Abstract

Libraries in Spain, like other institutions, have been affected by the economic crisis. The effects and their consequences are studied in this paper, based on available library statistics. A significant decrease in expenditure for materials, the downgrading of collections, library closures and a growing increase in usage were observed in 2012. Changes in content consumption habits are also highlighted, with special attention to adaptations to digital change. Facts 2012: the operating costs of Spanish libraries amounted to 990.1 million euros (+0.54% compared to 2010); if the increase in the CPI is taken into account, the cost increase is actually 5%. Personnel expenses represent 66.9%. Public libraries (PLs) reported 594 fewer employees than in 2010 and there were 154 fewer in academic libraries (-5.6% and -2.6%, respectively). The PLs incorporated 3.5 million volumes (-31.2% compared to 2010). Visits to libraries: Total 216.4 million (in PLs +20.5% / 2010); 401 libraries (20%) did not have computers for public use and 46.5% had no opac yet.

Abstract

We seek to quantify smartwatch use, and establish differences and similarities to smartphone use. Our analysis considers use traces from 307 users that include over 2.8 million notifications and 800,000 screen usage events, and we compare our findings to previous work that quantifies smartphone use. The results show that smartwatches are used more briefly and more frequently throughout the day, with half the sessions lasting less than 5 seconds. Interaction with notifications is similar across both types of devices, both in terms of response times and preferred application types. We also analyse the differences between our smartwatch dataset and a dataset aggregated from four previously conducted smartphone studies. The similarities and differences between smartwatch and smartphone use suggest effect on usage that go beyond differences in form factor.

Abstract

In general, a building survey includes geometry, structure, construction, material and history. In historical buildings over the time the building structure and usage can vary greatly. If a room offers good conditions, it will be used accordingly. The usage criteria are not limited to geometric and visual design features but also include thermal comfort. When determining the use of historical rooms and buildings, it makes sense to combine the results of the construction survey and literature research with a reconstruction of the indoor climate. Constructive adjustments, spatial extensions and social developments lead to a deviation from the originally planned and implemented situation over time. Which parameters have to be known in order to reconstruct the indoor climate of a historic building? This paper uses three examples to describe the requirements and procedure for determining the use of rooms that are no longer in their original state. The reconstructed spaces are an office in a former tobacco factory in Krems (Austria) [1], an art gallery in Yogyakarta (Indonesia) [2] and a traditional residential building is in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) [3]. Dynamic thermal and hygrothermal simulations of building elements show the ability of materials to influence the indoor climate and the interaction between construction and indoor climate. By monitoring or defining the user’s presence and activities in a room the thermal interaction between construction and indoor climate is calculated. The detection of the airflow around and through the building provides important parameters for the assessment of thermal indoor comfort. The results were compared with the use of space as described in the literature or expected from the building survey. The method of reconstructing the indoor climate in historical buildings works. The results provide information for evaluating the original situation. With these findings, the potential inherent in a building can be better exploited for the adaptation of historical buildings to changing user requirements or climatic conditions.