Risk Management and Built Heritage: Towards a Systematic Approach

Abstract

This paper discusses the classification of risks as a tool for the identification, the assessment and the management of risks for the built heritage. Existing typologies of risk vary according to the selected criteria on which they are based and their utility within the risk management process. Indicative examples of risk classifications proposed and used in the field of cultural heritage management, as well as in other fields, are examined. The comparison of the selected criteria for analysing risks and the reflection upon their relevant aspects to the built heritage conservation provide a frame for a systematic approach to the built heritage management.

Full document

References

[1] Ball, D.J. The evolution of risk assessment and risk management: a background to the development of risk philosophy, Arboricultural Journal (2007) 30(2): 105-112.

[2] Hubbard, D.W. The failure of risk management: why it’s broken and how to fix it. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons (2009).

[3] Fischhoff, B., Lichtenstein, S., Slovic, P., Derby, S.L. and Keeney, R.L. Approaches to Acceptable Risk: A Critical Guide. Work Performed for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission under NRC Interagency Agreement 40-550-75. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, operated by Union Carbide Corporation for the Department of Energy (1980).

[4] Kaplan, S. and Garrick, B.J. On the quantitative definition of risk. Risk Analysis (1981)1(1).

[5] Renn, O. (ed.), White Paper on Risk Governance: Towards an Integrative Approach. Geneva: International Risk Governance Council (2005).

[6] Watt, J.M. The management of risk with respect to cultural heritage – a case study, Arboricultural Journal (2007) 30(2): 175-185.

[7] Michalski, S. and Pedersoli J.L. (eds), The ABC Method: a risk management approach to the preservation of cultural heritage. Ottawa: CCI, ICCROM (2016).

[8] Michalski, S. An overall framework for preventive conservation and remedial conservation. In: ICOM Committee for Conservation, 9th triennial meeting, Dresden, German Democratic Republic, 26-31 August 1990, preprints, ICOM Committee for Conservation (1990), pp. 589-591.

[9] Waller, R. Conservation risk assessment: a strategy for managing resources for preventive conservation. Studies in Conservation (1994) 39(sup2): 12-16.

[10] Waller, R. Risk management applied to preventive conservation. In: C.L. Rose, C.A.Hawks, H.H. Genoways (eds), Storage of natural history collections: A preventive conservation approach, New York: Society for the preservation (1995), pp. 21-27.

[11]Joint Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand Committee OB-007, Risk Management, AS/NZS 4360 (2004).

[12] ISO International Organization for Standardization, Risk Management, ISO 31000 (2018).

[13] Accardo, G., Giani, E. and Giovagnoli ,A. The Risk Map of Italian Cultural Heritage, Journal of Architectural Conservation (2003) 9(2): 41-57.

[14] eu-chic.eu. Eu-CHIC project official website.

[15] Baer, N.S. Assessment and management of risks to cultural property. In N.S. Baer, C. Sabbioni, A.I. Sors (eds), Science, Technology and European cultural heritage, proceedings of the European Symposium, Bologna, Italy 13-16 June 1989, Luxembourg: ECSC-EEC-EAEC (1991), pp.27-36.

[16] Cacace, C. and Donatelli, A. Carta del Rischio del patrimonio culturale: studio sulla vulnerablità e pericolosità sismica del patrimonio culturale in Sicilia e Calabria. In S. Della Torre and M.P. Borgarino (eds), Proceedings of the International Conference Preventive and Planned Conservation, Monza, Mantova - 5-9 May 2014, Protezione dal rischio sismico, Milano: Nardini editore (2014), pp.107-118.

[17] Cacace, C. and Fiorani, D. Centri storici, vulnerabilità, rischio e gestione della conservazione. Una proposta d’implementazione dello strumento Carta del Rischio. In S.Della Torre and M.P. Borgarino (eds), Proceedings of the International Conference Preventive and Planned Conservation Monza, Mantova - 5-9 May 2014, Protezione dal rischio sismico, Milano: Nardini editore (2014), pp. 119-128.

[18] Camuffo, D. Perspectives on risks to architectural heritage. In: N. S. Baer and R. Snethlage (eds), Saving our architectural heritage: the conservation of historic stone structures, New York: John Willey &Sons Ltd. (1997), pp. 63-92.

[19] Franke, L., Schumann, I., van Hees, R., van der Klugt L, Naldini. S., Binda, L., Baronio, G., Van Balen, K. and Mateus, J. Damage Atlas - Classification and Analyses of Damage Patterns found in Brick Masonry. Project EV5V-CT92-0108, Research report No 8, Volume 2, Stuttgart: Fraunhofer IRB Verlag (1998).

[20] Binda L., Saisi A., de Vent, I.A.E., Van Hees, R.P.J. and Naldini, S. Structural Damage in Masonry: Description and interpretation of crack patterns as basis for finding the damage causes. Restoration of buildings and monuments, Bauinstandsetzen und Bauenkmalpflege (2010) 16(2), pp. 1-22.

[21] Van Hees, R., Binda, L., Van Balen, K. and Naldini, S. Expert system for evaluation of deterioration of ancient brick masonry structures. The science of the Total Environment (1996) 189/190, pp. 247-254.

[22] Sabbioni, C., Brimblecombe, P. & Cassar, M. (eds), The atlas of climate change impact on European cultural heritage: scientific analysis and management strategies. London, New York: Anthem Press (2012).

[23] Van Balen, K. and Vandesande, A. (eds), Innovative built heritage models. London: Taylor and Francis Group (2018).

[24] Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development (2018) 8(2), Special Issue: Preventive and planned conservation approaches for built heritage management.

[25] Dann, N. Planned and preventative conservation and England: experiences, opportunities and requirements. In: Preventive and planned conservation: proceedings of the international conference. Vol 4: Metodi e strumenti per la prevenzione e la manutenzione, Monza - Mantova, 5-9 May 2014, Firenze: Nardini (2014), pp. 1-10.

[26] Della Torre, S. (ed.), La conservazione programmata del patrimonio storico architettonico. Linee guida per il piano di manutenzione e consuntivo scientifico. Milano: Guerini & associati (2003).

[27] Moioli, R. and Baldioli, A. Conoscere per conservare. Dieci anni per la conservazione programmata. Quaderni dell’Osservatorio, 29. Milano: Fondazione Cariplo (2018).

[28] CEN/TC 346 – Conservation of Cultural Heritage. Conservation of cultural property – Condition survey of immovable heritage, EN 16096 (2012).

[29] Abbas, N., Calderini, C., Cattari, S., Ginanni Corradini, R., Lagomarsino, S., Marghella, G., Piovanello, V., and Rossi, M. PERPETUATE FP7 - Theme ENV.2009.3.2.1.1 – ENVIRONMENT Grant agreement n°: 244229, Deliverable D4 (2010), pp. 78-94.

[30] Stovel, H. Risk preparedness: a management manual for world cultural heritage. Rome: ICCROM (1998).

[31] Feilden, B. Between two earthquakes: Cultural property in seismic zones. Rome, California: ICCROM, Getty Conservation Institute (1987)

[32] Della Torre, S. The management process for built cultural heritage: preventive systems and decision making. In: K. Van Balen, A Vandesande,. (eds), Innovative Built Heritage Models. London: Taylor and Francis Group (2018), pp. 13-20.

[33] Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (PCM), Struttura di Missione Casa Italia. Rapporto sulla Promozione della sicurezza dai Rischi naturali del Patrimonio abitativo (2017).

[34] WBGU, German Advisory Council on Global Change, World in transition. Strategies for managing Global Envirinmental Risks. Annual Report 1998. Berlin: Springer (2000).

[35] Renn, O., and Klinke, A. Systemic risks: a new challenge for risk management, EMPO reports (2004).

[36] Della Torre, S. A coevolutionary approach to the reuse of built cultural heritage. In: G. Biscontin, G. Driussi, (eds), Il patrimonio culturale in mutamento. Le sfide dell’uso. Venezia: Arcadia Ricerche (2019), pp. 25-34.