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• Comparative life cycle assesment (LCA) of a boat hatch made of glass fibre and flax fibre reinforced composites

  A. Lopez-Arraiza, G. MARTÍNEZb

  Materiales Compuestos (2025). Vol. 09 - Comunicaciones MatComp25 (2025), (Núm. 2 - Reciclaje y Sostenibilidad), 44

  
  

  Abstract

  The widespread use of glass fibre-reinforced composites in the marine industry is primarily attributed to their low cost, favourable mechanical properties, and high resistance to marine corrosion. However, their limited recyclability poses significant environmental concerns at end-of-life (EoL). Consequently, more sustainable alternatives such as biocomposites reinforced with natural fibres are being explored. This study presents a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the fore hatch of a small boat, currently manufactured by hand lay-up using glass fibre reinforced polyester glass fibre (GFRP), and a proposed alternative with flax fabric reinforced bio-epoxy (FFRB) produced by vacuum infusion. Initially, FFRB laminates were manufactured and mechanically characterised through three-point bending tests. Based on ISO 12215-5:2019 for small craft construction, the required laminate thicknesses for the FFRB hatch were determined, achieving a 14% weight reduction compared to the GFRP counterpart. Subsequently, a cradle-to-grave LCA was performed using OpenLCA software and the Ecoinvent v3.9.1 database. Results revealed that the FFRB hatch offers lower environmental impacts in fossil fuel depletion (ΔADP = –16%) and human toxicity (ΔHTP = –54%). However, terrestrial ecotoxicity (ΔTETP = +238%) increased due to pesticide and fertiliser use in flax cultivation. In conclusion, FFRB represents an environmentally sustainable alternative for marine component manufacturing, although further research is required to enhance its end-of-life performance.

  Abstract
  The widespread use of glass fibre-reinforced composites in the marine industry is primarily attributed to their low cost, favourable mechanical properties, and high resistance [...]

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• Nuevo concepto de eco-composite híbrido de fibra natural y láminas de madera (FWL). Fabricación, caracterización mecánica y envejecimiento en agua de mar. New concept of natural fibre-wood hybrid eco-composite (FWL). Manufacturing, mechanical characterization and seawater ageing.

  A. Lopez-Arraiza, F. Valencia, E. Urtaran, G. Castillo-López, J. Aurrekoetxea

  Materiales Compuestos (2025). Vol. 08 - COMUNICACIONES MATCOMP21 (2022) Y MATCOMP23 (2023), (Núm. 7 - Caracterización - Sostenibilidad y Reciclaje), 10

  
  

  Abstract

  RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se estudia un nuevo eco-composite tipo FWL (“Fiber-Wood Laminate”) obtenido mediante la hibridación de fibras naturales y láminas de madera. Para ello, se han fabricado laminados por infusión de bioepoxi (SuperSap®) reforzada con tres capas de fibra de lino bidireccional y dos chapas de madera de pino, una en cada cara del eco-composite. Posteriormente, se realizaron ensayos de tracción, impacto de baja energía (E0=1J-25J) y se inspeccionó el daño mediante ultrasonidos. Igualmente, se repitió la caracterización para laminados sumergidos un periodo de bioactividad marina de 6 meses. Los resultados muestran que el FWL presenta un aumento del módulo elástico del 58% frente al biocomposite de lino (FFRB). Tras la inmersión en agua de mar, se observa que la absorción de humedad provoca una caída de la rigidez del 4,6% y del 6,9% en el FWL y FFRB, respectivamente. Por otro lado, los umbrales de penetración y perforación del FWL son un 29% y 32% inferiores a los correspondientes del FFRB. Después de la inmersión, dichos umbrales se desplazan a valores superiores en ambos eco-composites, más significativamente en el FFRB, debido al efecto plastificante de la absorción de humedad que se pone de manifiesto en los distintos patrones de daño observados por inspección mediante ultrasonidos. En conclusión, las láminas de madera del FWL aumentan la rigidez a tracción del nuevo eco-composite y ejercen un efecto barrera frente a la absorción de humedad debido a la inclusión de la bio-resina en la estructura celular de la madera.   ABSTRACT The present work explores a new concept of eco-composite named FWL (“Fiber-Wood Laminate”) obtained by combining natural fibres and wood sheets. The studied FWL configuration consisted of a single thin pinewood veneer at each of the outer layers of a bidirectional flax fibre-reinforced bio-epoxy (SuperSap®) manufactured by infusion. Tensile and low energy impact (E0=1J-25J) tests were performed and the damage was analysed by ultrasonic inspection. Furthermore, the last characterization was also conducted on laminates after being immersed during a marine bioactivity period of 6 months. The results showed an increase in the Modulus of Elasticity by 58% in the FWL compared to the flax-reinforced biocomposite (FFRB). After seawater immersion, the stiffness decreased by 4.6% and 6.9% in the FWL and FFRB, respectively. The penetration and perforation energy thresholds of the FWL obtained by falling weight impact tests were 29 and 32% lower than those of the FFRB, respectively. The effect of seawater immersing entailed a displacement to higher values of the energy thresholds, mainly in those of the FFRB. The plasticizing result of moisture absorption was evident in the different damage patterns observed by ultrasonic inspection. In conclusion, the thin pinewood veneers increased the tensile strength of the new eco-composite. The epoxy matrix filled the cellular structure of the wood, which acted as a barrier to reduce the water absorbed by the flax fibres.

  Abstract
  RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se estudia un nuevo eco-composite tipo FWL (“Fiber-Wood Laminate”) obtenido mediante la hibridación de fibras naturales [...]

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