Planning Fundamental Urban Traffic Changes: Experiences With The Groningen Traffic Circulation Scheme


== Abstract ==

The city of Groningen, Netherlands, attracted much attention in the 1970s due to its fundamentally new traffic circulation scheme (VCP) that favored public transport, bicycles, and pedestrians above cars. The inner city was divided into 4 sectors and through traffic was made impossible by traffic restriction. Moving by car from one sector to another is possible only via the ring road around the inner city. In this paper, it is explained how this fundamental change could happen. This was a most interesting process as the suspicious public had to be convinced by municipal authorities without having references to successful examples elsewhere. It is illustrated that the most determining factor for success was the availability of political power to neglect opposing views. Both expert involvement and citizen participation were reduced to a minimum level.


== Original document ==

The different versions of the original document can be found in:

* [http://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/UT04/UT04029FU.pdf http://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/UT04/UT04029FU.pdf]

* [http://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/UT04/UT04029FU.pdf http://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/UT04/UT04029FU.pdf],
: [http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut040291 http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut040291]

* [https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/UT04/UT04029FU.pdf https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/UT04/UT04029FU.pdf],
: [https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/planning-fundamental-urban-traffic-changes-experiences-with-the-groningen-traffic-circulation-plan(991d7675-8fee-459d-817a-545aa98a3d44).html https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/planning-fundamental-urban-traffic-changes-experiences-with-the-groningen-traffic-circulation-plan(991d7675-8fee-459d-817a-545aa98a3d44).html],
: [https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-the-built-environment/75/12159 https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-the-built-environment/75/12159],
: [https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=705641 https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=705641],
: [https://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai%3Apure.rug.nl%3Apublications%2F991d7675-8fee-459d-817a-545aa98a3d44 https://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai%3Apure.rug.nl%3Apublications%2F991d7675-8fee-459d-817a-545aa98a3d44],
: [https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/1586486225 https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/1586486225]