Results for "cognitive psychology" : Scipedia

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research

Challenges and Directions for Psychopathological Network Theory and Methodology

Abstract

Since the introduction of mental disorders as networks of causally interacting symptoms, this novel framework has received considerable attention. The past years have resulted in over 40 scientific publications and numerous conference symposia and workshops. Now is an excellent moment [...]

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Collection of open articles in transport research

Cooperative vehicles for robust traffic congestion reduction: An analysis based on algorithmic, environmental and agent behavioral factors

Abstract

Traffic congestion continues to be a persistent problem throughout the world. As vehicle-to-vehicle communication develops, there is an opportunity of using cooperation among close proximity vehicles to tackle the congestion problem. The intuition is that if vehicles could cooperate [...]

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RUSSIAN PRESIDENTIAL ACADEMY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

«NAIVE EPISTEMOLOGY: ARE OUR CONTEMPORARIES SPONTANEOUS FOLLOWERS OF DESCARTES?»

Abstract

Subject of study

The subject of naive epistemology can be defined more narrowly: it studies naive ideas about the nature and nature of knowledge. Researchers in this field are also interested in how people receive and transmit knowledge, and under the influence of what factors this knowledge is transformed in the process of communication?

Goal

The main purpose of the study is to find answers to the following questions: how do modern educated adults describe the interaction of mind and body? Are they spontaneous empiricists or rationalists? How do they cope with the explanation of cognitive paradoxes?

Relevance

In the second half of the 20th century, disciplines such as naive psychology and theory of consciousness were born, which study beliefs, assumptions and hypotheses about the world in everyday life, their influence on behavior and the development of processes that cause these processes. Researchers in this field are also interested in how people receive and transmit knowledge, and under the influence of what factors this knowledge is transformed in the process of communication. Do people rely on induction and empirical evidence in favor of their ideas (naive empiricism), or deductively deduce knowledge from premises that they consider axioms (naive rationalism).

Scientific novelty

Over the past decade, due to the proliferation of studies using reaction time analysis, which allows us to study the functioning of intuitive theories, a lot of empirical evidence has accumulated indicating the stability of early intuitive theories. The white spot in such works remains precisely the stability of ideas during a specific study. As a rule, each stimulus that needs to be evaluated is presented only once, which complicates the possibility of checking how consistent the subjects are in their responses related to the same mental model.

Methods

It is planned to conduct a series of factorial experimental studies using special network services (such as Pavlovia).

Results

Mental models explaining different options for acquiring knowledge about knowledge (i.e., theories of naive epistemology) are classified;
The analysis and systematization of existing experimental methods for studying mental models has been carried out;
A plan has been developed for an experimental method of analyzing mental models of naive epistemology based on the reaction time of the responses of the subjects.

Conclusion

The differences in reaction time for conflicting and congruent statements can be explained in different ways. One of the possibilities is related to the functioning of mental models. On the one hand, the elements of the semantic network are activated by the first response, which provides acceleration of «closer», but not "distant" elements of it. On the other hand, the differences in response time may be due to the activation of inhibitory processes in the situation of verification of conflicting statements. Although the result is quite expected, the mechanisms of such a phenomenon remain an urgent topic for further research.

Recommendations

The results of this research can be used in the interests of the Department of Science, High Technology and Education of the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as the Council for Science and Education under the President of the Russian Federation for

• scientific and methodological support for changes in social sectors aimed at improving the effectiveness of education and science;

• analysis of fundamental and long-term factors of trends in the formation of state policy in the field of scientific and innovative development;

• qualitative improvement of education standards in the humanitarian sphere.

Possible practical significance of research: analysis and prognostic examination of long-term factors and trends in the formation of state policy in the field of organization, development of education, public relations, as well as improvement of personnel policy.

Abstract

Subject [...]

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RUSSIAN PRESIDENTIAL ACADEMY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

«PRODUCTIVE AND ERRONEOUS STRATEGIES OF THEORETICAL WORK IN MODERN PSYCHOLOGY»

Abstract

Subject Psychological theories in cognitive science. Goal To identify theoretical and metatheoretical approaches to describing the field of cognitive psychology. Relevance During the 65 years of its existence, cognitive psychology has passed the path of development from a newly emerging interdisciplinary area of research to an independent discipline that incorporates various theoretical and methodological traditions. Experimentation as the main method of research, the diversity of research groups working on similar problems, and the use of mathematical modeling and behavioral dependent variables have resulted in the highest level of reproducibility of results obtained in cognitive psychology. Given the success, rapid development, and broad applied and public interest in the field of cognitive psychology, attempts to make sense of the metatheoretical aspects of cognitive research and especially changes in the way theories are constructed and empirically tested are of particular interest for further research both in cognitive psychology and in other psychological fields. Such metatheoretical work is needed: to identify the types of existing cognitive theories that are used in research; to clarify criteria for analyzing current empirical research, as well as for their interpretation; to indicate the changes that have occurred in theoretical work in the field over the past 30-40 years as a separate task. Scientific novelty The paper will review and analyze the main theoretical and metatheoretical approaches to describing the field of cognitive psychology. There are no works that comprehensively analyze the state of psychological theories in cognitive science. Methods Literature analysis. Results Over the past 40 years, research and theories have focused on narrow areas of cognitive science. Theories describing the solution to one problem are limited: they do not accumulate knowledge for the entire field, they do not address higher level processes. Conclusions In cognitive psychology, there is a high degree of fragmentation in theories. One possible solution to the theoretical contradictions is the way of modeling cognitive processes. Another solution is the development of a Unified Theory of Cognition (UTC). Recommendations This study is intended to answer several important theoretical and methodological questions related to the construction and change of theories in cognitive psychology. One of the key problems in the construction and development of cognitive theories is the lack of a clear description of how such theories have changed, what properties they have gained and what properties they have lost. Also, there is a lack of a classification of cognitive psychology theories, the creation of which is one of the results of our research series.

Abstract

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