Abstract

Pharmacology is taught in medical schools in the years of basic science and in the transition to the clinical field, this science is in charge of studying the interactions between drugs and living matter; at the time of medical practice it teaches how a chemical substance (active principle) has benefits and helps to improve certain pathologies, as well as which substances should not be used. The teaching of this subject is a process of great importance in the introduction of students to clinical practice and their subsequent professional development. Although the importance of this subject in the medical field is taken into account, the learning gaps and the lack of theoretical-practical correlation on the part of students become evident, since when it comes to focusing knowledge on problem solving, very few students have an adequate picture of what is the most appropriate management in a specific scenario. It has been observed for several years that the educational process of pharmacology and therapeutics is not enough, and this is evidenced by the fact that the conceptual gaps of medical students and medical graduates are found. This global review of the education-learning process focuses on the most used pedagogical elements and which are most appropriate to impact on learning, solid understanding and depth of both pharmacological terminology and concepts and their applicability to achieve academic and professional competence.   

Abstract

Introduction: The pharmacological management of the elderly is not only a challenge for the doctor but also for the patient. These patients present physiological changes that affect drug pharmacokinetics, altered also by the comorbidities of each patient and the pharmacological interactions, more frequently due to greater consumption of medications. Polypharmacy generates inadequate adherence, more pharmacological interactions, and increased adverse reactions (ADR) that compromise quality of life. Objective: To establish the association between polypharmacy, ADR and quality of life in elderly people of the city of Manizales. Materials and methods: A predictive, observational, prospective, longitudinal, analytical and non-interventional design research was developed. We included 165 older adults from Manizales. The WHOQOL-BREF instruments were used for the evaluation of quality of life and the Morisky-Green test to determine the pharmacotherapeutic adherence. Results: 52.7% of the patients were women. The predominant pathologies were hypertension (46.1%) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (8.5%). The frequency of RAM was 73.9%, 68.5% adherence and an average quality of life score of 94.8%. Significant differences were found between schooling, health system affiliation, socioeconomic status, occupation, marital status and social background towards pharmacotherapeutic adherence. Conclusion: An association between health system affiliation and ADRs shows that belonging to the subsidized regime increases the risk of ADR.

Abstract

The pharmacological intervention is positioned as a common element in the process of approaching patients at different levels of care, with the aim of limiting the natural evolution of various pathological conditions, generating symptomatic relief, preventing and in some circumstances, diagnosing. The use of therapeutic molecules within the framework of clinical decisions requires the conjunction and analysis of elements such as pharmacological, regulatory, epidemiological knowledge and individual characterization of the patient. This complex and multivariable scenario implies an important effort of the health professional, who will also find himself with a systematic element in front of the exposure to drugs: the adverse drug reactions, unwanted and within the therapeutic spectrum. To support the professional in the area of ​​health sciences, bioinformatics and biostatistical information analysis processes arise, techniques that together with the advance in omics sciences, allow to describe, generate inference, explain, predict and apply knowledge of the science of data, at the bedside of the patient. The incorporation of bioinformatics and pharmacological analysis in complex levels of health care, with special reference to cardiovascular drugs, would allow to anticipate problems derived from interactions, indications, use, compliance and clinical impact.