is a full life-cycle model that encompasses: (i) the stochastic assessment of the degradation condition of the stone claddings, and their expected service life; (ii) and the inspections, maintenance and renewal processes. In this study, three maintenance strategies are considered: (i) major intervention only; (ii) combination of minor and major interventions; and (iii) combination of cleaning operations, minor and major interventions. The impact of the different maintenance strategies in the future performance and remaining service life of stone claddings is analysed, also evaluating the economic impact of each maintenance plan.
Abstract
Most of the maintenance actions in the construction sector are still reactive and sporadic, based on subjective criteria. Usually, maintenance actions are performed when the [...]
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Effect of limit equilibrium zone energy on the volume of coal and gas outburst
P. Jia, J. Jia, Z. Li

Collection of Articles on Engineering (2020). 1

Abstract
In order to study the effect of the limit equilibrium zone energy in front of the heading face on the volume of coal and gas outburst, the concept of coal-gas mixed matrix was put forward, then the width of the limit equilibrium zone was calculated, and thus the energy transformation mathematical model of the limit equilibrium zone was established through theoretical analysis and mathematical derivation. In addition, the energy density calculation formula of the limit equilibrium zone was derived and then the intensity prediction formula of coal and gas outburst was derived combining elastic energy of coal body, expansion energy of gas, crushing work and throwing work of coal body. The results showed that the energy in the limit equilibrium zone has a certain effect on the volume of coal and gas outburst and the intensity prediction formula has high accuracy in Yangou Coal Mine. These conclusions have certain guiding significance for energy calculation and intensity prediction of coal and gas outburst.
Abstract
In order to study the effect of the limit equilibrium zone energy in front of the heading face on the volume of coal and gas outburst, the concept of coal-gas mixed matrix [...]
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List of Equations in https://doi.org/10.23967/j.rimni.2020.09.001
P. Praks, D. Brkić

Dejan Brkić's personal collection (2020). 59
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Is the utilization of methane gas, the sollution of air pollution in difuse sectors?. The case of port of Castellón
X. Osés, J. Gil

(2011). REACT 2011 Proceedings, pp. 110-114

Abstract
Within an scenario of highly sensitivity on environmental questions, followed by an international regulation body, that is restricting the emission levels from ships in ports with the future possibilit y of more stringent local regulations; the challenge for the world’s fleet are not only technical but economic and logistical. From one side, there are different technical alternatives affording to accomplish the nowadays international regulations. Even avoiding on board modifications, the owner can decide to use low sulphur content fuels, together with slight changes in engines to reduce the levels of nitrogen oxides. But the question posed in this paper is how to support the decision to use high quality oil derivatives, because environment questions, but with a favorable economic balance. That superior cost will be translated in a higher transport chain cost. Additionally regarding coastal navigation, it is possible in the future that some new regulations could penalize elevated rates of CO2 emissions, not yet considered by MARPOL convention. This paper will analyze the availability of the use of methane as ideal fuel to get compliment of the nowa days and even future, local and international regulations of CO2 and NOX, regarding the fuel derivatives and no emissions of sulphur oxides and ashes.
Abstract
Within an scenario of highly sensitivity on environmental questions, followed by an international regulation body, that is restricting the emission levels from ships in ports [...]
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Selection of short sea shipping transport chains in western europe based on external factors
X. Osés, M. Castells

(2007). 5th International congress on maritime technological innovations and research, pp. 17-28

Abstract
According to the mid term review of the EU White Paper on Transport, Short Sea Shipping is expected to grow at a rate of 59% in metric tonnes, from 2000 to 2020. If we consider that the overall expected growth in freight exchanges is of 50% (also in volume), sea transport is one of the most feasible way to reduce traf-fic congestion on European roads. Marine transport is a possible way to compete with road transport in certain traffics, mainly when assuming external costs. This paper is going to analyse five multimodal routes, considering three different lev-els of powered ships, which one is going to be the most efficient in terms of exter-nal costs.
Abstract
According to the mid term review of the EU White Paper on Transport, Short Sea Shipping is expected to grow at a rate of 59% in metric tonnes, from 2000 to 2020. If we consider [...]
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The Pyrenées bottleneck. A chance for short sea shipping?
X. Osés

(2007). Analele Universitati Maritime Constanta, pp. 81-86

Abstract
On the one hand, around 45% of European Union foreign trade is still carried by road and is consequently conditioned by traffic congestion or high fuel consumption, implying disadvantages related to pollution and safety, while on the other hand, 40% is carried by short sea shipping. Short Sea Shipping in European waters has been considered by national and European governments as one of the most feasible ways to alleviate the congestion that gets worse every day on the roads and highways across Europe. This paper poses criteria providing recommendations for the best alternative means of transport for carrying cargo across the Pyrenees.
Abstract
On the one hand, around 45% of European Union foreign trade is still carried by road and is consequently conditioned by traffic congestion or high fuel consumption, implying [...]
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Studies of suitability on short sea shipping routes in SW Europe
X. Osés, M. Castells, J. Olivella, R. González

(2006). Maritime Transport III, pp. 597-606, ISBN: 84-689-8505-8

Abstract
Around 45% of European Union (EU) foreign trade is carried by road, which is conditioned by traffic congestion and high fuel consumption, and lead to implying the pollution and safety problem. Short Sea Shipping forms another 40% of the EU foreign trade. National and European governments have considered the Short Sea Shipping in European waters as one of the most feasible ways to alleviate the congestion which is getting worse each day on roads and highways in Europe. The main aim of this paper is to both study and identify the feasible routes in SW Europe which appear to be a viable solution for avoid road transport problems.
Abstract
Around 45% of European Union (EU) foreign trade is carried by road, which is conditioned by traffic congestion and high fuel consumption, and lead to implying the pollution [...]
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Stern twin-propeller effects on harbor infrastructures. Experimental analysis.
A. Mujal-Colilles, M. Castells, T. Llull, X. Gironella, X. Osés

Water (2018). Vol. 10 (11), pp. 1-14

Abstract
The growth of marine traffic in harbors, and the subsequent increase in vessel and propulsion system sizes, produces three linked problems at the harbor basin area: higher erosion rates damaging docking structures, sedimentation areas reducing the total depth; resuspension of contaminated materials deposited at the seabed. The published literature demonstrates that there are no formulations for twin stern propellers to compute the maximum scouring depth. Another important limitation is the fact that the formulations proposed only use one type of maneuvering during the experimental campaign, assuming that vessels are constantly being undocked. Trying to reproduce the real arrival and departure maneuvers, 24 different tests were conducted at an experimental laboratory in a medium-scale water tank using a twin propeller model to estimate the consequences and the maximum scouring depth produced by stern propellers during the backward/docking and forward/undocking scenarios. Results confirm that the combination of backward and forward scenario differs substantially from the experiments performed so far in the literature using only an accumulative forward scenario, yielding deeper scouring holes at the harbor basin area. The results presented in this paper can be used as guidelines to estimate the effects of regular vessels at their docking location.
Abstract
The growth of marine traffic in harbors, and the subsequent increase in vessel and propulsion system sizes, produces three linked problems at the harbor basin area: higher [...]
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A ship routing system applied at short sea distances
M. Grifoll, X. Osés

Journal of maritime research (2017). Vol. 13 (2), pp. 3-6

Abstract
New generation of high-resolution meteo-oceanographic predictions provides useful tools for routing of ships in short maritime distances. In this work, the optimal ship routing analysis is investigated in maritime routes in the Western Mediterranean Sea for relative short sea distances. A* algorithm is implemented in order to obtain the optimal path under an energetic wave events. The methodological aspects are presented including the grid description and weather prediction systems. The optimized cost function is the travel time and it is obtained considering the added resistance due to waves. A practical example considers the maritime route between Barcelona and Algiers. The results show the influence of this factor in the optimum path recovered by the algorithm. The relevance of the relative direction between wave and ship route is proven comparing the ship routing results.
Abstract
New generation of high-resolution meteo-oceanographic predictions provides useful tools for routing of ships in short maritime distances. In this work, the optimal ship routing [...]
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A proposal to modernize and harmonize maritime curricula in Montenegro and Albania
M. Castells, X. Osés, K. Lapa, D. Nikolic

Our sea: International journal of maritime science and technology (2017). Vol. 64 (1), pp. 14-19

Abstract
The Black Sea region, a large horizon ready to open, ready to explore, ready to show her energy, her power and opportunities. But how we are preparing for this? It is a high competition between all the “actors” implicated in this field. The industry was informed to this potential resources by a major study undertaken by Purvin and Gertz in 2011, which predicted the development of a Romanian offshore industry and now exist many recently studies that confirmed the “black resources” of the Black Sea. We all know about the emergence of shale gas in Europe, in the last years, because is increasing evidence of a more united approach on energy, so the exploration and development of gas reserves in the Black Sea is an optimal alternative to supply gas from the Caspian to south-eastern Europe. But this good alternative implicates problems generated by costs, transportation and security of the very long pipelines that will pass through several countries till reaching their final destination. I try in this paper to pay attention on the main objective in the Black Sea Region, in this offshore field, that required the cooperation and sustainability from part of European Union and all its members’ state and countries situated in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea or Caspian Sea.
Abstract
The Black Sea region, a large horizon ready to open, ready to explore, ready to show her energy, her power and opportunities. But how we are preparing for this? It is a high [...]
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The exploration, development and perspective of oil and gas in the Black Sea region
C. Mihailovici, X. Osés

Journal of maritime research (2015). Vol. 12 (3), pp. 49-55

Abstract
The Black Sea region, a large horizon ready to open, ready to explore, ready to show her energy, her power and opportunities. But how we are preparing for this? It is a high competition between all the “actors” implicated in this field. The industry was informed to this potential resources by a major study undertaken by Purvin and Gertz in 2011, which predicted the development of a Romanian offshore industry and now exist many recently studies that confirmed the “black resources” of the Black Sea. We all know about the emergence of shale gas in Europe, in the last years, because is increasing evidence of a more united approach on energy, so the exploration and development of gas reserves in the Black Sea is an optimal alternative to supply gas from the Caspian to south-eastern Europe. But this good alternative implicates problems generated by costs, transportation and security of the very long pipelines that will pass through several countries till reaching their final destination. I try in this paper to pay attention on the main objective in the Black Sea Region, in this offshore field, that required the cooperation and sustainability from part of European Union and all its members’ state and countries situated in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea or Caspian Sea.
Abstract
The Black Sea region, a large horizon ready to open, ready to explore, ready to show her energy, her power and opportunities. But how we are preparing for this? It is a high [...]
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Analysis of viability to promote a hub Ro/Ro terminal in Palma de Mallorca (Spain) Port
X. Osés, I. Galiano

Journal of maritime research (2014). Vol. 11 (2), pp. 33-39

Abstract
The presented paper is going to analyze the opportunity to develop a Ro/Ro hub in the Port of Palma de Mallorca. In order to get introduced in the study, the state of art related to geographical, economic tra c and human; conditions, will be reviewed; together with an in deep analysis of the port future capacities and main shipping lines crossing the western Mediterranean. At a ﬁrst glance is it easy to understand that the competition with other container hub ports in Mediterranean does not a ord Palma de Mallorca to be positioned in this market. But the chance to become a hub in rolled tra c will be studied. The ﬁnal results of this paper are going to identify the main particulars to be enforced to attract the main shipping companies that are providing transport services between the North and South coasts of the Mediterranean and the tra c between Italy and Spain.
Abstract
The presented paper is going to analyze the opportunity to develop a Ro/Ro hub in the Port of Palma de Mallorca. In order to get introduced in the study, the state of art [...]
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SHIPPOL, Towards an automatic green house effect gases tracing and accounting system in harbor areas by using AIS
S. Velásquez, X. Osés

Journal of maritime research (2013). Vol. 10 (3), pp. 37-46

Abstract
Identification, tracing and monitoring of ships have been widely exploited by means of the Automatic Identification System (AIS). Considerable improvements in safety, collision avoidance and vessel traffic services operations (VTS) have been reached since the system was mandatory in 2002 and applied to ships built on or after 1 July 2002 and to ships engaged on international voyages constructed before 1 July 2002. Nevertheless, the possibility to storage, exchange and exploit dynamic and static information, for other reasons different to those mentioned above, can result in complementary associated phenomena analysis in shipping industry. Because of the possibility to observe and identify a vessel data services in a specific place and time, dynamic parameters like speed and position can be linked to the identification vessel data services in order to compute real time fuel consumption and therefore, the volume of pollutant gases emissions, providing more precise air pollutants emissions accounting different than the fuel consumption declarations. With this assumption, we have proposed a model which applies identification and speed information from AIS, and in consequence, the type of engines operating during the voyage, extracting data from public EQUA-SIS databases. With the help of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), real time and dynamic air pollution data can be computed and mapped in congested waters. Critical infrastructures like ports and its surroundings need other kind of data treatment because of the maneuvering operations during berthing or piloting, most of the them under different consumption conditions in the main engines. The present paper shows our first steps in analyzing a suitable mathematical model which fits the three components (earth observation, communications and navigation satellite, airborne and land data acquisition) in air pollution from shipping dynamic mapping. This is our first step to approach to an Automatic Green House Effect Gases Tracing and Accounting System.
Abstract
Identification, tracing and monitoring of ships have been widely exploited by means of the Automatic Identification System (AIS). Considerable improvements in safety, collision [...]
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Manoeuvring and hotelling external costs: enough for alternative energy sources?
M. Castells, J. Usabiaga, X. Osés

Maritime Policy and Management (2013). Vol. 41 (1), pp. 1-19 (Preprint)

Abstract
Local air pollution is the most relevant externality of maritime transport and its effects are more acute in urban areas as a result of manoeuvring, hoteling, and load/unload activities at ports. This paper is intended to assess ships' local air pollution impact in generally densely populated harbor areas, in order to decide whether or not alternative power supply measures are feasible. First, an optimized infrastructure investment model is developed to ease implementation and maximize the efficiency of alternative power supply projects. Once target harbors and traffic (ship types) within a national port network have been chosen, a vessel traffic analysis (ship type, tonnage, manoeuvring and hoteling times) is carried out to quantify and evaluate annual polluting emissions (PM2,5, SO2, NOx and VOC-s) and their externalities. Finally, the assessment model is applied and results of the Spanish port network case study are discussed. The results obtained are significant and bring the possibility of further controlling the ship's environmental performance at berth.
Abstract
Local air pollution is the most relevant externality of maritime transport and its effects are more acute in urban areas as a result of manoeuvring, hoteling, and load/unload [...]
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Cost assessment simulator for transport between mediterranean spanish ports and the Black Sea
M. Castells, X. Osés, M. Rodríguez-Nuevo

Journal of Maritime Research (2013). Vol. 10 (1), pp. 1-29 (Preprint)

Abstract
There is a strong imbalance in EU transport mode shares. In addition, issues like road traffic, noise, accident rates, and especially polluting emissions result not only in external costs to society, but also in high logistical costs to transport service customers. The present paper proposes an assessment model to evaluate final internal and external costs of transport chains served by trucks and short sea shipping (SSS). An efficient and fast tool is presented to help customers decide on the most convenient mode of transportation for a specific trade link. The trade links in this paper connect 19 Spanish provinces to the main ports in the Black Sea region (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine) through the ports of Barcelona and Valencia.
Abstract
There is a strong imbalance in EU transport mode shares. In addition, issues like road traffic, noise, accident rates, and especially polluting emissions result not only in [...]
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Road and maritime transport enviornmental performance : short sea shipping vs road transport
X. Osés, J. Gil-Aizpuru, M. Castells

Journal of maritime research (2012). Vol. 9 (3), pp. 45-54

Abstract
Motorways of the Sea (MoS) are part of the European transport strategy towards an efficient, safe and environmentally friendly transport system. This paper develops a model for short sea shipping (SSS) and road transport environmental performance comparison, estimating direct emissions and quantifying their impacts due to air pollutant and greenhouse (GHG) gas emissions. Ultimately a case study is presented to analyse and valuate each transport alternative to design an action plan determining intervening actions favouring the rebalance of the current transport system.
Abstract
Motorways of the Sea (MoS) are part of the European transport strategy towards an efficient, safe and environmentally friendly transport system. This paper develops a model [...]
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Implementación CGPS y altimetría en los Puertos de Ibiza, l’Estartit y Barcelona para monitorización del nivel del mar
J. Martínez-Benjamín, M. Castellón, A. Ruiz, E. Bosch, A. Termens, M. García, X. Osés, B. Gómez, G. Velasco, F. Pros, J. Gili, A. Tapia, R. López

Revista de Teledetección (2011). Vol. 36, pp. 20-25

Abstract
Dos campañas aéreas con el LIDAR Optech ALTM-3025 del ICC (Instituto Cartogáfico de Cataluña) fueron realizadas el 16 de Junio de 2007 de día con un Partenavia P-68 y el 12 de Octubre de 2007 de noche con un Cessna Caravan 208B. La validación posible de esta nueva tecnología LIDAR puede ser útil para suministrar medidas en áreas costeras, de unos 15 a 20 km desde la línea de costa, donde la altimetría radar por satélite da problemas severos debido al amplio haz («footprint») que abarca zona de tierra. La segunda campaña aerotransportada se realizó coincidiendo con el paso del satélite ICESat provisto de un láser altímetro. Se describe la situación actual de las infraestructuras CGPS en Ibiza, l’Estartit y Barcelona así como sus aplicaciones a la monitorización del nivel del mar y calibración altimétrica. El objetivo principal es la integración de datos geodésicos espaciales, aerotransportados e in-situ para establecer áreas de calibración altimétrica en el Mediterráneo Occidental en el marco del estudio del Cambio Global. Two airborne calibration campaigns carrying an Optech Lidar ALTM-3025 (ICC) were made on June 16, 2007 with a Partenavia P-68 and October 12, 2007, with a Cessna Caravan 208B flying along two ICESat target tracks including crossover near l’Estartit. The validation of this new technology LIDAR may be useful to fill coastal areas where satellite radar altimeters are not measuring due to the large footprint and the resulting gaps of about 15-30 km within the coastline. The second airborne campaign was made at night at the same time of the ICESat overflying. A description of the actual geodetic CGPS (Continuos GPS) infrastructures at Ibiza, l’Estartit and Barcelona is presented as their applications to sea level monitoring and altimeter calibration. The main objective is the integration of spaceborne, airborne and in-situ data for the establishment of altimeter calibration areas in the western Mediterranean in the framework of Global Change.
Abstract
Dos campañas aéreas con el LIDAR Optech ALTM-3025 del ICC (Instituto Cartogáfico de Cataluña) fueron realizadas el 16 de Junio de 2007 de día [...]
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Is the utilization of methane gas the solution to air pollution in diffuse sectors? The case of port of castellon
X. Osés, J. Gil-Aizpuru

International Journal for traffic and transport engineering (2011). Vol. 1 (4), pp. 206-213

Abstract
Considering environmental regulations, imposed by an international regulation body restricting the emission levels from ships in ports, with even more stringent local regulations envisaged, the challenges for the world’s fleet are not only technical but economic and logistical. On the one hand, there are different technical alternatives enabling the current international regulations to be met. Even avoiding on board modifications, the owner can decide to use low sulphur content fuels, together with slight changes in engines to reduce the levels of nitrogen oxides. But the question posed in this paper is how to support the decision to use high quality oil derivatives, bearing in mind environmental considerations, but with a favourable economic balance. That enormous cost will be translated into a higher transport chain cost. Additionally, regarding coastal navigation, it might become possible for some new regulations to penalize elevated rates of CO2 emissions, not yet considered by the MARPOL convention. This paper analyzes the availability of the use of methane as an ideal fuel which meets the nowadays and even future, local and international regulations on CO2 and NOx , regarding the fuel derivatives and no emissions of sulphur oxides and ashes.
Abstract
Considering environmental regulations, imposed by an international regulation body restricting the emission levels from ships in ports, with even more stringent local regulations [...]
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Development of a costs simulator to assess new maritime trade routes
X. Osés, M. Castells, M. Rodríguez-Nuevo

International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation (2011). Vol. 5 (3), pp. 311-314

Abstract
This paper is going to describe the design process of a simulator that assesses the costs of different means of transport. The evaluation not only will be done regarding the internal costs but also the external costs that will be translated to environmental costs, based on existing databases. The paper shows the development carried out to create this simulator and analyse all components of the logistical chain, i.e. port operation costs, road haulage costs and maritime leg costs. The simulation results have been validated with real data of actual maritime routes to check its reliability. As a conclusion, the costs simulator permits assess costs of new maritime trade routes comparing them with road transport.
Abstract
This paper is going to describe the design process of a simulator that assesses the costs of different means of transport. The evaluation not only will be done regarding the [...]
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Port-city closeness and turnaround time critical for short sea shipping sustainable performance. A case study: Spain.
J. Usabiaga, X. Osés

International Journal for traffic and transport engineering (2011). Vol. 1 (3), pp. 168-179

Abstract
Air pollution is the most relevant externality of maritime transport and its effects are more acute in urban areas. As Short Sea Shipping (SSS) services call ports frequently and expend significant time in port, both the overall turnaround time and the port city closeness, become critical in its sustainable performance. This paper analyses the impact of maritime transport at Spanish SSS ports and identifies the ideal ones, reflecting the differences in their sustainable performance and finally identifying the characteristics that a harbour needs to gather in order to minimize air pollution impact in the maritime transport sector.
Abstract
Air pollution is the most relevant externality of maritime transport and its effects are more acute in urban areas. As Short Sea Shipping (SSS) services call ports frequently [...]
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¿Riesgo de mareas negras procedentes del mar abierto?
A. Esparza, X. Osés

Puertos (2011). Vol. 159, pp. 49-57

Abstract
El Objetivo fundamental de este artículo es el de analizar, identificar y posteriormente cuantificar, las áreas de la costa Española Mediterránea, con mayor riesgo de sufrir un derrame de hidrocarburos procedente del tráfico marítimo de hidrocarburos. En el estudio que fundamenta este artículo, se han tomado en consideración una serie de variables, de entre las que destacamos, las peculiaridades geográficas, climáticas o la densidad de tráfico, que alimenten una función aleatoria. Esta función objetiva ponderará los diferentes puntos de la costa e identificará los que tengan una mayor probabilidad de riesgo. En la investigación aquí presentada, se pretende evidenciar dónde pueden ubicarse las áreas del Mediterráneo Occidental español con mayor riesgo potencial de marea negra procedente de derrames de hidrocarburos.
Abstract
El Objetivo fundamental de este artículo es el de analizar, identificar y posteriormente cuantificar, las áreas de la costa Española Mediterránea, [...]
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Improvement of the Energy Efficiency of Vessels as a Measure for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Sea Shipping
M. Sin, X. Osés

Journal of marine technology and environment (2011). Vol. 1 (4), pp. 103-112

Abstract
This paper describes how pollution is a serious problem that currently affects many areas of society. Maritime transport is responsible for part of that pollution and measures need to be taken in the logistics of the maritime transport field to reduce ship emissions. Air pollution is not the only problem, greenhouse gas emissions are also a major factor. This paper attempts to do a quick view of the last measures taken by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of shipping. An energy efficiency index for ships was created by the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) to improve the energy efficiency and fuel consumption for ships. This index was developed in voluntary interim guidelines established in the last session of the MEPC during 2009 and 2010, and can be applied to both new designs and ships in operation. For now it is just a voluntary measure that whatever ship-owner could take and verify, but until its approval comes there are no sanctions.
Abstract
This paper describes how pollution is a serious problem that currently affects many areas of society. Maritime transport is responsible for part of that pollution and measures [...]
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A study of the riskiest points in front of an oil slick due to an accident in the spanish mediterranean coast
X. Osés, A. Esperanza

Journal of maritime research (2010). Vol. 7 (3), pp. 71-82

Abstract
Pollution from shipping traffic poses a real risk to the Spanish coast. Memories of the Fedra bulk disaster in the Strait of Gibraltar, the Prestige sinking in Finisterre or the Castor near accident off Almeria coast are still fresh. The main objective of this paper is to analyse, identify and quantify the Spanish Mediterranean coastal areas where spills from tankers are most likely to occur. The article is based on a study which uses a set of variables such as geographical peculiarities, climate, ship age and traffic density to feed and algorithm. This objective function weighs these parameters all along the coast and identifies the Spanish coastal areas having the highest risk of spills.
Abstract
Pollution from shipping traffic poses a real risk to the Spanish coast. Memories of the Fedra bulk disaster in the Strait of Gibraltar, the Prestige sinking in Finisterre [...]
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An analysis of pollution risk on the Spanish Mediterranean coast
X. Osés, A. Esperanza

Journal of marine technology and environment (2010). Vol. 2, pp. 17-24

Abstract
Pollution from shipping traffic poses a real risk to the Spanish coast. Memories of the Fedra bulk carrier disaster in the Strait of Gibraltar, the Prestige sinking in Finisterre or the Castor near accident off Almeria coast are still fresh. The main objective of this paper is to analyse, identify and quantify the Spanish Mediterranean coastal areas where spills from tankers are most likely to occur. The article is based on a study which uses a set of variables such as geographical peculiarities, climate, ship age and traffic density to feed an algorithm. This objective function weighs these parameters all along the coast and identifies the Spanish coastal areas having the highest risk of spills
Abstract
Pollution from shipping traffic poses a real risk to the Spanish coast. Memories of the Fedra bulk carrier disaster in the Strait of Gibraltar, the Prestige sinking in Finisterre [...]
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The ecobono: a proposal based on external costs savings
X. Osés, M. Castells

Journal of marine technology and environment (2009). Vol. 2, pp. 131-138

Abstract
According to the mid-term review of the EU White Paper on Transport, Short Sea Shipping is expected to grow at a rate of 59% (metric tonnes) between 2000 and 2020. If we consider that the overall expected increase in both freight exchanges and volume is 50%, sea transport appears as one of the most feasible options to reduce traffic congestion on European roads. However, this alternative has not been definitely adopted because of technical, administrative and legal reasons. Moreover, society still regards maritime transport as a slow, inefficient mode since shippers do not yet offer the best value for money. Infrastructures need to be balanced by using tariff principles which reflect the exact external costs incurred by these infrastructures. Along this line of action, in 1998 the European Union published the White Paper on Fair Payment for Infrastructure Use: A Phased Approach to a Common Transport Infrastructure Charging Framework in the EU COM (1998) 466. This paper will conclude proposing an environmental bonus based on external cost savings associated with the use of the short sea alternative instead of road-only transport
Abstract
According to the mid-term review of the EU White Paper on Transport, Short Sea Shipping is expected to grow at a rate of 59% (metric tonnes) between 2000 and 2020. If we consider [...]
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The external costs of speed at sea: An analysis based on selected short sea shipping routes
X. Osés, M. Castells

Journal of Maritime Affairs (2009). Vol. 8 (1), pp. 25-43

Abstract
According to the mid-term review of the EUWhite Paper on Transport, Short Sea Shipping (SSS) is expected to grow at a rate of 59%(metric tonnes) between 2000 and 2020. If we consider that the overall expected increase in both freight exchanges and volume is 50%, sea transport is one of themost feasible alternatives to reduce traffic congestion on European roads. Maritime transportation may compete with road transport as far as certain traffics are concerned, but only when assuming external costs. This paper analyzes several intermodal transport chains involving a sea leg by comparing the effect of pollutant emissions from different ship types and road transport in terms of potential external cost savings.The translation of these emissions into environmental costs shows, for certain conditions, savings in the case of sea transport that would justify the use of an environmental bonus to promote the sea option.
Abstract
According to the mid-term review of the EUWhite Paper on Transport, Short Sea Shipping (SSS) is expected to grow at a rate of 59%(metric tonnes) between 2000 and 2020. If [...]
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The external costs of short sea shipping. analysis with selected ships
X. Osés

Constata Maritime University annals (2008). Vol. 11 (9), pp. 125-130

Abstract
La profesión del marino, ha sido un arcano nutrido de un altísimo nivel de conocimiento práctico derivado de la propia experiencia, que se ha traducido en doctrina científica en los últimos siglos. De entre la amplia panoplia de conocimientos que recibe el alumno o cadete de náutica, destaca la meteorología náutica y en concreto, conceptos relacionados con la formación y efectos del oleaje y de su generador, el viento. Ambos fenómenos están descritos científicamente en la dinámica de fluidos, pero desde el punto de vista del navegante, se analizan desde una perspectiva muy pragmática. En cualquier caso y en atención al interés que suscita al marino, iniciaremos este artículo con una somera descripción de los efectos del viento, de las variables que definen el oleaje y de cómo se relacionan entre sí, hablaremos de situaciones extremas y terminaremos con unas breves conclusiones.
Abstract
La profesión del marino, ha sido un arcano nutrido de un altísimo nivel de conocimiento práctico derivado de la propia experiencia, que se ha traducido [...]
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Análisis medioambiental de una línea entre España y los puertos de Patras y Estambul.
J. Rodríguez-Nuevo, X. Osés

Revista del Instituto de Navegación de España (2008). Vol. 31, pp. 1-17

Abstract
En el artículo se evaluan los costes internos y externos (medioambientales) entre los modos de transporte de carretera y el marítimo. Para ello se utiliza la base datos del observatorio de costes del transporte por cerretera del Ministerio de Fomento y la base de datos REALISE, que establece una tarificación de loas externalidades generadas por cada medio de transporte. La línea analizaba parte de España con destino a Patrás en Grecia e Izmir en Turquía.
Abstract
En el artículo se evaluan los costes internos y externos (medioambientales) entre los modos de transporte de carretera y el marítimo. Para ello se utiliza la [...]
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Una nueva generación de ayudas a la navegación y de publicaciones náuticas
X. Osés, J. Lozano, S. Vázquez

Revista del Instituto de Navegación de España (2007). Vol. 30, pp. 30-40

Abstract
Bajo el concepto de un sistema de información y ayuda a la navegación costera, el presente artículo muestra el desarrollo de una aplicación informática que hace posible visualizar datos hidrográficos, meteorológicos y de publicaciones náuticas que tradicionalmente se publican en papel como los "derroteros". Esta herramienta combina además la visión 3D de la costa y la posibilidad de consultar la información textual, correspondiente a los puntos conspicuos que se pueden observar desde la embarcación, conforme se aproxima a las líneas de costa o a los puertos. El desarrollo consta de una base de datos que actualiza la información a petición del usuario, ya sea vía Internet si se dispone del alcance de conexión necesario, o mediante la señal de posición que recibe el GPS, la cual proporciona las coordenadas al sistema, si éste está instalado a bordo como una base de datos independiente vinculada al sistema de visualización tridimensional
Abstract
Bajo el concepto de un sistema de información y ayuda a la navegación costera, el presente artículo muestra el desarrollo de una aplicación informática [...]
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Selection of short sea shipping transport chains in western Europe based on external factors
M. Castells, X. Osés

Revista del Instituto de Navegación de España (2007). Vol. 30, pp. 50-57

Abstract
According to the mid term review of the EU White Paper on Transport, Short Sea Shipping is expected to grow at a rate of 59% in metric tonnes, from 2000 to 2020. If we consider that the overall expected growth in freight exchanges is of 50% (also in volume), sea transport is one of the most feasible way to reduce traf-fic congestion on European roads. Marine transport is a possible way to compete with road transport in certain traffics, mainly when assuming external costs. This paper is going to analyse five multimodal routes, considering three different lev-els of powered ships, which one is going to be the most efficient in terms of exter-nal costs
Abstract
According to the mid term review of the EU White Paper on Transport, Short Sea Shipping is expected to grow at a rate of 59% in metric tonnes, from 2000 to 2020. If we consider [...]
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Wave height incidence on Mediterranean Short Sea Shipping routes
X. Osés, M. Castells

Tethys: Journal of Weather and Climate of the Western Mediterranean (2007). Vol. 3, pp. 1-12

Abstract
According to the recent mid term review of the EU white paper on transport, Short Sea Shipping in EU waters is expected to grow from 2000 to 2020 at a rate of 59% in volume (metric tonnes). If we consider that the overall expected growth in freight exchanges is of 50% (also in volume), sea transport is one of the most feasible ways to reduce traffic congestion on European roads. High speed vessels are a possible way to compete with road transport in certain traffics; however these ships are highly affected by heavy weather. This paper is going to analyse the weather influence on several short sea shipping Mediterranean routes to be served by fast ships.
Abstract
According to the recent mid term review of the EU white paper on transport, Short Sea Shipping in EU waters is expected to grow from 2000 to 2020 at a rate of 59% in volume [...]
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Las autopistas del Mar: solución al tráfico transpirenáico
X. Osés

Marnews: The latin american maritime magazine (2006). Vol. 10, pp. 36-40

Abstract
En este trabajo se plantea la importancia del Transporte Marítimo de Corta Distancia y las Autopistas del Mar como uno de los pilares fundamentales de la implementación de la Política Europea de Transportes, cuyas líneas generales han sido propuestas en el Libro Blanco de Transporte (2001) y complementadas, en lo que a la Política Marítima se refiere, en el Libro Verde (2006). Se revisan las acepciones de ambos conceptos, tanto en el ámbito académico como institucional, así como se subraya la relevancia del transporte marítimo en los intercambios comerciales europeos y su incidencia en el desarrollo portuario
Abstract
En este trabajo se plantea la importancia del Transporte Marítimo de Corta Distancia y las Autopistas del Mar como uno de los pilares fundamentales de la implementación [...]
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El navegante y las olas
X. Osés

Boletín de la Asociación Meteorológica de España (AME) (2006). Vol. 11, pp. 24-28

Abstract
La profesión del marino, ha sido un arcano nutrido de un altísimo nivel de conocimiento práctico derivado de la propia experiencia, que se ha traducido en doctrina científica en los últimos siglos. De entre la amplia panoplia de conocimientos que recibe el alumno o cadete de náutica, destaca la meteorología náutica y en concreto, conceptos relacionados con la formación y efectos del oleaje y de su generador, el viento. Ambos fenómenos están descritos científicamente en la dinámica de fluidos, pero desde el punto de vista del navegante, se analizan desde una perspectiva muy pragmática. En cualquier caso y en atención al interés que suscita al marino, iniciaremos este artículo con una somera descripción de los efectos del viento, de las variables que definen el oleaje y de cómo se relacionan entre sí, hablaremos de situaciones extremas y terminaremos con unas breves conclusiones.
Abstract
La profesión del marino, ha sido un arcano nutrido de un altísimo nivel de conocimiento práctico derivado de la propia experiencia, que se ha traducido [...]
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Intermodalidad entre España y Europa, la cuenca Mediterránea y Atlántica, una alternativa clara al transporte terrestre
X. Osés, J. Olivella

Marina Civil (2005). Vol. 77, pp. 33-38

Abstract
El presente capítulo es un resumen de los estudios realizados dentro del proyecto INECEU1 (Intermodalidad entre España y Europa), llevado a cabo por cuatro integrantes del Grupo de Investigación TRANSMAR, del Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería Náuticas de la Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya. El Ministerio de Fomento fue la parte financiadora e interesada en los resultados de este proyecto, dada la importancia de la fluidez del transporte para la economía española en el contexto europeo, y asimismo debido también a la sensibilidad y voluntad política de promocionar el Transporte Marítimo de Corta Distancia y cabotaje en Europa. El objetivo principal de este proyecto, que partió del análisis de la situación actual en el ámbito del transporte, y en concreto de la exportación e importación de cargas unitizadas desde España, era la justificación del trasvase de mercancías de los pasos Pirenaicos a la mar, consiguiendo un desplazamiento más rápido y eficiente de las mercancías, analizando las potencialidades del transporte marítimo. Este capítulo es un resumen del proyecto INECEU; si el lector está interesado en conocer con más profundidad la metodología y el proceso de cálculo del proyecto existen dos publicaciones donde se detalla su totalidad (ver pie de página). A primera vista algunos de los datos parecerán desfasados ya que la fecha de realización del proyecto INECEU fue de diciembre del 2003 hasta abril 2005, siendo los valores y las estadísticas utilizados de periodos anteriores. Las conclusiones obtenidas en el proyecto INECEU han servido como punto de partida para la realización de los siguientes capítulos.
Abstract
El presente capítulo es un resumen de los estudios realizados dentro del proyecto INECEU1 (Intermodalidad entre España y Europa), llevado a cabo por cuatro integrantes [...]
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El transporte marítimo y la intermodalidad como solución a la congestión del tráfico transpirenaico
X. Osés

Infomarine: Actualidad y tecnología de la industria naval y marítima (2004). Vol. 106, pp. 57-59

Abstract
La Comisión Europea secundada por los gobiernos de los estados integrantes, están registrando un incremento en la tasa de crecimiento del volumen de transporte de mercancías, estimando que para el año 2010 el volumen de intercambios entre países Europeos incluidos los 10 recién accedidos, llegará a incrementos superiores al 80% en volumen. Estas cifras superiores no van a poder ser absorbidos por el camión únicamente, lo que implica plantearse la necesidad de mejorar otras alternativas para asegurar que los flujos de mercancías no se interrumpan. A la congestión del tráfico cuyas consecuencias en el crecimiento económico empiezan a entenderse, se deben de sumar las repercusiones medio ambientales, ya que está ampliamente documentado el hecho de que el transporte ferroviario o aún más el marítimo, consume y por tanto contamina menos por unidad de carga que el camión. El caso de España tiene una lectura múltiple puesto que, se halla en una situación periférica respecto del centro fabril y de consumo Europeo, es zona de tránsito para la mercancía con destino u origen en Portugal, la economía Española ha sufrido un crecimiento continuo de intercambios comerciales con el resto de Europa desde su adhesión a la UE y ello conlleva un gran volumen de bienes, que se canalizan principalmente por la frontera Franco-Española, parcialmente impermeable a causa del obstáculo natural que son los Pirineos. Atendiendo a esta situación un grupo de investigadores del Departamento de Ciencias e Ingeniería Náuticas de la Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya - UPC, se encuentra desarrollando un proyecto de investigación que debe de establecer criterios que permitan evaluar la conveniencia y condiciones para poder desviar de manera efectiva una parte delos flujos de mercancías que actualmente se transportan en camión por los Pirineos, por la opción del ferrocarril o la marítima.
Abstract
La Comisión Europea secundada por los gobiernos de los estados integrantes, están registrando un incremento en la tasa de crecimiento del volumen de transporte [...]
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El proyecto INECEU y la problemática del transporte de mercancías desde España a Europa y viceversa
X. Osés, R. González, J. Olivella

Revista del Instituto de Navegación de España (2004). Vol. 20, pp. 23-28

Abstract
El presente texto, tiene su origen en los estudios y análisis realizaos a cabo dentro del proyecto INECEU (Intermodalidad entre España y Europa), llevado a cabo por un grupo de investigadores integrantes del Grupo de Investigación TRANSMAR, del Departamento de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Náuticas de la Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya. El Ministerio de Fomento ha sido la parte financiadora e interesada en los resultados de este proyecto, dada la importancia de la fluidez del transporte para la economía Española en el contexto Europeo y asimismo debido también a la sensibilidad y voluntad política, de promocionar el transporte marítimo de corta distancia y cabotaje en Europa. El objetivo principal del proyecto INECEU, que parte del análisis de la situación actual en el ámbito del transporte y en concreto de la exportación e importación de cargas unitizadas desde España, es la justificación de unos criterios que una vez aplicados, consigan un desplazamiento más rápido y eficiente de las mercancías, descongestionando las carreteras tras seleccionar los medios más idóneos de transporte, ya sean terrestres como el ferrocarril o la vía marítima y evaluando la idoneidad de utilizar buques de alta velocidad, para reducir en tiempo el tramo puramente marítimo.
Abstract
El presente texto, tiene su origen en los estudios y análisis realizaos a cabo dentro del proyecto INECEU (Intermodalidad entre España y Europa), llevado a cabo [...]
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La política europea de transporte marítimo y la problemátia de los puertos de refugio
X. Osés

Revista del Instituto de Navegación de España (2003). Vol. 3, pp. 32-39

Abstract
La instauración del Mercado Común Europeo, el 1º de Enero de 1993, abre una nueva realidad a los intercambios comerciales intracomunitarios, realidad que va a requerir de la conformación de infraestructuras de transporte genuinamente transeuropeas que permitan desarrollar un tránsito creciente de bienes y factores productivos en el seno del nuevo espacio europeo. Una pieza fundamental en este proceso lo constituye la modernización y adecuación de las infraestructuras portuarias comunitarias, dada la relevancia que el transporte marítimo posee para el transporte de mercancías intra-europeo. No obstante, la multiplicidad de situaciones en que se encuentran las diferentes instalaciones portuarias europeas supone un verdadero reto para la Política Común de Transporte a la hora de determinar criterios de actuación generales en la financiación de las actividades portuarias. En esta investigación se desarrolla un análisis de la situación asociada a dicho sector a escala europea, así como de las propuestas que se derivan del nuevo impulso relativo a las propuestas que emanan de la propia Política Común de Transportes a este respecto.
Abstract
La instauración del Mercado Común Europeo, el 1º de Enero de 1993, abre una nueva realidad a los intercambios comerciales intracomunitarios, realidad que [...]
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Meteorología aplicada a la navegación
X. Osés

(2006). Meteorología aplicada a la navegación, Ediciones de la UPC, Edición 2, ISBN: 84-8301-873-X

Abstract
El presente libro pretende ser fundamentalmente una herramienta de trabajo para los alumnos de la Licenciatura en Náutica y los más avezados de la Diplomatura en Náutica y Transporte Marítimo de las facultades y escuelas superiores de la Marina Civil de habla hispana. La obra se inicia con un breve repaso al capítulo energético que provee de energía a la atmósfera y que constituye la base combustible de la maquinaria meteorológica. Posteriormente se repasan someramente los criterios de estabilidad del aire, que justifican la formación de centros de presión y la formación de nubes. Tras sentar estas bases, se presenta la circulación general atmosférica y sus consecuencias, así como el papel del viento como igualador de los desequilibrios atmosféricos. Al tratarse de una obra dirigida a los estudiantes de náutica, se relaciona el viento con la formación de las olas. Se distinguen los conceptos de meteorología y climatología, y se analiza el instrumental utilizado en la observación meteorológica. A continuación se aborda la cuestión de la observación y la predicción, que quizás sea la parte que el observador a bordo más necesitaba ver compendiada y que tenía que consultar en otras publicaciones quizá de más rigor científico, pero dirigidas a otro público. Finalmente, se introducen los sistemas usuales de consulta del tiempo por parte del marino, y la obra concluye con un ejemplo de interpretación del parte del tiempo.
Abstract
El presente libro pretende ser fundamentalmente una herramienta de trabajo para los alumnos de la Licenciatura en Náutica y los más avezados de la [...]
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Freight cargo crossing the Pyrenees. A chance for short sea shipping
X. Osés

Revista del Instituto de Navegación de España (2005). Vol. 24, pp. 53-60

Abstract
Around 45% of European Union foreign trade, is still carried by road and is consequently, conditioned by congested traffic, safety risk or high power consumption among other disadvantages, while only 40% is carried by sea by means of the short sea shippong formula. Short Sea Shipping in European waters has been considered by the national and European govermments, as one the most feasible way to discharge the every day more congested roads and higways across Europe. This paper reflects the poses criteria providing recommendations for the best alternative transport mean to truck for the cargo crossing the Pyrenees.
Abstract
Around 45% of European Union foreign trade, is still carried by road and is consequently, conditioned by congested traffic, safety risk or high power consumption [...]
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Paquetes Erika I-II, retirada de buques petroleros de casco sencillo de la flota española
A. Segura, X. Osés

Revista del Instituto de Navegación de España (2005). Vol. 24, pp. 34-41

Abstract
El presente artículo presenta el proyecto fin de carrera de la diplomada en naútica Aurora Segura Ceña, en el cual se realizó una evaluaciín del alcance que en la flota petrolera de pabellón español tendría la normativa europea, integrada por los paquetes legislativos Erika I y Erika II. Haciendo especial hincapié en la introducción acelerada de la normativa en materia del doble casco o diseño equivalente para petroleros de casco único. Dichos paquetes emplazan a un nuevo estatus en la composición de la flota con pabellón de los países de la Unión Europea.
Abstract
El presente artículo presenta el proyecto fin de carrera de la diplomada en naútica Aurora Segura Ceña, en el cual se realizó una [...]
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Análisis de los medios de contención para mitigar daños sobre el litoral español atendiendo al actual cambio climatico
M. Rodríguez-Nuevo, X. Osés

Revista del Instituto de Navegación de España (2005). Vol. 24, pp. 14-25

Abstract
El siguiente artículo presenta la esencia del trabajo fin de carrera del diplomado en navegación marítima Manuel Rodríguez Nuevo, el cual pretende abordar la problemática de los daños colaterales que los gases con efecto invernadero están causando sobre el planeta, es decir el cambio climático que está desearrollándose a nivel global y que en un tanto por ciento muy elevado está provocado por el hombre por un consumo de combustibles fósiles. No olvidemos que aunque se cesaron los consumos de estos combustibles en favor de las energías renovables, el ciclo evolutivo de los gases emitidos a la atmósfera continuaría su acción a lo largo de varias centenas de años. Estos daños están catalogados como "fenómenos a largo plazo" pero hoy día ya comienzan a hacer estragos sobre el planeta; subida de las temperaturas, cambios en el nivel del mar, erosiones en las costas y un sinfín de fenómenos metereológicos locales, como tormentas torrenciales, sequías, inundaciones, etc..El planeta se calienta, el nivel del mar sube, las costas retroceden y ante este panorama desolador se siguen firmando tratados que se inclumplen reiteradamente, o que en caso de se aprobados permiten a los países más desarrollados comprar su derecho a contaminar, aunque si bien es cireto que no podemos solucionar el problema globalmente si existe una solución que pasa irremisiblemente por minimizar la erosión de nuestras costea y litorales utilizando los conocimientos que la ingeniería nos proporciona para la construcción de distintos medios de protección.
Abstract
El siguiente artículo presenta la esencia del trabajo fin de carrera del diplomado en navegación marítima Manuel Rodríguez Nuevo, el cual pretende [...]
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Incidencia de la altura de las olas en las rutas de navegación de corta distancia en el Mediterráneo
X. Osés, M. Castells

Tethys: Journal of Weather and Climate of the Western Mediterranean (2006). Vol. 3, pp. 3-9

Abstract
Según la reciente reseña de medio plazo del libro blanco de la UE sobre el transporte, se espera que la navegación de corta distancia en aguas de la UE crezca del 2000 al 2020 en un 59% en volumen (toneladas métricas). Si tenemos en cuenta que el crecimiento global esperado en intercambios de carga es de un 50% (también en volumen), el transporte marítimo es uno de los medios más factibles para reducir la congestión de tráfico en las rutas europeas. Los barcos de alta velocidad son posiblemente un medio que puede competir con los transportes de carretera en algunos determinados tránsitos; sin embargo, estos barcos se ven afectados por el tiempoi nclemente. Este documento analizará la influencia del tiempo en algunas rutas de navegación mediterráneas de corta distancia recorridas por barcos rápidos.
Abstract
Según la reciente reseña de medio plazo del libro blanco de la UE sobre el transporte, se espera que la navegación de corta distancia en aguas de la UE [...]
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Aplicación de los grafos en la navegación marina
X. Osés, D. San-Juan

Revista del Instituto de Navegación de España (2006). Vol. 25, pp. 4-14

Abstract
El presente artículo describe el análisis de viabilidad de la aplicación del concepto matemático de grafo al problema de optimizar derrotas, no solamente en distancia (cálculo analítico directo) sino considerando factores externos variables como vientos, oleaje, hielos o peligros para la navegación, que pueden influir en la elección final del trazado del rumbo del buque. El trabajo realizado detrás de esta muestra que es el artículo, se halla en la tesina de licenciatura realizada por el primer autor y dirigida por el segundo.
Abstract
El presente artículo describe el análisis de viabilidad de la aplicación del concepto matemático de grafo al problema de optimizar [...]
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Brief analysis on the generated residues coming from oil sea transport in Spain
X. Osés

Revista del Instituto de Navegación de España (2007). Vol. 28, pp. 44-57

Abstract
Around 1.500 to 1.800 million tonnes of crude oil and over 400 to 500 millions of tonnes of refined oils ; are transported across the sea every year on board tanker ships. Europe is a great consumer of those commodities, receiving up to 500 millions of crude oil tonnes and around 250 to 300 million of refined products tonne per year. This means that EU needs about 6000 freights per year in order to covr the crude oil demand, carried out by between 155 to 2000 tanker ships. This paper is going to analyse the residues generation coming from such exchanges in the Spanish waters.
Abstract
Around 1.500 to 1.800 million tonnes of crude oil and over 400 to 500 millions of tonnes of refined oils ; are transported across the sea every year on board tanker ships. [...]
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Modelo de formulación para comprender los costes y tiempos de los acarreos terrestres para el reparto de mercancías mediante transporte rodado de mercancías y transporte marítimo de corta distancia
J. Nuevo, X. Osés

Revista del Instituto de Navegación de España (2010). Vol. 37, pp. 4-10

Abstract
En el desarrollo del mundo globalizado cada vez resulta de mayor importancia cómo se distribuyen las mercancías desde su origen a su destino. Es cierto que la tendencia y la conciencia tiende a realizar transportes más respetuoso con el medio ambiente y más eficientes. En muchas ocasiones nos encontramos con la ilógica situación de contratar transportes sin un criterio razonado. El propósito de este artículo es plantear la realización de un simulador de costes y tiempos para valorar la posibilidad de llevar a cabo un transporte de mercancías con el modo más acertado, sabiendo de antemano cual será su coste y su precio. Debemos entender que el modo de transporte de carretera es necesario e incluso imprescindible, pero en muchos de los escenarios no es el más conveniente. Planteamos por tanto, la realización de un transporte multimodal e incorporar en el mismo el TMCD (Transporte Marítimo de Corta Distancia)
Abstract
En el desarrollo del mundo globalizado cada vez resulta de mayor importancia cómo se distribuyen las mercancías desde su origen a su destino. [...]
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A study of the riskiest points in front of an oil slick due to an accident in the spanish mediterranean coast
X. Osés, A. Esparza

Journal of Maritime Research (2010). Vol. 7 (3), pp. 71-82

Abstract
Pollution from shipping traffic poses a real risk to the Spanish coast. Memories of the Fedra bulk carrier disaster in the Strait of Gibraltar, the Prestige sinking in Finisterre or the Castor near accident off Almeria coast are still fresh. The main objective of this paper is to analyse, identify and quantify the Spanish Mediterranean coastal areas where spills from tankers are most likely to occur. The article based on a study which uses a set of variables such as geographical peculiarlities, climate, ship age and traffic density to feed an algorithm. This objective function weighs these parameters all along the coast and identifies the Spanish coastal areas having the highest risk of spills.
Abstract
Pollution from shipping traffic poses a real risk to the Spanish coast. Memories of the Fedra bulk carrier disaster in the Strait of Gibraltar, the Prestige sinking in Finisterre [...]
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Cost assessment simulator for transport between mediterranean Spanish ports and the Black Sea
X. Osés, M. Castells, M. Rodríguez

Journal of Maritime Research (2013). Vol. 10 (1), pp. 31-38

Abstract
There is a strong imbalance in EU transport mode shares. In addition, issues like road traffic, noise, accident rates, and especially polluting emissions result not only in external costs to society, but also in high logistical costs to transport service customers. The present paper proposes an assessment model to evaluate final internal and external costs of transport chains served by trucks and short sea shipping (SSS). An efficient and fast tool is presented to help customers decide on the most convenient mode of transportation for a specific trade link. The trade links in this paper connect 19 Spanish provinces to the main ports in the Black Sea region (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine) through the ports of Barcelona and Valencia.
Abstract
There is a strong imbalance in EU transport mode shares. In addition, issues like road traffic, noise, accident rates, and especially polluting emissions result not only in [...]
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Analysis of viability to promote a hub ro/ro terminal in Palma of Mallorca (Spain) port
X. Osés, I. Galiano

Journal of Maritime Research (2014). Vol. 11 (E2), pp. 33-39

Abstract
The presented paper is going to analyze the opportunity to develop a Ro/Ro hub in the Port of Palma de Mallorca. In order to get introduced in the study, the state of art related to geographical, economic traffic and human; conditions, will be reviewed: together with an in deep analysis of the port future capacities and main shipping lines crossing the western Mediterranean. At a first glance is it easy to understand that the competition with other container hub ports in Mediterranean does not afford Palma de Mallorca to be positioned in this market. But the chance to become a hub in rolled traffic will be studied. The final results of this paper are going to identify the main particulars to be enforced to attract the main shipping companies are providing transport services between the North and South coasts of the Mediterranean and the traffic between Italy and Spain.
Abstract
The presented paper is going to analyze the opportunity to develop a Ro/Ro hub in the Port of Palma de Mallorca. In order to get introduced in the study, the state [...]
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The Exploration, Development and Perspective of Oil And Gas in The Black Sea Region
X. Osés, S. Mihailovici

Journal of Maritime Research (2015). Vol. 12 (3), pp. 49-56

Abstract
The Black Sea region, a large horizon ready to open, ready to explore, ready to show her energy, her power and opportunities. But how we are preparing for this?. It is a high compettiton between all the actors implicated in this field. The industry was informed to this potential resources by a major study undertaken by Purvin and Gertz in 2011, which predicted a development of a Romanian offshore industry and now exist many recently studies that confirmed the resources of the Black Sea. We all nnow about the emergence of shale gas in europe, in the last years because is increasing evidence os a more united approach on energy, so the exploration and development of gas reserves in the Black Sea is an optimal alternative to supply gas from the Caspian to South-Eastern Europe. But this good alternative implicates problems generated by costs, transportation and security of the very long pipelines that will pass through several countries till reaching their final destination. We try in this paper to pay attention on the main objective in the Black Sea region, in this offshore field, that required the cooperation and sustainability from part of European Union and all its members' state and countries situated in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea or Caspian Sea.
Abstract
The Black Sea region, a large horizon ready to open, ready to explore, ready to show her energy, her power and opportunities. But how we are preparing for this?. It is a high [...]
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A Ship Routing System Applied at Short Sea Distances
M. Grifoll, X. Osés

Journal of Maritime Research (2016). Vol. 13 (2), pp. 3-6

Abstract
New generation of high-resolution meteo-oceanographic predictions provides useful tools for routing of ships in short maritime distances. In this work, the optimal ship routing analysis is investigated in maritime routes in the Western Mediterranean Sea for relative short sea distances. A* algorithm is implemented in order to obtain the optimal path under an energetic wave events. The methodological aspects are presented including the grid description and weather prediction systems. The optimized cost function is the travel time and it is obtained considering the added resistance due to waves. A practical example considers the maritime route between Barcelona and Algiers. The results show the influence of this factor in the optimum path recovered by the algorithm. The relevance of the relative direction between wave and ship route is proven comparing the ship routing results.
Abstract
New generation of high-resolution meteo-oceanographic predictions provides useful tools for routing of ships in short maritime distances. In this work, the optimal ship routing [...]
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Alternative Manoeuvres to Reduce Ship Scour
M. Castells, A. Mujal-Colilles, A. Llull, X. Gironella, X. Osés

Journal of Navigation (2020). Published online

Abstract
Scouring and sedimentation effects on the seabed induced by ship propellers during ship manoeuvring near harbour structures affect both structure stability and ship manoeuvring capabilities. This contribution proposes solutions at an operational level using the automatic identification system (AIS) and a bridge simulator. Two new alternative manoeuvres were designed and tested on a bridge simulator to obtain expected maximum scour depth and the results were compared with that of real manoeuvres (i) using mooring lines, and (ii) with tug assistance. A total of 42 test scenarios combining several manoeuvres and meteorological conditions were reproduced. Results confirmed a clear reduction in erosion depth with the alternative manoeuvres, with total reduction when using the tugboat. The presented methodology can be very useful to port authorities to prevent the effects of ship erosion on harbour infrastructures.
Abstract
Scouring and sedimentation effects on the seabed induced by ship propellers during ship manoeuvring near harbour structures affect both structure stability and ship manoeuvring [...]
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IoT-Driven Business Model Innovation: A Case-Study on the Port of Barcelona in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative
R. Henríquez, X. Osés, J. Martínez

(2019). Advances in E-Business Engineering for Ubiquitous Computing. ICEBE 2019. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 41. Springer, Cham

Abstract
During the last decade, new technologies have pushed organizations to innovate their business models. In particular, Industry 4.0 and the Internet of things (IoT) have called for their own business models, in order for them to live up to their potential as sources of value and revenues. Seaports have not been alien to this trend. As key nodes in the global supply chain and logistic networks, some of them have evolved towards a new value-generating and community-focused model, categorized as the fifth generation (5G) port. This research paper explores what impact does IoT technology will likely have in the evolution of seaports business models, as well as the role that institutional initiatives play in such evolution. To do so, a case-study is presented about the Port of Barcelona, and the strategic policies that it has adopted in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative developed by the Chinese government. The case shows, though not conclusively, a relationship between IoT technology and the adoption of a 5G business model.
Abstract
During the last decade, new technologies have pushed organizations to innovate their business models. In particular, Industry 4.0 and the Internet of things (IoT) have called [...]
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Stern Twin-Propeller Effects on Harbor Infrastructures. Experimental Analysis
A. Mujal-Colilles, M. Castells, A. Llull, X. Osés, T. Llull, X. Gironella

Water Resources Research (2018). Vol. 10 (11), 1571, pp. 1-14

Abstract
The growth of marine traffic in harbors, and the subsequent increase in vessel and propulsion system sizes, produces three linked problems at the harbor basin area: (i) higher erosion rates damaging docking structures; (ii) sedimentation areas reducing the total depth; (iii) resuspension of contaminated materials deposited at the seabed. The published literature demonstrates that there are no formulations for twin stern propellers to compute the maximum scouring depth. Another important limitation is the fact that the formulations proposed only use one type of maneuvering during the experimental campaign, assuming that vessels are constantly being undocked. Trying to reproduce the real arrival and departure maneuvers, 24 different tests were conducted at an experimental laboratory in a medium-scale water tank using a twin propeller model to estimate the consequences and the maximum scouring depth produced by stern propellers during the backward/docking and forward/undocking scenarios. Results confirm that the combination of backward and forward scenario differs substantially from the experiments performed so far in the literature using only an accumulative forward scenario, yielding deeper scouring holes at the harbor basin area. The results presented in this paper can be used as guidelines to estimate the effects of regular vessels at their particular docking location.
Abstract
The growth of marine traffic in harbors, and the subsequent increase in vessel and propulsion system sizes, produces three linked problems at the harbor basin area: (i) higher [...]
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Potential economic benefits of using a weather ship routing system at Short Sea Shipping
M. Grifoll, X. Osés, M. Castells

WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs (2018). Vol. 17 (3), pp. 195-211

Abstract
This contribution investigates the economic benefits of using weather ship routing on Short Sea Shipping (SSS) activities. The investigation is supported with the development of a ship routing system based on pathfinding algorithm, the parametrization of the wave effect on navigation, and the use of high-resolution meteo-oceanographic predictions. The optimal ship routing analysis is investigated in a European SSS system: the link between Spanish and Italian ports. The results show the economic benefits using ship routing in SSS during energetic wave episodes. The rate of cost savings may reach 18% of the total costs under particular bad weather conditions in the navigation area. The work establishes the basis of further developments in optimal route applied in relatively short distances and its systematic use in the SSS maritime industry.
Abstract
This contribution investigates the economic benefits of using weather ship routing on Short Sea Shipping (SSS) activities. The investigation is supported with the development [...]
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Ship weather routing using pathfinding algorithms: the case of Barcelona – Palma de Mallorca
M. Grifoll, L. Martorell, M. Castells, X. Osés

Transportation Research Procedia (2018). Vol. 33, pp. 299-306

Abstract
Weather ship routing has become a recognized measure to target safe, sustainable and economical ship activities. Academic research has focused the ship routing optimization through pathfinding algorithms which take into account the meteo-oceanographic forecasts (i.e. wind, waves or currents predictions). This contribution shows the results of the numerical simulations carried out during the development of a weather ship routing applied to a ferry service in the Mediterranean Sea: Barcelona – Palma de Mallorca. From a methodological point of view, the pathfinding A* algorithm is applied to optimize the travel time considering the wave action. Under severe weather conditions, a reduction of the 7% of the travel time is obtained comparing the optimized route and the minimum distance route. The results show also a non-significant correlation between the travel time reduction and wave height. In consequence the benefit of ship routing depends not only of the wave height but also in the spatial sequence of the storm.
Abstract
Weather ship routing has become a recognized measure to target safe, sustainable and economical ship activities. Academic research has focused the ship routing optimization [...]
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Tools for Evaluation Quay Toe Scouring Induced by Vessel Propellers in Harbour Basins During the Docking and Undocking Manoeuvring: Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
M. Castells, X. Osés, A. Martin, A. Mujal-Colilles, X. Gironella

(2017). Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation (TransNav 2017), Chapter 8, 6 pages.

Abstract
The evolution of the shipping industry (increased capacity and size of ships, power and self-propulsion), the increased productivity and rearrangement of spaces (port calls increased in number and frequency, changes in use of docks), the intensification of the use not only of stem main propellers (conventional or azimuthal) but also lateral bow and stem ones, are the leading causes of injury to the toe of the docks. Scouring processes due to manoeuvring actions can produce big consequences on the stability of harbour structures such as docks and protecting dikes. As a consequence, the sedimentation of the eroded sediment reduces the total depth of the harbour basin and navigation channel. At the same time, contaminants settled at the bed of the harbour basins may be resuspended by the effect of vessel’s propellers and produce an important environmental problem to harbour authorities. One of the main problems is the interpretation of parameters related to propellers, but also the fact of not considering important aspects such as different types of propeller, manoeuvring practices for docking and undocking, propulsion system orientation or the confinement effect generated by the dock itself and the shelter of the vessel. This contribution aims to assess docking and undocking manoeuvres which can produce erosion generated by the propulsion of ships. This methodology will analyse manoeuvres patterns and will allow understanding the effects of the sedimentation of the eroded sediment on docking and undocking manoeuvres.
Abstract
The evolution of the shipping industry (increased capacity and size of ships, power and self-propulsion), the increased productivity and rearrangement of spaces (port calls [...]
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