Deceleration Planning Algorithm Based on Classified Multi-Layer Perceptron Models for Smart Regenerative Braking of EV in Diverse Deceleration Conditions

Abstract

The smart regenerative braking system (SRS) is an autonomous version of one-pedal driving in electric vehicles. To implement SRS, a deceleration planning algorithm is necessary to generate the deceleration used in automatic regenerative control. To reduce the discomfort from the automatic regeneration, the deceleration should be similar to human driving. In this paper, a deceleration planning algorithm based on multi-layer perceptron (MLP) is proposed. The MLP models can mimic the human driving behavior by learning the driving data. In addition, the proposed deceleration planning algorithm has a classified structure to improve the planning performance in each deceleration condition. Therefore, the individual MLP models were designed according to three different deceleration conditions: car-following, speed bump, and intersection. The proposed algorithm was validated through driving simulations. Then, time to collision and similarity to human driving were analyzed. The results show that the minimum time to collision was 1.443 s and the velocity root-mean-square error (RMSE) with human driving was 0.302 m/s. Through the driving simulation, it was validated that the vehicle moves safely with desirable velocity when SRS is in operation, based on the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the classified structure has more advantages than the integrated structure in terms of planning performance.

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• http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19184020 under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by

• http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19184020 under the license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

• http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6766928 under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

• https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/4020/pdf

• https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/4020,

https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8220 under the license cc-by

• https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/4020,

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/4020/pdf,

https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/sensors/sensors19.html#SimMASJ19,

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31540382,

https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/2974606803

• https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/4020/pdf,

http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19184020

under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/