Abstract

Epic poetry has always been considered a masculine genre. The eruption of a group identity, masculine, white, aristocratic and christian, is the result of the representation and the exclusion of the Other, fictitious and singular, but in fact composed of a variety of ethnic groups, origins, sex, genders, religions and different degrees between fiction and historicity. Indeed, in the historical epic poetry which narrated the Conquest, except for the conquistadors listed at length and the indigenous kings and caciques, only few characters are distinguished by a historical individualisation. The Other, Amerindian and female, makes a shy entrance into history, into singularity, into the (historical and christian) truth. It is the case of interpreters: Malinche and India Catalina, only historical native women that appear as part of the narrative plot as well as in the conquest enterprise in the poems of Lasso de la Vega (Cortés valeroso y Mexicana, Mexicana), of Juan de Castellanos (Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias) and of Saavedra Guzmán (El peregrino indiano).

Abstract

Women participated actively in the 16th and 17th centuries publishing market. In that context, they acted, among other tasks, as book merchants, who were responsible not just for the book selling but also for finance the printing cost. Despite having developed these roles, in many cases their participation has been remained hidden behind the male name which appeared in the imprints or colophons. This has supposed that we have received a distort image of these women publishing activity. The aim of this paper is to offered a general approach to their work as book merchants through the information offered by the colophons, the historical documentation and the legal and publishing preliminaries. The intention is to propose some methodological lines which allow us to deal with a detailed research about the work of each of these women in order to reconstruct, in a comprehensive way, the scope of the role that they played in the publishing market of the Early Modern Age.

Abstract

There are currently a large number of television series which focus on politics in the Western world. Most of these shows present a fictionalized account of politics in the local region or country. Using the Hallin and Mancini model (2004, 2012) as a starting point, this paper discusses the validity of a thematic geographic map for political shows, and correlates the map with the way female characters are represented. A thematic analysis of six series allows the researchers to observe whether or not internationally-produced series on political themes try to give greater importance to female characters in an attempt to overcome gender stereotyping. The results of this observation point to the continued existence of female characters appearing more in the private sphere than the public one. There are, however, differences between the television series that can be connected to the geographic location where they were produced.

Abstract

Despite democratizing discourse using new technologies, different studies have shown the internet and social media have limits in the public sphere when it comes to developing identities or long term collective actions. This paper analyzes the thematic centrality and participation in the hashtag #NiUnaMenos, which was part of a collective demonstration carried out in November 2016. Using screen-scraping, an analysis of 118,974 tweets was conducted. This analysis revealed Twitter can be used as a diffusion tool and a place of collective action against gender violence. However, Twitter cannot be considered a platform for building a social consensus or for changing preconceived ideas. This article concludes that Twitter can be used to expand a specific social protest event -a demonstration- through the thematic positioning of terms related to that event. Nevertheless, Twitter is not a useful tool for discussing or dismanteling the patriarchy and sexism.

Abstract

This paper studies the coverage of WAGs (wives and girlfriends of sportsmen) in online sports-media by analyzing 418 articles published in four major online sports’ newspapers in Spain: Marca, As, Mundo  deportivo, and Sport. A content analysis was used to create a card of analysis with ten fields. Thus, the paper analyzes the evolution of this phenomenon between 2000 and 2015; the sections, sport, type, and extension of such news; authorship, headlines, main theme, and information linked to negative facts about them; and the role played by women. Results show a significant increase in news coverage about WAGs in all newspapers. The coverage is mainly short news stories with abundant images; located in entertainment sections; associated with beauty, motherhood, male dependence, and subordination.

Abstract

Se analizan las características sociodemográficas y su peso relativo en la brecha de género entre los/as periodistas españoles/ as. Para ello se realizó una encuesta nacional representativa a 390 periodistas dentro del estudio internacional “Worlds of journalism study”. Los resultados muestran que los patrones de desigualdad femenina más citados en la bibliografía científica (infrarrepresentación, barreras en la carrera profesional y salarios inferiores) prevalecen en las empresas de comunicación españolas. También confirman la hipótesis de las 3R (la ratio del Residuo Reforzado Recurrente): los hombres ocupan tres cuartas partes de los cargos de máxima responsabilidad gerencial y dos tercios de los puestos de toma de decisiones sobre contenidos, a pesar de que ellas poseen mayor formación académica y mayor nivel de estudios de capacitación en la práctica del periodismo. Ellas obtienen, además, salarios inferiores y tienden a ocupar cargos de mayor responsabilidad editorial en los medios digitales, donde se observan mayores avances hacia la igualdad.Abstract Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and female journalists in Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of 390 journalists was carried out as part of an international study “Worlds of journalism”. The results show that patterns of female inequality within Spanish media companies are routinely cited in scientific literature (underrepresentation, barriers in their professional careers, and lower salaries than men). The results also confirm the 3R hypothesis (ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum): men hold three quarters of the posts with managerial responsibility and make two thirds of the decisions related to content, in spite of the fact that female journalists have higher levels of academic education and are therefore better trained for journalistic practice. Women are also paid lower salaries and tend to hold positions with a higher editorial responsibility in digital media, where the greatest progress towards equality is shown.

Abstract

Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and female journalists in Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of 390 journalists was carried out as part of an international study “Worlds of journalism”. The results show that patterns of female inequality within Spanish media companies are routinely cited in scientific literature (underrepresentation, barriers in their professional careers, and lower salaries than men). The results also confirm the 3R hypothesis (ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum): men hold three quarters of the posts with managerial responsibility and make two thirds of the decisions related to content, in spite of the fact that female journalists have higher levels of academic education and are therefore better trained for journalistic practice. Women are also paid lower salaries and tend to hold positions with a higher editorial responsibility in digital media, where the greatest progress towards equality is shown.

Abstract

This article presents the results of a study on the existence of glass ceilings in advertising agencies and advertising departments of advertisers in Spain; and quantified through content analysis those responsible for the campaigns awarded in the Commercial Communication Effectiveness Awards 2002-2018. The results indicate a greater female presence in accounts, planning and advertisers, while creativity remains under masculine control. A ceiling persists that prevents females from occupying positions of power in the advertising industry, with the smaller gap in the advertising departments of the advertiser than in agencies and, within these, in contact and planning departments. The main contribution lies in obtaining data from the Spanish context on departments other than creative, and in the auspicious context for the change that opens the extension of the feminist movements in the second decade of the 21st century.

Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of the existing literature on social networks in Ibero-America, with the objective of organizing the main topics covered, highlighting findings, and proposing future research paths. The four thematic areas that stand out are political communication and electronic government; journalism and traditional media; social groups (including adolescents and young people, those marginalized, women, entrepreneurs and influencers, students, and older adults) and areas of use (including commerce, tourism, education, health, professional communication); and political and civic participation. In addition, we review the literature from the perspective of the platforms (Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat) and from the geographical regions and countries that make up Ibero-America, to observe similarities and differences. We conclude with the mention and analysis of the two most outstanding patterns of the studies examined: 1) a tendency to expect from the networks a transformative potential that is not necessarily proven, especially in the case of political communication and journalism; 2) transformative capacity of networks in the areas of tourism, education and health, in which traditional media have not been characterized by having a prominent role. Finally, we propose some paths for future studies, among them the pursuit of comparative works, the incorporation of relational perspectives in the treatment of networks, the addition of mixed, experimental and computational methodologies, and the consideration, from the research design standpoint, of the acceleration of technological change and the need to generate questions and conceptualizations capable of surviving the passage of time.