Abstract

A field survey on energy consumption by hot water supply and cooking was conducted in two cities in China, Nanjing, and Hefei. In each city, 5 housing complexes were selected, and approximately 100 or 200 residential units were selected from each of them. The following items were surveyed: (1) fundamental information, such as number of family members, data on residents, etc., (2) bathing style, and (3) frequency of cooking and cooking time. Most of the residents take showers seven times a week in the summer, but less frequently in the winter. In contrast, the frequency of taking baths increases to several times a week during the winter, compared with 0 or 1 times a week in the summer. These results differ slightly depending on the heating and cooling systems used in the houses. The frequency with which people cook in their own houses ranges from 4 to 7 times a week, which means that “eating out” is relatively frequent, although the result differs significantly among the housing complexes. Distribution of the cooking time has usually two peaks at 20 to 30 min and 50 to 60 min (or 30 to 40 min and longer than 60 min) for lunch and dinner, respectively. The high energy consumption for cooking might be due to the long cooking time.

Abstract

Chinas energy carbon emissions are projected to peak in 2030 with approximately 110% of its 2020 level under the following conditions: 1) Chinas gross primary energy consumption is 5 Gtce in 2020 and 6 Gtce in 2030, 2) coals share of the energy consumption is 61% in 2020 and 55% in 2030, 3) non-fossil energys share increases from 15% in 2020 to 20% in 2030, 4) through 2030, Chinas GDP grows at an average annual rate of 6%, 5) the annual energy consumption elasticity coefficient is 0.30 in average, and 6) the annual growth rate of energy consumption steadily reduces to within 1%. Chinas electricity generating capacity would be 1, 990 GW, with 8, 600 TW h of power generation output in 2020. Of that output 66% would be from coal, 5% from gas, and 29% from non-fossil energy. By 2030, electricity generating capacity would reach 3, 170 GW with 11, 900 TW h of power generation output. Of that output, 56% would be from coal, 6% from gas, and 37% from non-fossil energy. From 2020 to 2030, CO2 emissions from electric power would relatively fall by 0.2 Gt due to lower coal consumption, and relatively fall by nearly 0.3 Gt with the installation of more coal-fired cogeneration units. During 2020–2030, the portion of carbon emissions from electric power in Chinas energy consumption is projected to increase by 3.4 percentage points. Although the carbon emissions from electric power would keep increasing to 118% of the 2020 level in 2030, the electric power industry would continue to play a decisive role in achieving the goal of increase in non-fossil energy use. This study proposes countermeasures and recommendations to control carbon emissions peak, including energy system optimization, green-coal-fired electricity generation, and demand side management.

Abstract

Although urban development around transit stations doesn’t lead to a direct financial contribution for the Transit Agency (or other infrastructure or planning body) it is “absolutely essential” to the long term viability of the transit investment (SKMG 1996, p. 4). The transit accessible area around the stations is generally far larger than the Transit Company’s real estate can reach. Many studies have been undertaken to define the influence zone of transit stations, i.e. the probability that at a certain distance from the station an employee or resident is ready to use transit as a transportation alternative for commuting or other travel purposes. “Walking distance” is the general qualification, that means five to fifteen minutes walking time, depending on the travel purpose, the travel alternatives and the system performance. It is obvious that the attraction is more important at stations of highly performing transit systems. Frequent Rapid Transit service has potentially more impact then Light Rail Service, especially when the Light Rail line is short and/or when the station is less frequented. Document type: Book

Abstract

The energy strategy 2050 of Switzerland is aiming at a substantial reduction of the consumption of not renewable energy and of energy sources, which are harmful for the climate, the environment and humans. The research project “Energy efficient and CO2-free Urban Logistics” aims at estimating and evaluating the potential of a more efficient use of energy, a reduction of CO2-emissions and the substitution of non-renewable energy resources regarding urban logistics in Switzerland. Possible developments in urban logistics and their impact on energy consumption and CO2-emission are shown in a scenario analysis. Furthermore a vision 2050 has been developed which fulfils the challenging targets for an “Energy efficient and CO2-free Urban Logistics” in Switzerland. The scenario analysis was completed in October 2016 and the vision has been carried out between November 2016 and June 2017. Based on the vision an action plan will be developed until end of 2017. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

The energy consumption from the expanding use of information and communications technology (ICT) is unsustainable with present drivers, and it will impact heavily on the future climate change. However, ICT devices have the potential to contribute signi - cantly to the reduction of CO2 emission and enhance resource e ciency in other sectors, e.g., transportation (through intelligent transportation and advanced driver assistance systems and self-driving vehicles), heating (through smart building control), and manu- facturing (through digital automation based on smart autonomous sensors). To address the energy sustainability of ICT and capture the full potential of ICT in resource e - ciency, a multidisciplinary ICT-energy community needs to be brought together cover- ing devices, microarchitectures, ultra large-scale integration (ULSI), high-performance computing (HPC), energy harvesting, energy storage, system design, embedded sys- tems, e cient electronics, static analysis, and computation. In this chapter, we introduce challenges and opportunities in this emerging eld and a common framework to strive towards energy-sustainable ICT. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

The energy consumption in telecommunication networks is expected to grow considerably, especially in core networks. In this chapter, optimization of energy consumption is approached from two directions. In a first study, multilayer traffic engineering (MLTE) is used to assign energy-efficient paths and logical topology to IP traffic. The relation with traditional capacity optimization is explained, and the MLTE strategy is applied for daily traffic variations. A second study considers the core network below the IP layer, giving a detailed power consumption model. Optical bypass is evaluated as a technique to achieve considerable power savings over per-hop optical–electronic–optical regeneration. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

This report describes the methodology used in the ARTEMIS rail emissions model. The approached used is a matrix of operating conditions, speeds and accelerations, for which basic parameters are used to calculated the resistance to motion of trains. Four types of resistance are included: rolling, aerodynamic, gravitational and acceleration. A necessary element in the calculation is the driving pattern, that is, the distribution of speeds and accelerations for typical operation.In the report, data are analyzed to provide operation condition distributions on both a spatial and temporal basis. The calculation procedure is evaluated with respect to resolution of operation conditions, and then evaluated by comparison with experimental data for a variety of passenger and goods trains. The results indicate that the energy consumption from modeling approach is valid to better that 10% for known operating characteristics. Emissions are calculated from the energy consumption using average fuel based emissions factors and electrical production emissions factors. Document type: Book

Abstract

The focus of the paper is an investigation and evaluation of energy efficient solutions in IP over WDM core networks using as a foundation, a hierarchy of hibernation modes implementing different degrees of node groupings and fibre links establishment that support a sleep state. It seeks to embed this groups-nodes strategy into an intelligent control plane implementing routing schemes targeting energy consumption, adaptive signalling and traffic engineering. A Group-Nodes mechanism is proposed as a function of topology and node distribution based on a fixed (or geographical) and random (or ownership) principle. The impact of the proposed technique on energy saving and network performance is assessed; results are presented and evaluated for various scenarios. Evaluation of this methodology indicates potential reduction in power consumption from 7 % up to 15 % at the expense of reduced network performance. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

Worldwide energy consumption is generally related with fossil fuels that increase CO? and other greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The transport sector represents a significant part of energy demand. As its share comes mostly from petroleum products, known for their highly polluting effects, there is the need to quantify energy use by transport. This assessment supports the planning and implementation of energy consumption mitigation policies that reduce negative environmental outcomes of transport systems. The research introduces an approach to estimate transport energy consumption obtained from available data and scaling factors. As the emphasis is put on urban transport, only commute road and rail transport are considered in the analysis. Data is stored and managed in a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) framework environment that also supports mapping the results. These maps allow identifying higher energy consumption areas by mode of transport and type of vehicle. Plotting the results also enables understanding the geographic distribution of energy demand from urban to rural regions, providing tools to perceive the relationship between urban form and energy consumption of the transport sector. Taking into account that the analysis is produced at a large scale, the obtained results offer support to planners and policy makers that seek solving transport-related problems, as pollution and high energy demand. Large scale analysis allows and enhances better planning, primarily when designing strategies for such detailed areas as urban spaces. Assessing and analysing energy consumption of the transport sector, enables deriving alternative energy layouts that present better energy efficiency, aiming for the final goal of mitigate the negative effects of urban transport systems. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book