Mother Algorithm Optimized Controller for Multi-Area Deregulated Power System Modelled with Solar/Wind/EV Sources: A Novel Approach

Abstract

Due to increased system uncertainty, nonlinear dynamics, and marketdriven power exchanges, modern deregulated multi-area power systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) like wind and solar, and electric vehicle (EV) charging stations present serious challenges to automatic generation control (AGC). Degraded frequency regulation and tie-line power control under deregulated environments result from the limited robustness, slow dynamic response, poor handling of stochastic RES/EV variations, and susceptibility to local optimal solutions of both conventional PI/PID controllers and recently reported optimizationbased AGC schemes. However, with a view to addressing these issues, this study focuses on reducing area control errors (ACE) during different operational shifts, such as frequency fluctuation ( f) and tie line variations ( P

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