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• Full-scale numerical calculation of ballasted tracks with the Discrete Element Method

  J. Irazábal, F. Salazar, E. Oñate, J. Irazábal González

  J. Irazábal's Conference proceedings (2019). 1

  
  

  Abstract

  Rail transport, both for people and goods, is becoming increasingly significant all over the world, which is reflected in the great growth of conventional and high-speed train lines. Most of these infrastructures are built with railway ballast, a granular material whose main functions are to resist vertical and horizontal loads and to face climatic actions. The growing popularity of these infrastructures has led to the development of numerical models to evaluate their performance. Among a wide range of numerical methods, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) was found to be effective for evaluating the performance of granular materials. This approach considers their discontinuous nature and has proven to be a useful tool to determine the dynamic behaviour of groups of particles. Moreover, the DEM is also used to compute the behaviour of continuum materials. In this work, rails and bearing plates are characterised in the calculations using this methodology, called the bonded DEM. It is a modification of the classical DEM which assumes that bonds exist between particles, resisting their separation. The code used is developed within DEMPack, a specific software tool for modelling physical problems using the DEM. Currently, DEMPack allows the use of two different types of geometry: spheres with rolling friction and clusters of spheres. A previous analysis showed that spheres are more effective for studying the macroscopic behaviour of the ballast layer, while clusters are necessary for small-scale tests involving highly compacted particles since their results are greatly influenced by particles and contacts distribution. After calibrating the code, full-scale tests were performed applying the load of a high-speed train on a railway track section in different situations. Considering the amount of material (about 260,000 particles) and that the aim is to evaluate the deflection of the rails, the calculations are carried out using spheres. The numerical results correctly capture the effect on the deflection of the rails. It can be concluded that the DEM increases the possibilities for analysing innovative solutions since real case-scenarios can be studied with enough accuracy and feasible time.

  Abstract
  Rail transport, both for people and goods, is becoming increasingly significant all over the world, which is reflected in the great growth of conventional and high-speed train [...]

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• Effect of the integration scheme on the rotation of non-spherical particles with the discrete element method

  J. Irazábal González, F. Salazar, M. Santasusana, E. Oñate

  Computational Particle Mechanics (2019). Vol. 6 (4), pp 545–559

  
  

  Abstract

  The discrete element method (DEM) is an emerging tool for the calculation of the behaviour of bulk materials. One of the key features of this method is the explicit integration of the motion equations. Explicit methods are rapid, at the cost of a limited time step to achieve numerical stability. First- or second-order integration schemes based on a Taylor series are frequently used in this framework and shown to be accurate for the translational and rotational motion of spherical particles. However, they may lead to relevant inaccuracies when non-spherical particles are used since the orientation implies a modification in the second-order inertia tensor in the inertial reference frame. Specific integration schemes for non-spherical particles have been proposed in the literature, such as the fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme presented by Munjiza et al. and the predictor–corrector scheme developed by Zhao and van Wachem which applies the direct multiplication algorithm for integrating the orientation. In this work, both methods are adapted to be used together with a velocity Verlet scheme for the translational integration. The performance of the resulting schemes, as well as that of the direct integration method, is assessed, both in benchmark tests with analytical solution and in real-scale problems. The results suggest that the fourth-order Runge–Kutta and the Zhao and van Wachem schemes are clearly more accurate than the direct integration method without increasing the computational time.

  Abstract
  The discrete element method (DEM) is an emerging tool for the calculation of the behaviour of bulk materials. One of the key features of this method is the explicit integration [...]

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• Numerical modelling of landslide‐generated waves with the particle finite element method (PFEM) and a non‐Newtonian flow model

  F. Salazar, J. Irazábal González, A. Larese, E. Oñate

  Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. (2016). Vol. 40 (6), pp. 809-826

  
  

  Abstract

  Landslide‐generated impulse waves may have catastrophic consequences. The physical phenomenon is difficult to model because of the uncertainties in the kinematics of the mobilised material and to the intrinsic complexity of the fluid–soil interaction. The particle finite element method (PFEM) is a numerical scheme that has successfully been applied to fluid–structure interaction problems. It uses a Lagrangian description to model the motion of nodes (particles) in both the fluid and the solid domains (the latter including soil/rock and structures). A mesh connecting the particles (nodes) is re‐generated at every time step, where the governing equations are solved. Various constitutive laws are used for the sliding mass, including rigid solid and the Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. Several examples of application are presented, corresponding both to experimental tests and to actual full‐scale case studies. The results show that the PFEM can be a useful tool for analysing the risks associated with landslide phenomena, providing a good estimate to the potential hazards even for full‐scale events.

  Abstract
  Landslide‐generated impulse waves may have catastrophic consequences. The physical phenomenon is difficult to model because of the uncertainties in the kinematics of the [...]

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• Numerical modelling of granular materials with spherical discrete particles and the bounded rolling friction model. Application to railway ballast

  J. Irazábal González, F. Salazar, E. Oñate

  Computers and Geotechnics (2017). Vol. 85, pp. 220-229

  
  

  Abstract

  The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was found to be an effective numerical method for the calculation of engineering problems involving granular materials. However, the representation of irregular particles using the DEM is a very challenging issue, leading to different geometrical approaches. This document presents a new insight in the application of one of those simplifications known as rolling friction, which avoids excessive rotation when irregular shaped materials are simulated as spheric particles. This new approach, called the Bounded Rolling Friction model, was applied to reproduce a ballast resistance test.

  Abstract
  The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was found to be an effective numerical method for the calculation of engineering problems involving granular materials. [...]

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• Advances in the modelling of railway ballast using the Discrete Element Method (DEM)

  J. Irazábal González, F. Salazar, E. Oñate

  (2018). Fourth International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance (RAILWAYS 2018))

  
  

  Abstract

  The development of high-speed train lines has increased significantly during the last decades leading to more demanding loads in railway infrastructures. Most of these infrastructures were constructed using railway ballast, whose main roles are resisting to vertical and horizontal loads and facing climate action. Moreover, new challenges are arising in the railway industry, such as the development of high-speed train lines in locations with extreme weather. For these reasons, the implementation of a numerical code able to represent ballast behaviour, including its interaction with other structures, has become very attractive. Among a wide range of numerical methods, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) was found to be effective for the calculation of engineering problems with granular materials. This approach considers the discontinuous nature of these materials and has proven to be a very useful tool to obtain complete qualitative information on calculations of groups of particles. The code used in this work is developed within DEMPack, a specific software tool for modelling physical problems using the DEM. The computer program is adapted to meet the needs for representing the behaviour of railway ballast.

  Abstract
  The development of high-speed train lines has increased significantly during the last decades leading to more demanding loads in railway infrastructures. Most of these infrastructures [...]

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• Shape characterization of railway ballast stones for discrete element calculations

  J. Irazábal González, F. Salazar, E. Oñate

  (2017). V International Conference on Particle-Based Methods (PARTICLES 2017)

  
  

  Abstract

  Railway ballast is a layer of granular material that resists to vertical and horizontal loads, produced by the passing train over the rail. The calculation of this kind of complex geomechanic problems has been traditionally addressed using refined constitutive models, based in continuum assumptions. Although these models may be suitable in the evaluation of the critical state of soils, or in the calculation of bulk material masses flowing, they are not appropriate to represent the local discontinuities of granular materials, which induce special features such as anisotropy or instabilities. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is an alternative approach that considers the discontinuous nature of granular materials, which has proven to be a very useful tool to obtain complete qualitative information on calculations of groups of particles. However, the computational cost of contact evaluation between Discrete Elements (DEs) is high and limits the calculation capability. In this regard, it should be noted that particle shape greatly affects contact calculation computational cost, being spherical DEs the less computational demanding type of particles. From the point of view of micro-scale analysis, it is essential to represent the exact geometry of the grains. By contrast, if the interest lies in the behaviour of the granular material as a whole, particles geometry is not a determining factor. Therefore, for efficiency purposes, a trade-off between particle shape accuracy and computational cost needs to be achieved. In this work, different approaches to represent ballast stones are assessed: spheres with rolling friction, sphere clusters, polyhedrons and superquadrics. The first two were chosen for further analysis. Rolling friction allows avoiding excessive rotation when irregular shaped materials are simulated as spherical particles. This work presents a new insight for its application called the Bounded Rolling Friction model. Regarding sphere clusters, there is a key point in the friction between elements. As they reproduce irregular particles using clumps of spheres rigidly joined, the cavities between those spheres introduce interlocks that increase friction. To overcome this drawback, a new contact model is proposed. Finally, results of the application of both approaches are displayed, and conclusions are drawn as regards the convenience of using more accurate and computational demanding geometries.

  Abstract
  Railway ballast is a layer of granular material that resists to vertical and horizontal loads, produced by the passing train over the rail. The calculation of this kind of [...]

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• Geometric representation of railway ballast using the Discrete Element Method (DEM)

  J. Irazábal González, F. Salazar, E. Oñate

  (2016). European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering

  
  

  Abstract

  The development of high-speed train lines has increased during the last twenty years, leading to more demanding loads in railway infrastructures. For these reasons, the implementation of a numerical tool for the calculation of railway ballast behaviour has been found useful, as it will enables design optimization. Regarding the numerical method, the DEM is considered effective and powerful for the calculation of engineering problems with granular and discontinuous materials. Due to the fact that railroad ballast layer consists of discrete aggregate particles, the DEM is considered suitable for the simulation of particulate ballast material. However, the computational cost of contact calculation between irregular particles is high and limits the calculation capability. From the point of view of micro-scale analysis, it is essential to represent the exact geometry of the particle. On the other hand, if the interest lies in the behaviour of the granular material as a whole, the geometry is not a determining factor. Besides that, setting up a simulation of granular material taking care of the exact geometry of each particle will not be efficient. Current work presents different geometrical approaches for the representition of ballast stones: spheric particles with rolling friction, sphere clusters, polyhedrons and superquadrics; showing their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, some simulation results, using spheric particles and sphere clusters, are displayed in order to evaluate the convenience or not of using more accurate and computational demanding geometries in each case.

  Abstract
  The development of high-speed train lines has increased during the last twenty years, leading to more demanding loads in railway infrastructures. For these reasons, the implementation [...]

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• Numerical modelling with discrete elements of rockfall protection systems

  J. Irazábal González, S. Latorre, F. Salazar, M. Celigueta, E. Oñate

  (2017). V International Conference on Particle-Based Methods (PARTICLES 2017)

  
  

  Abstract

  Some important infrastructures like roads, railway tracks or dams were constructed in places threatened by natural hazards. With the purpose of preserving these infrastructures from landslides and rock-falls, different containment systems are installed, and one of the most popular are the flexible metallic fences. The development of full-scale laboratory tests to evaluate the behaviour of flexible metallic fences is unfunctional, accounting to the huge magnitude of the event. On the other hand, small-scale testing may lead to inaccurate results, due to the distortion in the contours (e.g. anchors of the metallic fences). These problems in laboratory testing have led to the popularization of the use of numerical methods. In this study, the bonded Discrete Element Method (DEM) is used for the analysis of the behaviour of flexible metallic fences for rockfall protection. The bonded DEM is a modification of the classical DEM which assumes that bonds exist between particles, resisting their separation. In this case, the net cables are represented using rigid spheres joined by bond elements that are deformed according to an elasto-plastic law. Calculations were carried out using the DEMPack program, a specific software developed in CIMNE for modelling with the bonded DEM. This software allows considering the inter-action between discrete and finite elements, which can be useful to represent the boundaries of the domain, such as the surface of the slope. The code is firstly validated reproducing benchmark tests available in the literature. Finally, full-scale tests are computed in order to evaluate the energy dissipation capacity of the fence during a rockfall event.

  Abstract
  Some important infrastructures like roads, railway tracks or dams were constructed in places threatened by natural hazards. With the purpose of preserving these infrastructures [...]

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• Numerical modelling of railway ballast behaviour using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and spherical particles

  J. Irazábal González, F. Salazar, E. Oñate

  (2015). IV International Conference on Particle-Based Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (PARTICLES 2015)

  
  

  Abstract

  In the last two decades there has been a great development of high-speed train lines. This advance has led to more demanding loads in railway infrastructures and the appearance of a new problem called ballast flight that happens when some stones rise when the train passes. For these reasons, the development of an application that allows the numerical modelling of the ballast superstructure under different stresses can be very useful, as it will enable design optimization. The DEM is being considered an effective and powerful method for the calculation of engineering problems with granular and discontinuous materials. Railroad ballast layer consists of discrete aggregate particles, so that DEM is one of the most suitable ways to simulate the behavior of particulate ballast material. However, the computational cost of contact calculation between irregular particles is high and limits the calculation capability. From the point of view of micro-scale analysis, it is essential to represent the exact geometry of the particle. On the other hand, if the interest lies in the behavior of the granular material as a whole, the geometry is not a determining factor. Besides that, setting up a simulation of granular material taking care of the exact geometry of each particle will not be efficient. Current work presents the methodology followed to achieve accurate results in the calculation of railway ballast behaviour using DEM and spherical particles. The use of spherical particles reduces the computational cost and makes the simulation set up efficient. Validation results for the calculation of the lateral resistance force against a sleeper moving inside a ballast bed are presented. Regarding ballast flight problem, some high speed ballast collision calculations have also been performed.

  Abstract
  In the last two decades there has been a great development of high-speed train lines. This advance has led to more demanding loads in railway infrastructures and the appearance [...]

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• Numerical modelling of landslides in reservoirs using the particle finite element method and a non Newtonian Bingham model

  J. Irazábal González, F. Salazar, E. Oñate

  (2013). III International Conference on Particle-Based Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (PARTICLES 2013)

  
  

  Abstract

  Landslides in reservoirs constitute one of the main threats to dams. Although they are not frequent, they may generate severe damages in the population and goods placed near the shores. It is a complex phenomenon, because of the interaction between the landslide, the still water in the reservoir, and the dam. The Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) is an innovative numerical scheme which combines a lagrangian approach with the resolution of FEM equations via mesh generation. In previous works, it had been applied to the simulation of landslides in reservoirs, considering the moving body either as a rigid solid or as a Newtonian fluid. Despite the promising results of the simulation of some reference cases, these constitutive models showed poor performance when applied to other relevant events, such as Vaiont case. Current work introduces the implementation of a non Newtonian Bingham model in the particle finite element method scheme, and the results of its application to several benchmark cases. Some of them have been used to calibrate the parameters of the Bingham model, whereas others served as test cases. The phenomenon presents several intrinsic uncertainties, such as the lack of precise information about the physical properties of the landslide, its geometry, its granulometry, the drag coefficient along the sliding surface, among others. In spite of that, results show that the Bingham model implemented can be useful for estimating the potential consequences of landslides in reservoirs. This implementation makes the PFEM a versatile numerical tool for the analysis of landslides in reservoirs, provided that from now on both rigid solids, Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids can be accounted for. The authors are currently working in the optimization of the numerical code, so that more complex problems could be afforded in more detail. In addition, the erosion module is being validated, in order to reproduce effects such as the dragging of the underlying material due to the landslide, as well as the effect of overtopping on dam stability, particularly for rockfill dams.

  Abstract
  Landslides in reservoirs constitute one of the main threats to dams. Although they are not frequent, they may generate severe damages in the population and goods placed near [...]

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Articles (Documents not available in Scipedia)

• Effect of the integration scheme on the rotation of non-spherical particles with the discrete element method

  Fernando Salazar, Miquel Santasusana, Eugenio Oñate

  Irazábal, J., Salazar, F., Santasusana, M., & Oñate, E. (2019). Effect of the integration scheme on the rotation of non-spherical particles with the discrete element method. Computational Particle Mechanics, 1-15.

• Numerical modelling of granular materials with spherical discrete particles and the bounded rolling friction model. Application to railway ballast

  Fernando Salazar, Eugenio Oñate

  Computers and Geotechnics, 85, 220–229

• The Double Hierarchy Method. A parallel 3D contact method for the interaction of spherical particles with rigid FE boundaries using the DEM

  M Santasusana, J Irazábal, E Oñate, JM Carbonell

  Computational Particle Mechanics, 1-22, 2016

• Análisis experimental y numérico del oleaje producido por la inestabilidad de laderas de embalses

  R Alves, R Morán, MÁ Toledo Municio, J Irazábal González, ...

  Actas de las IV Jornadas de Ingeniería del Agua: la precipitación y los ..., 2015

• Numerical modelling of landslide‐generated waves with the particle finite element method (PFEM) and a non‐Newtonian flow model

  F Salazar, J Irazábal, A Larese, E Oñate

  International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2015

• El papel de los modelos numéricos en la investigación y el diseño de aliviaderos de presas

  F Salazar, J San Mauro, J Irazábal, A Larese, R Rossi, E Oñate Ibáñez, ...

  Red de Laboratorios de Hidráulica de España (RLHE), 2013

• Validation of the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) for Simulation of Rock Slides in Lakes and Reservoirs

  J Irazábal, F Salazar, E Oñate

  CIMNE Technical Report, 2012