Published in Computers and Structures Vol. 172, pp. 93–109, 2016
DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2016.05.001.

## Abstract

This paper presents the 2D and 3D numerical analysis of pullout tests on steel anchorages in concrete blocks using standard and mixed finite elements. A novel (stabilized) mixed formulation in the variables of total strain ${\displaystyle \varepsilon }$ and displacements u is introduced to overcome the intrinsic deficiencies of the standard displacement-based one in the context of localization of strains, such as mesh dependency. The quasi-brittle behavior of concrete is described through an elastoplastic constitutive law with a local Rankine yielding criterion. The proposed formulation is shown to be a reliable and accurate tool, sensitive to the physical parameters of the pullout tests, but objective with respect to the adopted FE mesh. Furthermore, the mixed ${\displaystyle \varepsilon /u}$ finite element is able to capture the correct failure mechanism with relatively coarse discretizations. At the same time, the spurious behavior of the standard formulation is not alleviated by mesh-refinement.

### Document information

Published on 01/01/2016

DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2016.05.001

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