In structural engineering, the primary objective of design engineers is to ensure structural safety under applied loads according to codes and standards while achieving the most economical design. To enhance cost efficiency in complex structures such as reinforced concrete (RC) frames, computational techniques are employed. The aim is to perform a more rapid and accurate optimum cost design of RC frame systems subjected to vertical loads. This study applies five metaheuristic approaches: three metaheuristic methods and two hybrid techniques developed from them. The matrix displacement method is used to determine displacements and sectional forces of RC frame systems, with design rules following ACI 318-19 (Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary). The study models five different RC structures with varying dimensions and member counts, including symmetrical and asymmetrical configurations. Internal forces and displacement values of structures analyzed using the matrix displacement method in MATLAB are verified with SAP2000 structural analysis software, confirming solution validity. Among the methods applied for the optimum design, the TeachingLearning-Based Optimization (TLBO) technique proves particularly suitable for RC frame systems. The proposed design method and TLBO algorithm offer civil engineers a rapid and efficient approach to achieving cost-optimized designs while ensuring structural safety. The developed method helps engineers efficiently solve complex design problems while achieving optimal structural solutions in terms of both cost and safety.OPEN ACCESS Received: 14/08/2025 Accepted: 24/10/2025 Published: 16/04/2026
Abstract In structural engineering, the primary objective of design engineers is to ensure structural safety under applied loads according to codes and standards while achieving the [...]
Cost Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Frames Using Metaheuristic Algorithms 
