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| − | =Progressive Collapse of Structures: A Review of Disproportionate Damages Led by Design Errors and Poor Performance | + | =Progressive Collapse of Structures: A Review of Disproportionate Damages Led by Design Errors and Poor Performance Materials= |
== <br> ALESSANDRO CALVI<sup>1</sup> == | == <br> ALESSANDRO CALVI<sup>1</sup> == | ||
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The document analyzes the main strategies to be taken into account in the design phase which contemplate the quantification of external actions and the exploitation of the mechanical properties of materials in favor of safety in order to avoid disproportionate damage to the source. | The document analyzes the main strategies to be taken into account in the design phase which contemplate the quantification of external actions and the exploitation of the mechanical properties of materials in favor of safety in order to avoid disproportionate damage to the source. | ||
| − | == | + | =='''PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSES: LITERATURE REVIEW''' <!-- You can enter and format the text of this document by selecting the ‘Edit’ option in the menu at the top of this frame or next to the title of every section of the document. This will give access to the visual editor. Alternatively, you can edit the source of this document (Wiki markup format) by selecting the ‘Edit source’ option. Most of the documents in Scipedia are written in English (write your manuscript in American or British English, but not a mixture of these). Anyhow, specific publications in other languages can be published in Scipedia. In any case, the documents published in other languages must have an abstract written in English. 2.1 Subsections Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1, 1.2, etc. and then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ... Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Capitalize the first word of the headings. 2.2 General guidelines Some general guidelines that should be followed in your manuscripts are: * Avoid hyphenation at the end of a line. * Symbols denoting vectors and matrices should be indicated in bold type. Scalar variable names should normally be expressed using italics. * Use decimal points (not commas); use a space for thousands (10 000 and above). * Follow internationally accepted rules and conventions. In particular use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI. 2.3 Tables, figures, lists and equations Please insert tables as editable text and not as images. Tables should be placed next to the relevant text in the article. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text and place any table notes below the table body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article. Graphics may be inserted directly in the document and positioned as they should appear in the final manuscript. Number the figures according to their sequence in the text. Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Try to keep the resolution of the figures to a minimum of 300 dpi. If a finer resolution is required, the figure can be inserted as supplementary material For tabular summations that do not deserve to be presented as a table, lists are often used. Lists may be either numbered or bulleted. Below you see examples of both. 1. The first entry in this list 2. The second entry 2.1. A subentry 3. The last entry * A bulleted list item * Another one You may choose to number equations for easy referencing. In that case they must be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in parentheses on the right hand side of the page. Below is an example of formulae that should be referenced as eq. (1]. 2.4 Supplementary material Supplementary material can be inserted to support and enhance your article. This includes video material, animation sequences, background datasets, computational models, sound clips and more. In order to ensure that your material is directly usable, please provide the files with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. Please supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. -->== |
| − | + | The most historically famous case of structural collapse following exceptional action is represented by the event that occurred on 11 September 2001 at the World Trade Center in New York, when some terrorist attacks first caused the crash of planes against the Twin Towers and subsequently their collapse. | |
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| + | In this case the damage spread from top to bottom causing with a domino effect the loss of bearing capacity of all the floors of the buildings up to the complete vertical collapse. | ||
| + | The main theory with a posteriori analysis of the damage event is probably the one represented by Prof. Z.P. Bazant [1]: according to his interpretation, the initiation and propagation of the collapse occurred due to the heat given off by the fire fueled by the aircraft, which irremediably reduced the bearing capacity of the steel columns, where the potential energy directed downwards from the upper floors, it could not be absorbed by the plastic moment of the pillars, thus transforming itself into kinetic energy. | ||
Revision as of 22:16, 30 December 2021
Progressive Collapse of Structures: A Review of Disproportionate Damages Led by Design Errors and Poor Performance Materials
ALESSANDRO CALVI1
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the critical issue of structural collapses and the importance of the correct quantification of the actions in the design phase and the choice of materials with correct characteristics and properties.
The document analyzes the main strategies to be taken into account in the design phase which contemplate the quantification of external actions and the exploitation of the mechanical properties of materials in favor of safety in order to avoid disproportionate damage to the source.
PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSES: LITERATURE REVIEW
The most historically famous case of structural collapse following exceptional action is represented by the event that occurred on 11 September 2001 at the World Trade Center in New York, when some terrorist attacks first caused the crash of planes against the Twin Towers and subsequently their collapse.
In this case the damage spread from top to bottom causing with a domino effect the loss of bearing capacity of all the floors of the buildings up to the complete vertical collapse.
The main theory with a posteriori analysis of the damage event is probably the one represented by Prof. Z.P. Bazant [1]: according to his interpretation, the initiation and propagation of the collapse occurred due to the heat given off by the fire fueled by the aircraft, which irremediably reduced the bearing capacity of the steel columns, where the potential energy directed downwards from the upper floors, it could not be absorbed by the plastic moment of the pillars, thus transforming itself into kinetic energy.
3 Bibliography
4 Acknowledgments
5 References
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Document information
Published on 26/02/22
Licence: CC BY-NC-SA license
