Abstract
Much of our knowledge of the course of animal and plant evolution is based on shape. Recognition, description, arrangement, rearrangement, organization, reorganization, and interpretation of shape are the prime working tools of the paleontologist, the life blood of the systematist, the raw material of the evolutionist, and the dilemma of the developmental biologist. Keith Thomson's book, Morphogenesis and Evolution, deals with how shape changes both in ontogeny and in phylogeny. Morphogenesis is the study of the development of shape over an individual lifetime; evolution includes changes in shape throughout phylogeny. The development of form has been treated as a separate discipline since the German Naturphilosophie of Oken (1779-1851) and His (183 1-1904) and has been linked to phylogeny since von Baer (1792-1876). For Darwin, morphology was the soul of natural history (Darwin, 1910 p. 358), development and embryology, "one of the most important subjects in the whole round of natural history" (Darwin, 1910 p. 363). Mayr (1982 p. 468) believes that "evolutionary morphology" did not arise until the 1950's, with the distinction between function and role and the exploration of preadaptation, multiple functions, and multiple pathways. An integrated treatment of"morphogenesis and evolution" or, better, of morphogenesis as an evolutionary process therefore addresses, or should address, key questions in development, in evolution, and in the consequences of the one for the other. In developmental biology, and certainly in general treatises on animal development (of which the second edition of Scott Gilbert's [19881 Developmental Biology is the best currently available), morphogenesis is normally treated alongside differentiation (specialization of the parts of the embryo). This is not because morphogenesis and differentiation always proceed handin-hand, for even when they occur contemporaneously in space and time, each may be under separate and independent developmental control (see Maclean and Hall, 1987), but because the two, along with growth, constitute the triad of developmental processes. Morphogenesis normally occurs alongside cellular differentiation in growing tissues or organs. Differentiating cells often change shape as they grow (either by
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DOI: 10.1111/j.2151-6952.1979.tb00932.x
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