Latest revision as of 11:05, 4 May 2026

Abstract

The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into electrical power systems introduces critical challenges to grid stability, including frequency deviation, voltage fluctuation, and reduced transient performance. This study investigates the impact of increasing RES penetration (15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%) on grid stability using the IEEE 39-bus benchmark system. A coordinated mitigation framework integrating battery energy storage systems (BESS), synthetic inertia, and advanced inverter-based controls is proposed and evaluated. Simulation results demonstrate that at 60% RES penetration without mitigation, the frequency nadir declines to 49.32 Hz, the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) increases to 1.82 Hz/s, voltage deviations exceed 9.3%, and the critical clearing time (CCT) reduces to 180 ms, indicating significant stability deterioration. The proposed mitigation strategy improves these metrics to 49.76 Hz, 0.94 Hz/s, 4.6%, and 260 ms, respectively, representing improvements of+0.44 Hz, –48.4%, –50.5%, and+44.4%. Benchmarking against recent literature confirms the superior performance of the coordinated approach. These findings provide quantitative guidance for grid planners and operators to maintain reliable operation under high renewable penetration scenarios.OPEN ACCESS Received: 19/01/2026 Accepted: 28/02/2026

Document