Results for "developing countries" : Scipedia

Collection of Frontiers of Architectural Research

Inclusive housing program: The case of Oé-Cusse region in East Timor

Abstract

Housing development has become one of the main strategies to alleviate impoverished communities in developing countries. In the past, policies and programs focused on either economic or social aspects, and numerous imported solutions had failed to produce satisfactory results. At [...]

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Collection of open thesis in transport research

Urban logistics in Sao Paulo city: a comparison between Top of the Pyramid and Base of the Pyramid regions

Abstract

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The fast expansion of urban areas poses challenges for Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) companies who want to provide products to small retailers, especially in the last-mile delivery, which is a complex process that is hindered by factors such as transit regulations; city infrastructure; and safety. These factors have different levels of impact, between high-income and low-income neighborhoods and are more evident in megacities in developing countries, where it exists a clear division between classes. On one hand, governments do not attend low-income neighborhoods, where it exists a strong presence of unsafe areas, lack of planning, and infrastructure that hinders the deliveries of FMCG. On the other hand, traffic regulations in high-income neighborhoods make the delivery process more complex. This study aims to analyze the urban logistics by comparing lowincome and high-income neighborhoods in Sao Paulo city, by taking into account local businesses, buying consumer behavior, and the distribution process. To achieve this, a questionnaire in loco will be applied to the stakeholders involved (consumers, small retailers, and carriers). The data will be analyzed by employing descriptive statistics in an exploratory and descriptive way. The results from small retailers, consumers, and carriers reveal that in their point of view the delivery of products is different between BOP and TOP. Factors such as the infrastructure of the neighborhoods hinder the delivery of products from companies to small retailers in TOP regions, while in BOP regions small retailers' security and infrastructure are the major problems in the point of view of the actors. The fast expansion of urban areas poses challenges for Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) companies who want to provide products to small retailers, especially in the last-mile delivery, which is a complex process that is hindered by factors such as transit regulations; city infrastructure; and safety. These factors have different levels of impact, between high-income and low-income neighborhoods and are more evident in megacities in developing countries, where it exists a clear division between classes. On one hand, governments do not attend low-income neighborhoods, where it exists a strong presence of unsafe areas, lack of planning, and infrastructure that hinders the deliveries of FMCG. On the other hand, traffic regulations in high-income neighborhoods make the delivery process more complex. This study aims to analyze the urban logistics by comparing lowincome and high-income neighborhoods in Sao Paulo city, by taking into account local businesses, buying consumer behavior, and the distribution process. To achieve this, a questionnaire in loco will be applied to the stakeholders involved (consumers, small retailers, and carriers). The data will be analyzed by employing descriptive statistics in an exploratory and descriptive way. The results from small retailers, consumers, and carriers reveal that in their point of view the delivery of products is different between BOP and TOP. Factors such as the infrastructure of the neighborhoods hinder the delivery of products from companies to small retailers in TOP regions, while in BOP regions small retailers' security and infrastructure are the major problems in the point of view of the actors. CNPJ00.394.445/0191-12

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Collection of Asian Surgery

Vascular surgery research in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries

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To evaluate the quantity and quality of published vascular surgery research articles from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries so as to identify areas for improvement. Descriptive study. Published MEDLINE articles on vascular surgery from the GCC countries (1960–2010). Critical [...]

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Collection of Nursing

Translation, adaptation and psychometric testing of a tool for measuring nurses’ attitudes towards research in Indonesian primary health care

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Collection of open thesis in transport research

Decision-making for Sustainable Transport Planning: Reducing Car Dependency Culture in Alexandria, Egypt.

Abstract

This thesis aims at investigating the challenges and barriers of reducing car dependency culture to achieve urban sustainability in Egypt. This is operationalised by identifying different policy options and theoretically examining a nested-case study empirically. A more important purpose behind this academic enterprise was to find more robust and nuanced explanations of the constant failure of the transport planning system in Egyptian cities. The adoption of a cultural-oriented analytical framework to examine decision-making processes demonstrated a way forward in the re-evaluation of current transport policy directions in Egypt.The research applies qualitative methods to a nested case study in Alexandria through the Sustainable Urban Transport Project, 2032. The rigorous data-collection methods included extensive documentary analysis, elite interviews, semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations. The results obtained from applying these unconventional methods of social and political sciences in transport planning studies show the richness of these research methods in providing comprehensive explanations. This research illustrates the value of placing policy and transport-planning-related studies into the centre of different research positions. The main contributions of this research are grounded on a number of key research findings. First, the development of a cultural-oriented analytical framework based on the central thesis of polyrationality. Second, the research pioneers the approach of identifying the relevant stakeholders and contexts in transport decision-making processes in Egypt which serves as a basis for other future transport-related research for Egypt. This research builds the foundation for conducting multidisciplinary research for transport planning studies. The final contribution of this research suggests the need for mediators or policy analysts who have relevant education and knowledge in the transport planning sector to influence the decision-making processes.

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RUSSIAN PRESIDENTIAL ACADEMY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Regional policy in the countries of the world: a comparative analysis

Abstract

ocio-economic development of countries and regions is historically uneven. But in some cases, too much territorial inequality can lead to the collapse of the state. In constantly changing conditions, it is necessary to use the spatial policy experience of the most successful countries. The conclusions obtained in the work will make it possible to offer recommendations for updating methodological approaches to the development of strategic documents in the field of regional policy, considering the global best practices.

The goal of the study is to analyze and summarize foreign experience in implementing regional policies, including the conditions of uncertainty (COVID-19 pandemic).

Research methods and methodology: comparative analysis, system analysis, qualitative analysis, historical and economic analysis.

Scientific novelty: We conducted a comprehensive qualitative and value-content analysis of the best regional policy practices in Europe and North America, as well as the experience of developing countries, including India, China and Brazil. Separately, the strategies of regional policy in the context of the pandemic are highlighted.

Results: Equalizing and stimulating regional policy is generally typical for the EU and Poland; for Germany - exclusively equalizing. France and the United States choose system-wide, equalizing (stimulating) policy, while the United Kingdom prefers system-wide selective. Japan, in addition to the system-wide equalizing (stimulating) policy, adds a restraining policy. Selective polarized regional policy is typical for the Republic of Korea. China, India and Brazil have the same direction of regional policy, which indicates similar problems of regional development of the BRICS member states. These are developing countries with large territories, with a similar level of economic development and a high level of regional development. The direction of the regional policy of this group is system-wide, equalizing (selective + restraining).

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ocio-economic [...]

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RUSSIAN PRESIDENTIAL ACADEMY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Preferential policies around the world: success stories

Abstract

In the context of external shocks, technological and other changes, it is becoming increasingly relevant to study tools that stimulate the development of entrepreneurship as an internal source of economic growth. One such common tool is the creation of territories with preferential (special) conditions for doing business. Here the developed and developing countries use different approaches, depending on the institutional environment and the financial capabilities of countries and regions.

The goal of the study is to identify and systematize the best practices for creating preferential regimes in developed and developing countries of the world.

Research methods and methodology: comparative analysis, system analysis, qualitative analysis, historical and economic analysis.

Scientific novelty: This is the first attempt at systematization and comparison of the best practices for the introduction of preferential regimes in developed and developing countries in order to develop small and medium-sized businesses. The scientific novelty of the study is based on a comprehensive, multidimensional analysis of approaches to the analysis of various types of preferential regimes.

Results: In the United States, among the key areas for creating preferential regimes, we have identified the following: foreign trade zones, entrepreneurial zones in depressed urban and rural areas and enhanced opportunity zones, the establishment of entrepreneurial communities. In the UK, they initially took the path of organizing business zones in declining former industrial territories. In 2012, the efforts were focused on sectoral approach to the development of key sectors of the economy, such as financial services, digital and creative industries, high-tech engineering, and green energy. After 2017, Opportunity Zones were added to the Enterprise Zones, which are aimed at stimulating regional growth through large capital investments. Great Britain started to create so-called free ports with simplified customs procedures and other benefits. Germany followed suite, focusing on duty-free imports and re-exports. An interesting innovation in Germany was the creation of digital hubs. The hubs are aimed at supporting startups through business accelerators.

Of particular importance for use in the Russian realities is the experience of developing countries, BRICS partners such as China and India. Chinese free economic zones are an example of the most successful preferential territories. A distinctive feature of the FEZ policy in China is the autonomy of local administrations from the central government in decision-making regarding the establishment of preferential trade regimes and the establishment of companies with foreign participation, as well as regarding the conduct of foreign trade activities. Indian SEZs were fundamentally different: significantly smaller in physical size and more open to both public and private capital

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In the context [...]

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RUSSIAN PRESIDENTIAL ACADEMY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

National and regional innovation systems: best practices in developed and developing countries

Abstract

Relevance of the research: The totality of national and regional innovation systems, implying sustainable interaction and cooperation between scientific, educational, government organizations and businesses, is the basis for the country's innovative and economic development. Due to the wide variety of systems existing in the world, it seems appropriate to identify the main problems and patterns of their development in the advanced and developing economies. The results of the study will help determine the directions for improving the regional policy of the Russian Federation in the field of innovation economics. The goal of this study is to analyze and summarize foreign experience in organizing national and regional innovation systems. Research methods and methodology: comparative analysis, system analysis, qualitative analysis, historical and economic analysis. Scientific novelty: We conducted a deep analysis and identified best practices for organizing national and regional innovation systems in developed (USA, France, Switzerland, Japan, Republic of Korea) and some rapidly developing countries (China, India, Brazil, South Africa, Colombia, Mexico). Results: The effectiveness of the national innovation system is largely determined by the level of interaction between scientific institutions and entrepreneurs. The development of innovation support infrastructure, the existence of targeted programs tailored to the demands of innovative businesses, as well as the coherence of the goals of the development programs at various territorial levels, contribute to an increase in the effectiveness of innovation activities. The degree of centralization of the innovation system directly depends on the political and administrative structure of the country. The effective development of innovative systems in the long run is only possible if the actual territorial, ethnical and cultural barriers are overcome, the operations of high-tech SMEs are stimulated, and the innovative capabilities of universities are increased.

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RUSSIAN PRESIDENTIAL ACADEMY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

STATE SECTOR: ASSESSMENT CHALLENGES AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

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The purpose of this study is to assess and compare the scale of the state sector in Russia, as well as the impact of the state ownership on the effectiveness of companies in Russia and BRICS countries. The study focuses on the major public companies, including state-ownership enterprises (SOEs). The methodology is based on the classification of the largest private and state-owned public companies, evaluation of SOEs’ contribution to key economic and financial indicators, regression analysis of the impact of state ownership on the financial performance. The state sector growth together with the unstable growth and volatile stock markets has been the trend in many economies since the crises of the last 20 years. The role of the state in corporate governance also increased. However, research on the performance of SOEs has become scarce, with virtually no reports from international financial organizations on the subject in the past few years. The issue of cross-country comparisons of the state role in the economy remains unsolved even thought it is of great theoretical importance in the discussions on models of state capitalism and development of methodology of state sector analysis, and is relevant for the management decisions in long-term strategies of socioeconomic development. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors, using their own methods, collected and updated until 2021 indicators of the scale of the state sector, identified issues of assessment of the state sector, and used a unique database of companies from BRICS countries to study the performance of SOEs. The main results are the development of methodological approaches to the assessment of the state sector, updated state sector scale measures up to 2021, which show a continuing trend of growth. The authors have also shown how ambiguous are the existing solutions to measuring the size of the state sector and how large is the gap in estimates. The paper also shows that the state ownership had predominantly negative effect on companies’ performance in BRICS countries and South Korea. The main conclusion of the work is that it is necessary to develop a methodology that allows for an integrated assessment of government intervention on the economy, and to upgrade existing databases to increase corporate information transparency, both private and SOEs. This is especially important for the Russian economy, given the trend towards state sector growth. Such measures will improve the accuracy of state sector research and allow to improve the pace of economic recovery and ongoing monitoring.

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Collection of open chapters of books in transport research

Out of school and out of work a diagnostic of ninis in latin america

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Using all the household survey data available in Latin America during the period 1992 to 2013, this paper estimates that in 2015, 20 million youth ages 15 to 24 years in the region were out of school and not working (making them ninis, for "ni estudian ni trabajan"). The share of [...]

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