Advances in the simulation of ship navigation in ice

==Abstract<!-- Your document should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible. Capitalize the first word of the title.

Provide a maximum of 6 keywords, and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field should be used. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.

An abstract is required for every document; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. Abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references and hyperlinks should be avoided. If references are essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. -->==

Navigation in the arctic regions is becoming more usual as new navigations routes are being opened due to the retreatment of the ice. This means that ships will be navigating in brash ice, which is the accumulation of floating ice made up of blocks no larger than two meters across, bringing up new concerns on the interaction of ice locks with the ship. In this work, we tackle these concerns and present the advances towards the development of a computational model for simulation of this navigation condition including the interaction among the ship and the ice blocks.

The computational tool developed in this work is based on the coupling of a Semi-Lagrangian Particle Finite Element Method (SL-PFEM) with a multi rigid-body dynamics tool. The Particle Finite Element Method [1] is a versatile framework for the analysis of fluid-structure interaction problems. The PFEM combines Lagrangian particle-based techniques with the advantage of the integral formulation of the Finite Element Method (FEM).

It has been shown [1][2] to successfully simulate a wide variety of complex engineering problems, e.g. free-surface/multi-fluid flows with violent interface motions, multi-fluid mixing and buoyancy-driven segregation problems etc.

The latest development within the framework of the PFEM is the X-IVAS (eXplicit Integration along the Velocity and Acceleration Streamlines) scheme [2][3]. It is a semi-implicit scheme built over a Semi-Lagrangian (SL) formulation of the PFEM.

In this work, the SL-PFEM model has been coupled with a multibody dynamics solver, able to handle the interactions between thousands of bodies, representing the different ice blocks. The interaction between the fluid flow and the ice blocks is taking into account by enriching the finite element space at the boundaries of the different blocks.

This work is part of the research project NICESHIP sponsored by the U.S. Office of Naval Research under Grant N62909-16-1-2236.


==Presentation<!-- You can enter and format the text of this document by selecting the ‘Edit’ option in the menu at the top of this frame or next to the title of every section of the document. This will give access to the visual editor. Alternatively, you can edit the source of this document (Wiki markup format) by selecting the ‘Edit source’ option.

Most of the documents in Scipedia are written in English (write your manuscript in American or British English, but not a mixture of these). Anyhow, specific publications in other languages can be published in Scipedia. In any case, the documents published in other languages must have an abstract written in English.


2.1 Subsections

Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1, 1.2, etc. and then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ... Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Capitalize the first word of the headings.


2.2 General guidelines

Some general guidelines that should be followed in your manuscripts are:

*  Avoid hyphenation at the end of a line.

*  Symbols denoting vectors and matrices should be indicated in bold type. Scalar variable names should normally be expressed using italics.

*  Use decimal points (not commas); use a space for thousands (10 000 and above).

*  Follow internationally accepted rules and conventions. In particular use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI.


2.3 Tables, figures, lists and equations

Please insert tables as editable text and not as images. Tables should be placed next to the relevant text in the article. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text and place any table notes below the table body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.

Graphics may be inserted directly in the document and positioned as they should appear in the final manuscript.

Number the figures according to their sequence in the text. Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Try to keep the resolution of the figures to a minimum of 300 dpi. If a finer resolution is required, the figure can be inserted as supplementary material

For tabular summations that do not deserve to be presented as a table, lists are often used. Lists may be either numbered or bulleted. Below you see examples of both.

1. The first entry in this list

2. The second entry

2.1. A subentry

3. The last entry

* A bulleted list item

* Another one

You may choose to number equations for easy referencing. In that case they must be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in parentheses on the right hand side of the page. Below is an example of formulae that should be referenced as eq. (1].


2.4 Supplementary material

Supplementary material can be inserted to support and enhance your article. This includes video material, animation sequences, background datasets, computational models, sound clips and more. In order to ensure that your material is directly usable, please provide the files with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. Please supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. -->==
This presentation was held at the VIII International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering "Marine 2019" at Göteborg, sweden on the 13th of May 2019.

[[File:Draft_Colom_Cobb_181850514_1516_presentation.png|link=https://prezi.com/view/5pXVXnmETGqVDkTvLCGn/]]


==Acknowledgments<!-- Acknowledgments should be inserted at the end of the document, before the references section. -->==
This work is part of the research project NICESHIP sponsored by the U.S. Office of Naval Research under Grant N62909-16-1-2236. This support is highly appreciated. 



==References<!--[1] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Publication. Article code. Available: http://www.scipedia.com/ucode.

[2] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Publication. Volume number, first page-last page.

[3] Author, C. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle (edition.). Volume(s). Place of publication: Publisher.

[4] Author of Part, D. (Year). Title of chapter or part. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title: Subtitle of book (edition, inclusive page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.

[5] Author, E. (Year, Month date). Title of the article. In A. Editor, B. Editor, and C. Editor. Title of published proceedings. Paper presented at title of conference, Volume number, first page-last page. Place of publication.

[6] Institution or author. Title of the document. Year. [Online] (Date consulted: day, month and year). Available: http://www.scipedia.com/document.pdf. 
-->==
[1]	Idelsohn, S., Oñate, E., Del Pin, F. “The particle finite element method: a powerful tool to solve incompressible flows with free‐surfaces and breaking waves”. International journal for numerical methods in engineering, vol. 61-7, pp. 964-989, 2004.
[2]	Nadukandi, P., Servan-Camas, B., Becker, P.A., Garcia-Espinosa, J. “Seakeeping with the semi-Lagrangian particle finite element method”. Computational Particle Mechanics 4 (3), 321-329, 2016.
[3]	Idelsohn, S.R., Marti, J., Becker, P., Oñate, E.: Analysis of multifluid flows with large time steps using the particle finite element method. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 75, No 9, 2014, pp. 621–644.