Abstract

In this paper, five national meteorological stations in Anhui province are taken as typical examples to explore the effects of local urbanization on their thermal environment by using Landsat data from 1990 to 2010. Satellite-based land use/land cover (LULC), land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are used to investigate the effects. The study shows that LULC around meteorological stations changed significantly due to urban expansion. Fast urbanization is the main factor that affects the spatial-temporal distribution of thermal environment around meteorological stations. Moreover, the normalized LST and NDVI exhibit strong inverse correlations around meteorological stations, so the variability of LST can be monitored through evaluating the variability of NDVI. In addition, station-relocation plays an important role in improving representativeness of thermal environment. Notably, the environment representativeness was improved, but when using the data from the station to study climate change, the relocation-induced inhomogeneous data should be considered and adjusted. Consequently, controlling the scale and layout of the urban buildings and constructions around meteorological stations is an effective method to ameliorate observational thermal environment and to improve regional representativeness of station observation. The present work provides observational evidences that high resolution Landsat images can be used to evaluate the thermal environment of meteorological stations.

Abstract

The understanding of democracy as a political organization form, has in many scenarios the debate on how pure is in a representative form and how effective is when is “pure” or direct democracy, as well as thought for the “polis” or places with an specific geographic location, contrary to the Saskia Sassen concept of “global cities”. From this discussion, we can address the television as a twentieth century mass media, funded and operated by governments or private companies, exercising symbolic power in a nation, as seen by the John B. Thompson power forms in modern societies, and as an organizational form that clearly exemplifies a representative democracy from the choice of themes, characters, speech and even workflow technology.

The Web 2.0 TV not only allows this massmediatic TV to migrate to a ubiquitous environment, flexible and powerful (that of cloud computing and mobility) but invites the audience to be part of as a production crew of this new television, which workflow is similar to the TV of the twentieth century, and to the new workflows purposed by major Internet players in the second decade of the XXI century. In Externado University this phenomena has been investigated thorough an empirical and intense way the migrated to Internet television, with a workflow similar to the 20th century massive TV, but with the intervention of actors (prosumer-students) in a more flexible and open way than the “representative” television. In addition of this, the arrival of Google Hangouts, which advocates for an opening to the end user with web skills, and social networks as a potential audience, which may also be involved in the production, the future of the TV in this century becomes by definition not only democratic, but also “direct” about this political organization form.