Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering (CIMNE) : Scipedia

Análisis sismo-resistente de edificios mixtos de acero y hormigón armado
R. Ugel, L. Pujades, N. Guerrero, R. Herrera

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering (2020). MIS78

Abstract
In this study it was assessed the seismic behavior of framed buildings with composite structure of steel and reinforced concrete (RC) in a specific configuration formed with lower levels with RC (primary structure) and higher levels with steel (secondary structure) as structural materials for components. Levels with steel elements correspond to the higher or two higher levels of the buildings. Static and dynamic nonlinear analyses were conducted to determine the parameters of capacity, fragility and damage of structural systems. These analyses were based on criteria and methodologies such as Spectrum-Capacity, Adaptive Pushover and the Capacity Parametric Model. The difference in performance was remarkable in some models depending on rigidities and the heights of models. Fragility curves and damage indices were determined using two different methodologies in order to assert the behavior in terms of reliability and it was evidenced that in some structural systems there is a great probability of zero damage while in others predominate a high probability of reach moderate, severe or collapse damage states. In Time-History and Incremental Dynamic analysis, were used 5 real and 5 synthetic accelerograms. Numerical results show that most of the models suffer significant lateral deformations, often reaching beyond acceptable limits states from the Venezuelan normative. It was performed a experimental test of a two level frame with Steel elements in the higher level and Reinforced Concrete elements in the lower level. Another experimental test was performed on a full-scale mixed Steel-Reinforced Concrete joint. Both tests were subjected to cyclic lateral loads in order to determine its characteristics, behavior and capacity to histeretics actions in terms of stiffness degradation and damage evolution. Concerning to capacity and damage indexes, it was showed the influence of horizontal relative displacements of each level and the stiffness degradation as key parameters in determining the damage to a building. All this was revalidated with a probabilistic approach to the Damage Index. Experimental results showed very similar values in absolute and relative terms to those obtained in the numerical models. In these numerical and experimental process was used the Capacity Parametric Model (CPM) and the fragility and damage models associated with this methodology. Too achieve structural continuity at the structural joint of steel columns with reinforced concrete elements, it was evidenced that it can be used the AISC and ASCE design criteria for base-plates for steel columns
Abstract
In this study it was assessed the seismic behavior of framed buildings with composite structure of steel and reinforced concrete (RC) in a specific configuration formed with [...]
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Pushover con acoplamiento de CEINCI-LAB y OpenSees
R. Aguiar, B. Cagua, J. Pilatasig

(2020). MIS77

Abstract
The static non-linear analysis allows us to know the probable seismic performance that a structure will have, this by obtaining the resistant seismic capacity curve that relates the basal shear with the lateral displacement at the top of the building and not only that, but that the sections that enter the non-linear range are determined. This information is very useful for the Structural Designer who will be able to visualize if the performance that the building is going to have is in accordance with what he expected from his design, otherwise it is time to make corrections to his design, in this way it will be you are optimizing work. For this reason, it was decided to write this work, which will undoubtedly be very useful for those students who decided to venture into nonlinear static analysis (Pushover), a rather complex subject if you want to know in depth the theory of calculus and not just program user.
Abstract
The static non-linear analysis allows us to know the probable seismic performance that a structure will have, this by obtaining the resistant seismic capacity curve that relates [...]
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Análisis sísmico de estructuras con disipadores de energía ADAS o TADAS
R. Aguiar, M. Rodríguez, D. Mora

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2016). MIS75, ISBN: 978-84-945077-5-5

Abstract
Existe abundante bibliografía sobre disipadores de energía sísmicos, ya que con estos dispositivos se puede reforzar estructuras o contemplarles en el diseño para controlar los desplazamientos y fuerzas debidos a un sismo severo. Pero la mayor parte de esta bibliografía está dirigida a investigadores o profesionales que vienen trabajando en el tema, de tal manera que para un estudiante de pre grado o post grado, que se inicia en esta temática le va a ser bastante difícil entender a ciencia cierta la forma de análisis y diseño sísmico de estructuras con disipadores de energía. Por este motivo se ha escrito esta publicación que trata fundamentalmente sobre el análisis sísmico espacial, de estructuras con disipadores de energía ADAS (Added damping and stiffnes) y TADAS (Triangular plate added damping and stiffness). Se ha desarrollado el estudio para el caso de que estos disipadores se encuentren sobre un contraviento Chevrón, el mismo que ha sido modelado de dos formas, la primera la simplificada como una diagonal equivalente y la segunda como se verá en el apartado 7 modelando al disipador como un elemento más de la estructura. Se considera un modelo de losa rígida para el análisis sísmico, considerando tres grados de libertad por planta y en el apartado 6 se presenta el método de superposición lineal. Sin embargo y pensando en la aplicación del método del espectro de capacidad en el apartado 7 se presentan dos formas de cálculo de la matriz de rigidez del elemento aislador, la primera en forma analítica exacta y la segunda mediante el método de las dovelas; luego se presentan dos modelos para el análisis sísmico de la estructura con disipadores que difieren en la forma de numeración de los grados de libertad. Finalmente, en el apartado 8 se analiza el conjunto diagonales-disipador; conformado por tres elementos para lo cual al disipador se lo considera como un elemento corto cuya matriz de rigidez en coordenadas globales se halla a partir del análisis de una viga de sección variable de forma en X, para los disipadores ADAS y triangular para los TADAS. El marco teórico, que se presenta en los diferentes apartados, está complementado con el análisis sísmico de una estructura de cuatro pisos de hormigón armado, simétrica, que presenta derivas de piso, superiores a las permitidas por las normativas sísmicas, por lo que ha sido reforzada con disipadores de energía ADAS/TADAS. En los anexos se detalla el procedimiento de cálculo de la estructura con disipadores. Para facilitar el análisis sísmico de estructuras con disipadores de energía ADAS/TADAS se presentan programas del sistema de computación CEINCI-LAB que ayudan notablemente al cálculo y el aprendizaje con la lectura detenida de los mismos.
Abstract
Existe abundante bibliografía sobre disipadores de energía sísmicos, ya que con estos dispositivos se puede reforzar estructuras o contemplarles en el [...]
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Modelización probabilista de efectos de sitio en ciudades y su aplicación en Bogotá
G. Bernal, O. Cardona

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2016). MIS74, ISBN: 978-84-945077-6-2

Abstract
A methodology for assessing site effects in cities is presented, which is based on the geometry of the prevailing geological formations and their relation to soft soil deposits. Based on a geological interpretation for the area of the city, the elevation (above sea level) of geological contacts is defined, and a three-dimensional geometric model of the subsoil of the city is obtained. The geotechnical information available is used to map soil types to the geometric model. The static and dynamic characteristics of the soil are defined as random variables and their probability moments are calculated using statistics on the geotechnical data available. A computational rectangular grid must be defined over the city and for each node synthetic stratigraphies are constructed with geotechnical parameters obtained following their probability distributions. The dynamic response is calculated for each node of the grid, by a 1D nonlinear analysis (linear equivalent) using a set of Fourier amplitude spectra generated at bedrock level using a source spectrum model, for different combinations of moment magnitude and rupture distance. Site-specific attenuation functions are generated and used to calculate seismic hazard at surface level. Uniform hazard spectra for 475 years return period are obtained. From these spectra harmonized design spectra to the NSR 10 are generated by random search of Fa and Fv parameters to ensure optimum fit. Following this methodology a site effects model for the city of Bogotá, Colombia, is constructed. This is used to exemplify trhee main direct application: i) obtaining transfer functions of the response spectrum for risk assessment, ii) generating Shake- Maps for emergency response purposes, and iii) the seismic microzonation of the city and obtaining elastic seismic-resistant design spectra.
Abstract
A methodology for assessing site effects in cities is presented, which is based on the geometry of the prevailing geological formations and their relation to soft soil deposits. [...]
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Caracterización de propiedades dinámicas de un puente de autopista en el noroeste de México
M. Calvillo, C. Huerta, F. Espinoza

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2016). MIS73, ISBN: 978-84-945077-4-8

Abstract
Una predicción precisa de la respuesta de estructuras sujetas a sismos, requiere información de sus propiedades dinámicas en sitio, tanto de la estructura como de terreno en su vecindad, incluyendo frecuencias naturales y relaciones de amortiguamiento. En el área de ingeniería civil, hay un creciente interés en procedimientos de análisis modal utilizando señales de salida. Las experiencias reportadas han demostrado que una estimación rápida y confiable de las formas de los modos y frecuencias puede obtenerse, inclusive con cantidades pequeñas de datos. En el presente trabajo se describe el estudio realizado sobre el puente Manantiales ubicado en la carretera de cuota Tijuana-Ensenada, México. En la zona en la que se localiza la estructura se han identificado deslizamientos importantes del suelo, y se han detectado deformaciones en los apoyos, por lo que se hizo necesaria la estimación de las propiedades dinámicas del puente. Por medio de estudios de vibración ambiental se estimó el amortiguamiento y la frecuencia fundamental de la estructura y se hizo una comparación con valores obtenidos teóricamente. Además se obtuvo el patrón de comportamiento de las deflexiones experimentales que se presentaron al centro de cada uno de los claros del puente y se comparó con el estimado teóricamente. Debido a la importancia de conocer las propiedades dinámicas del suelo en el cual se desplanta la estructura, se estimó la función de transferencia de cuatro puntos cercanos al puente Manantiales mediante cocientes espectrales, y se obtuvo el modelo numérico del suelo mediante el método de propagación de ondas en una dimensión, el cual está basado en matrices de rigidez.
Abstract
Una predicción precisa de la respuesta de estructuras sujetas a sismos, requiere información de sus propiedades dinámicas en sitio, tanto de la estructura [...]
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Espectros de control para ciudad de Quito-Ecuador
R. Aguiar

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2015). MIS72, ISBN: 978-84-944244-3-4

Abstract
En esta publicación se presenta, en primer lugar, las fallas ciegas inversas de Quito, denominadas de sur a norte: Puengasí; Ilumbisí-La Bota (ILB); Carcelén el Inca (CI); Bellavista Catequilla (BC) y Tangahuilla. Luego se determina para varios rangos de magnitud, el período de recurrencia de cada segmento de falla empleando el modelo de Gutenberg y Richter modificado y truncado desde una magnitud mínima a una magnitud máxima. Después se indica una zonificación de los suelos de Quito, basada en la velocidad de la onda de corte en los treinta primeros metros. Para el efecto se consideró como base la clasificación de suelos realizada por la Politécnica Nacional en el 2002 y estudios de sísmica de refracción realizados por ERN para la microzonificación sísmica de Quito en el 2011; estudios para el Metro de Quito y estudios realizados por el autor de ésta publicación para reforzar Centros de Educación Municipales. Posteriormente se presentan los modelos de movimientos fuertes desarrollados por Abrahamson et al. (2014); Campbell y Borzognia (2014); Chiou y Youngs (2014), que sirven para encontrar espectros de respuesta elástica y leyes de atenuación del movimiento del suelo de sismos que se registran en fallas corticales.
Abstract
En esta publicación se presenta, en primer lugar, las fallas ciegas inversas de Quito, denominadas de sur a norte: Puengasí; Ilumbisí-La Bota (ILB); Carcelén [...]
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Evaluación de la vulnerabilidad sísmica de estructuras de acero residenciales del Ecuador
J. Vielma, M. Cando

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2015). MIS70, ISBN: 978-84-943928-1-8

Abstract
Nowadays, there are a large number works focused on determining the seismic vulnerability of structures. This feature is not accidental, but rather the product of concern to the scientific, professional and organizations responsible for risk management community to reduce the destructive effects caused by earthquakes in the infrastructure and society. Globally destructive events that have occurred during the previous and present decades have contributed to this initiative; among them, the Sichuan, China (2008), Port au Prince, Haiti (2010), Maule, Chile (2010) or Tohoku, Japan (2011) earthquakes can be mentioned, which had as consequences many dead, injured and homeless people. It is well known that an earthquake can cause humanitarian disasters not only by the number of casualties and injured people but also for the destruction of cities where thousands of families live and work. All the above mentioned reasons reveal the need of revision and improvement of the seismic design codes, construction practices and policies that allow buildings to have a better performance against the strong ground motions. This is the context in which this work was developed. It contains results of a research entitled "Evaluation of seismic vulnerability of residential steel structures designed according to current Ecuadorian codes and the AISC seismic provisions for structural steel buildings" that has been developed in Ecuador with the support of Prometeo Project, sponsored by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCYT) of that Country.
Abstract
Nowadays, there are a large number works focused on determining the seismic vulnerability of structures. This feature is not accidental, but rather the product of concern [...]
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Contribuciones a la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad sísmica de edificios
J. Vielma

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2014). MIS68, ISBN: 978-84-941686-9-7

Abstract
Una de las principales preocupaciones de los especialistas relacionados con el medio construido tiene que ver con la capacidad de las estructuras para soportar acciones excepcionales. Entre éstas está el efecto de los fenómenos ambientales y naturales que imponen cargas extraordinarias que, de forma inesperada, pueden afectar a los edificios, provocando una respuesta que puede conducir al daño de componentes estructurales y no estructurales o, incluso, al colapso de la estructura. Entre las acciones extraordinarias que pueden afectar las estructuras dentro de la ventana de vida útil se encuentran las producidas por el viento y los terremotos, entre los más importantes. Tanto el daño parcial como el colapso de los edificios pueden afectar a las personas que habitan o realizan actividades en estas, produciéndo heridos o incluso fallecidos y enormes pérdidas económicas. Dentro de este contexto se han venido desarrollando trabajos de investigación que han tenido como objetivo determinar la vulnerabilidad sísmica de los edificios, con el fin de conocer cuál sería su comportamiento frente a la acción hipotética de un sismo determinado. En esta monografía se recogen contribuciones en este campo que se organizan en nueve capítulos.
Abstract
Una de las principales preocupaciones de los especialistas relacionados con el medio construido tiene que ver con la capacidad de las estructuras para soportar acciones excepcionales. [...]
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Respuesta dinámica de un edificio considerando el efecto de interacción suelo-estructura
F. Diaz-Guzman, F. Espinoza, R. Sanchez, C. Huerta

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2012). MIS67, ISBN: 978-84-939640-1-6

Abstract
En esta monografía se presenta el análisis de un edificio de 12 niveles de elementos prefabricados en la ciudad de Ensenada donde se determina la respuesta dinámica considerando al edificio apoyado en base rígida y teniendo en cuenta el efecto de interacción suelo-estructura, en el cual se considera a la estructura apoyada en suelo blando. Se lleva a cabo un análisis lineal para evaluar la respuesta dinámica de la estructura bajo condiciones de cargas gravitacionales establecidas en un reglamento mexicano, específicamente, en el Capítulo 5 y 6 de las Normas Técnicas Complementarias sobre Criterios y Acciones para el Diseño Estructural de las Edificaciones del DF (2004). Se realiza la obtención y distribución de las fuerzas sísmicas laterales de la estructura apoyada en base rígida utilizándose los criterios de diseño y análisis estructural del Capítulo 9 de las Normas Técnicas Complementarias para Diseño por Sismo del DF (2004), que corresponden al análisis dinámico modal. La respuesta del edificio producida por el efecto de interacción suelo-estructura se determina aplicando el método mencionado en el apéndice A de estas mismas normas. Se evalúa la respuesta de sitio donde se recurre al uso de la vibración ambiental y posteriormente, mediante el método de Nakamura, se obtiene el periodo predominante del suelo necesario para estimar la relevancia del efecto de interacción suelo-estructura. En el transcurso de esta monografía, se presentan estudios de algunos autores sobre la consideración y consecuencias del efecto de interacción suelo-estructura en el análisis sísmico de edificios. Además se muestran los procedimientos a seguir para determinar la respuesta dinámica de la estructura en estudio con base rígida y considerando el efecto de interacción suelo-estructura. También se presentan las distorsiones de entrepiso, que se determinan a partir de los desplazamientos relativos de cada nivel, para la estructura con base rígida y considerando el efecto de interacción suelo-estructura. Por último se hizo la comparación de ambas distorsiones con los valores máximos permitidos de las Normas Técnicas Complementarias para Diseño por Sismo del DF (2004) establecidos en la sección 1.8 y apéndice A.4.
Abstract
En esta monografía se presenta el análisis de un edificio de 12 niveles de elementos prefabricados en la ciudad de Ensenada donde se determina la respuesta [...]
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Modelización numérica del comportamiento estructural de barras de pandeo restringido
J. Castro, F. López-Almansa, S. Oller

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2011). MIS66, ISBN: 978-84-95999-12-2

Abstract
Los disipadores de energía son elementos pasivos que se incorporan a edificios y a otras construcciones que, pueden estar sometidas a acciones dinámicas, especialmente movimientos sísmicos. Su finalidad es absorber la mayor parte de la energía introducida en la estructura por la excitación, protegiendo de esta manera la estructura principal. Estos dispositivos son relativamente ajenos a la estructura, en el sentido que no participan en la resistencia a cargas verticales, y, por tanto, son fácilmente reemplazadas después de sufrir daños importantes. Se conectan a la estructura a proteger de forma que cuando ésta sufre la acción del terremoto, se generan deformaciones importantes en los disipadores produciéndose de esta manera la absorción de energía. En estructuras de edificación, los disipadores se colocan en pórticos; habitualmente en barras de arriostramiento concéntrico entre plantas, (generalmente diagonales o en V invertida) ya que, al producirse desplazamientos relativos entre plantas (“interstory drift”), aparecen deformaciones apreciables en estos elementos. Se han propuesto distintos tipos de disipadores para estructuras de edificación. Los basados en plastificación de metales, conocidos habitualmente como histeréticos, destacan por su sencillez, economía y robustez; de entre éstos las denominadas barras de pandeo restringido han conocido un notable desarrollo por poseer ventajas relevantes. Básicamente son barras concéntricas de arriostramiento, constituidas por un núcleo delgado de acero que se rodea de un revestimiento, generalmente de mortero y/o acero. Es de vital importancia que exista un interfaz, entre el núcleo y el revestimiento, que permita el deslizamiento entre ambos para evitar que parte de las estensiones del núcleo se plastifica, ya que el revestimiento impide su pandeo; estos ciclos de plastificación por tracción y compresión cosntituyen los lazos de histéresis a través de los cuales se disipa energía. A pesar de la notable experiencia, tanto a nivel de investigación como de aplicaciones prácticas, que existe sobre las barras de pandeo restringido, aún quedan numerosos interrogantes abiertos. En particular, no han sido propuesto ningún modelo numérico que simule con exactitud y fiabilidad su comportamiento estructural, ya que, éste es notablemente complejo, debido al trabo conjunto y multiaxial de distintos materiales (acero del núcleo,mortero y acero del revestimiento). Esta ausencia impide comprender a fondo los fenómenos complejos que suceden durante la operación de estos elementos, y dificulta el desarrollo de soluciones innovadora, ya que no es posible conocer con exactitud su comportamiento de barras de pandeo restringido formadas por un núcleo de acero, un interfaz deslizante y un revestimiento de mortero eventualmente rodeado por una funda exterior de acero. En el modelo numérico propuesto, el acero tiene un comportamiento elastoplástico con endurecimiento cinemático isótropo. Para el mortero que le rodea se han desarrollado u modelo isótropo de daño. La parte de acero del revestimiento (funda) se homogeneiza al mortero. La interfaz entre el núcleo de acero puede penetrar en el mortero. En el presente trabajo, estos modelos se implementan en subrutinas del programa Abaqus/Explicit, permitiendo comprobar el funcionamiento del modelo que se propone. Los resultados obtenidos, con este modelo numérico, se compararon con los resultados experimentales obtenidos en la Universidad de Girona y en la Universidad de California.
Abstract
Los disipadores de energía son elementos pasivos que se incorporan a edificios y a otras construcciones que, pueden estar sometidas a acciones dinámicas, especialmente [...]
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Theoretical and experimental analysis of dissipative buckling restrained barces
G. Palazzo, F. López-Almansa, X. Cahís, F. Crisafulli

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2011). MIS64, ISBN: 978-84-96736-98-6

Abstract
Buckling restrained braces are passive energy dissipators used for seismic protection of building frames; such devices consist of slender steel bars connected usually to the frame to be protected either like conventional (concentric) diagonal braces or like chevron braces. Under horizontal seismic motions, the interstory drifts generate axial strains in the steel bars beyond their yielding points; such tension-compression cycles constitute the hysteresis loops. The buckling of the steel bars (core) is prevented by embedding them in a stockiest encasing; it consists usually of a steel tube filled with mortar. A crucial issue is to allow sliding between the core and the encasing to prevent relevant shear stress transfer. This work aims to contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of buckling restrained braces; the final objective is to foster its mass use in developing countries (in earthquake prone regions), particularly for reinforced concrete building frames. The research approach consists of designing, producing and testing (in Argentina) five reduced scale dissipators (about 400 mm long) and of taking profit of the gained experience to design, to produce and to test (in Spain) four full size (near 3000 mm long) prototype devices. All these tests are individual, i.e. no subassemblies (accounting for the building frames) are considered. The main conclusion is that it is possible to obtain a reasonably cheap (about 1000 US$ per unit; this amount corresponds to production in Spain (summer 2006) without optimizing the fabrication process), efficient, robust, low maintenance and durable prototype device requiring only a low-tech production process (suitable for developing countries). Moreover, the results show that the fatigue life of buckling restrained braces, even highly uncertain, can be significantly bigger than expected (according to some previously published results); it might allow extending the life of these devices after a number of strong seismic inputs. A numerical analysis of the buckling behavior of these devices is performed; it allows formulating some design recommendations. Further research needs are identified.
Abstract
Buckling restrained braces are passive energy dissipators used for seismic protection of building frames; such devices consist of slender steel bars connected usually to [...]
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Reliability problems in eartquake engineering
J. Hurtado

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2010). MIS63, ISBN: 978-84-96736-86-3

Abstract
This monograph deals with the problem of reliability analysis in the field of Earthquake Engineering. Chapter 1 is devoted to a summary of the most widely used reliability methods, with emphasis on Monte Carlo and solver surrogate techniques used in the subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 presents a discussion of the Monte Carlo from the viewpoint of Information Theory. Then, a discussion is made in Chapter 3 on the selection of random variables in Earthquake Engineering. Next, some practical methods for computing failure probabilities under seismic loads are reported in Chapter 4. Finally, a method for reliability-based design optimization under seismic loads is presented in Chapter 5.
Abstract
This monograph deals with the problem of reliability analysis in the field of Earthquake Engineering. Chapter 1 is devoted to a summary of the most widely used reliability [...]
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Identificaçao modal estocástica de estruturas de engengharia civil
F. Magalhaes, A. Cunha, E. Caetano

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2005). MIS54, ISBN: 84-95999-77-3

Abstract
Neste contexto, as técnicas de identificaçao dos parámetros modais da estrutura (frequencias naturais, configuraçoes dos modos de vibraçao e coeficientes de amortecimento modais) com base na realizaçao de ensaios dinámicos surgem com ferramentas de grande interesse, no sentido de dar suporte à análise de correlaçao entre parámetros identificados e calculados, à actualizaçao e validaçao experimental das modelaçoes numéricas desenvolvidas e subsequente avalidaçao experimental das modelaçoes numéricad desenvolvidas e subsequente avaliaçao da capacidade de carga efectiva das estruturas.
Abstract
Neste contexto, as técnicas de identificaçao dos parámetros modais da estrutura (frequencias naturais, configuraçoes dos modos de vibraçao [...]
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Ferrocemento: Un acercamiento al diseño sísmico
D. Bedoya, J. Farbiaz, J. Hurtado, L. Pujades

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2002). MIS50, ISBN: 84--95999-23-4

Abstract
El estudio que aquí se expone propone una alternativa al diseño y construcción de viviendas de interés social, ubicadas en zonas de alta sismicidad, utilizando como material de construcción el ferrocemento. En Colombia, y bajo la jurisdicción de las Normas Colombianas de Diseño y Construcción Sismo Resistentes, NSR-98 (Ley 400 de 1997, y sus decretos reglamentarios), la vivienda de bajo costo se construye generalmente con mampostería estructural, respaldada por el Título D, Mampostería Estructural, o por el Título E, Casas de uno y dos pisos, que desde febrero de 2002 incluye construcciones en mampostería confinada y construcciones en bahareque encementado.
Abstract
El estudio que aquí se expone propone una alternativa al diseño y construcción de viviendas de interés social, ubicadas en zonas de alta sismicidad, [...]
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Criterio de diseño de puentes con aisladores y disipadores de energía
M. Jara, J. Casas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2002). MIS49, ISBN: 84-95999-02-1

Abstract
La búsqueda de medios para proporcionar suficiente resistencia a una estructura y asegurar un comportamiento satisfactorio para diferentes niveles de intensidad sísmica, ha proporcionado un desarrollo notable en los últimos veinte años del uso de los sistemas de control de vibraciones. El concepto general en el que se basan estos dispositivos consiste en el aumento de la capacidad del sistema para disipar energía, mediante la aplicación de fuerzas pasivas o activas, contrarias a las generadas por la acción externa. También se reconoce la importancia de controlar el periodo de la estructura para evitar que coincida con las frecuencias en las que se concentra la mayor parte de la energía del sismo. A la fecha los sistemas de control pasivo son los que han sido empleados con mayor frecuencia, y entre ellos, el aislamiento de base el más utilizado. Las razones por las que se ha preferido estos sistemas son de carácter económico, de fiabilidad, de mantenimiento y a su mayor desarrollo teórico y tecnológico. Los apoyos de neopreno y los apoyos deslizantes que se utilizan en el diseño de puentes para permitir los movimientos horizontales del tablero producidos por la temperatura y la reología, son un antecedente que facilita la adaptación tecnológica de los dispositivos de aislamiento de base y disipación de energía pasiva. Además de la necesidad de mantener en operación los puentes estratégicos después de la ocurrencia de un sismo destructivo, las características estructurales de estos sistemas y su alta vulnerabilidad sísmica, los hacen candidatos idóneos para el uso de dispositivos de control para su protección frente a sismo.
Abstract
La búsqueda de medios para proporcionar suficiente resistencia a una estructura y asegurar un comportamiento satisfactorio para diferentes niveles de intensidad sísmica, [...]
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Control de vibraciones en puentes. Un estado del arte y de la práctica
A. Jarauta, J. Casas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2002). MIS48, ISBN: 84-95999-01-3

Abstract
Los daños que producen los sismos en los sistemas de transporte, suelen tener un impacto significativo en el total de las pérdidas económicas producidas por estos eventos, tanto por los gastos que provienen directamente de la rehabilitación y sustitución de las estructuras dañadas, como por los costos indirectos debidos al cierre temporal de las vías de comunicación, que afectan los tiempos de desplazamiento en las rutas comerciales durante periodos que pueden prolongarse durante varios meses. En algunos casos, la pérdida de vidas humanas se ha incrementado de forma importante como consecuencia directa del derrumbe de algunos puentes; además, debe considerarse que la interrupción del tránsito, puede obstacularizar las labores de rescate, así como el transporte de víveres, medicinas y materiales, a las zonas afectadas. La actividad sísmica de las últimas décadas ha puesto de manifiesto la vulnerabilidad de los puentes ante este fenómeno, y ha dejado constancia de los grandes costos derivados de los fallos que se producen en los mismos. Sismos como el de San Fernando (1971), Tangshan (1976), Loma Prieta (1989), Northridge (1994), Kobe (1995) y Taiwan (1999), entre otros, han provocado fallos de importancia en los sistemas de transporte, y han incrementado las pérdidas económicas de forma notable. En la siguiente sección, presentamos un panorama general de la magnitud del problema, mediante una breve descripción de las consecuencias derivadas de los daños provocados en los puentes, por algunos de los sismos más importantes ocurridos en el mundo en los últimos años.
Abstract
Los daños que producen los sismos en los sistemas de transporte, suelen tener un impacto significativo en el total de las pérdidas económicas producidas [...]
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Estudio analítico sobre el comportamiento sísmico de muros de mampostería confinada con aberturas
J. Alvarez, S. Alcocer

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2001). MIS46, ISBN: 84-89925-90-9

Abstract
El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo, es estudiar de manera analítica las implicaciones que tiene la existencia de aberturas en la degradación de resistencia y de rigidez en muros de mampostería confinadas. Se han elaborado y analizado varios modelos no lineales de elementos finitos de muros de mampostería confinada con y sin aberturas.
Abstract
El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo, es estudiar de manera analítica las implicaciones que tiene la existencia de aberturas en la degradación de resistencia [...]
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Evaluación del daño en edificios y desempeño sísmico programa de ordenador CEINCI3
R. Aguiar

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2001). MIS45, ISBN: 84-89925-87-9

Abstract
Las normas que están vigentes en la mayoría de los códigos y normativas sísmicas tienen un objetivo principal: que la estructura tenga un buen comportamiento inelástico ante un sismo severo, el mismo que se define mediante estudios de peligrosidad sísmica, considerando una vida útil de la estructura de 50 años y con un 10% de probabilidad de excedencia. Este mismo tiene un período de retorno que está alrededor de los 475 años. Para este evento, que tiene muy poca probabilidad de registrarse durante la vida útil de la estructura, se desea, que la edificación disipe la mayor cantidad de energía y no colapse. De tal forma que el objetivo principal de la mayor parte de los códigos es salvar vidas para el sismo severo El objetivo indicado en el párrafo anterior, se ha venido cumpliendo en la práctica, en estructuras bien diseñadas pero cuando se han registrado sismos de menor magnitud, con aceleraciones menores a las esperadas en el sismo severo se ha visto que el daño estructural y no estructural es demasiado grande de tal manera que las pérdidas registradas han sido cuantiosas, inaceptables para la sociedad y sus gobiernos. Esto se lo ha comprobado en distintos países como México, USA, entre otros.
Abstract
Las normas que están vigentes en la mayoría de los códigos y normativas sísmicas tienen un objetivo principal: que la estructura tenga un buen [...]
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Capacidad límite última de disipación de energía de estructuras de hormigón armado sometidas a acciones sísmicas
A. Benavent-Climent, F. López-Almansa, L. Pujades

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2001). MIS44, ISBN: 84-899925-88-7

Abstract
El principal objetivo de esta monografía es la evaluación de la capacidad límite de disipación de energía de las estructuras sometidas a terremotos. En ella se expone, a través de su aplicación a varias estructuras tipo, una de las metodologías posibles para llevarla a cabo.
Abstract
El principal objetivo de esta monografía es la evaluación de la capacidad límite de disipación de energía de las estructuras sometidas a [...]
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Espectros de input de energía de aplicación en el proyecto sismorresistente de estructuras en regiones de sismicidad moderada
A. Benavent-Climent, L. Pujades, F. López-Almansa

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2001). MIS43, ISBN: 84-89925-86-0

Abstract
Esta monografía se compone de seis capítulos. En el Capítulo 1 se introduce el concepto de la energía y se demuestra la dependencia que tiene el input de energía total, del periodo fundamental de vvibración y de la masa del edificio. En el capítulo 2 se hace una estimación indirecta de los espectros de input de energía implícitos en la normativa sísmica española vigente (CSE-94), a partir de la hipóyesis de Housner y de las relaciones conocidas entre la pseudo-velocidad máximarelativa y la aceleración máxima absoluta de respuesta en sistemas dinámicos de un grado de libertad. En el Capítulo 3 se determinan mediante cálculos dinámicos directos, los espectros de input de energía de más de 100 acelerogramas correspondientes a terremotos históricos registrados en España. El Capítulo 4 se dedica a la evolución del input de energía que contribuye a daños estructurales, a partir del input de energía total y se expone nuevas fórmulas propuestas recientemente en la literatura. Finalmente, los Capítulos 5 y 6 se ocupan de comparar los espectros de input de energía de proyecto propuestos en diversas áreas geográficas de diferente sismicidad. Estos espectros de proyecto se contrastan también con los correspondientes a los recientes de Turquía, Taiwán y Mula de 1999.
Abstract
Esta monografía se compone de seis capítulos. En el Capítulo 1 se introduce el concepto de la energía y se demuestra la dependencia que tiene el [...]
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Fuerzas sísmicas en lo países bolivarianos
R. Aguiar

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2000). MIS42, ISBN: 84-89925-74-7

Abstract
Se muestran las normativas en Venezuela, Colombia , Ecuador y Perú, en lo referente a las acciones sísmicas de diseño.
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Modelos de vulnerabilidad sísmica de puentes basado en "conjuntos difusos"
E. Maldonado, J. Casas, J. Canas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2000). MIS40, ISBN: 84-84-89925-62-3

Abstract
En este trabajo se presenta un modelo rápido y sencillo de evaluación de la vulnerabilidad sísmica de puentes a escala regional. El modelo fue estructurado de forma que puede ser aplicado especialmente a zonas donde no se cuenta con reportes de daños sísmicos de puentes. El método se basa en la identificación de las características más relevantes e influyentes en el daño que sufrirá un puente bajo la acción del sismo. La valoración de estas características fue realizada mediante la determinación de diecinueve (19) parámetros, a los cuales se les asignó un grado de vulnerabilidad y un valor de importancia en base a la opinión de expertos. Debido a las impresiciones y subjetividad de las opiniones, estas fueron procesadas mediante técnicas difusas. Una vez calificados cada uno de los parámetros, se procedió a relacionar las calificaciones de los parámetros con su valor de importancia por medio de un promedio ponderando difuso. El resultado de esta relación por medio de técnicas basadas en la lógica difusa corresponde al “índice de vulnerabilidad del puente”.
Abstract
En este trabajo se presenta un modelo rápido y sencillo de evaluación de la vulnerabilidad sísmica de puentes a escala regional. El modelo fue estructurado [...]
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Utilización de los conjuntos difusos en modelos de vulnerabilidad sísmica
E. Maldonado, J. Casas, J. Canas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering (CIMNE) (2019). 26

Abstract
En este trabajo de presentan las bases teóricas de los conjuntos difusos necesarias para desarrollar un modelo de vulnerabilidad sísmica basado en opinión de expertos. Para ello, en una primera parte, se estudian los conceptos fundamentales como la definición de conjunto difuso, el concepto de función de pertenencia, el concepto de variable lingüística y las operaciones aritméticas. En la segunda parte, se presentan ejemplos de modelos de vulnerabilidad sísmica desarrollados en base a opinión de expertos, siendo el primero de ellos un claro ejemplo de la utilización de la teoría difusa para el tratamiento de las opiniones.
Abstract
En este trabajo de presentan las bases teóricas de los conjuntos difusos necesarias para desarrollar un modelo de vulnerabilidad sísmica basado en opinión [...]
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Dinámica de estructuras. Aplicaciones a la ingeniería sísmica
J. Hurtado

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2000). MIS38, ISBN: 84-89925-59-3

Abstract
El presente trabajo está concebido solamente como una introducción al tema que no obstante reúne de manera directa y suficiente los conocimientos requeridos en la práctica usual del diseño de edificaciones, en especial para el caso sísmico. Se han incluido varios programas de cálculo escritos en lenguaje MATLAB, los cuales son utilizados para la solución del ejemplo
Abstract
El presente trabajo está concebido solamente como una introducción al tema que no obstante reúne de manera directa y suficiente los conocimientos [...]
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Estimación de efectos locales con movimientos sísmicos y microtemblores
V. Giraldo, A. Alfaro, L. Pujades, J. Canas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering (CIMNE) (2019). 24

Abstract
Se presenta una visión amplia de la utilización de registros de movimiento sísmicos fuertes, movimientos sísmicos débiles y microtemblores para la evaluación de efectos locales. La revisión del estado del arte enfatiza en el análisis de microtemblores debido a la facilidad de la obtención de los registros en cualquier sitio.
Abstract
Se presenta una visión amplia de la utilización de registros de movimiento sísmicos fuertes, movimientos sísmicos débiles y microtemblores [...]
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Plasticidad y fractura en estructuras aporticadas
J. Flórez-López

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1999). MIS35, ISBN: 84-89925-46-1

Abstract
En esta monografía se presenta una teoría general de pórticos planos, que incluye desde el modelo elástico lineal tradicional hasta una mecánica de la fractura para estructuras aporticadas. A diferencia de los textos tradicionales de la teoría de estructuras, se hace énfasis en los aspectos no lineales e inelásticos del problema, específicamente en el problema del daño y fractura en estructuras aporticadas.
Abstract
En esta monografía se presenta una teoría general de pórticos planos, que incluye desde el modelo elástico lineal tradicional hasta una mecánica [...]
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Earthquake simulator testing of a steel model seismically protected with friction energy dissipators
D. Foti, J. Canas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1999). MIS34, ISBN: 84-89925-40-2

Abstract
In this research the study of an experimental reduced scale stell model of a medium-rise building structure is presented. The model was dynamically protected with energy dissipators installed on rigidization diagonals. These devices are passive control elements able to reduce the earthquake forces in buildings. The energy dissipators utilized in the experimental tests principally involve the steel-steel friction to dissipate energy and to lower the seismic response. When the structure undergoes interstory drifts the devices dissipate energy increasing the damping of the structure.
Abstract
In this research the study of an experimental reduced scale stell model of a medium-rise building structure is presented. The model was dynamically protected with energy dissipators [...]
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Modelación estocástica de la acción sísmica
J. Hurtado

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1999). MIS33, ISBN: 84-89925-34-8

Abstract
En este trabajo se desarrolla la estimación de un modelo estocástico de la variación temporal de las ondas sísmicas para la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia) con base en los registros obtenidos allí en años recientes
Abstract
En este trabajo se desarrolla la estimación de un modelo estocástico de la variación temporal de las ondas sísmicas para la ciudad de Manizales [...]
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Vulnerabilidad sísmica de hospitales. Fundamentos para ingenieros y arquitectos
O. Cardona

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1999). MIS32, ISBN: 84-89925-33-X

Abstract
El propósito de esta monografía es informar a las personas involucradas en la planeación, operación, manejo y diseño de servicios de salud a cerca de los efectos que pueden sufrir los hospitales por la ocurrencia de movimientos sísmicos, con el fin de suministrar una herramienta útil que les permita incorporar los procedimientos de mitigación del riesgo, tanto en la inspección de las instalaciones existentes como en el diseño y construcción de nuevas edificaciones y servicios. El documento trata temas específicos relacionados con los problemas potenciales que se pueden generar en el caso de la ocurrencia de un sísmo e, igualmente, hace referencia a las medidas que se deben tomar para la mitigación, haciendo especial énfasis en los requisitos necesarios para que las instalaciones puedan mantener su función durante e inmediatamente después de un evento intenso. No obstante que las instalaciones de la salud pueden ser afectadas por un amplio espectro de fenómenos naturales como sismos, huracanes, deslizamientos, erupciones volcánicas, inundaciones, etc., o de origen antrópico, como incendios, explosiones, escapes de gas, entre otros, este documento hace énfasis en el problema sísmico, dado que es el fenómeno natural que más ha afectado las instalaciones de la salud y debido a que si se logra reducir sus efectos directos e indirectos, prácticamente se está reduciendo el riesgo que pueden causar otros fenómenos, cuya acción es normalmente menos que la de los sismos.
Abstract
El propósito de esta monografía es informar a las personas involucradas en la planeación, operación, manejo y diseño de servicios de salud [...]
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Avaliação do comportamento sísmico de barragens de betão
R. Faria

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1998). MIS31, ISBN: 84-89925-28-3

Abstract
This monograph is devoted to the numerical evaluation of the seismic performance of concrete dams, with a particular emphasis on arch typology, here represented by the portuguese Alto Lindoso and Foz Côa dams. Koyna gravity dam, located in Indica, is also studied.
Abstract
This monograph is devoted to the numerical evaluation of the seismic performance of concrete dams, with a particular emphasis on arch typology, here represented by the portuguese [...]
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Acciones para el diseño sísmico de estructuras
R. Aguiar

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1998). MIS30, ISBN: 84-89925-27-5

Abstract
Se presenta la metodología de cálculo para evaluar la peligrosidad sísmica a nivel regional orientada al diseño sísmico de estructuras. Las diferentes etapas de evaluación se describen en forma crítica con la presentación de resultados encontrados en diferentes zonas del mundo.
Abstract
Se presenta la metodología de cálculo para evaluar la peligrosidad sísmica a nivel regional orientada al diseño sísmico de estructuras. [...]
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Metodologias para o cálculo sísmico não-linear de barragens de betão
R. Faria

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1998). MIS29, ISBN: 84-89925-25-9

Abstract
In this monograph the basic methodologies for the non-linear seismic analysis of concrete dams are presented. The Finite Element Method is used to discretize the dam-foundation-reservoir ensemble, whereas the dynamic equations will be solved in the time domain according to implicit integration schemes, namely the Newmark method and the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor alpha method. For the non-linear problem a predictor multicorrector algorithm is adopted. In view of the large scale computations inherent to dam analysis, a constitutive damage model for massive concrete is briefly presented. Attention is devoted to the numerical noire which arises from direct time integration, and to its control through the algorithmic dissipation provied by the alpha method, or by a s stiffness proportional damping matrix which is updated to account for material degradation. Special care is devoted to the simulation of the reservoir. Numerical modelling of the hydrodynamic effect is discussed in detail, either by means of pressure or displacement formulations, or even through the technique of the added masses form Westergaard.
Abstract
In this monograph the basic methodologies for the non-linear seismic analysis of concrete dams are presented. The Finite Element Method is used to discretize the dam-foundation-reservoir [...]
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Estudio de parámetros en la vulnerabilidad sísmica de puentes
E. Maldonado, J. Canas, J. Casas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering (CIMNE) (2019). 16

Abstract
Como una primera aproximación al desarrollo del análisis de vulnerabilidad sísmica de puentes, hemos llevado a cabo el presente estudio del estado del arte acerca de este tema. El objetivo final fue tener un resumen de las metodolosgías existentes, tal que ellas permitan ofrecer las bases para el planteamiento de una metodología de evaluación de vulnerabilidad sísmica en zonas donde no hay registros de daños sísmicos de puentes.
Abstract
Como una primera aproximación al desarrollo del análisis de vulnerabilidad sísmica de puentes, hemos llevado a cabo el presente estudio del estado del [...]
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Respuesta de puentes frente a acciones sísmicas
E. Maldonado, J. Canas, J. Casas, L. Pujades

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1998). MIS27, ISBN: 84-89925-23-2

Abstract
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudiar los aspectos más importantes involucrados en la respuesta de un puente ante la acción sísmica. Se presentan aspectos como la modelación del puente ante la acción sísmica, la determinación de las características dinámicas, la modelación de la acción del sismo y las metodologías de análisis. Todo lo anterior sin olvidar lo aprendido de los daños registrados en los puentes ante sismos pasados. Finalmente, esta monografía busca logar un entendimiento mínimo y necesario del comportamiento de un puente ante la acción del sismo, para que de esta manera se cuente con una herramienta útil para definir los parámetros que influyen en la vulnerabilidad sísmica de los puentes.
Abstract
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudiar los aspectos más importantes involucrados en la respuesta de un puente ante la acción sísmica. Se presentan [...]
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Análisis de los acelerogramas de la Serie de Adra (Almería). Diciembre 1993 a enero 1994
R. Blázquez, A. Suárez, E. Carreño, A. Martín

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1998). MIS26, ISBN: 84-89925-11-9

Abstract
Se analizan en este trabajo los datos acelerográficos asociados a los dos sismos principlaes de la denomianda serie de Adra. El estudio realizado se centra en la caracterización ingenieril de los acelerogramas correspondientes a los dos sismos principales de la Serie de Adra, tanto en el dominio temporal (historias de aceleraciones, velocidades y desplazamientos), como el frecuencial (espectros de respuesta).
Abstract
Se analizan en este trabajo los datos acelerográficos asociados a los dos sismos principlaes de la denomianda serie de Adra. El estudio realizado se centra en la caracterización [...]
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Stochastic dynamics of hysteretic structures
J. Hurtado

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1998). MIS25, ISBN: 84-89925-09

Abstract
This monographs deals with methods for analysing the random vibration of deterministic or uncertain hysteretic structures under any type of external random dynamic load. However, more attention is given to the modelling of seismic random vibration of structures.
Abstract
This monographs deals with methods for analysing the random vibration of deterministic or uncertain hysteretic structures under any type of external random dynamic load. However, [...]
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Daño sísmico global en edificios con muros de cortante
R. Aguiar

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1997). MIS23, ISBN: 84-89925-00-3

Abstract
En la presente monografía se calcula el daño sísmico en edificios porticados de hormigón armado con muros de cortante, de dos formas. En la primera se obtiene el índice de daño a nivel local de los elementos y mediante una combinación ponderada del daño local se encuentra el daño global de la estructura; en este contexto de cálculo la acción sísmica viene definida por un acelerograma. En la segunda forma, se presenta una metodología para calcular el daño global sísmico, utilizando espectros de respuesta.
Abstract
En la presente monografía se calcula el daño sísmico en edificios porticados de hormigón armado con muros de cortante, de dos formas. En la primera [...]
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Modelos de evaluación del comportamiento sísmico no lineal de estructuras de hormigón armado
F. Yépez

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1996). MIS19, ISBN: 84-87867-80-4

Abstract
La presente monografía tiene por objeto el estudio del comportamiento sísmico de estructuras de hormigón armado, sujetas a acciones sísmica severas. Debido a los altos niveles de solicitación, la estructura incursionará en el rango inelástico y, por consiguiente, sus características y propiedades estructurales se degradarán durante el tiempo de actuación de la acción sísmica. Para establecer mecanismos de evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de estructuras de hormigón armado, se requiere un análisis previo de su comportamiento general ante acciones sísmicas. Por ello, en esta monografía se realizará una descripción de los aspectos más importantes relativos al mismo.
Abstract
La presente monografía tiene por objeto el estudio del comportamiento sísmico de estructuras de hormigón armado, sujetas a acciones sísmica severas. [...]
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Experimental Study of a reduced scale model seismically base isolated with Rubber-Layer Roller Bearings (RLRB)
D. Foti, J. Kelly

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1996). MIS18, ISBN: 84-87867-82-0

Abstract
The main purpose of the research reported here is to investigate the behavior of Rubber-Layer Roller Bearings (RLRB) used to base isolate a low-rise structure during horizontal ground motions. The isolation system consits of high damping natural rubber pads and steel balls. In order to study the behavior of this kind of base isolation device, a theoretical approach of the problem has been conducted, followed and completed by a series of experimental shaking table tests performed on a scaled model of the entire structure.
Abstract
The main purpose of the research reported here is to investigate the behavior of Rubber-Layer Roller Bearings (RLRB) used to base isolate a low-rise structure during horizontal [...]
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Índices de daño sísmico en edificios de hormigón armado
R. Aguiar

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1996). MIS17, ISBN: 84-87867-43-X

Abstract
En la presente monografía se propone una forma de cálculo de la curvatura de fluencia por deterioro de aherencia y corte inelástico basado en la solución exacta de la ecuación diferencial que define la adherencia entre hormigón y acero. La misma que se presenta como alternativa de cálculo a la propuesta por Y. Park que tiene un fundamento experimental y teórico.
Abstract
En la presente monografía se propone una forma de cálculo de la curvatura de fluencia por deterioro de aherencia y corte inelástico basado en la solución [...]
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Modelo tridimensional de atenuación anelástica de las ondas sísmicas de la Península Ibérica
J. Caselles, J. Canas, L. Pujades, R. Herrmann

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1995). MIS16, ISBN: 84-87867-60-X

Abstract
La atenuación anelástica es uno de los parámetros que indica lo rápidamente que se atenuan las ondas sísmicas en su recorrido desdel el foco hasta cada punto de la Tierra. Su importancia radica en contribuir al cálculo de la peligrosidad sísmica, es decir, posibilita predecir que aceleración máxima puede sufrir un lugar si se produce un terremoto en cualquier otro de la litosfera. Además la inversión de estos datos conllevará el conocimiento, en profundidad, de las características anelásticas de las capas en que se considera dividido el modelo de Tierra y por tanto proporcionará una cierta visión de su estructura. Este estudio se ha realizado a partir de datos de ondas de Rayleigh, estas son ondas sísmicas que se propagan por la superficie de la Tierra o sus discontenuidades con polarización vertical.
Abstract
La atenuación anelástica es uno de los parámetros que indica lo rápidamente que se atenuan las ondas sísmicas en su recorrido desdel el [...]
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Estudios de ingeniería sismológica y sísmica
J. Canas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1995). MIS13, ISBN: 84-87867-57-X

Abstract
El trabajo que se presenta consiste en el estudio del factor anelástico Q en la Península Ibérica obtenido a partir de la información extraida de distintas ondas sísmicas registrada en estaciones sismográficas localizadas en la propia Península y en la zona Pirenaica Francesa.
Abstract
El trabajo que se presenta consiste en el estudio del factor anelástico Q en la Península Ibérica obtenido a partir de la información extraida [...]
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Sismología y peligrosidad sísmica
J. Canas, L. Pujades, E. Banda

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1994). MIS11, ISBN: 84-87867-49-9
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Análise estocástica da resposta sísmica não-linear de estructuras
A. Cunha

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1994). MIS09, ISBN: 84-87867-47-2

Abstract
A presente monografia comporta, para além de un capítulo de carácter introdútorio (Capitulo 1), dois capítulos fundamentais (Capítulos 2 e 3), cuja organizaçao e desenvolvimento foram marcados pela preocupaçao de sitematizar adequadamente as mais importantes formulaçoes teóricas que, no âmbito de Dinâmica Estrutural Estocástica, permitem efectuar a análise da resposta aleatória de sitemas não-lineares, complementando cada capítulo com aspectos relativos ao desenvolvimento de progamas de cálculo automático, propositadamente elaborados no sentido de fazer realçar as suas potencialidades à análise da resposta sísmica de estruturas, mediante a apresentação de alguns exemplos julgados elucidativos.
Abstract
A presente monografia comporta, para além de un capítulo de carácter introdútorio (Capitulo 1), dois capítulos fundamentais (Capítulos [...]
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Análisis de terremotos históricos por sus efectos. El terremoto de Andalucía
J. Arango

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1994). MIS07, ISBN: 84-87867-44-8

Abstract
El trabajo se organiza en dos partes: en la primera se analiza el potencial de licuefacción del suelo en aquellos lugares con referencias históricas fiables. En la segunda se evalúa la resistencia sísmica de un edificio de la época.
Abstract
El trabajo se organiza en dos partes: en la primera se analiza el potencial de licuefacción del suelo en aquellos lugares con referencias históricas fiables. [...]
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Simulación numérica del comportamiento no lineal de presas de hormigón ante acciones sísmicas
M. Galindo, J. Oliver, M. Cervera

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1993). MIS03, ISBN: 84-87867-38-3

Abstract
Desde una perspectiva metodológica general, el presente estudio pretende desarrollar una herramienta basada en la utilización del diseño asistido por ordenador para el análisis numérico del comportamiento resistente de presas de hormigón, a la vez que una metodología de aplicación de la misma para el análisis de seguridad de las presas. Para este propósito, se ha intentado desarrollar un sistema genérico, modular y unificador, que permita tener en cuenta los más diversos factores como el comportamiento no-lineal del material, la interacción con el terreno y el fluido del embalse, la acción de cargas estáticas y dinámicas o la excitación sísmica.
Abstract
Desde una perspectiva metodológica general, el presente estudio pretende desarrollar una herramienta basada en la utilización del diseño asistido por [...]
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Control predictivo en sistemas de protección sísmica de estructuras
R. Andrade, J. Rodellar, F. Almansa

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1993). MIS02, ISBN: 84-87867-37-5

Abstract
En este trabajo se propone una metodología para diseñar sistemas de control activo de estructuras utilizando un algoritmo de control basado en la estrategia de control predictivo. Se considera que el diseño del sistema de control cosiste en seleccionar el número, el tipo, las características y la posición de los sensores y actuadores, y en escoger los valores de los parámetros que definen la estrategia de control predictivo. La metodología propuesta puede aplicarse de forma numérica o experimental. En este trabajo se utiliza simulación numérica pero en aplicaciones reales el diseño final debe ir precedido de ensayos experimentales siguiendo la metodología descrita en este trabajo.
Abstract
En este trabajo se propone una metodología para diseñar sistemas de control activo de estructuras utilizando un algoritmo de control basado en la estrategia [...]
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Qualitative reasoning for earthquake resistant buildings
L. Rotondo

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1993). MIS01

Abstract
Qualitative reasoning is a new field of research from artificial intelligence that derives the behavior of a model from a high-level representation of the fundamental principles of the domain, and the geometry andtopology of the model. Qualitative reasoning is useful for evaluating concepetual designs of earthquake resistant buildings because it derives values for parameters even with incomplete and imprecise knowledge about the model, which is particularly importante for the conceptual design stage.
Abstract
Qualitative reasoning is a new field of research from artificial intelligence that derives the behavior of a model from a high-level representation of the fundamental principles [...]
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Evaluación rápida de la deriva máxima de piso para calcular la vulnerabilidad sísmica de estructuras
R. Aguiar

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2006). MIS57, ISBN: 84-95999-91-9

Abstract
En la última década se han desarrollado importantes investigaciones en los Estados Unidos de Norte América, para evaluar en forma rápida la vulnerabilidad sísmica de las estructuras, a partir del cálculo de la deriva máxima de piso. Estas investigaciones han sido efectuadas en base a sismos registrados fundamentalmente en el área de California y teniendo en cuenta los materiales y sistemas constructivos que ahí utilizan. Para todos es conocido, que la peligrosidad sísmica del Estado de California es diferente de la peligrosidad sísmica de América del Sur y algo similar se puede indicar con respecto a los materiales y sistemas constructivos. Por este motivo es que la Escuela Superior Politécnica del Ejército ESPE, Ecuador, apoyó la realización del proyecto de investigación científica, denominado: “Evaluación rápida de la deriva máxima de piso para evaluar la vulnerabilidad sísmica de estructuras de Hormigón Armado”. En esta investigación se obtienen relaciones entre el desplazamiento máximo inelástico con respecto al desplazamiento máximo elástico, de sistemas de un grado de libertad, pero a partir de sismos registrados en: Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Argentina y Chile. En ninguno de los países indicados se cuenta con suficientes acelerogramas, de eventos sísmicos cuya aceleración máxima del suelo sea mayor al 10% de la aceleración de la gravedad, que permitan tener una muestra bastante confiable a partir del cual se pueda realizan un estudio estadístico pero al trabajar en conjunto se tuvo 63 registros, que es un número considerable. De igual manera se encuentran relaciones entre la deriva máxima de piso con respecto a la deriva global del edificio pero trabajando con materiales y sistemas estructurales de Ecuador. Para el efecto se han considerado edificios de hormigón armado de uno a seis pisos de alto, conformados por vigas de poco peralte y columnas, sin muros de corte. Este tipo de construcción, que son bastante flexibles, también se las encuentra en países vecinos. Uno de los objetivos de la investigación era mostrar mediante la elaboración de curvas de fragilidad que las construcciones bajas, de uno a seis pisos, que se están realizando en buena parte del Ecuador responden a un nivel de diseño sísmico bajo que no está acorde con la alta peligrosidad sísmica del País caracterizada por una aceleración máxima del suelo en roca del 40% de la aceleración de la gravedad. Se presentan dos metodologías de cálculo para encontrar la deriva máxima de piso, en la que los parámetros que intervienen en su formulación han sido obtenidos en base a registros de Sur América y a sistemas constructivos de Ecuador. La bondad de estas metodologías se ha comprobado, comparando con los resultados que se obtienen del análisis no lineal, paso a paso de más de mil resultados, hallando una muy buena correlación en los resultados medios. En la segunda metodología se halla la deriva máxima de piso, a partir del análisis lineal elástico multiplicando por un parámetro de corrección; esta metodología puede ser aplicable cuando se tengan pocos edificios a evaluar. En cambio la primera metodología que contempla cinco parámetros es aplicable a un gran número de edificios, si se tienen muy pocas estructuras la incertidumbre es alta.
Abstract
En la última década se han desarrollado importantes investigaciones en los Estados Unidos de Norte América, para evaluar en forma rápida la vulnerabilidad [...]
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Factor de reducción de las fuerzas sísmicas en edificios de hormigón armado sin muros de corte
R. Aguiar

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2007). IS58, ISBN: 978-84-96736-40-7

Abstract
En los Países Desarrollados existen comités de normas que se encuentran trabajando en forma continua, esto se debe a que día a día existen nuevos conocimientos generados por los centros de investigación de las universidades, fundamentalmente. Es así como en estos Países aparecen nuevos códigos cada cierto período regular de tiempo. De tal manera que una normativa o código tiene un número determinado de años de vigencia y luego es obsoleto. Con estas ideas como base y pensando en un futuro Código Ecuatoriano de la Construcción se desarrolló el proyecto: “Factor de reducción de las fuerzas sísmicas”, financiado por la Escuela Politécnica del Ejército. En este proyecto se obtuvo el factor de reducción de las fuerzas sísmicas, con el cual se pasa del Espectro Elástico al Inelástico, en edificios de hormigón armado conformado por vigas y columnas sin muros de corte. Es decir en una sola tipología estructural pero que tiene gran demanda. El objetivo principal fue contribuir a una futura Normativa Sísmica de Ecuador, contribuir a quienes están estudiando y calculando edificios en Ibero América, para que conozcan la parte cuantitativa del factor de reducción de las fuerzas sísmicas ya que en algunas normativas se presentan los valores de R para algunas tipologías estructurales y muy poco o nada se comentan sobre ellas y esto es muy crítico ya que se puede estar subestimando la acción sísmica por una elección inadecuada del factor R. En este libro se verá que el factor R depende del período de vibración, del tipo se suelo, de la ductilidad local de sus elementos, de la deriva de piso máxima permitida, de la forma como se obtiene esa deriva máxima de piso en el rango no lineal, del índice de estabilidad de piso, de la capacidad de ductilidad, de la sobre resistencia y de la redundancia. Son muchos los factores que están relacionados con R y que deberán ser revisados en futuras normativas sísmicas para que no existan inconsistencias.
Abstract
En los Países Desarrollados existen comités de normas que se encuentran trabajando en forma continua, esto se debe a que día a día existen nuevos [...]
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Seismic protection of cable-stayed bridges applying fluid viscous dampers
G. Valdebenito, A. Aparicio

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2010). MIS62, ISBN: 978-84-96736-84-9

Abstract
Earthquakes can be really destructive. There is no doubt. Recent seismic events have demonstrated the important effects on structures, and especially on bridges. In this sense, cable-stayed bridges are not an exception, although their seismic performance during recent events has been satisfactory. Their inherent condition as part of life-lines makes the seismic design and retrofitting of such structures be seriously considered. Traditionally, seismic protection strategies have been based on provide enough strength and ductility. In the case of buildings or bridges with adequate supports and degrees of redundancy, that approach can be satisfactory, however, in the case of structures with few degrees of redundancy, or questionable ductility, that scheme could be inadequate, and worse, dangerous, as usually happens with cable-stayed bridges. All traditional modern strategies to design seismic structures are focused on the adequate comprehension of the mechanisms involved, in which ductility can be provided by some elements specially designed for these purposes. In these sense, strategies such as performed-based design or displacement-based design consider that well-designed structures need to dissipate enough energy by hysteresis in order to obtain economic and safe structures. The incorporation of additional energy dissipation and isolation devices, by means of passive, active, semi-active and hybrid strategies, constitutes without doubt efficient schemes to protect structures controlling or avoiding damage, in which the energy dissipation is guaranteed through the action of external elements specially designed for those purposes. By this way, now it is possible to provide enough strength and energy dissipation capacity at the same time, avoiding damage on important structural elements, with the subsequent guaranty of the functionality, very important on life-lines, even during strong ground motions. The present work constitutes an approach to the seismic protection of cable-stayed bridges including the incorporation of fluid viscous dampers as additional energy dissipation devices. The idea of the authors is to provide an up-to-date vision of the problem taking into account that long-period structures such as those proposed here, need to be adequately protected against strong motions, and considering that, because of their importance, an elastic behaviour is desirable. Chapter 1 describes the object to study in general terms. Chapter 2 constitutes a state-of-the-art review regarding the seismic behaviour and performance of fluid viscous dampers as external energy dissipation devices. The mechanical behaviour and technological aspects are now introduced with an energetic point of view, in which some practical applications are exposed and discussed. Chapter 3 describes the seismic response of cable-stayed bridges without external seismic protection, considering a parametric analysis in order to study the effects of the stay cable layout, stay spacing and deck level. A complete modal characterization is exposed, followed by a response spectrum analysis for comparative purposes. The effect of variations of the stay forces is analyzed, and finally, a nonlinear step-by-step analysis is performed for the critical structures, considering the velocity dependence of such bridges and the effects of far-fault and near-fault ground motions. The last Chapter exposes the seismic analysis of the selected structures including the incorporation of fluid viscous dampers as passive additional energy dissipation devices. Because of the inherent nonlinear behaviour of the structures and external devices, a mandatory nonlinear direct integration time-history analysis is performed for all the cases, in which parametric analyses are carried out in order to select the best damper parameters, and for the case of both far-fault and near-fault ground motions. In this part, comparative results are exposed with the aim to propose some practical recommendations.
Abstract
Earthquakes can be really destructive. There is no doubt. Recent seismic events have demonstrated the important effects on structures, and especially on bridges. In this sense, [...]
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Calibración de funciones de atenuación basadas en el espectro de fuente radiado y su aplicación en Colombia
G. Bernal, O. Cardona

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2015). MIS71, ISBN: 978-84-944244-2-7

Abstract
En esta monografía se propone el desarrollo de una metodología numérica para la calibración de un modelo de espectro de fuente a partir de información acelerográfica disponible. Esta metodología será aplicable a cualquier territorio donde se cuente con una muestra representativa de mediciones de movimiento sísmico.
Abstract
En esta monografía se propone el desarrollo de una metodología numérica para la calibración de un modelo de espectro de fuente a partir de información [...]
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Probabilistic seismic hazard and risk assessment in Spain
M. Salgado-Gálvez, O. Cardona, M. Carreño, A. Barbat

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2015). MIS69, ISBN: 978-84-943307-7-3

Abstract
This work attempts to explain how probabilistic seismic risk assessments can be performed at different resolution levels, using, strictly speaking, the same methodology (or arithmetic) and, then, how to obtain results in terms of the same metrics; but, also, highlighting what the differences in terms of inputs for the analysis and the reasons for them (i.e. including the dynamic soil response effects which are only relevant in local assessments) are. First, a country level assessment is first performed with similarities to the presented by Cardona et al. (2014) using a coarse-grain exposure database that includes only the building stock in the urban regions of Spain. Second, a urban seismic risk assessment with the detail of state-of-the-art studies such as the ones developed by Marulanda et al. (2013) and Salgado-Gálvez et al (2013; 2014a) is performed for Lorca, Murcia. In both cases, the fully probabilistic seismic risk results are expressed in terms of the loss exceedance curve which corresponds to the main output of said analysis from where different probabilistic risk metrics, such as the average annual loss and the probable maximum loss, as well as several other relationships, can be derived (Marulanda et al., 2008; Bernal, 2014). Because of the damage data availability for the Lorca May 2011 earthquake, a comparison between the observed losses and those modelled using an earthquake scenario with similar characteristics in terms of location, magnitude and spectral accelerations was done for the building stock of the city. The results of the comparison are presented in terms of expected losses (in monetary terms) and damage levels related to the obtained the mean damage ratios compared with the observed by post-earthquake surveys.
Abstract
This work attempts to explain how probabilistic seismic risk assessments can be performed at different resolution levels, using, strictly speaking, the same methodology (or [...]
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Factores de prestaciones sísmicas de edificios con irregularidad en planta
J. Vielma, M. Mulder

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2018). MIS76, ISBN: 1134-3249

Abstract
Some residential buildings are irregular, having plants with entrances, fact which can worsen their behavior during potential seismic events. They can present demands that are much higher than their design capacity. The objective of this monograph is to study the seismic performance factors of buildings by applying the FEMA P695 methodology to a set of regular and irregular structural configurations with and without incorporating closure beams in their entrances. The case studies consider low-rise reinforced concrete buildings located in high seismic hazard areas. The structures are analyzed, considering the hypothesis of flexible diaphragm, in the linear range (using the Robot Structural Analysis computer code) and in the nonlinear range (using the SeismoStruct 7.0.3 computer code); both are based on the finite element method. The seismic response of the structures is evaluated by performing nonlinear pseudo-static analysis and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). It is worth noting that the response of the buildings with entrances by applying the pushover analysis requires specifying certain rules of application, which are proposed herein. The performance point is calculated by applying the extended N2 method, which is especially applicable to buildings with irregularities in plan considering the effect of the higher modes of vibration. This allows obtaining the seismic response of the buildings to earthquakes similar to those of the seismic code. The displacement corresponding to the performance point allows making evaluations by means of the method of the quadrants and the damage index indicates if the structure is fragile or ductile. In addition, an alternative method is proposed to obtain the ductility and factors such as the torsional irregularity index, which is a dimensionless coefficient that characterizes the structural response and relates it to the existing irregularities. Comparisons among structures with different irregularity in plant are also made considering their fragility curves. The R coefficient is adopted according to the current regulations applying FEMA P695 and a new value of R is established by using the IDA curves obtained from the nonlinear analysis.
Abstract
Some residential buildings are irregular, having plants with entrances, fact which can worsen their behavior during potential seismic events. They can present demands that [...]
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Comportamiento sísmico de puentes atirantados y disipación de energía adicional: un estado del conocimiento
G. Valdebenito, A. Aparicio

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2005). MIS55

Abstract
Las siguientes páginas corresponden a la presentación de los últimos avances y novedades en materia de comportamiento sísmico de puentes de tirantes de gran luz. La idea ha surgido de la necesidad de unificar experiencias y criterios, y tiene como objetivo presentar al lector una visión actualizada acerca del comportamiento de estos sistemas y la reciente introducción y uso de sistemas avanzados adicionales de protección pasiva y activa. A modo introductorio, se presentan los aspectos generales del comportamiento de puentes de tirantes frente a cargas estáticas. Se exponen los resultados de las investigaciones más recientes acerca del comportamiento sísmico general de puentes de tirantes de gran luz, se analiza la problemática de la caracterización de la acción sísmica de entrada, se presentan los desarrollos y resultados de investigaciones recientes en materia de dispositivos de control de vibraciones aplicado a puentes, se analiza la temática del comportamiento sísmico de puentes de tirantes con incorporación de sistemas pasivos y activos y finalmente se presentan algunos aspectos básicos y actualizados relacionados con el análisis y diseño estructural.
Abstract
Las siguientes páginas corresponden a la presentación de los últimos avances y novedades en materia de comportamiento sísmico de puentes de tirantes [...]
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Diseño sísmico de edificios de hormigón armado
L. Bozzo, A. Barbat

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1995). MIS15, ISBN: 84-87867-59-6

Abstract
The monograph is subdivided into two parts. The first part presents concepts of seismology such as intensity or magnitude, together with probabilistic concepts related to the vulnerability and the potential damage that can occur in reinforced concrete and masonry buildings. Procedures for the preliminary design of buildings are included together with conceptual design recommendations. A brief introduction to the expert systems is made, presenting the qualitative reasoning systems in more detail and giving examples for the preliminary design of structures. Finally, a summary is made of the equations that govern the dynamics of linear and non-linear structures and their solution, including numerical procedures for the modal uncoupling and the step-by-step integration of the equations of motion. In the second part of the monograph, the non-linear behavior of structures subject to earthquakes is studied. This allows to predict the response of inelastic structures without the need of performing a non-linear analysis. The relative influence of various parameters such as structural damping, global ductility and the coefficient of strength is presented in detail. Next, the seismic action necessary in the analysis of structures is defined by means of accelerograms and seismic response spectra, but the one performed in several design standards of the world is also discussed. Finally, procedures are developed for the seismic design of structural elements and systems such as reinforced concrete ductile frames, dual systems and eccentric frames. The monograph includes a brief synthesis of earthquake-resistant design codes.
Abstract
The monograph is subdivided into two parts. The first part presents concepts of seismology such as intensity or magnitude, together with probabilistic concepts related to [...]
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Cálculo y diseño sismorresistente de edificios. Aplicación de la norma NCSE-02
A. Barbat, S. Oller, J. Vielma

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2005). MIS56, ISBN: 84-95999-89-7

Abstract
The monograph highlights the way in which, in the long term, the application of design standards can lead to a reduction of seismic risk in urban areas. The seismic design standards make recommendations regarding the seismic loads to be used, the simplified methods of structural analysis, the criteria that must be applied to ensure a good overall behavior of the same, as well as the design details that must be incorporated. The structural analysis procedures foreseen in all the world standards are based on concepts generally used in the static and dynamic calculation of structures. However, the concepts considered when using these simplified procedures of dynamic analysis and the approximate formulas for the determination of the dynamic characteristics of buildings, are not explained. For this reason, the monograph analyzes the content of the seismic-resistant design regulations in relation to the analysis methods they propose, explaining the concepts of structural analysis that are applied in each case, with special reference to the Spanish regulations in vigor, NCSE-02. Since many design codes include rules that are not justified in the text of the regulations, this monograph also deals with aspects of the so-called conceptual design that requires decisive decisions in the initial phases of the design of structures, which condition the seismic behavior of the same. To facilitate the application of the dynamic analysis of buildings, a program developed in Matlab ® has been incorporated, which can be obtained from the web page www.cimne.com/is-56/modal, together with the data files and results, which are described in the Annex to this monograph.
Abstract
The monograph highlights the way in which, in the long term, the application of design standards can lead to a reduction of seismic risk in urban areas. The seismic design [...]
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Vulnerabilidad sísmica de edificios
C. Caicedo, A. Barbat, J. Canas, R. Aguiar

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1994). MIS06, ISBN: 84-87867-53-X

Abstract
The monograph summarizes the problem of risk for any type of natural phenomenon, defines each of the terms that intervene in the risk analysis, describes the way in which these terms interact and some of them are particularized for the case of the seismic phenomenon. A synthesis is made of the deterministic and probabilistic methods for the evaluation of the seismic hazard at regional and local scales. Then, the theoretical basis of the analytical methods for assessing seismic damage in buildings is explained. The hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete elements is studied, the factors controlling this behavior and the main computational models are described. The different indicators used to estimate the damage in structural elements and globally in the structure are examined and the probabilistic interpretation of the analytical methods is explained. Next, we describe the subjective methods of damage prediction, such as those based on damage probability matrices or vulnerability functions, and we show the form taken by the specific risk equation in each of these two cases. A methodology for the evaluation of seismic vulnerability in urban areas is developed, based on the vulnerability index method; it is described how the vulnerability of a building is calculated and the existing vulnerability functions for the estimation of risk scenarios are shown. The problem of the seismic risk analysis at urban level is studied and an example of application of this methodology to a sector of Barcelona is shown. Finally, a procedure for the simulation of vulnerability functions for reinforced concrete buildings is described and vulnerability functions are obtained for different structural typologies and different degrees of seismic intensity.
Abstract
The monograph summarizes the problem of risk for any type of natural phenomenon, defines each of the terms that intervene in the risk analysis, describes the way in which [...]
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Simulación del daño sísmico en edificios de hormigón armado
A. Hanganu, A. Barbat, S. Oller, E. Oñate

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1994). MIS4, ISBN: 84-87867-40-5

Abstract
There is a general interest in civil engineering to quantify the damage produced in structures by catastrophic actions. It would be convenient, from a practical point of view, to describe the state of a structure by means of a single figure that clarifies whether the structure is capable of supporting the service charges or not; if it will survive to another extraordinary load in the future; how does the present damaged state influence in its future behavior; where the most damaged points are located; what capacity of resistance remains in each point; and, in general, all kind of information that help to make design or repair decisions. The authors have proposed a solution to this problem in the specific case of earthquakes acting upon reinforced concrete building structures. A methodology has been formulated for the definition of an index of damage that can be typified for all the structures belonging to the same class and that allows classifying them according to their seismic vulnerability. In the monograph, simple beam structures are first studied in order to better describe the concepts involved and the parameters that influence the solution to the problem. The developed methodology, which models the structures using the finite element method, is directly and easily extended to shells, plates or 3D solids. The fundamental idea of this work is to apply constitutive equations formulated in 3D at a material point instead of using constitutive laws formulated in generalized forces-displacements such as, for example, bending moment-curvature, shear force-angular distortion, etc. This allows modeling the behavior of composite materials directly since for each component material its own constitutive law is considered. In this way, it is sufficient to have a single 3D constitutive model and a methodology to calculate the components of the stress and strain tensors at any point of the beam section.
Abstract
There is a general interest in civil engineering to quantify the damage produced in structures by catastrophic actions. It would be convenient, from a practical point of view, [...]
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Edificios con aislamiento de base no lineal
N. Molinares, A. Barbat

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1994). MIS05, ISBN: 84-87867-41-3

Abstract
The objectives of the seismic design of buildings can be achieved by applying techniques of conventional design that consider the that the ground motion is transmitted to the structure through its fixed base. As an alternative to this traditional design, base isolation systems were developed consisting of mechanisms that partially uncouple the structure of the foundation ground to reduce, in this way, the damages of the structure and of its content. Decoupling is carried out by placing support devices between the base of the structure and its foundation that increase the flexibility of the overall structure-base system and that produce, at the same time, an appropriate damping. Despite the large number of studies on different base isolation systems, there are few comparative analyzes between these systems. In this monograph, structures isolated with different systems are compared with structures with conventional design. To this end, criteria for evaluating the behavior of the different systems have been defined. In the numerical studies, models with linear behavior for the structure and nonlinear behavior of the base isolation system have been considered. The type of nonlinearity of the isolation is formulated by means of differential equations, capable of describing both hysteretic and frictional systems.
Abstract
The objectives of the seismic design of buildings can be achieved by applying techniques of conventional design that consider the that the ground motion is transmitted to [...]
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Definición de la acción sísmica
A. Barbat, L. Orosco, J. Hurtado, M. Galindo

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1994). MIS10, ISBN: 84-87867-448-0

Abstract
The present monograph describes different ways to define the action of earthquakes upon structures. The progress that has taken place in recent years the application of different models to define the seismic action requires a panoramic view of the different existing methods. However, the literature on such methods is widely dispersed in different publications, and this publication brings together and synthesizes the most outstanding models. The fact that the seismic action has a a complex nature, and that frequently occur seismic events that exceed the forecasts, has maintained the traditional vocation of the Earthquake Engineering to collect and assimilate the new developments in fields as diverse as seismology, signal analysis, probability theory and stochastic processes, mechanics of materials, etc. Important developments have been achieved in the traditional model of response spectra, usual in the everyday design of simple structures, incorporating spectra based on seismological models, of damage indices or of energy. A wide range of algorithms for the simulation of accelerograms are also available, ranging from those that are limited to the compatibility with response spectra or with a seismological model to those that allow developing spatial models of the waves. Finally, an important development has taken place in relation to the stochastic modeling of the seismic action, which has made possible advances in the probabilistic methods of structural response and in the structural safety.
Abstract
The present monograph describes different ways to define the action of earthquakes upon structures. The progress that has taken place in recent years the application of different [...]
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Conceptos de cálculo de estructuras en las normativas de diseño sismorresistente
A. Barbat, S. Oller

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1997). MIS24, ISBN: 84-89925-10-0

Abstract
The standards make recommendations regarding the seismic loads, the simplified methods of structural analysis, the criteria that must be applied to ensure its good global seismic behavior, as well as the earthquake resistant design details that must be applied. The structural analysis procedures included in all the seismic design standards are based on concepts generally used in the static and dynamic analysis of structures. However, when considering the possibility of using simplified procedures of dynamic calculation and of formulas that allow approximating the values of the dynamic characteristics of buildings, the mentioned concepts are not explained in a clear way. For this reason, the present monograph analyzes the content of the earthquake-resistant design codes in relation to the calculation methods they propose, explaining the concepts of structural analysis that are applied in each case, with special reference to Spanish regulations in force, NCSE-02. In addition, this monograph deals with aspects of conceptual design, which provides qualitative descriptions of design solutions based on the designer's experience. In this phase, the structural typology, the plan form of the structure, the distribution of the masses in height and the rigidities are chosen, the organization of the resistant system is specified, etc. It should be mentioned that in many regulations the conceptual design is specified in rules that are not justified in the text. All this implies taking decisive decisions in the initial phases of the design of structures, which condition the seismic behavior of the structures to such an extent that all the subsequent calculations, as well as the design details that are applied, may not have the expected effect.
Abstract
The standards make recommendations regarding the seismic loads, the simplified methods of structural analysis, the criteria that must be applied to ensure its good global [...]
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Vulnerabilidad de puentes de autopista. Un estado del arte
C. Gómez, A. Barbat, S. Oller

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2000). MIS41, ISBN: 84-89925-64-X

Abstract
In this monograph, a complete review of the state of the art of the seismic vulnerability of motorway bridges is carried out. The work begins with a review of the damage caused by the last major earthquakes in the world. Next, the theoretical framework of the methods of evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of structures is described. Then, different methodologies for the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of bridges are examined in detail. Advances in assessing their seismic vulnerability should be sought using expert judgment, the study of damage data associated with past earthquakes and the numerical simulation of bridge response. For this reason, in the monograph the seismic vulnerability evaluation methods are classified into the following groups: (1) methods based on vulnerability indexes; (2) methods that use structural analysis; (3) methods based on statistical evaluations and expert opinion; and (4) methods that use the observed damage statistics. Finally, some of the main methods for obtaining the indices that characterize the importance of motorway bridges are described, as well as indices for the evaluation of the liquefaction effect.
Abstract
In this monograph, a complete review of the state of the art of the seismic vulnerability of motorway bridges is carried out. The work begins with a review of the damage caused [...]
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Riesgo, peligrosidad y vulnerabilidad sísmica de edificios de mampostería
F. Yépez, A. Barbat, J. Canas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1995). MIS12, ISBN: 84-87867-50-2

Abstract
This monograph describes a conceptual framework necessary for the formulation of seismic risk and of vulnerability studies. The Italian methodology of the vulnerability index is described for unreinforced masonry buildings and is applied to an area of the downtown of the city of Barcelona, Spain. A Geographical Information System (GIS) is used which allows automating the process completely and facilitates obtaining the results. Studies of observed seismic vulnerability, based on the damage caused by earthquakes in the past, are performed and their relationships with the previous method is examined. An efficient scheme is proposed to carry out post-earthquake investigations which is applied to the case of the two earthquakes that occurred in the region of Almeria in December 1993 and January 1994; it is explained how to make effective use of the results. To achieve this objective, data on the effects of the mentioned earthquakes has been collected and processed with the objective of obtaining the first observed vulnerability function for Spain. This function would allow the evaluation of future losses due to earthquakes in Spain. In this way, both a seismic risk study methodology and a complete procedure to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of an entire area in an urban will be available.
Abstract
This monograph describes a conceptual framework necessary for the formulation of seismic risk and of vulnerability studies. The Italian methodology of the vulnerability index [...]
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Ineslatic analysis of geometrically exact rods
P. Mata, A. Barbat, S. Oller, R. Boroschek

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2008). MIS60, ISBN: 978-84-96736-59-7

Abstract
In this work, a formulation for rod structures, able to consider coupled geometric and constitutive sources of nonlinearity in both the static and the dynamic range, is developed. It is extended for allowing the inclusion of passive energy dissipating elements as a special rod element and geometric irregularities as a full three-dimensional body connected to the framed structure by means of a two-scale model. The proposed formulation is based on the Reissner-Simo geometrically exact formulation for rods considering an initially curved reference configuration and extended to include arbitrary distribution of composite materials in the cross sections. Each material point of the cross section is assumed to be composed of several simple materials with their own thermodynamically consistent constitutive laws. The simple mixing rule is used for treating the resulting composite. Cross sections are meshed into a grid of quadrilaterals, each of them corresponding to a fiber directed along the axis of the beam. A mesh independent response is obtained by means of the regularization of the energy dissipated at constitutive level considering the characteristic length of the mesh and the fracture energy of the materials. Local and global damage indices have been developed based on the ratio between the visco-elastic and nonlinear stresses. The consistent linearization of the weak form of the momentum balance equations is performed considering the effects of rate dependent inelasticity. Due to the fact that the deformation map belongs to a nonlinear manifold, an appropriated version of Newmark's scheme and of the iterative updating procedure of the involved variables is developed. The space discretization of the linearized problem is performed using the standard Galerkin finite element approach. A Newton-Raphson type of iterative scheme is used for the step-by-step solution of the discrete problem. A specific element for energy dissipating devices is developed, based on the rod model but releasing the rotational degrees of freedom. Appropriated constitutive relations are given for a wide variety of possible dissipative mechanisms. Several numerical examples have been included for the validation of the proposed formulation. The examples include elastic and inelastic finite deformation response of framed structures with initially straight and curved beams. Comparisons with existing literature is performed for the case of plasticity and new results are presented for degrading and composite materials. Those examples show how the present formulation is able to capture different complex mechanical phenomena such as the uncoupling of the dynamic response from resonance due to inelastic incursions and suppression of the high frequency content. The study of realistic flexible pre-cast and cast in place reinforced concrete framed structures subjected to static and dynamic actions is also carried out. Detailed studies regarding to the evolution of local damage indices, energy dissipation and ductility demands are presented. The studies include the seismic response of concrete structures with energy dissipating devices. Advantages of the use of passive control are verified.
Abstract
In this work, a formulation for rod structures, able to consider coupled geometric and constitutive sources of nonlinearity in both the static and the dynamic range, is developed. [...]
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La gestión financiera del riesgo desde la perspectiva de los desastres
M. Marulanda, O. Cardona, M. Ordaz, A. Barbat

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2008). MIS61, ISBN: 978-84-96736-60-3

Abstract
This monograph presents a summary of the importance for the State of having a public policy of protection or financial management of risk from the perspective of disasters. Reference is made to the legal and fiscal responsibility, to the obligations and contingent liabilities that represent, implicitly, disasters for the State. And, also, reference is made to the implications of not having a well-defined “ex ante” policy from the financial point of view for a country prone to disasters of different kinds and, in general, against catastrophic risk. A succint description of the Disaster Deficit Index, IDD, is then made, whuch provides macroeconomic and financial authorities with access, in appropriate terms, to relevant information on disaster risk at the national or subnational level. This indicator allows to dimension the fiscal exposure and the potential deficit - which are contingent liabilities - of the country in a simple way and to identify and propose possible policies and effective actions of financial protection of the State. Likewise, it shows the impact caused by recurrent minor disasters that cause a significant social and environmental risk in the countries. Finally, the basic concepts about the traditional role of the insurance and reinsurance industry and other financial schemes used or that could be explored to integrate them into the integral risk management are presented.
Abstract
This monograph presents a summary of the importance for the State of having a public policy of protection or financial management of risk from the perspective of disasters. [...]
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Proyecto sismorresistente de estructuras porticadas
J. Vielma, A. Barbat, S. Oller

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2011). MIS65, ISBN: 978-84-95999-60-3

Abstract
The monograph begins with a review of the usual seismic analysis procedures and presents the problem of seismic-resistant projects. The required structurual analyses can be elastic or inelastic, but the latter have been used mostly during the last decade thanks to advances in numerical methods and in the area of computers. It also presents a summary of the most common seismic codes prescriptions for reinforced concrete elements and examines aspects of conceptual design that often come from code recommendations. Next, an introduction to the theme of performance based design is made. A method for linear seismic dimensioning is then developed, but with displacement amplification factors obtained from research performed on the nonlinear behavior of the structures. This method allows the displacements, and not the strength, to govern the project, is simple to apply, compatible with most of the rules required by the earthquake resistant structures and is illustrated by the application to a group of reinforced concrete framed buildings. Once the buildings designed, they be subjected to seismic actions of the pseudostatic or dynamic type and will undergo a non-linear behaviour. The response of the structures is evaluated by applying a set of limit states formulated in accordance with the principles of performance based design. The non-linear response allows to calibrate some of the factors applied in the seismic project, such as the global ductility, the behavior factor and the redundancy factor and resistance reserve. From the non-linear response, damage indices are obtained, both local and global, that allow the rapid evaluation of the seismic behavior, as well as the identification of the areas in which the damage is concentrated and which must be reinforced. Finally, using a series of thresholds that allow the definition of the limit states, a mixed procedure (deterministic-probabilistic) is applied by means of which the exceedance probabilities of the mentioned states are calculated. These procedure allows calculating fragility curves and damage probability matrices that applied according to the conceptual framework of the performance based design, allow obtaining earthquake resistant buildings.
Abstract
The monograph begins with a review of the usual seismic analysis procedures and presents the problem of seismic-resistant projects. The required structurual analyses can be [...]
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Evaluación “ex-post” del estado de daño en los edificios afectados por un terremoto
M. Carreño, O. Cardona, A. Barbat

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2005). MIS53, ISBN: 84-95999-76-5

Abstract
Once an earthquake has occurred, the inspection of the buildings should be carried out as quickly as possible, in order to reduce the risk and discomfort of the people. This means that it is not possible to perform a detailed evaluation, making a complete geometric survey of the building, taking samples for a detailed analysis of the seismic pathology and performing a numerical analysis using computers. On the contrary, damage assessments and the habitability of buildings should be carried out based on visual inspection and expert judgment. This monograph aims to develop a general methodology for the inspection and classification of buildings affected by an earthquake. It starts by collecting and analyzing the information existing in different countries on the main methodologies of damage assessment and habitability, in order to compare different approaches and identify the necessary bases to propose a methodology for the evaluation of buildings affected by earthquakes. Then, it establishes the procedure to be used to assess the damage and the safety of the buildings after an earthquake. Finally, it proposes a form, of quick and easy application, for the inspection and classification of buildings affected by an earthquake, according to their state of damage and their level of security.
Abstract
Once an earthquake has occurred, the inspection of the buildings should be carried out as quickly as possible, in order to reduce the risk and discomfort of the people. This [...]
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Seismic vulnerability of bridges using simplified models
C. Gómez, S. Oller, A. Barbat

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2002). MIS47, ISBN: 84-89925-96-8

Abstract
In this monograph, we study the definition of possible damage in bridges by using simplified structural models. The state-of-the-art of the seismic vulnerability of bridges is first discussed and the theoretical background of the methods to evaluate their vulnerability is commented. The existing methodologies to evaluate the vulnerability of bridges are then described in detail; The methods are classified as: (1) methods based on the vulnerability index; (2) methods based on structural analyses; (3) methods based on expert opinion and statistical evaluations; and (4) methods based on statistical evaluations of the observed damages. A simplified methodology to estimate the seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete bridges with simple pier bent and elastic girders is then proposed. The methodology is applied to an existing bridge, built 30 years ago. The elastic and the non-linear procedures of evaluation are first discussed. The non-linear procedure includes an analytical methodology to estimate the local damage in the piers, using a continuous damage model, and the global damage of the bridge. Thereinafter, a numerical process allows considering artificial seismic actions compatible with the velocity spectrum of deterministic records. Finally, an application of the proposed analytical procedure to estimate the seismic vulnerability of the real bridge is given. The obtained damage results show that the studied bridge would suffer only a minor damage when a seismic action similar to that of the expected seismic scenario is considered. The proposed methodology is compared with previous experimental results and with analytical results obtained by using commercial codes. It is shown that the proposed simplified methodology is less computational time consuming and that it provides reliable values of the maximum damage suffered by the bridge piers.
Abstract
In this monograph, we study the definition of possible damage in bridges by using simplified structural models. The state-of-the-art of the seismic vulnerability of bridges [...]
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Modelización de la peligrosidad sísmica
J. Canas, J. Egozcue, J. Miquel, A. Barbat

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1996). MIS21, ISBN: 84-87867-83-9

Abstract
The design and construction of structures in seismic areas requires knowledge of the seismic actions to which they can be subjected throughout their useful life. In general, it is not enough to establish what would be the maximum acceleration which could act upon the structure to be designed, but, in addition, the frequency with which the seismic phenomenon occurs and the damage it would produce should be known. In this monograph the probability of occurrence of earthquakes is studied regardless of the type of structure, of the population of the area, of the industrial level of the same, for the northeast area of the Iberian Peninsula; the results obtained are reflected in maps. The study is restricted to finding the probabilities of occurrence of earthquakes classified by their intensity (epicentral or felt) and, in spite of the approximation due to the use of the intensities, the results will be of great value for the making of design decisions. The methods for evaluating these probabilities of intensity occurrence are very varied, but basically there are two different conceptions of the methods of calculation: the deterministic methods and the probabilistic ones. The deterministic methods start from the recorded earthquakes and evaluate the effects of these using different coefficients. The probabilistic methods do not directly use the recorded earthquakes, but these data serve to establish certain laws of probability of occurrence that give rise to regional or zonal models of occurrence. The method presented herein has elements of both approaches, although always in the context of Bayesian statistics and is adapted to the special conditions of the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula or other areas where data are scarce and seismicity is moderate.
Abstract
The design and construction of structures in seismic areas requires knowledge of the seismic actions to which they can be subjected throughout their useful life. In general, [...]
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Modelo numérico de elastómeros multi-fase y su aplicación al análisis de estructuras con aislamiento sísmico
O. Salomón, S. Oller, A. Barbat

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1999). MIS37, ISBN: 84-89925-54-2

Abstract
In this monograph, a numerical model based on the finite element method is developed to analyze buildings with base seismic isolation, discretizing the structure-isolator system. In this way, the response of such systems is estimated with greater precision and, thus, the tasks of designing and verifying them is facilitated. The development of the model requires the resolution of the following problems: • Development of an appropriate constitutive model for elastomers that considers large elastic deformations, incompressibility, visco-elasticity and elasto-plasticity in large strains. • Incorporation of the constitutive model developed in a general model of dynamic analysis of structures using the finite element method that combines bar elements with plane elements; appropriate constitutive models for the numerical simulation of the structural materials; mixing theory; discretization by layers. • Application of damage indices that facilitate the evaluation of the global state of the structure after a seismic ground motion. • Numerical study of the behavior of structures with elastomeric isolation system subjected to earthquakes and their comparison with the corresponding fixed base structures.
Abstract
In this monograph, a numerical model based on the finite element method is developed to analyze buildings with base seismic isolation, discretizing the structure-isolator [...]
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Control activo no lineal de edificios con aislamiento de base
A. Barbat, N. Molinares, J. Rodellar

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1994). MIS08, ISBN: 84-87867-46-4

Abstract
In this monograph, we study a type of hybrid system that combines a base isolation system with an active control system that applies forces on the base. The control forces are calculated by means of a control law that guarantees an adequate behavior, both of the structure and of the base, considering a wide class of non-linearities of the base isolator and uncertainties in the dynamic model and in the excitation. In order to simulate properly the proposed hybrid system, algorithms are used able to analyze the effect of the base isolation with non-linear behavior. At the same time, it is necessary to have a control law that generates the active control force, whose objective is examined from the point of view of the behavior of the system composed by the structure and the base isolation in purely passive conditions. The control law is formulated for the two subsystems coupled through their boundary conditions. The active control forces are applied upon one of the subsystems in order to guarantee a form of practical stability. In this case, the subsystem over which the control acts is the base and the other subsystem is the structure. In the monograph the equations that describe the two systems of seismic base isolation considered in this monograph are developed (one hysteretic and the other frictional), the use of the hybrid system is justified, the different components are described and a critical analysis of the different existing hybrid systems is performed. The law of adaptive control is developed, the hypotheses are stated and the stability of said law is analyzed. The developed strategy is applied to different buildings with base isolation systems and numerical simulation results of their seismic response are shown.
Abstract
In this monograph, we study a type of hybrid system that combines a base isolation system with an active control system that applies forces on the base. The control forces [...]
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Herramientas necesarias para la evaluación sísmica de edificios
R. González, L. Pujades, A. Aparicio, A. Barbat

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2007). MIS59, ISBN: 978-84-96736-53-5

Abstract
This monograph presents the fundamental concepts related to seismic action, the structural response of buildings, the assessment of vulnerability, risk and seismic damage. Some indices proposed by different researchers are also indicated to assess the level of damage suffered by buildings under seismic actions. It also describes the ways to define the seismic action that are appropriate to the structural analysis. Techniques are developed to generate artificial accelerograms, which are necessary to perform the evaluation of the non-linear seismic response through an analysis in time. This evaluation also allows obtaining the level of damage suffered by the structures. The seismic action is focused on the city of Barcelona, Spain, which is located in an area of moderate seismicity and, in addition, does not have seismic records. The seismic action is established by seismic design spectra and artificial accelerograms compatible with said spectra. At the end of this work, the responses spectra considered to define the seismic demand and the artificial accelerograms obtained are shown, which can be used for the evaluation of structures for different seismic intensities and for different locations in Barcelona. Finally, a methodology for assessing the vulnerability and the seismic risk of buildings is described. The methodology is applied in several steps and includes modeling and non-linear analysis of structures. It is focused on obtaining fragility curves, which can be generated both through an empirical evaluation and through an analytical evaluation. The first is based on the damage observed in the buildings of an area after an earthquake occurs, while the second is based on a numerical analysis, where the seismic response of the structure is predicted.
Abstract
This monograph presents the fundamental concepts related to seismic action, the structural response of buildings, the assessment of vulnerability, risk and seismic damage. [...]
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Metodología para la evaluación del desempeño de la gestión del riesgo
M. Carreño, O. Cardona, A. Barbat

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2004). MIS51, ISBN: 84-95999-66-8

Abstract
The Risk Management Index, IGR, is an essential technical contribution of operation ATN / JF-7907-RG of the IDB, coordinated by the Institute of Environmental Studies, IDEA, of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Manizales, within the regional program on "Information and Indicators of Risk and Risk Management" for the Americas, promoted by the IDB, ECLAC and the IDEA between March 2003 and May 2005. It is a composite indicator based on a multi-attribute technique. It represents a series of risk factors that must be minimized through policies and actions to reduce vulnerability and through the maximization of resilience, that is, of the capacity to face and absorb the impacts of dangerous phenomena. Each composite index is made up of various factors that are represented by existing indicators or variables. For purposes of formulating the IGR, it was necessary to propose qualitative indicators, valued with subjective scales, due to the nature of the aspects that are evaluated and due to the lack of pre-existing parameters. The weighting of the indicators that constitute it was made based on the criterion of experts of each country, using numerical techniques consistent from the theoretical and statistical point of view. The IGR is the first systemic approach - based on fuzzy sets - that is used at the international, national and urban levels to assess the performance of risk management, in order to establish targets that improve the management effectiveness. Decision makers, at different territorial levels, now have a useful tool for monitoring the risk management and have the possibility to observe the relative position over time of the studied area and compare the obtained results with other countries, regions or cities. The strength of the IGR lies in the possibility of disaggregating the results and identifying the progress and deficiencies of risk management, with the aim of guiding the actions in order to improve its effectiveness. Its main objective is to stimulate decision-making.
Abstract
The Risk Management Index, IGR, is an essential technical contribution of operation ATN / JF-7907-RG of the IDB, coordinated by the Institute of Environmental Studies, IDEA, [...]
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Sistema de indicadores para la evaluación de riesgos
M. Carreño, O. Cardona, A. Barbat

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (2005). MIS52, ISBN: 84-95999-70-6

Abstract
The system of indicators described in this monograph has been the main objective of the operation ATN / JF-7907-RG of the IDB, coordinated by the Instituto de Environmental Studies, IDEA, of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Manizales, within the regional program on "Information and Risk Indicators and Risk Management" for the Americas, promoted by the IDB, ECLAC and the IDEA between March 2003 and May 2005. The purpose of the indicator system described herein is to assess vulnerability and risk, using relative indicators, to facilitate the decision makers of each country, region or city to have access to relevant information that allows them to identify and propose effective risk management actions, considering economic, social, institutional and technical aspects. This system of indicators makes possible the description of risk and risk management at the national, subnational and urban levels, facilitating the identification of the essential aspects that characterize it from an economic and social perspective, as well as comparing these aspects or the risks themselves among different countries or territorial units. The proposed indicators have been designed for measuring and monitoring purposes over time and for the identification of conditions of insecurity and their causes, using criteria related to the degrees of threat to which the territorial units are exposed and their socio-economic circumstances that influence their vulnerability. The system of indicators described here is framed within a holistic evaluation approach, which, due to its flexibility and possible compatibility with other specific evaluation approaches, will be increasingly used and accepted as one of the best options for the representation of risk and of its management, due to its complex and imprecise nature. Its strength lies in the possibility of disaggregating the results and identifying the factors towards which risk management actions should be oriented, in order to assess their effectiveness. Its main objective is to stimulate decision-making and not the precise evaluation of the risk that is commonly supported in the concept of physical truth.
Abstract
The system of indicators described in this monograph has been the main objective of the operation ATN / JF-7907-RG of the IDB, coordinated by the Instituto de Environmental [...]
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Evaluación del daño sísmico global en edificios porticados de hormigón armado
R. Aguiar, A. Barbat, J. Canas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1997). MIS22, ISBN: 84-87867-96-0

Abstract
The main objective of this monograph is to evaluate the overall damage index of framed reinforced concrete structures using different models. In order to achieve this objective it is necessary to identify the parameters that most influence the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete buildings and to propose alternatives for the calculation of some of them. In this context, procedures for calculating variables such as the yielding curvature due to inelastic shear are indicated. The methods for assessing the seismic damage in framed reinforced concrete structures are analyzed, and the correlation between the results obtained with different models in several structures with different reinforcement is studied. Based on this analysis, a simplified methodology for evaluating seismic damage using a global (or overall) index is proposed. The seismic action in most damage evaluation methods is defined by means of accelerograms. Very few methods calculate the damage defining the action by means of response spectra. Although there is no theoretical justification for the possibility of using modal analysis in the context of inelastic analysis, in the seismic analysis of structures this type of calculation is included in all seismic design regulations in the world. The proposed calculation method uses response spectra, is easy to use, can be applied to any type of earthquake, determines the zones that are going to enter into the non-linear range, the maximum lateral displacement that is expected and indicates the overall damage index of the structure.
Abstract
The main objective of this monograph is to evaluate the overall damage index of framed reinforced concrete structures using different models. In order to achieve this objective [...]
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Simulación de escenarios de daño para estudios de riesgo sísmico
F. Yépez, A. Barbat, J. Canas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1995). MIS14, ISBN: 84-87867-58-8

Abstract
The present monograph is a continuation of the monograph MIS-10 and uses the same concepts and definitions described therein. However, to facilitate reading, the authors briefly describe some of the aforementioned concepts. The monograph is based on the definition of seismic risk based on the convolution of three factors: 1) the seismic hazard, which represents the probability of occurrence, within a specific period of time and a given area, of a seismic motion with a given intensity; 2) the seismic vulnerability of a structure or group of structures, defined as the degree of damage due to the occurrence of a seismic motion of a given intensity; 3) the cost of the structures. It is explained that the mechanism to reduce seismic risk is the reduction of vulnerability and, therefore, its evaluation is required. The main result of the risk studies is the expected loss (or the expected degree of damage) that a structure of a given typology would suffer due to the action of an earthquake of certain characteristics. This result can be described by means of damage probability matrices, or by vulnerability functions (relations that express, in a continuous way, the vulnerability according to a parameter that describes the size of the earthquake). The calculation, both of probability matrices of damage and of vulnerability functions, can be carried out, on the one hand, from statistical studies of data observed during past earthquakes or, on the other, by calculating the response of structures based on models.
Abstract
The present monograph is a continuation of the monograph MIS-10 and uses the same concepts and definitions described therein. However, to facilitate reading, the authors briefly [...]
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Evaluación probabilista de la vulnerabilidad y riesgo sísmico de estructuras de hormigón armado por medio de simulación
F. Yépez, A. Barbat, J. Canas

Monograph Series in Earthquake Engineering, editor A. H. Barbat (1996). MIS20, ISBN: 84-87867-81-2

Abstract
The present work is aimed at conducting studies of vulnerability and seismic risk of building structures. The objective of such studies is to try to predict the damage expected in a structure, in a group of structures or in an entire urban area, for an earthquake of certain characteristics. Once the expected damage is known, solutions can be found to reduce the losses that future earthquakes would cause. The wide use that reinforced concrete has had as building material in recent decades requires an in-depth study of the seismic behavior and of the degree of vulnerability of buildings constructed with this material. For this reason, in this monograph a methodology for assessing the vulnerability and seismic risk of said buildings is applied. One of the central aspects studied is related to the use of the probabilistic simulation of the seismic behavior of the structures. The method of the vulnerability index applied to reinforced concrete structures is described, which is used for the large-scale evaluation of the seismic quality of the structures. Then the methodology is applied to the study of the seismic vulnerability of the structures, obtaining as a result vulnerability functions and damage probability matrices. Using these curves, the probabilistic seismic risk study is carried out in the central area of Barcelona, Spain, calculating the annual probable loss rates in the area and analyzing the possible costs of insurance against earthquakes. Some seismic damage scenarios obtained with the help of a geographic information system are also developed. Finally, the results and measures to reduce the risk in the area are analyzed.
Abstract
The present work is aimed at conducting studies of vulnerability and seismic risk of building structures. The objective of such studies is to try to predict the damage expected [...]
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