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==Keywords==

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Chest pain;Pulmonary vein thrombosis;Coronary artery stenosis;Syndrome X;64-MDCT

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Chest pain is a typical symptom of ischemic coronary artery diseases. Patients with ischemic coronary artery diseases typically have coronary artery stenosis, although approximately 10–20% of patients with angina pectoris have normal coronary artery, and most of these patients are syndrome X that showed slow coronary flow [[#bb0005|[1]]] ;  [[#bb0010|[2]]]. In addition, patients with chest pain but with an intact coronary artery stenosis were reported [[#bb0015|[3]]] ;  [[#bb0020|[4]]]. Although occlusion of the small coronary arteries has been suggested as a cause of chest pain and atherosclerosis [[#bb0025|[5]]], the origin of the microclots that cause coronary artery occlusions remains unknown. Pulmonary vein thrombosis was hypothesized to be a rare complication associated with lung cancers and thoracic surgeries; however, since 2012, I have published several cases of pulmonary vein thrombosis in elderly patients with chest pain using a 64-slice multidetector CT (64-MDCT) [[#bb0030|[6]]]; [[#bb0035|[7]]]; [[#bb0040|[8]]]; [[#bb0045|[9]]] ;  [[#bb0050|[10]]]. In 2014, I reported that 61% (35 patients) of 57 elderly patients with chest pain had pulmonary vein thrombosis as assessed using 64-MDCT [[#bb0035|[7]]]. A total of 26% (15 patients) of 57 patients with chest pain had significant coronary artery stenosis. This was diagnosed using 64-MDCT and was greater than 50% stenosis. In addition, 20% (7 patients) of 35 patients with a pulmonary vein thrombus had significant coronary stenosis, and 36% (8 patients) of 22 patients without a pulmonary vein thrombus had significant coronary artery stenosis.

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A pulmonary vein thrombus can release microclots that occlude microvessels in all organs. Natural recanalization will occur in occluded microvessels, which may fail for various reasons. If recanalization fails, the small artery that is occluded and the associated regions will become hypoxic and undernourished, which disrupts the normal cell functions resulting in chest pain. It is possible that these patients had chest pain because of small coronary artery occlusions via microclots released by a pulmonary vein thrombus, and at least 74% (42 patients) may have chest pain because of a pulmonary vein thrombus.

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In a number of cases, warfarin and dabigatran dissolved the thrombus in the pulmonary vein; however, I published a case demonstrating that dabigatran did not significantly dissolve a pulmonary vein thrombus [[#bb0040|[8]]]. During these therapies, no patients complained of chest pain. We must develop novel drugs to dissolve a pulmonary vein thrombus more efficiently with fewer side effects, such as bleeding. Hypoperfusion of a small coronary artery by occlusion is postulated to cause atherosclerosis [[#bb0025|[5]]]. Dissolving a pulmonary vein thrombus may prevent some angina pectoris and atherosclerosis by inhibiting the release of microclots from the pulmonary vein thrombus.

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==References==

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<ol style='list-style-type: none;margin-left: 0px;'><li><span id='bb0005'></span>

[[#bb0005|[1]]] H.G. Kemp, R.A. Kronmal, R.E. Vlietstra, R.L. Frye; Seven year survival of patients with normal or near normal coronary arteriograms: a CASS registry study; J Am Coll Cardiol, 7 (1986), pp. 479–483</li>

<li><span id='bb0010'></span>

[[#bb0010|[2]]] Y. Gunes, H.A. Gumrukcuoglu, S. Akdag, H. Simsek, M. Sahin, M. Tuncer; Vascular endothelial function in patients with slow coronary flow and the effects of nebivolol; Arq Bras Cardiol, 97 (4) (2011), pp. 275–280</li>

<li><span id='bb0015'></span>

[[#bb0015|[3]]] V.I. Makolkin, S.A. Abbakumov, I.G. Alliluev, N.A. Raspopina, V.S. Pereverzev-Orlov; Clinical characteristics and diagnosis of stenocardia in persons with normal coronary vessels; Kardiologiia, 29 (1989), pp. 34–38</li>

<li><span id='bb0020'></span>

[[#bb0020|[4]]] G.S. Isayeva; The state of coronary arteries in perimenopausal women with chest pain; J Clin Med Res, 6 (2014), pp. 451–455</li>

<li><span id='bb0025'></span>

[[#bb0025|[5]]] M. Mosseri, R. Yarom, M.S. Gotsman, Y. Hasin; Histologic evidence for small-vessel coronary artery disease in patients with angina pectoris and patent large coronary arteries; Circulation, 74 (1986), pp. 964–972</li>

<li><span id='bb0030'></span>

[[#bb0030|[6]]] H. Takeuchi; Chest pain caused by pulmonary vein thrombi could be curable by dabigatran; BMJ Case Rep (March 13 2014) [https://doi.org/10.1126/bcr-2013-203186 https://doi.org/10.1126/bcr-2013-203186] [Published online:]</li>

<li><span id='bb0035'></span>

[[#bb0035|[7]]] H. Takeuchi; High prevalence of pulmonary vein thrombi in elderly patients with chest pain, which has relationships with aging associated diseases; IJC Heart Vessels, 4 (2014), pp. 129–134 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchv.2014.05.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchv.2014.05.006] [Published online: 6-JUN-2014]</li>

<li><span id='bb0040'></span>

[[#bb0040|[8]]] H. Takeuchi; Pulmonary vein thrombi in a patient with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; IJC Heart Vasculature, 5 (2014), pp. 63–64</li>

<li><span id='bb0045'></span>

[[#bb0045|[9]]] H. Takeuchi; A network of pulmonary vein thrombi is a risk factor for ischemic stroke, especially after cardiac surgery: a case report and mini review; IJC Heart Vasculature, 6 (2014), pp. 1–3</li>

<li><span id='bb0050'></span>

[[#bb0050|[10]]] H. Takeuchi; A jumping left atrial thrombus connected to a pulmonary vein thrombus using transthoracic echocardiography and 64-slice multi-detector computed tomography; IJC Heart Vasculature, 6 (2014), pp. 32–34</li>

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