Abstract

The aims of this paper were: 1) to estimate the levels of couple violence (received and exercised) and alexithymia among women, and 2) to study the relationship among alexithymia and violence. The Questionnaire of Couple Violence and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) were applied to a nonprobability sample of 118 Mexican women with a heterosexual partner. Mean of age was 35 years old (SD = 10) ranking from 18 to 57. Regarding marital status, 53 of 118 women (45%) reported being married, 28 (24%) separated, 21 (18%) in free union with a partner, 11 (9%) single, 4 (3%) divorced and 1 (1%) widow. Indices of received violence and exerted violence that vary from 0 to 100 were calculated multiplying reported frequency by reported damage. Comparisons of means for Students t-test, linear correlations, linear regression and path analysis were use for data analysis. Alexithymia (TAS-20 total scores ≥ 61) was found in 42% of women, received violence in 25% (scores of received violence index ≥ 30), and exercised violence in 5% (scores of received violence index ≥ 30). The mean of index of received violence was higher than the one of index of exerted violence (t [117] = 4.15, p < .01). Alexithymia was associated to violence. Its correlation was higher with received violence than with exerted violence. A reactive violence pattern was observed in which alexithymia acts as a risk factor. In this path model, alexithymia (TAS-20 total score) determined both the received damage as the index of exerted violence. The received damage determined the index of exerted violence. The variable of level of education was added as a determinant of the index of exerted violence, owing to model ran out degrees of freedom with only one variable exogenous (alexithymia).The model explained 21% of the variance of exerted violence and 19% of the variance of received damage with a close fit to the data (χ2 [1, N = 118] = 0.14, p = .71, GFI = 1, AGFI = .99, NFI = 1, CFI = 1, and RMSEA = 0). This relationship among alexithymia and violence could probably be due to the adjustment and control problems that alexithymia involves. It is suggested to assess alexithymia in new studies and interventions in couple violence.

Abstract

The use of Twitter by newspapers is widespread and is a way to keep readers informed in real time. In this article, we analyze the discourse of the messages released by the ten main general information newspapers in Spain and the reactions they provoked on the social network. The objective is to analyze whether the emotional discourse of the news in each newspaper caused greater dissemination among and attention from users, as well as to determine the emotions and feelings expressed by them. To do so, news about important events such as court judgements, street riots, and general elections was followed between October and November 2019. A total of 124,897 tweets collected using machine-learning techniques were analyzed by the application of algorithms which allowed the determination of emotions and valences of feelings. We carried out statistical studies and produced graphs showing the dependence between emotional variables and positive or negative sentimental valence. The results showed that, in general, newspapers do not use an excessive amount of emotional speech with the aim of impacting their public. However, differences were found among the newspapers in terms of trying to encourage reader loyalty. The reaction of the users was more linked to the informative facts themselves and the emotions they provoked than to the type of emotional and/or polarized discourse. The day-to-day information determines to a large extent what is consumed by Twitter users, in which changing modes of speech are observed depending on the editorial line of each newspaper.