== Abstract ==

​

<p>Political martyrdom is a vivid but extremely little-studied phenomenon.<br>

world political, social and religious culture, which originates in<br>

European New Age and is actively developing to this day. Since the 18th century he appeared in<br>

a huge range of historical contexts: these are the &ldquo;martyrs of freedom&rdquo; in the era of the French<br>

revolutions, martyred presidents in the USA, heroes of the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin,<br>

martyrdom in the fascist movements of Spain, Romania, Germany of the 20th century, civil<br>

religions of the USSR and China, as well as sacrificial ideologies in the context of decolonization and<br>

postcolonialism. Over time, the number of political cults of martyrs not only<br>

decreased, but also increased: today is a civil holiday called &quot;Day<br>

martyrs&rdquo; is celebrated in more than 30 countries around the world, and the corresponding ideas<br>

continue to feed many national liberation and separatist<br>

movements around the world - for example, Kurds, Tamils, Welsh, Catalans or<br>

Indian Maoists (Naxalites). Accordingly, questions arise - why all this<br>

numerous nationalisms, established states and activist movements<br>

need martyrs, related practices and ideologies? What is the nature of this new and<br>

of the latest martyrdom - religious, secular or otherwise? Finally, is<br>

veneration of the martyrs as an expression of passion or as a mobilization strategy that has some function in group rallying, struggle and the subsequent founding of the state?<br>

The main hypothesis, which will be proved in the main part of the work, is<br>

that in the XVIII-XX centuries. many nation-states embraced the concept of martyrdom<br>

from religion (especially Christianity) and used it for the purpose of mobilization during<br>

its foundation and for the purpose of legitimation - after the foundation. martyrdom is<br>

foundation of civil religions of a number of modern nations, and they themselves in<br>

ideologically, they stand on the &quot;bones&quot; of all kinds of revolutionaries, freedom fighters<br>

or founding fathers. It seems that the study of this phenomenon can<br>

clarify the essence of nationalism, identify ideological and practical strategies<br>

formation of nation-states, as well as to promote understanding of the logic<br>

decolonization and current activist movements.<br>

The complexity of the subject of study makes it necessary<br>

interdisciplinary, located on the border between political science, religious studies<br>

and cultural history. This allows you to use extensive<br>

theoretical resources, including writings on nationalism, political theory, history<br>

socio-political thought, martyrdom, religion in the modern world, religion and<br>

five<br>

violence, and also, to some extent, the philosophy of sacrifice or<br>

post-secular.<br>

This scientific report presents the basic concepts, methods and<br>

research concepts: the relational nature of martyrdom as a narrative; him<br>

existence as a reputational project undertaken by specific<br>

interested people; martyrdom as an inversion of the founding murder paradigm<br>

(according to R. Girard); finally, the connection between martyrdom, violence, militancy (which<br>

considered on the example of early Christianity).</p>

​

​

​

== Full document ==

<pdf>Media:Draft_Семенов_687821301-7497-document.pdf</pdf>

​