Latest revision as of 13:32, 23 January 2026

Abstract

The rapid evolution of terahertz (THz) technology has opened new frontiers in high-speed wireless communication, imaging, and sensing. However, the practical deployment of THz systems, particularly in remote or space-constrained environments, is often limited by power constraints and rigid antenna structures. A reconfigurable THz antenna system that is powered by solar energy is suggested. By leveraging real-time energy harvesting, the antenna system maintains operation without external power sources, making it ideal for deployment in remote IoT nodes, CubeSats, or energy-constrained sensor networks. Material used in antenna design is lead glass while gold is used as a radiator, the MIMO antenna loaded with graphene with chemical potential of graphene= 0 works from 2.4–2.5 THz, 3.87–3.98 THz, and 5.17–5.3 THz. The MIMO antenna with graphene chemical potential= 1 eV works from 2.54–2.63 THz, 3.96–4.1 THz, and 5.27–5.45 THz. The MIMO antenna with graphene chemical potential= 2 eV works from 2.6–2.68 THz, 4–4.2 THz, and 5.3–5.55 THz. Gain of antenna at 2.45, 3.95, and 5.3 THz maximum gain obtained at these frequencies is 6, 5 and 7 dBi, respectively. By integrating real-time solar energy harvesting with a tunable THz antenna structure, the design enables self-sustained, high-efficiency operation for remote IoT nodes, CubeSats, and energy-constrained sensor networks, merging green energy and next-generation THz communication in a compact platform. Advantages of the proposed design are self-powered operation, reconfigurable multi-band tuning, high gain, and suitability for diverse THz applications.OPEN ACCESS Received: 23/06/2025 Accepted: 17/09/2025 Published: 23/01/2026

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