Lifetime Analysis of Energy Storage Systems for Sustainable Transportation

Abstract

On the path to a low-carbon future, advancements in energy storage seem to be achieved on a nearly daily basis. However, for the use-case of sustainable transportation, only a handful of technologies can be considered, as these technologies must be reliable, economical, and suitable for transportation applications. This paper describes the characteristics and aging process of two well-established and commercially available technologies, namely Lithium-Ion batteries and supercaps, and one less known system, flywheel energy storage, in the context of public transit buses. Beyond the obvious use-case of onboard energy storage, stationary buffer storage inside the required fast-charging stations for the electric vehicles is also discussed. Calculations and considerations are based on actual zero-emission buses operating in Graz, Austria. The main influencing parameters and effects related to energy storage aging are analyzed in detail.Based on the discussed aging behavior, advantages, disadvantages, and a techno-economic analysis for both use-cases is presented. A final suitability assessment of each energy storage technology concludes the use-case analysis.

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The different versions of the original document can be found in:

• http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236731 under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by

• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/23/6731/pdf under the license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/23/6731/htm,

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/23/6731/pdf,

https://graz.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/lifetime-analysis-of-energy-storage-systems-for-sustainable-trans,

https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v11y2019i23p6731-d291527.html,

https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/2990478440 under the license cc-by

• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/23/6731/pdf,

http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236731

under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/