Latest revision as of 12:23, 20 July 2026

Abstract

Due to increased system uncertainty, nonlinear dynamics, and marketdriven power exchanges, modern deregulated multi-area power systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) like wind and solar, and electric vehicle (EV) charging stations present serious challenges to automatic generation control (AGC). Degraded frequency regulation and tie-line power control under deregulated environments result from the limited robustness, slow dynamic response, poor handling of stochastic RES/EV variations, and susceptibility to local optimal solutions of both conventional PI/PID controllers and recently reported optimizationbased AGC schemes. However, with a view to addressing these issues, this study focuses on reducing area control errors (ACE) during different operational shifts, such as frequency fluctuation (f) and tie line variations (Ptie). The main objective of this study is to determine the optimal gain settings for the Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller (FOPIDC) using the mother optimization algorithm (MOA). The proposed control strategy looks at how generators 3-AMS behave in a deregulated environment and emphasises the significance of FOPIDC optimization in preserving system stability with the goal of reducing integral time and absolute error (ITAE). Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing it with the Walrus Optimization Algorithm (WOA). As case studies, the effectiveness of the suggested strategy is also evaluated under Poolco, bilateral agreements, stability, and sensitivity analysis. In terms of generator outputs, tie-line power variations, and frequencies across different locations, comparative data unequivocally demonstrate that the suggested MOA-adjusted FOPIDC performs better than alternative approaches. In case 1, by implementing the MOA optimized controller, the settling time is 8.5 s, and the value of the objective ITAE for the transient responses is 0.0005292. However, these values are less than the values obtained by WOA. Similarly, in case 2, the settling time is 11.5 s, and ITAE is 0.000395 less

Document