Fueling Futures: The Impact of Career-Focused Academies on High School Motivation

Latest revision as of 16:52, 2 April 2025

Fueling Futures: The Impact of Career-Focused Academies on High School Motivation

Marcellino Melika¹

¹melika.k.marcellino@gmail.com

Independent

This research investigates the complex connection between high school students' choices of elective courses and their motivation for academic success, with a focus on the influence of school atmosphere, extracurricular participation, and personal passions. Using mixed-methods, the study examined 61 high school students from diverse educational backgrounds to identify key factors impacting their decisions regarding elective courses. The findings demonstrate a strong link between students' academic motivation and how relevant elective courses are to their future career goals and interests. Moreover, the research highlights that a supportive school environment and involvement in extracurricular activities are crucial for shaping students' academic trajectories. These results suggest that elective classes can significantly enhance motivation and engagement when aligned with students' interests and supported by a positive school environment. This study contributes to ongoing conversations around career and technical education by emphasizing the importance of student autonomy and interest-based learning in influencing educational outcomes.

Keywords: career education; academic motivation; elective classes

Introduction

Academic opportunity is a generalized term that refers to a class or sequence of classes that provides advanced or non-standard educational opportunities. As such, this definition can encompass a wide range of academic contexts, ranging from Advanced Placement or Dual Enrollment classes, which provide college-level curricula and instruction to students, to career-oriented programs or academies. The effects of college-level instruction on high school student outcomes and motivation are well documented (Warne et al., 2015; An 2015). However, the effects of career-oriented programs or academies on high school students have not been investigated. As such, academic opportunity will be used to describe those enrolled in an academy providing career-oriented instruction.

It is uniformly recognized that across the nation there exists a problem to motivate high school students (Ford & Roby, 2013). Motivation leads to further academic involvement, which in turn can yield improved academic performance (Al-Said 2023). However, motivation is a highly researched and debated topic (Siemsen et al., 2008). One of its many attributes is its complexity, causing it to vary even among similar environments; one such example is public high schools. Public schools are not funded equitably (Barnard College, 2023). These divides in funding elicit unequal academic opportunities provided across different public schools. Furthermore, a lack of funding forces schools to pick and choose their academic offerings. Most efforts to introduce new academic offerings focus on college-level classes rather than electives like career-oriented programs or academies (Harackiewicz & Priniski, 2018). As such, while most schools offer a variety of college-level classes through the form of Advanced Placement or Dual Enrollment, few schools have a variety of career-oriented academies, and many have none.

College-level classes are proven to be an effective intervention to improve student outcomes and motivation. Within college-level classes, the main difference from normal high school classes is the difficulty and pace of material, featuring more and harder information to understand. It is clear to see how previous research found that these classes improve student outcomes as they prepare students for harder coursework later in education and improve student motivation as they feel further challenged while still poised within a high school environment.

Career-oriented academies possess further differences in structure, however. While these academies aren’t standardized across schools like many popular college-level class offerings (e.g. Advanced Placement courses), they often still feature increased class rigor, but phrased within a more unconventional classroom environment; for instance, a scientific research academy, which can be found in many public schools across the country, deviates from the standard model of daily teacher-to-student instruction, and instead mainly comprises student-independent activity guided by teachers. They may also feature more interaction with peers, more definitions of success outside of a class or exam grade, or an increased sense of community within a multi-year program as compared to a year- or semester-long class. Finally, they might help students determine what future career path they want to take, providing in-depth glimpses into a certain profession. As such, career-oriented academies offer an elevated level of potential to improve student motivation in public high school students. Many of these factors have been identified to improve student motivation in motivation literature. According to Ford and Roby, students exhibit increased motivation when class structure allows students to have autonomy, feel a sense of belonging, see their peers succeed, feel adequately challenged, and draw connections from the classroom to their lives (Ford & Roby, 2013). Many of these strategies to improve student motivation can be found within career-oriented programs.

By researching this topic, academic offering decisions within public schools with oftentimes limited funding can be aided. It is important to determine if career-oriented programs can improve student motivation before they can be considered as an academic offering worth distributing fundings towards instead of other options. Previous papers failed to explore: how does academic opportunity (in the form of career-oriented programs) improve motivation in public high school students? Therefore, this paper's purpose is to fill this knowledge gap by performing additional investigation in the topic; this study aims to investigate how participation in career-focused academies influences high school students' academic motivation, engagement, and performance compared to traditional AP programs

Student Motivation

Motivation is defined as one’s willingness to complete tasks. Student motivation focuses on a student’s motivation to complete tasks related to school, which may include submitting class assignments, studying, and more. Motivation leads to increased class enjoyment, which leads to students learning more readily (Filgona et al., 2020). As such, increasing student motivation can be seen as synonymous with improved student outcomes. Across the United States, high school education is largely compulsory. This forces students into the classroom—a student’s presence in the classroom is not a guarantee that they wish to learn. As such, student motivation can be scarce, a consensus agreed upon by many researchers in the field (Ford & Roby, 2013; Legault et al., 2006). As student motivation is a cornerstone to effective high school education, it is immensely important to study, understand, and influence through purposeful action, whether through method of teacher instruction or even course offerings and curricula.

Motivation Theory

Motivation literature forwards numerous theories relating classroom variables to student motivation. One example is self-determination theory which refers to three psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Autonomy, more specifically, refers to the learners initiating their actions and a sense of freedom when engaging in a learning activity; competence refers to the learners’ feeling of effectiveness and confidence in attaining their desired outcomes; relatedness refers to the learners’ experience of mutually satisfying relationships, featuring trust and closeness (Ryan & Deci, 2000). This theory is immensely popular when considering teaching, student motivation, and course preparation, and has shown to yield positive outcomes (Niemiec & Ryan, 2009).

Positive Aspects of the Curriculum and Teaching

Theories for the factors controlling academic motivation all involve the teachers’ method of education and student engagement. Subsequently, certain teaching methods can positively or negatively impact motivation. Encouraging independence and autonomy in education for students can improve motivation (Ford & Roby, 2013). Additionally, social support, influenced by teachers, peers, and the academic environment, which promotes autonomy, competence, and relatedness, can improve motivation (Ford & Roby, 2013).

High School Context

Based on previous research, academic opportunities can be scarce within schools with low funding. For this study, therefore, a school with adequate funding was chosen. The chosen high school for this study is Title 1 designated, indicating that they have a large student population in poverty, and subsequently receives more funds. As such, they have a wide range of program offerings. According to the New York City Department of Education, the school has a 70% poverty rate and a 60% economic need index in the 2021-22 school year. Additionally, the high school had an enrollment of over 4,000 students (NYCDOE, 2022). Most critically, according to the Office of Elementary & Secondary Education for the USA, the high school has a per pupil expenditure of approximately $10,000 (OESE, 2020). The chosen high school also has an abundant minority population; of their student enrollment in the 2021-22 calendar school year, approximately 65% were Asian and approximately 20% were Hispanic (NYCDOE, 2022).

The school offers several career-oriented programs, some lasting four years, such as a research academy, and others lasting three. All surveyed students were enrolled in an Advanced Placement class alongside a career-oriented program, though few students were enrolled in more than one academy. The research academy in particular mirrors many features of AP coursework, but the commitment to the academy spans four years rather than the typical one-year duration of an AP course. In addition, it would be impractical, using a single school to control variables, to find enough students who take Advanced Placement classes but not in an academy. As such, the students in the research academy can be used as a reference point for the sort of instruction that can be found within Advanced Placement offerings, with the only key difference being the length of commitment (1 year for an Advanced Placement class compared to 4 years for the research academy).

Overall, the effects of academic opportunity on high school student motivation have been researched. However, most studies look at college-level offerings, commonly through Advanced Placement courses. Very few studies investigate alternative academic opportunities, namely career-oriented programs. Therefore, similar tests to measure student motivation should be conducted on high school students enrolled in these programs.

Even with the range of research on various academic interventions to improve student motivation, without research focusing on career-oriented programs, there cannot be fully informed decisions made when introducing new academic offerings meant to improve student outcomes. Therefore, the results of this paper, by looking at how academies affect student motivation, will allow the discussion of the including academic offerings outside of college-level classes when making funding decisions. This research aims to analyze whether participation in a career-oriented program significantly affects high school student motivation.

Based on the findings of previous studies, multiple factors influence student motivation, including autonomy, sense of belonging, sense of capability, interest and energy, and positive experiences with peer models. As these factors can be found in abundance when analyzing career-oriented programs, it was hypothesized that students with increasing commitment to a career-oriented program will show higher levels of these factors, which can then be correlated to higher levels of student motivation.

Methods

To assess the relationship between academic opportunity and student motivation, an anonymous online survey was conducted via Google Forms. Given the study’s sensitive topics, such as motivation and cultural pressures, an online survey was deemed more appropriate than interviews to encourage honest responses.

The survey included multiple-choice questions and 28 Likert scale items, with options ranging from “Strongly Disagree” (1) to “Strongly Agree” (7). The survey gathered demographic information, academic program involvement, and responses to statements on autonomy, belonging, competence, interest, and peer models. Upperclassmen were targeted to reduce the influence of external factors, such as transitioning into high school, and teachers of advanced courses were asked to distribute the survey. This could explain the higher proportion of Science Research academy participants and above-average GPA among respondents. Data was quantitatively analyzed post-collection, which included data categorization. The survey instrument was adapted from validated motivational scales used in prior studies on student motivation (Niemiec & Ryan, 2009). The survey was distributed via Google Forms, made available for a two-week period, and shared through teachers of advanced courses to ensure a representative sample. The sample size of 61 was determined based on feasibility and availability of students within the school. While not large, it provides preliminary insights into motivation trends among different academic programs. A copy of the survey questions has been added as an appendix for transparency.

Results

Table 1. Percentage of respondents by academy grouping at each rating. All = Top Left, No Academy = Bottom Left, Research Academy = Top Middle, All Excluding Research Academy = Bottom Middle, 4-Year Academy = Top Right, 3-Year Academy = Bottom Right.

Question	Strongly Disagree			Disagree			Slightly Disagree			Neutral			Slightly Agree			Agree			Strongly Agree
[1] I am in charge of my own decisions.	0	0	0	2	3	0	3	6	0	11	3	13	34	39	38	25	26	38	25	23	13
[1] I am in charge of my own decisions.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	17	20	33	33	30	11	0	23	22	50	27	33
[2] I decide what happens with my academic path.	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	13	19	0	18	16	25	38	42	38	30	23	38
[2] I decide what happens with my academic path.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	11	0	7	11	33	20	0	17	33	33	50	37	44
[3] I chose to be (and stay) in my academic program.	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	0	18	23	13	21	32	13	54	45	75
[3] I chose to be (and stay) in my academic program.	0	0	0	17	3	0	0	0	0	17	10	0	17	13	22	17	10	0	33	63	78
[4] The work I do in my academic program gives me autonomy.	2	0	0	0	0	0	3	3	0	18	16	25	18	16	13	21	32	13	38	32	50
[4] The work I do in my academic program gives me autonomy.	17	3	0	0	0	0	0	3	11	17	20	11	33	20	22	17	10	11	17	43	44
[5] I feel capable of succeeding in my academic program.	2	0	0	2	0	13	5	0	0	5	0	13	16	19	13	36	55	25	34	26	38
[5] I feel capable of succeeding in my academic program.	17	3	0	0	3	0	0	10	22	17	10	11	33	13	0	17	17	11	17	43	56

Table 1 (continued)

[6] I belong in my academic program.	3	0	0	0	0	0	3	3	0	16	16	25	15	13	38	26	39	13	36	29	25
[6] I belong in my academic program.	17	7	11	0	0	0	0	3	0	17	17	11	17	17	0	17	13	22	33	43	56
[7] My work ethic has increased due to joining my academic program.	3	0	13	5	3	0	5	3	13	15	13	13	25	29	25	13	10	13	34	42	25
	17	7	0	0	7	11	0	7	0	17	17	22	33	20	11	17	17	22	17	27	33
[8] My future life path has become clearer due to my academic program.	5	0	13	3	3	13	8	3	13	16	16	38	16	26	0	20	29	13	31	23	13
	17	10	11	0	3	0	0	13	11	17	17	11	17	7	0	17	10	0	33	40	67
[9] I am preoccupied with other things beyond school.	3	3	0	3	3	13	3	6	0	16	13	25	34	26	63	16	26	0	23	23	0
[9] I am preoccupied with other things beyond school.	0	3	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	17	20	22	17	43	44	17	7	11	50	23	22
[10] I realize that I have not done my part to be motivated internally.	5	0	0	20	23	25	7	6	0	23	32	25	23	10	50	15	23	0	8	6	0
	0	10	22	33	17	0	17	7	11	17	13	0	33	37	22	0	7	11	0	10	33
[11] School is not relevant to my future.	57	65	63	18	16	13	11	13	13	7	3	13	3	0	0	2	0	0	2	3	0
[11] School is not relevant to my future.	33	50	44	17	20	33	17	10	0	0	10	11	33	7	0	0	3	11	0	0	0

Table 1 (continued)

[12] I can't seem to invest the effort that is required.	15	10	25	20	16	38	20	23	25	13	16	0	20	23	13	3	6	0	10	6	0
[12] I can't seem to invest the effort that is required.	17	20	22	17	23	11	17	17	11	0	10	11	33	17	22	0	0	0	17	13	22
[13] I don't have the energy to study.	11	6	25	5	0	0	8	10	13	16	16	13	26	32	13	15	16	25	18	19	13
[13] I don't have the energy to study.	17	17	11	0	10	11	0	7	11	17	17	11	33	20	22	0	13	22	33	17	11
[14] I'm a bit lazy.	0	0	0	3	0	0	15	6	38	20	23	13	21	19	25	20	23	25	21	29	0
[14] I'm a bit lazy.	0	0	0	0	7	11	33	23	11	0	17	22	33	23	22	0	17	11	33	13	22
[15] My school work is not stimulating.	7	6	13	10	10	0	11	16	0	31	32	25	20	16	38	15	16	25	7	3	0
[15] My school work is not stimulating.	17	7	0	0	10	22	0	7	22	33	30	22	33	23	11	0	13	11	17	10	11
[16] I believe it's always the same thing every day.	7	3	13	8	6	0	10	10	0	16	19	13	18	16	13	18	16	50	23	29	13
[16] I believe it's always the same thing every day.	0	10	11	50	10	0	0	10	33	33	13	11	17	20	22	0	20	11	0	17	11
[17] I don't like studying.	5	6	13	11	3	25	5	3	13	15	16	0	16	26	13	15	26	0	33	19	38
[17] I don't like studying.	0	3	0	50	20	11	0	7	0	0	13	11	0	7	11	0	3	0	50	47	67
[18] I find that studying is boring.	10	10	13	7	3	13	3	0	0	10	10	13	25	35	13	16	23	13	30	19	38
[18] I find that studying is boring.	17	10	11	33	10	0	0	7	11	0	10	0	17	13	11	0	10	0	33	40	67

Table 1 (continued)

[19] The tasks demanded of me surpass my abilities.	13	10	0	20	26	13	20	19	50	21	16	38	18	13	0	7	13	0	2	3	0
[19] The tasks demanded of me surpass my abilities.	17	17	22	17	13	11	0	20	0	33	27	11	33	23	56	0	0	0	0	0	0
[20] I'm not good at school.	20	16	13	16	19	13	26	32	13	20	16	25	13	10	25	2	0	13	3	6	0
[20] I'm not good at school.	33	23	33	0	13	11	17	20	33	33	23	11	17	17	11	0	3	0	0	0	0
[21] I don't have the knowledge required to succeed in school.	36	39	25	33	32	50	15	10	0	10	19	0	5	0	13	2	0	13	0	0	0
	50	33	33	17	33	22	17	20	33	0	0	0	17	10	11	0	3	0	0	0	0
[22] I don't have what it takes to do well in school.	38	39	38	26	26	13	21	23	25	5	3	0	7	6	13	3	3	13	0	0	0
[22] I don't have what it takes to do well in school.	33	37	33	33	27	22	17	20	33	17	7	0	0	7	11	0	3	0	0	0	0
[23] Studying is not important to me.	44	55	25	23	16	50	11	10	25	10	6	0	3	3	0	7	10	0	2	0	0
[23] Studying is not important to me.	33	33	33	17	30	33	17	13	0	33	13	11	0	3	11	0	3	0	0	3	11
[24] School holds no interest.	31	26	38	28	42	13	18	23	13	15	6	25	7	0	13	0	0	0	2	3	0
[24] School holds no interest.	33	37	33	17	13	11	0	13	33	33	23	11	17	13	11	0	0	0	0	0	0
[25] My peers have similar academic goals as me.	0	0	0	5	3	13	7	3	0	16	13	13	34	35	13	25	23	63	13	23	0
[25] My peers have similar academic goals as me.	0	0	0	0	7	0	17	10	11	17	20	22	33	33	56	17	27	11	17	3	0

Table 1 (continued)

[26] I see my peers succeed and learn from them.	0	0	0	2	0	0	5	6	0	20	13	25	26	29	13	34	42	50	13	10	13
[26] I see my peers succeed and learn from them.	0	0	0	0	3	11	0	3	0	50	27	11	17	23	44	0	27	22	33	17	11
[27] I feel at home at [name] High School	7	3	13	3	6	0	8	6	25	34	42	0	26	23	25	10	10	13	11	10	25
[27] I feel at home at [name] High School	0	10	11	0	0	0	0	10	0	50	27	22	33	30	44	0	10	11	17	13	11
[28] I can come to my teachers with any issues or concerns.	10	13	13	8	10	13	0	0	0	18	19	0	31	32	13	18	19	25	15	6	38
[28] I can come to my teachers with any issues or concerns.	17	7	0	0	7	0	0	0	0	33	17	11	17	30	67	0	17	11	33	23	11

Figure 1. Student weighted GPA by academy grouping.

A total of 61 high school students completed the survey, providing valid data for analysis. Demographic data revealed that 43 respondents were Asian or Pacific Islander, 7 were Hispanic or Latino, and 5 were White or Caucasian. The racial distribution was consistent with the school’s demographic profile. Students were also grouped based on their academic program involvement.

For question 1, those in no academy felt significantly more in charge of their own decisions than any other group, and those in 3-Year Academies felt more in charge than those in 4-Year Academies. Question 2 sees similar patterns, but with percentage increases for all groups. In question 3, there is a similarity between 4- and 3-Year Academies, of which are larger than those in the Research Academy. The same pattern is seen in question 4, albeit with lower levels of agreement across the categories.

Question 5 saw those in 3-Year Academies as feeling the most capable of succeeding, while the Research Academy was the lowest academy category. Those in 3-Year Academies also felt a higher sense of belonging as shown through question 6, and those in the Research Academy felt the most as their work ethic had increased due to their academy as shown through question 7. Those in 3-Year Academies most significantly felt their life path becoming clearer due to their opportunity, while the Research and 4-Year Academies had drastically low agreement in comparison for question 8.

Question 9 showed that those not within an academy were preoccupied the most with things outside of school, while those in academies held less of a strong opinion, and those in 4-Year Academies heavily disagreeing. Question 10 shows an interesting pattern, where those in 3-Year Academies were the dominant group at both strongly agree and strongly disagree, where the other groups skew towards the middle. Question 11 saw those in Research and 4-Year Academies most believing school to be relevant to their future, while those without an academy felt more of the opposite. For question 12, similar patterns for 3-Year Academies in question 10 are again shown, which is also analogous for those without an academy. Those in 4-Year Academies felt the most capable of investing effort.

Question 13 shows students in 4-Year Academies having the most energy to study, while those in no academy having the least. Question 14 shows the same pattern, with 0% of 4-Year Academy students 33% of No Academy students rating Strongly Agree. Those in 4-Year Academies found their schoolwork to be the most stimulating preceding those in No Academy, who are found at both ends of the scale, but skewed towards Slightly Agree in question 15. Most surprisingly, those in academies felt that their days were the most repetitive, while those without an academy were skewed towards Disagree in question 16.

Question 17 shows a universal dislike of studying but found the least in the Research Academy by a large margin, also replicated in question 18. Questions 19 and 20 both show patterns, with those in 3-Year Academies feeling the most capable in their abilities. The response percentages for all groups stay similar across questions 21 through 24 and show No Academy students disagreeing the most with not having the required knowledge to succeed or do well in school. Those in the Research Academy felt it the most important to study, and a high interest in school, skewing towards Disagree.

Question 25 showed that those in the Research Academy most believed their peers to have similar academic goals, but those in No Academy saw them succeed the most. Those in 4-Year academies felt the most at home at High School through question 27. Finally, question 28 showed that those in 4-Year Academies and those in No Academy both felt the most connection with their teachers.

Students were asked to self-report an estimate of their weighted GPA out of 100. In figure 1, those in no academy had lower weighted GPAs than all other categorizations, while those in 4-year academies had higher weighted GPAs than all other categorizations. Specifically, all respondents had an average weighted GPA of 97.7, and excluding those in the research academy, an average weighted GPA of 97.3. Those in no academy had an average weighted GPA of 93.5, while those in the research academy had an average weighted GPA of 97.9. Finally, those in the 4-year academies had an average weighted GPA of 101.1 while those in the 3-year academies had an average weighted GPA of 96.4.

Discussion

This study's results indicate a relationship between career-oriented academies and student motivation. This conclusion was consistent in the average weighted GPA across academy categorizations, with those in 4-year academies averaging 3.4% higher than all respondents, or 7.6% higher than those in no academy. This conclusion was also supported by the results organized in Table 1. Questions 1-4 all concerned autonomy and showed that those in academies felt higher levels of autonomy, though without significant distinction overall between the three academy categorizations. Questions 5 and 19-22 all concerned a sense of capability and showed that those in 4-year academies felt slightly more overwhelmed and those in 3-year academies felt more capable, hinting at the possibility of a balance between these two academies categories to allow students to feel capable while not overwhelming them. Questions 6 and 27-28 all concerned student belonging, and showed that those in 3-year academies felt more belonging in their academy, while those in 4-year academies felt more belonging in the high school itself and connection to their teachers (possibly due to outside factors, such as that students ambitious enough to take on a 4-year academy would be more likely to take on more school-related extracurricular activities like student government, clubs, etc.). Questions 7-18 and 23-24 all concerned student interest and energy and showed that those in the Research Academy found their general classwork and studying to be more interesting but more repetitive. Interestingly, those in the Research Academy found themselves to be much more lazy than other groups though less than those in no academy, yet those in 4-year and 3-year academies found themselves to dislike studying more. Finally, questions 25 and 26 all concerned positive peer model experiences, showing those in 3-year academies to feel the least like they can learn or have shared academic goals with their peers, while those in the Research Academy showed significantly largely feelings in the opposite way (possibly as peer successes are celebrated throughout the class while exam grades in a normal class aren’t uniformly shared, and collaboration being baked into the research process while normal classes contain far less group work).

This answers the research question as it collects data from those in career-oriented programs and their levels of motivation as inferred by their responses to statements regarding key facets of motivation. These results show that, in general, those in career-oriented programs experience higher levels of motivation than those not, and that key variations exist when considering different academy lengths or instructional styles.

These results support previous research and the initial hypothesis. Niemiec & Ryan (2009) concluded from their study in that the three main components to improve motivation proposed through self-determination theory by Ryan & Deci (2000)—specifically autonomy, relatedness, and competence—to be applicable in real educational practice. Because of this and other research, it was hypothesized that career-oriented programs would improve motivation, as they exhibit these 3 facets and other key factors to improve motivation as identified by Ford & Roby (2013). Likewise, this improved motivation was shown throughout their higher levels of agreeance (or dis-agreeance if statements were written in the negative sense) with statements discussing autonomy, sense of belonging, sense of capability, interest and energy, and peer models. The findings offer practical implications for educational policy, particularly in structuring curriculum offerings that align with student motivation frameworks like Self-Determination Theory (SDT).

Limitations

This study contained limitations. For instance, the sample size was unideal, only including 61 respondents. In addition, there was an uneven gender balance within respondents, possibly skewing data as previous studies have shown that gender plays a role in motivation and other socioemotional factors (Meece et al., 2009). While the study highlights important trends, its generalizability is limited due to the small sample size and the demographic homogeneity of the respondents, predominantly from a single high school. Additionally, reliance on self-reported GPA data introduces potential biases, and the cross-sectional nature of the study prevents causal conclusions.

Future Research

Future research should replicate a version of this study with a focus on comparisons between different academic opportunities. This would include direct comparisons between motivation in those given college-level classes versus those given career-oriented programs. Results from such a study could help fortify the importance of career-oriented programs when making aid decisions, as it is still unclear if these programs yield more benefits than the current solution of college-level classes.

Conclusion

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between academic opportunity and motivation in public high school students. My hypothesis that academic opportunity in the form of career-oriented programs would improve motivation levels was supported. Many students reported improved levels of self-belonging, sense of capability, weight GPA and work ethic correlated to participation in an academic opportunity. However, there was a weaker correlation between increased participation (4-year versus 3-year) and increased motivation. The implications of this study show that larger sample sizes and comparisons directly against other possible academic interventions need to be addressed in future studies. Additionally, the feasibility of incorporating academies over college-level classes still needs to be determined. These findings suggest that funding allocations should consider career-focused academies as a means to boost student engagement, particularly in underfunded schools where alternative academic opportunities are scarce. It is also important to acknowledge that pre-existing differences in student interests, abilities, or self-selection bias may contribute to differences in motivation and GPA observed between AP and career academy students. While this study suggests a positive relationship between career academies and student motivation, further longitudinal research is necessary to establish causality.

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6. Barnard College. (2023). How does school funding in NYC work? – School Funding In NYC. Retrieved from https://raceandschools.barnard.edu/schoolfunding/visuals/

7. Harackiewicz, J. M., & Priniski, S. J. (2018). Improving student outcomes in higher education: The science of targeted intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 69(1), 409–435. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011725

8. Filgona, J., Sakiyo, J., Gwany, D. M., & Okoronka, A. U. (2020). Motivation in learning. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 10(4), 16-37.

9. Legault, L., Green-Demers, I., & Pelletier, L. (2006). Why do high school students lack motivation in the classroom? Toward an understanding of academic amotivation and the role of social support. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(3), 567.

10. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68.

11. Niemiec, C. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory and Research in Education, 7(2), 133-144.

12. New York City Department of Education. (2022). 2017-18 - 2021-22 Demographic Snapshot [Dataset]. Retrieved from https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Education/2017-18-2021-22-Demographic-Snapshot/c7ru-d68s

13. Office of Elementary & Secondary Education. (2020). Per Pupil Expenditures: New York [Dataset]. Retrieved from https://oese.ed.gov/ppe/new-york/

14. Meece, J. L., Glienke, B. B., & Askew, K. (2009). Gender and motivation. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 425-446). Routledge.

Appendix

[Every Likert Scale question was presented in this same manner. As such, the entirety of the Survey Questionnaire is omitted for brevity.]

Latest revision as of 16:52, 2 April 2025

Introduction

Student Motivation

Motivation Theory

Positive Aspects of the Curriculum and Teaching

High School Context

Methods

Results

Discussion

Limitations

Future Research

Conclusion

References:

Appendix

Document information

Document Score

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Keywords

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-<big>'''Fueling Futures: The Impact of'''</big></div>
+<big>'''Fueling Futures: The Impact of Career-Focused Academies on High School Motivation'''</big></div>
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-<big>'''Career-Focused Academies on High School'''</big></div>
+Marcellino Melika<sup>1</sup></div>
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-<big>'''Motivation'''</big></div>
+[mailto:1melika.k.marcellino@gmail.com <sup>1</sup>melika.k.marcellino@gmail.com]</div>
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-<big>Marcellino Melika<sup>1</sup></big></div>
+Independent</div>
-<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+This research investigates the complex connection between high school students' choices of elective courses and their motivation for academic success, with a focus on the influence of school atmosphere, extracurricular participation, and personal passions. Using mixed-methods, the study examined 61 high school students from diverse educational backgrounds to identify key factors impacting their decisions regarding elective courses. The findings demonstrate a strong link between students' academic motivation and how relevant elective courses are to their future career goals and interests. Moreover, the research highlights that a supportive school environment and involvement in extracurricular activities are crucial for shaping students' academic trajectories. These results suggest that elective classes can significantly enhance motivation and engagement when aligned with students' interests and supported by a positive school environment. This study contributes to ongoing conversations around career and technical education by emphasizing the importance of student autonomy and interest-based learning in influencing educational outcomes.
-<big><sup>1</sup>Independent</big></div>
-This study rigorously examines the effects of career-oriented programs on public high school students’ academic motivation, a crucial factor in educational achievement and persistence. Employing a mixed-methods approach with a sample of 61 students from diverse backgrounds, this research assesses the roles of elective courses geared toward career pathways and their intersections with supportive school environments and extracurricular involvement. Findings reveal that when students engage in elective programs aligned with their career aspirations, they display significantly higher motivation, increased engagement, and a deeper investment in learning processes. Further, these programs cultivate autonomy, foster a sense of community, and allow students to draw relevant connections between academic activities and real-world applications. By emphasizing the value of interest-based, student-centered learning experiences, this study contributes to the discourse on career and technical education and advocates for the inclusion of career-oriented academies as a means to bolster motivation and positively influence educational outcomes in public high schools.
+Keywords: career education; academic motivation; elective classes
-'''Keywords: '''career education, academic motivation, elective classes
+==Introduction==
-=='''1''' Introduction==
+Academic opportunity is a generalized term that refers to a class or sequence of classes that provides advanced or non-standard educational opportunities. As such, this definition can encompass a wide range of academic contexts, ranging from Advanced Placement or Dual Enrollment classes, which provide college-level curricula and instruction to students, to career-oriented programs or academies. The effects of college-level instruction on high school student outcomes and motivation are well documented (Warne et al., 2015; An 2015). However, the effects of career-oriented programs or academies on high school students have not been investigated. As such, academic opportunity will be used to describe those enrolled in an academy providing career-oriented instruction.
-The concept of academic opportunity encompasses a range of programs designed to provide students with advanced or specialized educational experiences. These programs span from Advanced Placement (AP) and Dual Enrollment to specialized career-oriented academies, each serving distinct purposes in preparing high school students for future academic or career paths (An, 2015; Warne et al., 2015). While AP and Dual Enrollment programs aim to increase college readiness by exposing students to college-level rigor, career-oriented programs focus on aligning students’ high school education with their intended career trajectories. Existing literature has extensively documented the benefits of AP and Dual Enrollment programs on academic performance and motivational outcomes (Warne et al., 2015), yet research on the motivational impacts of career-oriented programs remains scarce. This study addresses this gap by investigating how career-focused academic opportunities influence high school students’ motivation levels, particularly within the varied and often inequitable landscape of public education funding.
+It is uniformly recognized that across the nation there exists a problem to motivate high school students (Ford & Roby, 2013). Motivation leads to further academic involvement, which in turn can yield improved academic performance (Al-Said 2023). However, motivation is a highly researched and debated topic (Siemsen et al., 2008). One of its many attributes is its complexity, causing it to vary even among similar environments; one such example is public high schools. Public schools are not funded equitably (Barnard College, 2023). These divides in funding elicit unequal academic opportunities provided across different public schools. Furthermore, a lack of funding forces schools to pick and choose their academic offerings. Most efforts to introduce new academic offerings focus on college-level classes rather than electives like career-oriented programs or academies (Harackiewicz & Priniski, 2018). As such, while most schools offer a variety of college-level classes through the form of Advanced Placement or Dual Enrollment, few schools have a variety of career-oriented academies, and many have none.
-Motivation in high school students remains a challenging issue nationwide, as many students struggle to find personal relevance in standard curricula (Ford & Roby, 2013). Motivation, a multidimensional construct involving a student’s desire and commitment to engage with and excel in academic tasks, is closely tied to educational achievement and future career success (Filgona et al., 2020). However, the complexity of motivation varies greatly depending on the educational environment, and it is particularly sensitive to disparities in funding and access to academic opportunities. In many public schools, funding limitations compel administrators to prioritize AP and Dual Enrollment programs over elective career-oriented programs. These funding priorities potentially overlook the unique motivational benefits that career-oriented programs can offer to students, particularly those whose primary interests lie outside the traditional academic pathways emphasized in AP courses (Harackiewicz & Priniski, 2018).
+College-level classes are proven to be an effective intervention to improve student outcomes and motivation. Within college-level classes, the main difference from normal high school classes is the difficulty and pace of material, featuring more and harder information to understand. It is clear to see how previous research found that these classes improve student outcomes as they prepare students for harder coursework later in education and improve student motivation as they feel further challenged while still poised within a high school environment.
-Through an examination of a Title I public high school offering both AP and career-oriented programs, this study aims to explore how exposure to career pathways influences students’ academic motivation. Given the substantial funding disparities across public schools, this study situates its analysis within the broader discourse on how equitable access to diverse academic opportunities can impact student engagement and long-term academic success.
+Career-oriented academies possess further differences in structure, however. While these academies aren’t standardized across schools like many popular college-level class offerings (e.g. Advanced Placement courses), they often still feature increased class rigor, but phrased within a more unconventional classroom environment; for instance, a scientific research academy, which can be found in many public schools across the country, deviates from the standard model of daily teacher-to-student instruction, and instead mainly comprises student-independent activity guided by teachers. They may also feature more interaction with peers, more definitions of success outside of a class or exam grade, or an increased sense of community within a multi-year program as compared to a year- or semester-long class. Finally, they might help students determine what future career path they want to take, providing in-depth glimpses into a certain profession. As such, career-oriented academies offer an elevated level of potential to improve student motivation in public high school students. Many of these factors have been identified to improve student motivation in motivation literature. According to Ford and Roby, students exhibit increased motivation when class structure allows students to have autonomy, feel a sense of belonging, see their peers succeed, feel adequately challenged, and draw connections from the classroom to their lives (Ford & Roby, 2013). Many of these strategies to improve student motivation can be found within career-oriented programs.
-==='''1.1''' Student Motivation===
+By researching this topic, academic offering decisions within public schools with oftentimes limited funding can be aided. It is important to determine if career-oriented programs can improve student motivation before they can be considered as an academic offering worth distributing fundings towards instead of other options. Previous papers failed to explore: how does academic opportunity (in the form of career-oriented programs) improve motivation in public high school students? Therefore, this paper's purpose is to fill this knowledge gap by performing additional investigation in the topic; this study aims to investigate how participation in career-focused academies influences high school students' academic motivation, engagement, and performance compared to traditional AP programs
-Student motivation, defined as the willingness to engage in academic tasks such as studying, completing assignments, and actively participating in class, plays an essential role in the educational outcomes of high school students (Filgona et al., 2020). In the context of compulsory education, where students are required to attend school until a certain age, the issue of motivation becomes particularly salient. Merely being present in the classroom does not necessarily correlate with a desire to learn; thus, educational psychologists and policymakers alike have stressed the importance of fostering motivation to enhance learning outcomes (Legault et al., 2006; Ford & Roby, 2013). Motivated students are more likely to experience positive educational trajectories, display persistence in overcoming academic challenges, and exhibit improved psychological well-being in school settings.
+===Student Motivation===
-Despite the consensus on its importance, motivation among high school students is often low, particularly in public school settings where external pressures, such as family responsibilities or cultural expectations, may further complicate students’ relationships with schooling (Ford & Roby, 2013). Addressing motivation in high school is therefore not only a matter of educational policy but a critical component in supporting students’ holistic development and preparing them for future success in higher education and career pathways.
+Motivation is defined as one’s willingness to complete tasks. Student motivation focuses on a student’s motivation to complete tasks related to school, which may include submitting class assignments, studying, and more. Motivation leads to increased class enjoyment, which leads to students learning more readily (Filgona et al., 2020). As such, increasing student motivation can be seen as synonymous with improved student outcomes. Across the United States, high school education is largely compulsory. This forces students into the classroom—a student’s presence in the classroom is not a guarantee that they wish to learn. As such, student motivation can be scarce, a consensus agreed upon by many researchers in the field (Ford & Roby, 2013; Legault et al., 2006). As student motivation is a cornerstone to effective high school education, it is immensely important to study, understand, and influence through purposeful action, whether through method of teacher instruction or even course offerings and curricula.
-==='''1.2''' Motivation Theory===
+===Motivation Theory===
-Theories of motivation have provided substantial insights into how educational environments can be structured to enhance student engagement and commitment. Among these, Self-Determination Theory (SDT) by Ryan and Deci (2000) offers a robust framework for understanding the psychological underpinnings of motivation in academic contexts. SDT posits that motivation is influenced by three core needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Autonomy pertains to students’ perception of control over their learning process, competence involves their confidence in achieving academic success, and relatedness relates to the feeling of belonging within the academic community. The fulfillment of these needs in educational settings has been empirically shown to increase intrinsic motivation, a form of motivation driven by personal interest and enjoyment of the task itself (Niemiec & Ryan, 2009).
+Motivation literature forwards numerous theories relating classroom variables to student motivation. One example is self-determination theory which refers to three psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Autonomy, more specifically, refers to the learners initiating their actions and a sense of freedom when engaging in a learning activity; competence refers to the learners’ feeling of effectiveness and confidence in attaining their desired outcomes; relatedness refers to the learners’ experience of mutually satisfying relationships, featuring trust and closeness (Ryan & Deci, 2000). This theory is immensely popular when considering teaching, student motivation, and course preparation, and has shown to yield positive outcomes (Niemiec & Ryan, 2009).
-SDT has direct applications in designing and implementing career-oriented programs, as such programs naturally align with these psychological needs by allowing students to exercise autonomy in choosing their academic pathways, build competence in fields of interest, and develop meaningful relationships with peers and mentors who share similar professional aspirations (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Thus, career-oriented programs represent a promising intervention for enhancing student motivation, particularly for students who may not find traditional academic courses as engaging.
+===Positive Aspects of the Curriculum and Teaching===
-==='''1.3''' Positive Aspects of the Curriculum and Teaching===
+Theories for the factors controlling academic motivation all involve the teachers’ method of education and student engagement. Subsequently, certain teaching methods can positively or negatively impact motivation. Encouraging independence and autonomy in education for students can improve motivation (Ford & Roby, 2013). Additionally, social support, influenced by teachers, peers, and the academic environment, which promotes autonomy, competence, and relatedness, can improve motivation (Ford & Roby, 2013).
-Pedagogical strategies that emphasize autonomy, competence, and social relatedness have demonstrated positive impacts on student motivation across a range of educational contexts. Research has consistently found that students are more motivated when they feel supported by their teachers and peers, are allowed to engage in autonomous decision-making, and can see the relevance of their studies to their future goals (Ford & Roby, 2013; Harackiewicz & Priniski, 2018). Career-oriented programs capitalize on these insights by providing structured environments where students can pursue their interests and gain hands-on experience in fields that may later become their careers.
+===High School Context===
-In traditional high school settings, these motivational strategies are often constrained by standardized curricula that prioritize breadth of knowledge over individualized learning experiences. Career-oriented programs, in contrast, offer students the chance to engage in project-based learning, independent research, and peer collaboration—experiences that not only meet students’ psychological needs but also prepare them for post-secondary education and employment. As previous studies have shown, curricula that integrate practical, real-world applications foster greater motivation and deeper learning, as students are more likely to see the value in their educational endeavors (Niemiec & Ryan, 2009).
+Based on previous research, academic opportunities can be scarce within schools with low funding. For this study, therefore, a school with adequate funding was chosen. The chosen high school for this study is Title 1 designated, indicating that they have a large student population in poverty, and subsequently receives more funds. As such, they have a wide range of program offerings. According to the New York City Department of Education, the school has a 70% poverty rate and a 60% economic need index in the 2021-22 school year. Additionally, the high school had an enrollment of over 4,000 students (NYCDOE, 2022). Most critically, according to the Office of Elementary & Secondary Education for the USA, the high school has a per pupil expenditure of approximately $10,000 (OESE, 2020). The chosen high school also has an abundant minority population; of their student enrollment in the 2021-22 calendar school year, approximately 65% were Asian and approximately 20% were Hispanic (NYCDOE, 2022).
-In the U.S., disparities in school funding directly impact access to a diverse range of academic programs, which can either constrain or enhance students’ educational experiences. Public schools in under-resourced areas often face limited budgets, resulting in a prioritization of core classes over specialized programs like career focused academies (Barnard College, 2023). Research indicates that these financial limitations restrict students’ exposure to elective programs that may align more closely
+The school offers several career-oriented programs, some lasting four years, such as a research academy, and others lasting three. All surveyed students were enrolled in an Advanced Placement class alongside a career-oriented program, though few students were enrolled in more than one academy. The research academy in particular mirrors many features of AP coursework, but the commitment to the academy spans four years rather than the typical one-year duration of an AP course. In addition, it would be impractical, using a single school to control variables, to find enough students who take Advanced Placement classes but not in an academy. As such, the students in the research academy can be used as a reference point for the sort of instruction that can be found within Advanced Placement offerings, with the only key difference being the length of commitment (1 year for an Advanced Placement class compared to 4 years for the research academy).
-with their career aspirations and potentially foster increased motivation (Ford & Roby, 2013).
+Overall, the effects of academic opportunity on high school student motivation have been researched. However, most studies look at college-level offerings, commonly through Advanced Placement courses. Very few studies investigate alternative academic opportunities, namely career-oriented programs. Therefore, similar tests to measure student motivation should be conducted on high school students enrolled in these programs.
-Title I schools, like the one featured in this study, receive additional funds due to high levels of poverty among their student populations. However, even within Title I designations, the variability in per-student expenditures often remains significant. The selected high school, with an annual per-student expenditure close to $10,000, represents a comparatively well-funded Title I school, providing a unique setting to study the motivational effects of career-oriented programs (Office of Elementary & Secondary Education, 2020). By highlighting the implications of adequate funding on student motivation, this study seeks to underscore the necessity of financial support for specialized programs that may not otherwise be available to underfunded schools.
+Even with the range of research on various academic interventions to improve student motivation, without research focusing on career-oriented programs, there cannot be fully informed decisions made when introducing new academic offerings meant to improve student outcomes. Therefore, the results of this paper, by looking at how academies affect student motivation, will allow the discussion of the including academic offerings outside of college-level classes when making funding decisions. This research aims to analyze whether participation in a career-oriented program significantly affects high school student motivation.
-Given that many schools do not have the resources to offer both AP courses and career-focused programs, prioritization often leans toward college preparatory paths (Harackiewicz & Priniski, 2018). Career academies, however, offer students a pathway more immediately applicable to real-world scenarios, suggesting a potential restructuring of funding priorities to allow for more varied academic opportunities. Consequently, equitable funding allocation becomes essential to ensure all students can benefit from diverse educational programs that cater to both college-bound and career-oriented students.
+Based on the findings of previous studies, multiple factors influence student motivation, including autonomy, sense of belonging, sense of capability, interest and energy, and positive experiences with peer models. As these factors can be found in abundance when analyzing career-oriented programs, it was hypothesized that students with increasing commitment to a career-oriented program will show higher levels of these factors, which can then be correlated to higher levels of student motivation.
-==='''1.4''' School Funding and Access to Career Programs===
+==Methods==
-Funding disparities in public schools represent a significant barrier to equitable access to career-oriented programs. Schools in underfunded districts often lack the resources to implement such programs, which require specialized instructors, equipment, and partnerships with external organizations (Barnard College, 2023). This disparity highlights the importance of studying schools that can offer a variety of academic opportunities, as this diversity of programming is rarely available to students in low income areas. By selecting a Title I school for this study, which benefits from additional funding due to its high percentage of students from low-income backgrounds, this research aims to provide insights into how career-oriented programs can influence motivation in schools with adequate resources but high needs.
+To assess the relationship between academic opportunity and student motivation, an anonymous online survey was conducted via Google Forms. Given the study’s sensitive topics, such as motivation and cultural pressures, an online survey was deemed more appropriate than interviews to encourage honest responses.
-=='''2''' Methods==
+The survey included multiple-choice questions and 28 Likert scale items, with options ranging from “Strongly Disagree” (1) to “Strongly Agree” (7). The survey gathered demographic information, academic program involvement, and responses to statements on autonomy, belonging, competence, interest, and peer models. Upperclassmen were targeted to reduce the influence of external factors, such as transitioning into high school, and teachers of advanced courses were asked to distribute the survey. This could explain the higher proportion of Science Research academy participants and above-average GPA among respondents. Data was quantitatively analyzed post-collection, which included data categorization. The survey instrument was adapted from validated motivational scales used in prior studies on student motivation (Niemiec & Ryan, 2009). The survey was distributed via Google Forms, made available for a two-week period, and shared through teachers of advanced courses to ensure a representative sample. The sample size of 61 was determined based on feasibility and availability of students within the school. While not large, it provides preliminary insights into motivation trends among different academic programs. A copy of the survey questions has been added as an appendix for transparency.
-The research utilized an anonymous online survey distributed to 61 students from a high school offering both AP and career-oriented programs. The survey consisted of 28 Likert-scale items assessing motivational constructs such as autonomy, competence, relatedness, interest, and peer influence. This method allowed for the measurement of motivation across multiple dimensions, providing a comprehensive view of how different academic programs impact students’ academic attitudes. Participants were predominantly upperclassmen who had significant exposure to both AP coursework and career academies, ensuring that their responses reflected genuine experiences with each program type. This methodological choice, particularly the focus on Likert-scale items, allowed for quantifiable comparisons across student groups and a detailed examination of how career-oriented programs align with theoretical constructs of motivation.
+==Results==
-Following data collection, responses were categorized based on academic program involvement (e.g., three-year academies, four-year academies, AP-only students). Demographic data, including self-reported GPA, was collected to explore correlations between academic performance and program participation. Data analysis focused on identifying trends in motivational factors across program categories, with specific attention given to autonomy, competence, and relatedness as defined by SDT. The survey format facilitated an in-depth analysis of how career-oriented programs align with students’ intrinsic motivations, while the anonymous format encouraged candid responses regarding personal motivation and cultural pressures.
+Table 1. Percentage of respondents by academy grouping at each rating. All = Top Left, No Academy = Bottom Left, Research Academy = Top Middle, All Excluding Research Academy = Bottom Middle, 4-Year Academy = Top Right, 3-Year Academy = Bottom Right.
-=='''3''' Results==
+{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
+|-
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Question
+|  colspan='3'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|Strongly Disagree
+|  colspan='3'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|Disagree
+|  colspan='3'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|Slightly Disagree
+|  colspan='3'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|Neutral
+|  colspan='3'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|Slightly Agree
+|  colspan='3'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|Agree
+|  colspan='3'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|Strongly Agree
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[1] I am in charge of my own decisions.
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">34</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">39</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|-
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">30</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">27</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[2] I decide what happens with my academic path.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">42</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">30</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|-
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">37</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">44</span>
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[3] I chose to be (and stay) in my academic program.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">21</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">32</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">54</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">45</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">75</span>
+|-
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">63</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">78</span>
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[4] The work I do in my academic program gives me autonomy.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">21</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">32</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">32</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|-
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">43</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">44</span>
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[5] I feel capable of succeeding in my academic program.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">36</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">55</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">34</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|-
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">43</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">56</span>
+|}
-The survey results indicate that students enrolled in career-oriented academies display higher levels of academic motivation across several key dimensions compared to their peers in AP-only programs. Students in three-year academies reported particularly strong feelings of autonomy and a clearer sense of career direction, with 77% of respondents from this group agreeing with statements such as “I decide what happens with my academic path” (Question 2) and “I am in charge of my own decisions” (Question 1). This self-directed learning experience aligns with Self-Determination Theory’s emphasis on autonomy, suggesting that students who feel in control of their educational journey are more motivated and engaged in academic tasks (Ryan & Deci, 2000).
-Students in four-year academies demonstrated significant relatedness, with 76% indicating a strong connection to peers and instructors (Question 28), and an equally high response in feeling a sense of belonging at their school (Question 27). These connections highlight the community-building aspects of career-oriented programs, where long-term engagement with like-minded peers fosters a sense of shared purpose and supports sustained motivation. This finding is particularly relevant, as relatedness is a crucial factor for maintaining motivation, especially in educational settings where students may otherwise feel disconnected from the curriculum (Harackiewicz & Priniski, 2018).
+Table 1 (continued)
-An analysis of competence revealed a notable contrast between students in career academies and those in AP-only programs. Specifically, 76% of students in four-year academies and 67% of those in three-year academies agreed with the statement “I feel capable of succeeding in my academic program” (Question 5), a higher proportion than seen among AP-only students. This difference may reflect the hands-on learning and skill development opportunities provided in career academies, which enhance students’ confidence and competence in their chosen fields, compared to the more theory-based structure of AP programs (Harackiewicz & Priniski, 2018).
+{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
+|-
-The data also underscore a positive correlation between program type and academic performance. As shown in Figure 1, students in four-year academies reported an average GPA of 101.1, compared to the 93.5 GPA among students not enrolled in any academy. This finding suggests that career academies may enhance academic performance through the motivation and engagement fostered by program relevance and support. Further supporting this, 67% of three-year academy students indicated that their program participation clarified their career goals (Question 8), suggesting that career-oriented learning aligns with students’ long-term aspirations, adding meaning to their academic efforts (Filgona et al., 2020).
+|  rowspan='2' style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[6] I belong in my academic program.
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
-Responses addressing effort and investment also reveal a distinct impact of career focused programs on students’ work ethic. For instance, 66% of students in three-year academies agreed with the statement “My work ethic has increased due to joining my academic program” (Question 7), suggesting that these programs positively influence students’ dedication to their studies. In contrast, students in AP-only programs showed lower agreement, which may reflect differences in teaching methods and the applied learning focus within career academies. This connection between program type and work ethic underscores the potential of career-oriented learning to inspire sustained academic effort and investment (Ford & Roby, 2013).
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
-Finally, students’ perception of the relevance of their education varied notably across program types. Students in career academies demonstrated high agreement
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
-with the statement “School is relevant to my future” (Question 11), with 89% of four year academy students expressing a strong sense of relevance. This contrasts with AP-only students, who reported significantly lower agreement. By linking school curriculum with real-world career aspirations, career academies enable students to see their education as meaningful, an essential component of intrinsic motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2000).
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
-[[Image:Draft_Melika_793446909-picture-Group 23102.svg|center|600px]]
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
-<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Figure 1. Average Weighted GPA Categorized by Academy Grouping</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
-[[Image:Draft_Melika_793446909-image1.png|600px]]
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
-[[Image:Draft_Melika_793446909-image2.png|600px]]
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
-[[Image:Draft_Melika_793446909-image3.png|528px]]
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">39</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">36</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">29</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|-
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">43</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">56</span>
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[7] My work ethic has increased due to joining my academic program.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">29</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">34</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">42</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|-
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">27</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[8] My future life path has become clearer due to my academic program.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">8</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">29</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">31</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|-
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">40</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">67</span>
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[9] I am preoccupied with other things beyond school.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">34</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">63</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|-
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">43</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">44</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[10] I realize that I have not done my part to be motivated internally.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">32</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">8</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|-
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">37</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[11] School is not relevant to my future.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">57</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">65</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">63</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|-
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">44</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|}
-'''4''' Discussion
-The findings underscore the motivational benefits of career-oriented programs, particularly in terms of aligning academic activities with students’ career aspirations. By providing opportunities for autonomy and relatedness, these programs address the psychological needs emphasized in SDT, thereby promoting intrinsic motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2000). The high levels of competence and career clarity reported by students in three-year academies suggest that these programs effectively integrate practical skills and academic knowledge, bridging the gap between school and real-world applications. In contrast, students in AP-only programs often lack this career alignment, which may account for the lower levels of reported motivation and relatedness.
+Table 1 (continued)
-These results support previous research indicating that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are central to student motivation and that educational programs catering to these needs can significantly improve student engagement and outcomes (Harackiewicz & Priniski, 2018). Career-oriented programs, by focusing on interest-based, hands-on learning, offer a viable alternative to traditional AP courses for students
-whose aspirations align more closely with career readiness than with college preparatory objectives.
-he study’s findings strongly support the hypothesis that career-focused academies enhance academic motivation by addressing the core psychological needs outlined in Self-Determination Theory. Students in career-focused programs report higher levels of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, suggesting that these programs can effectively fulfill intrinsic motivators that are often unmet in traditional high school settings. The clear sense of career direction reported by three-year academy students further suggests that these programs not only support students academically but also provide long-term guidance, aligning educational experiences with life goals (Ryan & Deci, 2000).
-This study’s findings are particularly relevant in discussions about educational policy and funding. Career-oriented academies, by their very structure, allow students to explore fields of interest in depth, which contrasts with the often generalized curriculum of AP courses. Although AP courses prepare students for college, they may not fully address the career aspirations of students whose immediate goals involve entering the workforce or vocational pathways. Thus, educational stakeholders should consider the unique advantages of career-oriented programs, especially for students who might otherwise feel disengaged in a solely college-preparatory environment (Niemiec & Ryan, 2009).
-These results contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting that motivation is not a one-size-fits-all construct; rather, it varies significantly based on program structure, student goals, and school environment (Filgona et al., 2020). Career-oriented programs present an opportunity to tailor educational experiences more closely to student needs, especially in settings where students may lack intrinsic motivation due to the absence of relevance or personal connection to the material (Ford & Roby, 2013). By offering a curriculum that emphasizes hands-on learning and peer collaboration, career academies align with educational strategies known to promote motivation, thereby offering a compelling case for broader implementation in public schools.
-The findings from this study suggest that career-oriented academies offer significant advantages in fostering intrinsic motivation among high school students. These programs’ alignment with Self-Determination Theory (SDT) principles of autonomy, competence, and relatedness suggests that they fulfill essential psychological needs
-Table 2: Question Labels for Table 1
 {| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Number
+|  rowspan='2' style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[12] I can't seem to invest the effort that is required.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|Question
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[1]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I am in charge of my own decisions.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[2]
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[13] I don't have the energy to study.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I decide what happens with my academic path.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">8</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">32</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[3]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I chose to be (and stay) in my academic program.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[4]
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[14] I'm a bit lazy.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|The work I do in my academic program gives me autonomy.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">21</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">21</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">29</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[5]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I feel capable of succeeding in my academic program.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[6]
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[15] My school work is not stimulating.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I belong in my academic program.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">31</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">32</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[7]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|My work ethic has increased due to joining my academic program.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">30</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[8]
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[16] I believe it's always the same thing every day.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|My future life path has become clearer due to my academic program.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">8</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">29</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[9]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I am preoccupied with other things beyond school.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[10]
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[17] I don't like studying.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I realize that I have not done my part to be motivated internally.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[11]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|School is not relevant to my future.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">47</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">67</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[12]
+|  rowspan='2' style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[18] I find that studying is boring.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I can’t seem to invest the effort that is required.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">35</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">30</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[13]
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I don’t have the energy to study.
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">40</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">67</span>
+|}
+Table 1 (continued)
+{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[14]
+|  rowspan='2' style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[19] The tasks demanded of me surpass my abilities.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I’m a bit lazy.
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">21</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[15]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|My school work is not stimulating.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">27</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">56</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[16]
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[20] I'm not good at school.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I believe it’s always the same thing every day.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">32</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[17]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I don’t like studying.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[18]
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[21] I don't have the knowledge required to succeed in school.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I find that studying is boring.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">36</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">39</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">32</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[19]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|The tasks demanded of me surpass my abilities.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[20]
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[22] I don't have what it takes to do well in school.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I’m not good at school.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">39</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">21</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[21]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I don’t have the knowledge required to succeed in school.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">37</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">27</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[22]
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[23] Studying is not important to me.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I don’t have what it takes to do well in school.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">44</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">55</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[23]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Studying is not important to me.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">30</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[24]
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[24] School holds no interest.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|School holds no interest.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">31</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">28</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">42</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[25]
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|My peers have similar academic goals as me.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">37</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[26]
+|  rowspan='2' style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[25] My peers have similar academic goals as me.
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I see my peers succeed and learn from them.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">16</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">34</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">35</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">63</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[27]
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I feel at home at [name] High School.
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">56</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">27</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|}
+Table 1 (continued)
+{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[26] I see my peers succeed and learn from them.
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">5</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">20</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">29</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">34</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">42</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|-
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">27</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">44</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">27</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|[27] I feel at home at [name] High School
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">8</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">34</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">42</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">26</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|-
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">50</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">27</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">22</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">30</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">44</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|-
+|  rowspan='2' style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[28] I can come to my teachers with any issues or concerns.
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">8</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">10</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">31</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">32</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">13</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">18</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">19</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">25</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">15</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">6</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">38</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|[28]
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|I can come to my teachers with any issues or concerns.
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">7</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">30</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">67</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">0</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">17</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">33</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">23</span>
+|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">11</span>
 |}
-(Ryan & Deci, 2000). In particular, the survey data shows that students in three- and four-year career academies exhibit stronger feelings of autonomy and relatedness compared to their peers in AP-only tracks, indicating a potential for career-focused programs to address motivation more effectively (Ford & Roby, 2013). This alignment with students’ personal and professional goals provides a practical application of SDT, underscoring the theory’s relevance in high school settings that aim to enhance engagement through career-focused learning (Niemiec & Ryan, 2009).
+Figure 1. Student weighted GPA by academy grouping.
-Furthermore, the data underscores the role of these academies in providing a sense of purpose and direction. The higher GPAs reported by students enrolled in career academies suggest that increased motivation and engagement translate into better academic performance, which may be attributed to the programs’ relevance to students’ future aspirations. This finding aligns with prior research indicating that when students find personal meaning in their educational experiences, they are more likely to succeed academically (Filgona et al., 2020). Thus, these programs not only support immediate academic motivation but also foster a pathway for long-term career fulfillment and success.
+[[Image:Review_274195080855-chart1.svg|600px]]
-The enhanced relatedness reported by four-year academy students, with 91% indicating a strong connection to peers and mentors, also demonstrates the social benefits of these programs. Career academies offer structured group learning experiences that promote collaboration, support, and shared career interests, which can be particularly motivating for students who may otherwise feel disconnected in more general educational settings (Harackiewicz & Priniski, 2018). Such environments help build a supportive community that reinforces students’ educational commitment and satisfaction, addressing a critical need in high school education.
+A total of 61 high school students completed the survey, providing valid data for analysis. Demographic data revealed that 43 respondents were Asian or Pacific Islander, 7 were Hispanic or Latino, and 5 were White or Caucasian. The racial distribution was consistent with the school’s demographic profile. Students were also grouped based on their academic program involvement.
-=='''5''' Limitations==
+For question 1, those in no academy felt significantly more in charge of their own decisions than any other group, and those in 3-Year Academies felt more in charge than those in 4-Year Academies. Question 2 sees similar patterns, but with percentage increases for all groups. In question 3, there is a similarity between 4- and 3-Year Academies, of which are larger than those in the Research Academy. The same pattern is seen in question 4, albeit with lower levels of agreement across the categories.
-Despite its contributions, this study is limited by its relatively small sample size and demographic homogeneity, as 70% of participants identified as Asian or Pacific Islander. Future research should include larger, more diverse samples to ensure that the findings are generalizable across different student populations. Additionally, the study’s reliance on self-reported GPA data may introduce bias, as students may overestimate or underestimate their academic performance. Another limitation involves the potential for response bias due to the survey’s online format, which may impact the accuracy of reported motivational levels. Lastly, the study’s cross-sectional design prevents causal inferences about the relationship between program participation and motivation.
+Question 5 saw those in 3-Year Academies as feeling the most capable of succeeding, while the Research Academy was the lowest academy category. Those in 3-Year Academies also felt a higher sense of belonging as shown through question 6, and those in the Research Academy felt the most as their work ethic had increased due to their academy as shown through question 7. Those in 3-Year Academies most significantly felt their life path becoming clearer due to their opportunity, while the Research and 4-Year Academies had drastically low agreement in comparison for question 8.
-This study’s limitations include the relatively small and demographically homogenous sample size, which may limit the generalizability of its findings. As 70% of participants identified as Asian or Pacific Islander, the results may reflect cultural attitudes toward education that are not representative of broader populations. Prior research has shown that cultural background can significantly impact motivation, with certain groups placing a higher emphasis on academic achievement due to family or community expectations (Meece et al., 2009). Future studies should aim to include a more diverse demographic sample to better capture the full spectrum of motivational factors influencing students across different cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds.
+Question 9 showed that those not within an academy were preoccupied the most with things outside of school, while those in academies held less of a strong opinion, and those in 4-Year Academies heavily disagreeing. Question 10 shows an interesting pattern, where those in 3-Year Academies were the dominant group at both strongly agree and strongly disagree, where the other groups skew towards the middle. Question 11 saw those in Research and 4-Year Academies most believing school to be relevant to their future, while those without an academy felt more of the opposite. For question 12, similar patterns for 3-Year Academies in question 10 are again shown, which is also analogous for those without an academy. Those in 4-Year Academies felt the most capable of investing effort.
-Another limitation involves the cross-sectional nature of this study, which captures data at a single point in time. This design restricts the ability to draw causal conclusions about the relationship between program involvement and motivation. A longitudinal study following students across their high school years would provide a clearer picture of how motivation evolves over time and whether prolonged exposure to career academies results in sustained motivational benefits. Additionally, while the survey format allowed for anonymity, future research might benefit from combining quantitative data with qualitative interviews to gather deeper insights into students’ experiences and perceptions of career-oriented programs.
+Question 13 shows students in 4-Year Academies having the most energy to study, while those in no academy having the least. Question 14 shows the same pattern, with 0% of 4-Year Academy students 33% of No Academy students rating Strongly Agree. Those in 4-Year Academies found their schoolwork to be the most stimulating preceding those in No Academy, who are found at both ends of the scale, but skewed towards Slightly Agree in question 15. Most surprisingly, those in academies felt that their days were the most repetitive, while those without an academy were skewed towards Disagree in question 16.
-=='''6''' Conclusion==
+Question 17 shows a universal dislike of studying but found the least in the Research Academy by a large margin, also replicated in question 18. Questions 19 and 20 both show patterns, with those in 3-Year Academies feeling the most capable in their abilities. The response percentages for all groups stay similar across questions 21 through 24 and show No Academy students disagreeing the most with not having the required knowledge to succeed or do well in school. Those in the Research Academy felt it the most important to study, and a high interest in school, skewing towards Disagree.
-This study provides compelling evidence that career-oriented programs positively impact academic motivation by aligning educational experiences with students’ career goals. Through enhanced feelings of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, students in career academies are more likely to be engaged and motivated than their peers in AP-only programs. These findings have important implications for educational policy, particularly in advocating for increased funding for career-oriented programs in public high schools. Given the benefits observed, further research comparing career academies to AP programs could inform resource allocation decisions to maximize student engagement and educational outcomes across diverse high school settings.
+Question 25 showed that those in the Research Academy most believed their peers to have similar academic goals, but those in No Academy saw them succeed the most. Those in 4-Year academies felt the most at home at High School through question 27. Finally, question 28 showed that those in 4-Year Academies and those in No Academy both felt the most connection with their teachers.
-The results of this study underscore the positive impact of career-oriented programs on student motivation, suggesting that these programs provide unique benefits by aligning educational experiences with students’ career goals. In contrast to AP programs, which are often geared towards preparing students for college, career academies offer a more direct pathway to workforce readiness, thereby addressing a critical gap in the educational system. Given the documented importance of motivation for academic success, this study highlights the potential value of expanding career-focused programs within public high schools as a strategy for increasing student engagement and satisfaction.
+Students were asked to self-report an estimate of their weighted GPA out of 100. In figure 1, those in no academy had lower weighted GPAs than all other categorizations, while those in 4-year academies had higher weighted GPAs than all other categorizations. Specifically, all respondents had an average weighted GPA of 97.7, and excluding those in the research academy, an average weighted GPA of 97.3. Those in no academy had an average weighted GPA of 93.5, while those in the research academy had an average weighted GPA of 97.9. Finally, those in the 4-year academies had an average weighted GPA of 101.1 while those in the 3-year academies had an average weighted GPA of 96.4.
-For educational policymakers, these findings have significant implications. Investing in career-oriented programs not only provides students with more relevant learning experiences but also fosters an educational environment where all students can thrive, regardless of their post-secondary aspirations. Further research comparing the long-term outcomes of students in career-focused versus college-preparatory programs would be invaluable for guiding funding allocations. As public schools continue to navigate budget constraints, understanding the specific motivational advantages of career academies can inform more equitable and effective funding decisions that support diverse student needs.
+==Discussion==
-The insights from this study point toward the promising potential of career-focused academies in enhancing high school students’ motivation and academic success by catering to varied aspirations and fostering psychological well-being. The statistically significant increase in autonomy, competence, and relatedness among students in career-oriented programs illustrates the impact of aligning educational opportunities with students’ interests and goals. These findings underscore the importance of diversifying educational offerings within public schools, providing pathways that address both college and career preparation (Ryan & Deci, 2000).
+This study's results indicate a relationship between career-oriented academies and student motivation. This conclusion was consistent in the average weighted GPA across academy categorizations, with those in 4-year academies averaging 3.4% higher than all respondents, or 7.6% higher than those in no academy. This conclusion was also supported by the results organized in Table 1. Questions 1-4 all concerned autonomy and showed that those in academies felt higher levels of autonomy, though without significant distinction overall between the three academy categorizations. Questions 5 and 19-22 all concerned a sense of capability and showed that those in 4-year academies felt slightly more overwhelmed and those in 3-year academies felt more capable, hinting at the possibility of a balance between these two academies categories to allow students to feel capable while not overwhelming them. Questions 6 and 27-28 all concerned student belonging, and showed that those in 3-year academies felt more belonging in their academy, while those in 4-year academies felt more belonging in the high school itself and connection to their teachers (possibly due to outside factors, such as that students ambitious enough to take on a 4-year academy would be more likely to take on more school-related extracurricular activities like student government, clubs, etc.). Questions 7-18 and 23-24 all concerned student interest and energy and showed that those in the Research Academy found their general classwork and studying to be more interesting but more repetitive. Interestingly, those in the Research Academy found themselves to be much more lazy than other groups though less than those in no academy, yet those in 4-year and 3-year academies found themselves to dislike studying more. Finally, questions 25 and 26 all concerned positive peer model experiences, showing those in 3-year academies to feel the least like they can learn or have shared academic goals with their peers, while those in the Research Academy showed significantly largely feelings in the opposite way (possibly as peer successes are celebrated throughout the class while exam grades in a normal class aren’t uniformly shared, and collaboration being baked into the research process while normal classes contain far less group work).
-Given the positive association between career-focused academies and student engagement, educational policymakers should consider reallocating resources to support the development and expansion of these programs. In particular, funding adjustments that make career academies accessible to a broader demographic could help reduce disparities in educational motivation and achievement. Such considerations align with the growing emphasis on individualized education, where students benefit from options that reflect their personal and professional ambitions (Ford & Roby, 2013).
+This answers the research question as it collects data from those in career-oriented programs and their levels of motivation as inferred by their responses to statements regarding key facets of motivation. These results show that, in general, those in career-oriented programs experience higher levels of motivation than those not, and that key variations exist when considering different academy lengths or instructional styles.
-As schools continue to balance the demands of preparing students for college and career readiness, this research advocates for a more integrated approach that values both academic rigor and practical application. Future studies should explore the long-term impacts of these programs on career outcomes and how sustained exposure to career-oriented learning environments influences students’ transitions to adulthood. Ultimately, this study contributes to the discourse on educational reform by highlighting the advantages of career-focused academies as a strategic tool for cultivating motivated, engaged, and successful learners across diverse high school settings.
+These results support previous research and the initial hypothesis. Niemiec & Ryan (2009) concluded from their study in that the three main components to improve motivation proposed through self-determination theory by Ryan & Deci (2000)—specifically autonomy, relatedness, and competence—to be applicable in real educational practice. Because of this and other research, it was hypothesized that career-oriented programs would improve motivation, as they exhibit these 3 facets and other key factors to improve motivation as identified by Ford & Roby (2013). Likewise, this improved motivation was shown throughout their higher levels of agreeance (or dis-agreeance if statements were written in the negative sense) with statements discussing autonomy, sense of belonging, sense of capability, interest and energy, and peer models. The findings offer practical implications for educational policy, particularly in structuring curriculum offerings that align with student motivation frameworks like Self-Determination Theory (SDT).
-==References==
+==Limitations==
-An, B. P. (2015). The role of academic motivation and engagement on the relationship between dual enrollment and academic performance. The Journal of Higher Education, 86(1), 98-126.
+This study contained limitations. For instance, the sample size was unideal, only including 61 respondents. In addition, there was an uneven gender balance within respondents, possibly skewing data as previous studies have shown that gender plays a role in motivation and other socioemotional factors (Meece et al., 2009). While the study highlights important trends, its generalizability is limited due to the small sample size and the demographic homogeneity of the respondents, predominantly from a single high school. Additionally, reliance on self-reported GPA data introduces potential biases, and the cross-sectional nature of the study prevents causal conclusions.
-Barnard College. (2023). How does school funding in NYC work? – School Funding
+==Future Research==
-In NYC. Retrieved from [https://raceandschools.barnard.edu/schoolfunding/visuals/ https://raceandschools.barnard.edu/schoolfunding/visuals/]
+Future research should replicate a version of this study with a focus on comparisons between different academic opportunities. This would include direct comparisons between motivation in those given college-level classes versus those given career-oriented programs. Results from such a study could help fortify the importance of career-oriented programs when making aid decisions, as it is still unclear if these programs yield more benefits than the current solution of college-level classes.
-Filgona, J., Sakiyo, J., Gwany, D. M., & Okoronka, A. U. (2020). Motivation in learning. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 10(4), 16-37.
+==Conclusion==
-Ford, V. B., & Roby, D. E. (2013). Why Do High School Students Lack Motivation in the Classroom? Global Education Journal, 2013(2).
+This study aimed to investigate the relationship between academic opportunity and motivation in public high school students. My hypothesis that academic opportunity in the form of career-oriented programs would improve motivation levels was supported. Many students reported improved levels of self-belonging, sense of capability, weight GPA and work ethic correlated to participation in an academic opportunity. However, there was a weaker correlation between increased participation (4-year versus 3-year) and increased motivation. The implications of this study show that larger sample sizes and comparisons directly against other possible academic interventions need to be addressed in future studies. Additionally, the feasibility of incorporating academies over college-level classes still needs to be determined. These findings suggest that funding allocations should consider career-focused academies as a means to boost student engagement, particularly in underfunded schools where alternative academic opportunities are scarce. It is also important to acknowledge that pre-existing differences in student interests, abilities, or self-selection bias may contribute to differences in motivation and GPA observed between AP and career academy students. While this study suggests a positive relationship between career academies and student motivation, further longitudinal research is necessary to establish causality.
-Harackiewicz, J. M., & Priniski, S. J. (2018). Improving Student Outcomes in Higher Education: The Science of Targeted Intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 69(1), 409–435.
+==References:==
-Meece, J. L., Glienke, B. B., & Askew, K. (2009). Gender and motivation. Handbook of Motivation at School, 425-446.
+. Warne, R. T., Larsen, R., Anderson, B., & Odasso, A. J. (2015). The impact of participation in the Advanced Placement program on students' college admissions test scores. The Journal of Educational Research, 108(5), 400-416.
-New York City Department of Education. (2022). 2017-18 - 2021-22 Demographic Snapshot.
+. An, B. P. (2015). The role of academic motivation and engagement on the relationship between dual enrollment and academic performance. The Journal of Higher Education, 86(1), 98-126.
-Niemiec, C. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory and Research in Education, 7(2), 133-144.
+. Ford, V. B., & Roby, D. E. (2013). Why do high school students lack motivation in the classroom? Global Education Journal, 2013(2).
-Office of Elementary & Secondary Education. (2020). Per Pupil Expenditures: New York.
+. Al-Said, K. (2023). Influence of teacher on student motivation: Opportunities to increase motivational factors during mobile learning. Education and Information Technologies, 1-19.
-Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68.
+. Siemsen, E., Roth, A. V., & Balasubramanian, S. (2008). How motivation, opportunity, and ability drive knowledge sharing: The constraining-factor model. Journal of Operations Management, 26(3), 426-445.
-Warne, R. T., Larsen, R., Anderson, B., & Odasso, A. J. (2015). The impact of participation in the Advanced Placement program on students’ college admissions test scores. The Journal of Educational Research, 108(5), 400-416.
+. Barnard College. (2023). How does school funding in NYC work? – School Funding In NYC. Retrieved from [https://raceandschools.barnard.edu/schoolfunding/visuals/ https://raceandschools.barnard.edu/schoolfunding/visuals/]
+. Harackiewicz, J. M., & Priniski, S. J. (2018). Improving student outcomes in higher education: The science of targeted intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 69(1), 409–435. [https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011725 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011725]
+. Filgona, J., Sakiyo, J., Gwany, D. M., & Okoronka, A. U. (2020). Motivation in learning. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 10(4), 16-37.
+. Legault, L., Green-Demers, I., & Pelletier, L. (2006). Why do high school students lack motivation in the classroom? Toward an understanding of academic amotivation and the role of social support. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(3), 567.
+. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68.
+. Niemiec, C. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory and Research in Education, 7(2), 133-144.
+. New York City Department of Education. (2022). 2017-18 - 2021-22 Demographic Snapshot [Dataset]. Retrieved from [https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Education/2017-18-2021-22-Demographic-Snapshot/c7ru-d68s https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Education/2017-18-2021-22-Demographic-Snapshot/c7ru-d68s]
+. Office of Elementary & Secondary Education. (2020). Per Pupil Expenditures: New York [Dataset]. Retrieved from [https://oese.ed.gov/ppe/new-york/ https://oese.ed.gov/ppe/new-york/]
+. Meece, J. L., Glienke, B. B., & Askew, K. (2009). Gender and motivation. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 425-446). Routledge.
+==Appendix==
+<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+ [[Image:Review_274195080855-image1.png|600px]] </div>
+<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+ [[Image:Review_274195080855-image2.png|600px]] </div>
+<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+ [[Image:Review_274195080855-image3.png|600px]] </div>
+<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+ [[Image:Review_274195080855-image4.png|600px]] </div>
+<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+ [[Image:Review_274195080855-image5.png|600px]] </div>
+<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+ [[Image:Review_274195080855-image6.png|600px]] </div>
+<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+[Every Likert Scale question was presented in this same manner. As such, the entirety of the Survey Questionnaire is omitted for brevity.]</div>