Abstract

This work is to study how the Cuban entrepreneurship in the non-state sector service tourist accommodation and their effects on the valuations of international clients who use them. The data comes from a simple random sample for landlords (90 entrepreneurs) and a non-probability sampling for 184 international customers. A descriptive approach, hierarchical cluster analysis and analysis of variance was used to achieve our goals. The findings show that non-state landlords can be considered Cuban entrepreneurs and constitute a competition for tourist accommodation facilities state. However, most entrepreneurial intention is not conditioned by their sociodemographic and cultural variables, but rather by perceptions of their own as an entrepreneur and professionalism to provide the service, which also is appreciated by customers and contributes to their loyalty. We offer information to business management Cuban tourism sector and a new state management perspective not addressed, constituting a novelty in the research literature.

Abstract

This chapter reviews the history of regulation and deregulation in international air transport and discusses the positive impacts of deregulation and open skies on the tourism sector in the Asia Pacific region. The Hong Kong–Bangkok market was examined, which shows that the granting of the fifth freedom rights has given the two places sufficient air service provisions to build tourism. Future reforms in air transport such as relaxing ownership restrictions and expanding air freedoms rights are explored. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

1Camillo De Camillis1,2, Paul Peeters3, Luigia Petti4 and Andrea Raggi4 1Dipartimento di Scienze, Universita degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio”, Pescara European Commission, Joint Research Centre, IES, Ispra* 3Center for Sustainable Transport and Tourism, NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences, Breda, 4Dipartimento di Economia, Universita degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio”, Pescara 1,2,4Italy 3The Netherland Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

Using a dynamic micro-simulation Computable General Equilibrium model, this research shows that further liberalisation of air services in Kenya is likely to lead to substantial growth in tourist arrivals. Results indicate that tourism growth principally trickles down to the poor through increases in labour demand and in income. Tourism expansion also leads to a slight redistribution of income between rural and urban regions.

Abstract

JEL Classifications: L93 - Air Transportation R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes This study identifies the short term impacts of Low-Cost Airlines (LCAs) on Madeira Islands. By analysing the relevant literature, this study describes the interdependence between tourism and air transport, and the effect that the low-cost airline concept has on both industries. Both generic and industry specific impacts are drawn from the literature, while explaining the advantages and disadvantages of this airline business model. LCAs have experienced tremendous growth in Europe since its birth in the mid 1990’s and have now reached Madeira Islands, a tourism destination still served mainly by charter operations offering tour operator’s package holidays. Research made out of airport and tourism statistics, shows evidence of a significant mismatch between offer and demand in the tourism industry that could possibly be diminished by the entry of LCAs in the market. Findings suggest that, as previously observed for other regions, LCAs do in fact generate significant airport passenger growth, therefore increasing the number of tourists visiting the islands and spending nights at the hotels. However, the average length of stay decreases as more flight frequency induces flexibility and shot-break vacations. While long term impacts are yet to be measured, in order to achieve a balance between tourism supply and demand, as well as higher economic development, all players in the market must join efforts in developing strategies that will promote sustained growth. Este estudo identifica os impactos de curto prazo das companhias aéreas low-cost na Região Autónoma da Madeira. Através da análise da literatura relevante, este estudo descreve a interdependência entre o turismo e o transporte aéreo, bem como o efeito que o conceito de companhia aérea low-cost tem em ambas as indústrias. Impactos genéricos e específicos foram retirados da literatura, explicando as principais vantagens e desvantagens deste modelo de negócio. Tendo crescido significativamente na Europa, desde o seu aparecimento na década de 90, as companhias aéreas low-cost chegaram agora à Região Autónoma da Madeira, um destino turístico ainda maioritariamente servido por operações charter. A pesquisa efectuada com base nas estatísticas dos aeroportos e turismo, evidenciam um desiquilíbrio entre a oferta e a procura no sector do turismo, que pode eventualmente ser atenuado pela entrada de companhias aéreas lowcost no mercado. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, à semelhança do verificado anteriormente noutras regiões, as companhias aéreas low-cost geram um crescimento significativo do tráfego aéreo de passageiros, consequentemente contribuindo para o aumento do número de turistas que visitam as ilhas e respectivas dormidas. Contudo, devido à maior flexibilidade decorrente da crescente disponibilização de voos que potencia estadias de menor duração, a estada média decresce. Embora os impactos de longo prazo estejam ainda por medir, de modo a obter o equilíbrio entre a oferta e procura no sector do turismo, bem como maior desenvolvimento económico, todos os agentes presentes no mercado deverão conciliar esforços no sentido de desenvolver estratégias que promovam um crescimento sustentado.

Abstract

Congestion and traffic-related pollution are typically the largest contributors to air pollution in cities. Rapid urbanization in developing countries has caused large-scale proliferation in motor vehicle use making cities increasingly congested and, subsequently, polluted. There is a growing awareness that the air quality status quo in East African cities is unacceptable. This paper uses the case of Nairobi, Kenya to discuss current traffic pollution challenges and how they may be addressed. The paper begins with an overview of urbanization and pollution effects. It goes on to look at the specific case of Nairobi as it searches for solutions to the negative impacts of pollution through a lens which sees resolution of congestion effects as key to amelioration of traffic-related air pollution. It suggests that a combination of infrastructure, policy, regulatory and softer measures may provide the most effective way to address traffic congestion and, thus, traffic pollution. In addition, the paper highlights the need for further research into the lived experience of negotiating daily life in Nairobi, as well as further exploration of the social, economic and environmental feasibility of potential solutions for the city. While Nairobi is used as the case study city, the lessons learned are generalized for cities in the East African region, which often share similar traits of congestion and traffic related pollution.