You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason:

You are not allowed to execute the action you have requested.

You can view and copy the source of this page.

​x
 
1
​
2
​
3
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
4
E. Amami, C. Besombes*, Y. Massi, K. Aït-Mokhtar, R. Belarbi, K. Allaf</div>
5
​
6
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
7
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"><sup>a</sup>University of La Rochelle-Faculty of Science and Technology, <br/>Laboratory of Engineering Science for Environment (LaSIE UMR 7356 CNRS), <br/>Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France. </span></div>
8
​
9
{| style="width: 87%;border-collapse: collapse;"
10
|-
11
|  colspan='2'  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<big>Morteros reforzados con fibra natural para inducir un comportamiento específico de amortización mecánica en ruptura como base de la arquitectura sísmica-resistente</big>
12
|-
13
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"> [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image1.png|54px]] </span>
14
|  style="vertical-align: top;"|
15
|-
16
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Historia del artículo:</span>
17
​
18
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Recibido 20 de Junio de 2019</span>
19
​
20
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">En la versión revisada 25 de Junio de 2019</span>
21
​
22
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Aceptado 5 de Julio de 2019</span>
23
​
24
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Accesible online 15 de Abril de 2021</span>
25
|  rowspan='4' style="vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">El objetivo principal del presente trabajo de investigación fue definir y estudiar un proceso de fabricación emergente para producir fibras naturales. Otro objetivo fue también insertar estas fibras dentro del mortero o cemento para preservar su comportamiento mecánico en términos de tenacidad, ductilidad, resistencia ... mientras se extiende su amortización de flexión luego de su posible ruptura. Nuestros objetivos fueron:</span>
26
​
27
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">1. definir un nuevo proceso de fabricación de fibras naturales largas y de alta calidad utilizando el proceso de Descompresión Instantánea Controlada DIC junto con una reacción adecuada "organosolv";</span>
28
​
29
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2. diseñar y construir un reactor TRIPOLIUM DIC específico a escala de laboratorio dedicado a tal operación mediante el acoplamiento del tratamiento con solventes de diversos materiales naturales y DIC;</span>
30
​
31
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3. identificar las correlaciones entre las especificidades de dichas fibras naturales y las características de los morteros que pretenden reforzar su aspecto y comportamiento antisísmico al inducir un comportamiento no lineal posterior a un agrietamiento capaz de absorber la parte principal de energía de rotura antes colapsar.</span>
32
​
33
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">El análisis del comportamiento mecánico del Mortero Reforzado con Fibra Natural NFRM se realizó de manera detallada. La distribución y la orientación de las fibras fueron consideradas como los parámetros más críticos. La geometría de la estructura dictará en última instancia la composición NFRM que proporciona el mejor comportamiento para el cual está diseñado el refuerzo de fibra. Por lo tanto, este objetivo de producir mortero reforzado con fibra natural (NFRM) debería permitir definir una base interesante de la arquitectura </span><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">paraseísmica</span>
34
|-
35
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Palabras clave:</span>
36
​
37
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Descompresión instantánea Controlada (DIC)</span>
38
​
39
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Mortero Reforzado con Fbras Naturales (NFRM)</span>
40
​
41
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Tripolium (tratamiento por organosolv intermitente)</span>
42
​
43
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Edificio paraseísmico</span>
44
|-
45
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|
46
|-
47
|  colspan='2'  style="vertical-align: top;"|<big>Natural fiber reinforced mortars to induce a specific mechanical amortization behavior in rupture as basis of seismic-resistant architecture </big>
48
|-
49
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"> [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image2.png|54px]] </span>
50
|  style="vertical-align: top;"|
51
|-
52
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Keywords:</span>
53
​
54
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC)</span>
55
​
56
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Natural Fiber Reinforced Mortar (NFRM)</span>
57
​
58
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Tripolium (intermittent organosolv treatment)</span>
59
​
60
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Seismic-resistant building</span>
61
|  rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">The main focus of the actual research work was to define and study an emerging effective manufacturing process of producing natural fibers. It is also to insert them within the mortar or cement to preserve their mechanical behavior in terms of toughness, ductility, resistance... while extending their bending amortization following their possible rupture. Our objectives have been to: </span>
62
​
63
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">1. define a new process for manufacturing high quality long natural fibers using Instant Controlled Pressure-Drop DIC - assisted "organosolv";</span>
64
​
65
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">2. design and build a specific laboratory-scale TRIPOLIUM DIC reactor devoted to such an operation by coupling the solvent treatment of various natural materials and DIC;</span>
66
​
67
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3. identify correlations between the specificities of such natural fibers and the characteristics of the mortars intending to reinforce their anti-seismic aspect and behavior by inducing a non-linear large-time post-cracking behavior able to absorb the main amounts of breakage energy prior to collapse.</span>
68
​
69
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">The analysis of the mechanical behavior of the NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED MORTARS (NFRMs) was achieved in a well-detailed manner. Fiber distribution and fiber orientation were approached as the most critical parameters. The geometry of the structure shall ultimately dictate the NFRM composition that provides the best behavior for which fiber reinforcement is designed.</span>
70
​
71
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Thus, this objective of producing Natural Fiber Reinforced Mortar (NFRM) should allow defining an interesting basis of seismic-resistant architecture.</span>
72
|-
73
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|
74
|}
75
​
76
​
77
==1 Introduction==
78
​
79
==='''1.1''' Historic aspect of fiber reinforced concrete===
80
​
81
Cement mortars and concrete are the most common material for building. However, their toughness, ductility, and flexural resistance are too low while the rupture is usually achieved in so short time that it is normally qualified as instantaneous. In the last few years, an increase in interest has been ascribed to emerging techniques that are promising as able to reinforce cement composites with specific fibers for the building industry. However, scarce is the research work focusing on reinforcing concrete for enlarging amortization time following the instant rupture.
82
​
83
The 19-FRC Committee (FIBER REINFORCED CEMENT COMPOSITES) was constituted in September 1972 and initiated the International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures (RILEM) 1975 Symposium in London on Fiber Cement and Fiber Concrete. The related extensive research works need combining the modern definition of synthetical materials with the new development of industrial building ways. Continuous series of workshops were spaced three to four years apart, in the foreseeable future. The Seventh International RILEM Workshop on High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites (HPFRCC7) was held in Stuttgart, Germany – June 1-3, 2015. It dealt with composites able to exhibit a strain hardening tensile. Multiple cracking (and relatively large energy absorption capacity) with “high performing” workability, durability and robustness normally accompanies the stress-strain response. In this seventh workshop, the impact of cyclic and/or seismic loading was identified by organizers as one of the themes for which research information is needed.
84
​
85
Recently, the 4th International RILEM Conference, which was held at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany, from September 18 to 20, 2017, had concerned Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites (SHCC4). It focused on advanced fiber-reinforced concrete materials such as high-performance fiber-reinforced cement-based composites (HPFRCC). Today HPFRCC can be designed with as little as 1% fiber volume content. The 4th International RILEM Conference deals with the use of such types of fiber-reinforced concrete in strengthening and repair as well as in other practical applications. The fourth “International Symposium on Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete, UHPFRC” held on October 2-4, 2017, in Montpellier (France) dealt with the “SEISMIC DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE BRIDGE BENTS”.
86
​
87
The post cracking toughness resulting in multiple cracking formations is the major advantage of fiber reinforcement in building and may allow their more intensive use [1]. The fibers bridge the matrix cracks and transfer the loads after cracking has started [2,3]. The main function of fibers is to control crack propagation and crack widening after the matrix has cracked and cannot impede the formation of cracks. The mechanical properties of FRC are, as such, little influenced by the presence of fibers. The far significant technical and economic advantages are a well-defined and insurable resistance to crack propagation and post-cracking behavior; This is to justify the use of FRC than any strength behavior.
88
​
89
Many studies have investigated the performance of synthetic fiber fabric reinforced cement composites [4-8]. However, initial processing costs, recyclability, energy consumption, machine abrasion and the increasing global consciousness related to the adverse effect of synthetic materials on the environment have motivated extensive research on environmentally friendly and healthy materials based on natural resources materials. In this sense, natural renewable vegetable fibers including ramie, jute, Grewia optiva, Hibiscus sabdariffa, flax, hemp (bast fibers), sisal, and abaca (leaf fibers) [9–14], cotton (seed hairs) [15] have become the focus of increased interest as a substitute for traditional reinforcing fibers such as steel, glass and carbon as reinforcements for cement mortar composites [16–18]. Currently, building applications present 75% of the North American market of natural fibers.
90
​
91
==='''1.2''' Why and how to use natural fiber to produce FRC===
92
​
93
Some advantages of natural fibers can be given as wide availability, low density/lightweight, inexpensive (less the 1/3 of the cost of glass fiber), high toughness, especially ductility when dynamic loads are present [19], a high flexural capacity [20,21], crack resistance, low health hazards, enhanced energy recovery, CO2 neutrality, renewable resource, recyclable and non-abrasive to process equipment [22-25]. Their specific strength which is normalized by weight can be close to that of glass fibers [26]. Their morphology (diameter, aspect ratio, length, roughness) can be easily adapted to different purposes.
94
​
95
The performance of a composite notably depends on the amount and length of the fibers which vary with the nature of the plant fibers and the composite fabrication method [27,28].
96
​
97
====1.2.1 Treatment, extraction and purification====
98
​
99
Despite the aforementioned advantages, some drawbacks still need to be studied and solved to allow widespread development of plant fiber cement reinforcements. The most important constraint is the hydrophilic nature of the fibers due to the presence of hydrophilic hydroxyl groups on the surface of cellulosic fibers, which causes swelling and plasticizing effects of the fibers and affects the long-term durability of plants fibers reinforced alkaline medium of cement-based composites [29,30]. Alkali attack, fiber mineralization due to the migration of hydration products to lumens, and space and volume variation due to their high-water absorption [31–34] cause the material to have a reduction in post-cracking strength and toughness, therefore full commercial potential is not achieved [35-38]. Various chemical methods, such as alkalization, benzoylation and acetylation are available for the modification of plant fiber surface or to modify the composition of the matrix in order to remove or reduce the alkaline compounds such as a pozzolanic matrix.
100
​
101
The addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to the natural fiber, promotes the ionization of the hydroxyl group to the alkoxide [39]. Furthermore, the alkaline treatment causes changes in crystallinity, which leads to better backing of cellulose chains [40]. The alkaline treatment causes disruption of the hydrogen bonding in the network structure, thereby rising surface roughness, which results in better mechanical interlocking. Moreover, it removes a certain amount of lignin, wax, and oil on the surface of the fiber cell wall. These changes in physical and mechanical properties of natural fibers considerably depend on a number of factors such as the concentration of the alkali solution, soaking time, and temperature [41].
102
​
103
Fiber length, distribution, and concentration then become the most critical parameters that can make or break the FRC as a construction material with crack control properties, and these two factors depend on the placement and compaction. The geometry of the structure will ultimately dictate the FRC composition that will provide the properties for which the fiber reinforcement is designed.
104
​
105
====1.2.2 Uses of natural fibers in building sector====
106
​
107
Natural fibers can be used to reinforce cementitious materials in several forms, such as short-randomly oriented, pulp and long aligned fibers (uni or bi-directional fabrics). Savastano et al. (2001) [42] used pine trees and sisal pulps to reinforce ordinary Portland cement and blast furnace slag matrices and evaluated their mechanical properties by means of three-point bending test. More studies are required in order to optimize the performance of cellulose fabric reinforced cement composites.
108
​
109
This review document presents the summary of 500 recently published comprehensive papers done until 2017. These articles have concerned plant natural fiber reinforced cement and concrete, focusing on the impacts of plant types and sources of plant-fibers, as well as the processing ways and conditions, on the mechanical behavior and/or modification of the fiber-reinforced concretes with cement, mortar, and fibers. It also focuses on recent developments and applications in earthquake engineering and seismic rehabilitation. This paper does not include natural fibers from animal (e.g., silk or wool), or cellulosic cotton or artificial fibers and excludes wood fibers.
110
​
111
<span id='_Toc519091753'></span>
112
​
113
====1.2.3 Fibers as reinforcement means within mortar====
114
​
115
Some authors have proposed plant-based natural fibers to replace steel. This use was projected to be limited to developing countries. Such uses are, from our point of view, too dangerous and inadequate with the real safety needs in the building. Our proposal in the present project is to “add” (and not replace) and insert the natural fibers to the cement possibly steel-reinforced. This last maintains assuring resistance security. The presence of fibers aims at reaching a great amortization of instant/intense mechanical solicitation energy issued from, as for an example, seismic perturbation. The nature, size, concentration, and surface interaction with these fibers should be perfectly defined with the objective of reaching the most extended amortization time. The main part of our research work within the present project deals with the definition of “how to insert natural fibers within mortar with this seismic resistance objective”.
116
​
117
==='''1.3''' Earthquake engineering and Seismic retrofitting===
118
​
119
The discontinuous phase is usually harder and stronger than the continuous phase and is called the reinforcement ‘or reinforcing material ‘, whereas the continuous phase is termed as the matrix.
120
​
121
Further, the need of composite for lighter construction materials and more seismic resistant structures has placed a high emphasis on the use of new and advanced materials that not only decreases dead weight but also absorbs the shock & vibration through tailored microstructures. A good matrix should possess the ability to deform easily under applied load, transfer the load onto the fibers and evenly distributive stress concentration. Nowadays, the use of composites columns, especially concrete wrapped with FRPs, has gained popularity in high-rise buildings and high seismic risk regions due to the high strength-to-weight ratio and increased deformability [43].
122
​
123
Damage after an earthquake interferes with evacuation, emergency response, and post-earthquake recovery. There are two ways to improve seismic capacity. One is to reduce the earthquake force and the other is to upgrade the existing building to resist the earthquake load. There are also two ways to upgrade the existing building. One is to change the structural system or to change the load paths to reduce the load to the specific element, and the other is to upgrade the individual element strength.
124
​
125
It is easier to improve the earthquake resistance of new buildings than to upgrade existing ones. The first part discusses the strengthening earthquake resistance of new building (Earthquake engineering). Moreover, earthquake protection requires consideration of how to upgrade and strengthen existing buildings at modest cost. The last part discusses the post-earthquake repair of existing buildings (seismic retrofitting).
126
​
127
The primary solution for achieving enhanced sustainable utilization of infrastructural units is basically by strengthening these units prior to their failures. Strengthening building components with suitable materials results in optimum productivity of constructional units, thus enhancing the life period of structures, and also enabling the structural component to perform better under bending, shear, torsion, and buckling, etc. Research reveals that fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthening techniques have various advantages and leads to optimizing the engineering capabilities of structural units to their maximum limits, without resulting in any failures and also leads to an enhancement in the design life of the structural components [44-53]. Sustainable structural strengthening solutions for reinforced concrete appears to be the most promising solution to ensure sustainability in the construction industry since reinforced cement concrete is the primary constructional material used all over the world.
128
​
129
Buildings may be subjected to large axial stresses as well as severe earthquake loading. To protect the integrity of these buildings, concrete columns must possess high compressive strength and adequate ductility.
130
​
131
The strength and ductility are essential closely interrelated properties for earthquake-resistant structures material requirements. Structures can survive short-term accidental overloads if they were made-up from ductile materials because, instead of simply breaking, they can absorb a large amount of energy and deform without losing strength during the overload. Concrete and all types of masonry, without reinforcement, are brittle materials. Steel is very suitable for building earthquake areas for its inherently strong and ductile material but light (i.e. have a high strength-to-weight ratio).
132
​
133
==='''1.4''' The project Kreative Habitat===
134
​
135
The works detailed in this paper were carried out within Kreative habitat research project, aiming at developing ductile solutions of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) structures for earthquake engineering and retrofitting applications, where natural fibers extracted by a new process DIC-Organosolv can be fruitfully applied, which often relies on the safe accounting for contribution of reinforcing natural fibers to structural ductility and improve the time of flexion.
136
​
137
==2 Material and methods==
138
​
139
The objective of the work was to study the mechanical impact of incorporating natural fibers into building mortar specimens. In some preliminary research works and studies, the most usual fiber we used was flax fiber, supplied by Saneco. The figure (1) presents these flax fibers.
140
​
141
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
142
'' [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image5.jpeg|600px]] ''</div>
143
​
144
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
145
''Figure (1): Flax fibers supplied by Saneco.''</div>
146
​
147
==='''2.1''' First experimental design===
148
​
149
In this mechanical testing activities, we selected 2 processing parameters: the length and concentration of these fibers in the mortar. A specific central, rotatable, 2-factor, 5-level Design of Experiments DoE, including factorial repartition, star, and central points was defined. Such a design of experiment allows getting the widest possible study field, limiting the number of tests, and well-defining and identifying the impacts of each operating factor. The table (1) shows the coded and real values of each of the 5 levels.
150
​
151
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
152
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Table 1.''' The 5 levels of each factor of 1/ length and 2/ concentration per layer.</span></div>
153
​
154
{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
155
|-
156
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Code values
157
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|-&#x03b1;
158
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|-1
159
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|0
160
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|+1
161
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|+&#x03b1;
162
|-
163
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Length (cm) = A
164
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|2
165
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|4
166
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|9
167
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|14
168
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|16
169
|-
170
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Concentration per layer g/(4*16 cm2) = B
171
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|1.60
172
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|1.83
173
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|2.40
174
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|2.97
175
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|3.20
176
|}
177
​
178
​
179
We used the statistical analysis software, StatGraphics, to precise us the tests to perform. The table (2) indicates the various trials: the different combinations of length and concentration achieved. In this first experimental design, we preferred a specific, well-located fibers. So, the fibers were positioned in the center of the mold and over the entire width.
180
​
181
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
182
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Table 2.''' Trials 1 to 13 of conventional trials and 14 to 18 of extended-trials of the DoE, where CPP: Centralized Processing Points are 1,4, 7, 10, and 13</span></div>
183
​
184
{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
185
|-
186
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Trial Number
187
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|CPP
188
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|2
189
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|3
190
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|5
191
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|6
192
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|8
193
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|9
194
|-
195
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|A (cm)
196
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|9 (0)
197
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|16 (+&#x03b1;)
198
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|9 (0)
199
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|14 (+1)
200
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|14 (+1)
201
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|4
202
​
203
(-1)
204
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|4
205
​
206
(-1)
207
|-
208
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|B g/(cm<sup>2</sup>)
209
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|2.40 (0)
210
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|2.40 (0)
211
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|3.20 (+&#x03b1;)
212
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|2.97 (+1)
213
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|1.83 (-1)
214
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|1.83 (-1)
215
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|2.97 (+1)
216
|}
217
​
218
​
219
{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
220
|-
221
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Trial Number
222
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|11
223
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|12
224
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|14
225
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|15
226
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|16
227
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|17
228
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|18
229
|-
230
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|A (cm)
231
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|2 (-&#x03b1;)
232
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|9 (0)
233
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|16 (+&#x03b1;)
234
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|16 (+&#x03b1;)
235
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|2 (-&#x03b1;)
236
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|2 (-&#x03b1;)
237
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|16 (+&#x03b1;)
238
|-
239
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|B g/(cm<sup>2</sup>)
240
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|2.40 (0)
241
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|1.60 (-&#x03b1;)
242
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|3.20 (+&#x03b1;)
243
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|1.60 (-&#x03b1;)
244
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|3.20 (+&#x03b1;)
245
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|1.60 (-&#x03b1;)
246
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|2.40 (0)
247
|}
248
​
249
​
250
The trials 1 to 13, and 14 to 18 as factorial-points and additional-star experimental points, respectively, were StatGraphically analyzed.
251
​
252
Each sample was manufactured according to the following protocol: a 1<sup>st</sup> 1-cm mortar layer, a fiber layer, a 2<sup>nd</sup> 2-cm mortar layer, a second layer of fiber, another 3rd 1-cm mortar layer.
253
​
254
After each layer of mortar, the mold was vibrated for a few seconds to have a uniform deposit. Three 40 × 40 × 160 mm<sup>3</sup> samples were casted with each batch using a three-gang mold.  The molds were manually filled in two fiber layers. The protocol was carried out here-after: After the last layer of mortar, the whole is vibrated a few seconds then the surface is smoothed manually. Samples were stored in high relative humidity sealed plastic bags to maintain endogenous conditions for 24 h before demolding. The specimens were then cured in a water (relative humidity = 100 %) for 28 days. We obtained 21 samples: n°1 to 13 were the experimental design points, n° 14 to 18 were experimental design supplementary points, and n°19, 20 and 21 were mortar without fibers.
255
​
256
<span id='_Toc519090266'></span>
257
​
258
==='''2.2''' The second experimental design===
259
​
260
After the analyze of the first result, we selected a random localization of the fibers. We also adopted the fiber length and the concentration per sample, and not the concentration per layer). The table (3) shows the coded and new real values of each of the 5 levels.
261
​
262
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
263
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Table 3.''' The 5 levels of each factor of 1/ length and 2/ concentration per sample.</span></div>
264
​
265
{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
266
|-
267
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Code values
268
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|-&#x03b1;
269
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|-1
270
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0
271
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|+1
272
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|+&#x03b1;
273
|-
274
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Length (cm) = A
275
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|2
276
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|4
277
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|9
278
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|14
279
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|16
280
|-
281
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Concentration per sample g/(cm<sup>3</sup>) = B
282
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.04
283
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.09
284
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.20
285
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.31
286
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.36
287
|}
288
​
289
​
290
The table (4) indicates the various trials: the different combinations of length and concentration achieved. In the last column, we placed a picture of the manufacture of the concerned sample.
291
​
292
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
293
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Table 4.''' Trials 1 to 13 of correspond to the DoE and 14 an added soaked -fiber for a night point </span></div>
294
​
295
{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
296
|-
297
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Trial Number
298
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|1
299
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|2
300
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|3
301
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|4
302
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|5
303
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|6
304
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|7
305
|-
306
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|A (cm)
307
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|6
308
​
309
(0)
310
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|10 (+&#x03b1;)
311
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|6
312
​
313
(0)
314
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|6 <br/>(0)
315
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|9 (+1)
316
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|9 (+1)
317
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|6 (0)
318
|-
319
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|B g/(cm<sup>3</sup>)
320
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.20 (0)
321
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.20 (0)
322
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.36 (+&#x03b1;)
323
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.20 (0)
324
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.31 (+1)
325
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.09 (-1)
326
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.20 (0)
327
|}
328
​
329
​
330
{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
331
|-
332
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Trial Number
333
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|8
334
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|9
335
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|10
336
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|11
337
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|12
338
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|13
339
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|14
340
|-
341
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|A (cm)
342
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|3 <br/>(-1)
343
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|3 <br/>(-1)
344
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|6 <br/>(0)
345
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|2 <br/>(-&#x03b1;)
346
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|6 <br/>(0)
347
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|6 <br/>(0)
348
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|6 <br/>(0)
349
|-
350
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|B g/(cm<sup>3</sup>)
351
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.09 (-1)
352
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.31 (+1)
353
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.20 (0)
354
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.20 (0)
355
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.04 (-&#x03b1;)
356
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.20 (0)
357
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|0.20 (0)
358
|}
359
​
360
​
361
Each sample was manufactured according to the following protocol. The mortar was prepared following the same composition as the first DoE. Then, the quantity of fibers was incorporated into the mortar. These quantities were indicated by the DoE. The samples triplicated in 40×40×160 mm<sup>3</sup> size, were casted with each batch using a three-gang mold.
362
​
363
Once the mold was mortar filled, the system was vibrated a few seconds and the surface was manually smoothed. Samples were stored in high relative humidity sealed plastic bags to maintain endogenous conditions for 24 h before demolding. The specimens were then cured in water (relative humidity = 100 %) for 28 days. 17 samples were studied: n°1 to 13 were issued from the factorial, star, and central DoE points, and n° 14 was extended DoE trial, while trials n°15, 16, and 17 were the free-fiber mortars.
364
​
365
==='''2.3''' The final tests===
366
​
367
To simulate the earthquake, we decided to perform a structure of the wall, we build a specific mold. The length was 28 cm and the width 25 cm. In the middle, we put a piece of wood to “draw” a window. The thickness of the walls was about 2 cm.
368
​
369
==='''2.4''' Assessments of samples===
370
​
371
The reinforced and conventional mortar specimens were kept and soaked in water for 28 days. Afterward, we performed a series of 3-point Flexure Tests. For first and the second DoE, the followed equipment was used to perform these bending tests (Figure (4)):
372
​
373
The principle of 3-point flexure test is to place the specimen on the 2 supporting pins. A third supporting bin, present on the upper part of the mobile piece is positioned in the middle of the test specimen. By modifying its position, this third supporting pin was exerting increasing force until the stress exerted causes the rupture of the test piece.
374
​
375
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
376
 [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image6.png|444px]]  [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image7.jpeg|240px]]  [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image8.jpeg|282px]] </div>
377
​
378
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
379
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure 4.''' Scheme and images of 3-point Flexure Test unit</span></div>
380
​
381
The responses were 1/ the bending time (s) and 2/ the strength (kN), and 3/ the stress (MPa).
382
​
383
==3 Results==
384
​
385
==='''3.1''' First experimental design===
386
​
387
The responses we used were:
388
​
389
:1.  bending time (s),
390
​
391
:2. strength (kN),
392
​
393
:3. stress (MPa).
394
​
395
All these responses were recorded on computer. In Table 3, the first two columns recall the levels of the operating parameters. The three columns give the results for bending time, strength and stress. In the last column, we placed photos of the specimens after the bending test.
396
​
397
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
398
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Table 3.''' Results of the different tests achieved using various conventional (fiber-free mortar) and fiber-reinforced mortar. </span></div>
399
​
400
{| style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 0.1em auto;border-collapse: collapse;"
401
|-
402
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|
403
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Length (cm)
404
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Concentration*
405
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Bending Time (s)
406
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Strength (kN)
407
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Slope
408
|-
409
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC01
410
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|9
411
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.4
412
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.83
413
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.44
414
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1642
415
|-
416
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC02
417
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|16
418
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.4
419
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|10.42
420
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.77
421
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1656
422
|-
423
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC03
424
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|9
425
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.2
426
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.03
427
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.53
428
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1661
429
|-
430
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC04
431
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|9
432
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.4
433
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.63
434
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.37
435
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1622
436
|-
437
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC05
438
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|14
439
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.97
440
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|16.63
441
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.80
442
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1665
443
|-
444
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC06
445
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|14
446
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.83
447
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|23.03
448
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.83
449
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1649
450
|-
451
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC07
452
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|9
453
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.4
454
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|22.83
455
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.74
456
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1629
457
|-
458
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC08
459
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4
460
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.83
461
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|29.03
462
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4.84
463
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1656
464
|-
465
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC09
466
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4
467
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.97
468
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.03
469
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.46
470
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1649
471
|-
472
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC10
473
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|9
474
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.4
475
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|23.23
476
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.87
477
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1655
478
|-
479
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC11
480
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2
481
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.4
482
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|27.04
483
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4.56
484
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1666
485
|-
486
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC12
487
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|9
488
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.6
489
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.03
490
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.15
491
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1657
492
|-
493
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC13
494
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|9
495
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.4
496
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|24.43
497
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4.09
498
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1658
499
|-
500
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC14
501
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|16
502
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.2
503
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|12.03
504
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.01
505
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1647
506
|-
507
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC15
508
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|16
509
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.6
510
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|24.63
511
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4.12
512
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1658
513
|-
514
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC16
515
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2
516
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.2
517
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|22.23
518
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.70
519
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1660
520
|-
521
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC17
522
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2
523
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.6
524
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|28.03
525
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4.68
526
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1651
527
|-
528
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC18
529
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|16
530
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.4
531
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|17.63
532
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.94
533
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1648
534
|-
535
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|MP1
536
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0
537
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0
538
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.03
539
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.53
540
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1667
541
|-
542
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|MP2
543
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0
544
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0
545
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|26.23
546
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4.32
547
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1620
548
|-
549
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|MP3
550
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0
551
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0
552
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|26.83
553
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4.44
554
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1635
555
|}
556
​
557
​
558
*Concentration (g fiber/kg mortar)
559
​
560
Fiber reinforced mortar:
561
​
562
​
563
{|
564
|-
565
| [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image9.jpeg|156px]]
566
| [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image10.jpeg|center|300px]]
567
|}
568
​
569
​
570
Free-fiber mortar:
571
​
572
​
573
{|
574
|-
575
| [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image11.jpeg|174px]]
576
| [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image12.jpeg|center|396px]]
577
|}
578
​
579
​
580
{| style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 0.1em auto;border-collapse: collapse;"
581
|-
582
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Coefficient correlation
583
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Length
584
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Bending Time</span>
585
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Strength</span>
586
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Slope</span>
587
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Concen<br/></span><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">tration</span>
588
|-
589
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Fiber length
590
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
591
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.67
592
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.66
593
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.11
594
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.50
595
|-
596
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Bending Time (s)
597
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.67
598
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
599
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.00
600
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.12
601
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.44
602
|-
603
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Strength (kN)
604
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.66
605
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.00
606
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
607
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.08
608
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.43
609
|-
610
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Slope
611
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.11
612
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.12
613
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.08
614
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
615
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.27
616
|-
617
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Concentration (g fiber/kg mortar)</span>
618
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.50
619
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.44
620
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.43
621
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.27
622
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
623
|}
624
​
625
​
626
At the end of the test, the non-reinforced specimens of mortar were immediately abruptly broken into 2 independent blocks. In the case of all reinforced specimens, at least some fibers remained intact. We did not get 2 independent blocks.
627
​
628
Tests 8, 11 and 17 gave higher responses than those obtained with the non-reinforced mortar. It was clear that such a behavior strictly depends on both fiber length and concentration.
629
​
630
It also was worth noticing that the layers of fibers formed lines of least resistance. These last promoted the rupture of the test specimens.
631
​
632
The multiple regressions testing was carried out on trial data. The linear main effect model in coded unit shows the role of every variable and their interactions in independent variables.
633
​
634
<div id="_Toc519091631" class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
635
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Table 4.''' Parameters estimation for CCD design experiments during three-point flexural test of flax fiber reinforced mortar.</span></div>
636
​
637
{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
638
|-
639
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Source
640
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|df
641
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Coeff.
642
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Std.Err.
643
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|p-value
644
|-
645
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Mean/Interc.
646
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|
647
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|8.42136
648
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|0,28316
649
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|0,000000
650
|-
651
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|(1) Fiber length (cm)(L)
652
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|1
653
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|-1.27596
654
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|0,28539
655
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|0,000528
656
|-
657
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|(2) [C]/layer (g)(L)
658
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|1
659
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|-0.92005
660
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|0,30112
661
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|0,008556
662
|-
663
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|1L by 2L
664
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|1
665
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|-0.22435
666
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|0,27161
667
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|0,422649*
668
|-
669
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|Lack of Fit
670
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|9
671
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|
672
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|
673
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|0,372785*
674
|}
675
​
676
​
677
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
678
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">''L: linear; * Non-significant (p value >5%).''</span></div>
679
​
680
An analysis of variance was performed on the results obtained, with the Statistica 10 software; it reveals significant negative linear effects (p <0.05) of flax fiber length and masse of fiber per layer implying a decrease in constraint after three-point flexural test. It should be noted that the interaction between the length and mass of fiber per layer was insignificant in the experimental field studied (Table 4).
681
​
682
The mathematical equation in terms of coded factors for three-point flexural test on constraint model is shown in Eq. (1).
683
​
684
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
685
|-
686
|
687
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;"
688
|-
689
| <math display="inline">Constraint=8.4213-1.2275{X}_{1}-0.9200{X}_{2}-0.2243{X}_{1}{X}_{2}</math>
690
|}
691
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (1)
692
|}
693
​
694
​
695
The sufficiency of the model was evaluated through analysis of variance (ANOVA). Moreover, the variation of the data around the fitted model designed by the Lack of Fit was also checked. In the present study, the Lack of Fit is not significant relative to the pure error, indicating good response to the model.
696
​
697
ANOVA indicated that the first-order polynomial model (Eq. 3)) was adequate to represent the actual relationship between the response and the variables, with an acceptable value of coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.68188). The value of the adjusted determination coefficient (adjusted R<sup>2</sup> = 0. 61371) was also acceptable to indicate a significance of the model.
698
​
699
The result also could be explained by the frequency histogram Pareto chart of effects (Fig. 2). Pareto analysis is a technique that helps to prioritize and focus resources visually. It shows the influence of each factor on the response in decreasing order. As it can be seen (Fig. 3), the most important negative linear effect for constraint were the length of flax fiber followed by the masse of flax fiber per layer. The efficiency of constraint was also affected by factor interaction such as L x [C] but is it statically non-significant.
700
​
701
All the results mentioned above are in agreement with many study, which state that by using highly concentration of fiber, a considerable mortar weight loss can be achieved along with a low constraint.
702
​
703
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
704
 [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image13.png|600px]] </div>
705
​
706
<div id="_Toc511493565" class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
707
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure 5.''' The Pareto chart of standardized effect of the main effects for Constraint (MPa).</span></div>
708
​
709
The Response surface and contour plots were generated as a function of the two independent variables at a time are more helpful in. The three-dimensional surface curves were plotted to understand both the main and the interactive effects of these two factors and provide useful information about the behavior of the system within the experimental design. The response surface plots for constraint is shown in figure 6, for significant factor interaction resulted from the ANOVA.
710
​
711
Figure 6 shows the increased constraint with decrease in length and mass of fiber flax per layer. This is mainly because of the increase in the mass of cement composition of the mortar. The result also indicated that concentration could act as limiting factors and increase in their values cause changes in the composition of the mortar, resulting in loss of density with an increase of the vacuum, leading to poor fiber cement cohesion.
712
​
713
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
714
 [[Image:BESOMBES_et_al_2021a-image14-c.png|600px]] </div>
715
​
716
<span id='_Toc511493566'></span><div id="_Ref511491683" class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
717
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure 6.''' Estimated Surface Response obtained for Constraint (M Pa).</span></div>
718
​
719
==='''3.2''' The second experimental design===
720
​
721
Table 3 summarizes the results of the different tests we achieved using the various conventional and fiber-reinforced specimens. Each mold contained 3 samples and each mold was filled with mortar corresponding to the conditions of one point of the experimental design. So, each point of the experimental design was repeated 3 times. The first two columns recall the levels of the operating parameters. The three columns give the results for bending time, strength and stress. In the last column, we placed photos of the specimens after the bending test.
722
​
723
At the end of the test, all specimens of mortar (reinforced or non-reinforced) were broken into 2 independent blocks. Tests 5, 6, 7, 11 and 14 gave higher responses than those obtained with the non-reinforced mortar. As the layout is random, there is no line of least resistance, in the opposite of our first study. Although it is very difficult to identify the impact of the fiber, but we think our level of concentration were too low.
724
​
725
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
726
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Table 3.''' Results of the tests, points 1 to 14 and NF for mortar non-reinforced by fiber</span></div>
727
​
728
{| style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 0.1em auto;border-collapse: collapse;"
729
|-
730
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|
731
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Fiber length (cm)
732
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Bending Time (s)
733
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Strength (kN)
734
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Slope
735
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Quantity of fiber (g)
736
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Sample mass (g)
737
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Relative number of fibers
738
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Mass of mortar (g)
739
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Fiber concentration</span>
740
|-
741
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC01A
742
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
743
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.23
744
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.20
745
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1645
746
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
747
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|524.78
748
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.35
749
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|524.58
750
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
751
|-
752
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC01B
753
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
754
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.03
755
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.32
756
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1639
757
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
758
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|531.74
759
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.27
760
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|531.54
761
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
762
|-
763
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC01C
764
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
765
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|17.83
766
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.02
767
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1669
768
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
769
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|526.31
770
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.34
771
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|526.11
772
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
773
|-
774
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC02A
775
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|10.00
776
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.43
777
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.40
778
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1660
779
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
780
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|542.26
781
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.69
782
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|542.06
783
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.37
784
|-
785
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC02B
786
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|10.00
787
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.03
788
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.19
789
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1662
790
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
791
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|528.75
792
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.78
793
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|528.55
794
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
795
|-
796
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC02C
797
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|10.00
798
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|17.83
799
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.00
800
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1656
801
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
802
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|525.53
803
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.81
804
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|525.33
805
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
806
|-
807
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC03A
808
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
809
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.63
810
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.30
811
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1665
812
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.36
813
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|517.66
814
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|11.49
815
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|517.30
816
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.69
817
|-
818
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC03B
819
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
820
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|17.03
821
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.61
822
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1587
823
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.36
824
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|523.05
825
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|11.37
826
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|522.69
827
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.68
828
|-
829
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC03C
830
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
831
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.63
832
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.29
833
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1653
834
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.36
835
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|536.56
836
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|11.19
837
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|536.20
838
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.67
839
|-
840
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC04A
841
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
842
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|18.23
843
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.99
844
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1628
845
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
846
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|534.32
847
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.24
848
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|534.12
849
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.37
850
|-
851
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC04B
852
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
853
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.63
854
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.44
855
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1660
856
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
857
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.38
858
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.30
859
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.18
860
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
861
|-
862
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC04C
863
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
864
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.43
865
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.35
866
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1625
867
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
868
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|535.21
869
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.23
870
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|535.01
871
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.37
872
|-
873
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC05A
874
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|8.83
875
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.43
876
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.57
877
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1659
878
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.31
879
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|537.43
880
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.54
881
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|537.12
882
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.58
883
|-
884
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC05B
885
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|8.83
886
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.63
887
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.61
888
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1662
889
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.31
890
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|533.33
891
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.59
892
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|533.02
893
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.58
894
|-
895
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC05C
896
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|8.83
897
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.03
898
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.45
899
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1633
900
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.31
901
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|534.34
902
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.59
903
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|534.03
904
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.58
905
|-
906
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC06A
907
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|8.83
908
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.43
909
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.57
910
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1659
911
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.09
912
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|518.95
913
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.95
914
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|518.86
915
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.17
916
|-
917
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC06B
918
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|8.83
919
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.03
920
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.49
921
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1653
922
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.09
923
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|525.94
924
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.92
925
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|525.85
926
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.17
927
|-
928
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC06C
929
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|8.83
930
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.23
931
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.56
932
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1670
933
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.09
934
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.96
935
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.91
936
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.87
937
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.17
938
|-
939
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC07A
940
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
941
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.83
942
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.48
943
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1651
944
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
945
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.98
946
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.29
947
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.78
948
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
949
|-
950
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC07B
951
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
952
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.84
953
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.48
954
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1658
955
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
956
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|527.16
957
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.33
958
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|526.96
959
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
960
|-
961
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC07C
962
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
963
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.63
964
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.60
965
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1659
966
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
967
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|536.40
968
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.22
969
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|536.20
970
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.37
971
|-
972
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC08A
973
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.17
974
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.83
975
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.28
976
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1643
977
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.09
978
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.37
979
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|5.31
980
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.28
981
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.17
982
|-
983
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC08B
984
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.17
985
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.43
986
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.28
987
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1678
988
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.09
989
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|539.04
990
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|5.22
991
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|538.95
992
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.17
993
|-
994
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC08C
995
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.17
996
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.03
997
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.53
998
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1676
999
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.09
1000
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|525.55
1001
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|5.40
1002
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|525.46
1003
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.17
1004
|-
1005
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC09A
1006
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.17
1007
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.23
1008
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.25
1009
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1661
1010
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.31
1011
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.47
1012
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|18.48
1013
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.16
1014
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.59
1015
|-
1016
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC09B
1017
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.17
1018
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.43
1019
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.60
1020
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1663
1021
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.31
1022
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|553.61
1023
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|17.71
1024
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|553.30
1025
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.56
1026
|-
1027
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC09C
1028
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.17
1029
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.03
1030
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.17
1031
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1645
1032
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.31
1033
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|530.91
1034
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|18.47
1035
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|530.60
1036
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.59
1037
|-
1038
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC10A
1039
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1040
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.03
1041
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.54
1042
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1669
1043
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
1044
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|526.94
1045
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.33
1046
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|526.74
1047
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
1048
|-
1049
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC10B
1050
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1051
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.84
1052
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.53
1053
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1676
1054
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
1055
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|531.64
1056
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.27
1057
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|531.44
1058
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
1059
|-
1060
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC10C
1061
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1062
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.83
1063
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.33
1064
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1662
1065
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
1066
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|522.51
1067
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.38
1068
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|522.31
1069
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
1070
|-
1071
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC11A
1072
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.00
1073
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.43
1074
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.49
1075
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1684
1076
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
1077
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|536.09
1078
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|18.66
1079
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|535.89
1080
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.37
1081
|-
1082
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC11B
1083
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.00
1084
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.43
1085
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.45
1086
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1669
1087
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
1088
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|534.06
1089
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|18.73
1090
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|533.86
1091
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.37
1092
|-
1093
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC11C
1094
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|2.00
1095
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|22.03
1096
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.70
1097
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1665
1098
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
1099
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|525.40
1100
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.04
1101
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|525.20
1102
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
1103
|-
1104
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC12A
1105
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1106
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.23
1107
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.36
1108
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1651
1109
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.04
1110
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|518.43
1111
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.39
1112
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|518.39
1113
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.08
1114
|-
1115
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC12B
1116
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1117
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.83
1118
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.48
1119
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1654
1120
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.04
1121
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|527.70
1122
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.37
1123
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|527.66
1124
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.08
1125
|-
1126
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC12C
1127
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1128
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|17.83
1129
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.08
1130
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1686
1131
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.04
1132
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|509.50
1133
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.42
1134
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|509.46
1135
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.09
1136
|-
1137
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC13A
1138
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1139
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.63
1140
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.41
1141
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1627
1142
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
1143
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|526.70
1144
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.33
1145
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|526.50
1146
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
1147
|-
1148
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC13B
1149
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1150
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|22.23
1151
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.71
1152
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1645
1153
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
1154
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|534.58
1155
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.24
1156
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|534.38
1157
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.37
1158
|-
1159
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC13C
1160
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1161
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.43
1162
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.40
1163
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1636
1164
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.20
1165
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|525.23
1166
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.35
1167
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|525.03
1168
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.38
1169
|-
1170
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC14A
1171
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1172
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.43
1173
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.32
1174
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1631
1175
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.60
1176
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|526.35
1177
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.02
1178
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|525.75
1179
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.14
1180
|-
1181
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC14B
1182
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1183
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|22.63
1184
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.73
1185
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1639
1186
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.60
1187
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|535.57
1188
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|18.69
1189
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|534.97
1190
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.12
1191
|-
1192
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|DIC14C
1193
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|6.00
1194
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|22.83
1195
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.82
1196
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1658
1197
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.60
1198
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|531.67
1199
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|18.83
1200
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|531.07
1201
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.13
1202
|-
1203
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|MP1A
1204
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1205
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|19.83
1206
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.32
1207
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1649
1208
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1209
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|520.23
1210
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-
1211
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|520.23
1212
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1213
|-
1214
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|MP1B
1215
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1216
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.63
1217
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.60
1218
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1636
1219
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1220
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|523.11
1221
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-
1222
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|523.11
1223
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1224
|-
1225
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|MP1C
1226
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1227
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.63
1228
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.45
1229
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1649
1230
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1231
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|520.12
1232
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-
1233
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|520.12
1234
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1235
|-
1236
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|MP2A
1237
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1238
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|21.43
1239
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.57
1240
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1640
1241
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1242
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|532.49
1243
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-
1244
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|532.49
1245
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1246
|-
1247
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|MP2B
1248
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1249
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|18.43
1250
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.05
1251
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1652
1252
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1253
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|533.64
1254
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-
1255
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|533.64
1256
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1257
|-
1258
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|MP2C
1259
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1260
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|20.03
1261
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3.35
1262
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.1648
1263
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1264
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.53
1265
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-
1266
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|529.53
1267
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.00
1268
|-
1269
|  colspan='3'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Coefficient correlation
1270
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Fiber length
1271
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Bending Time
1272
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Strength
1273
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Slope
1274
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Quantity of fiber
1275
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Sample weight
1276
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|RNF
1277
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Mass of mortar
1278
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Fiber Concentration
1279
|-
1280
|  colspan='3'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Fiber length
1281
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
1282
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.14
1283
|  colspan='3'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.14
1284
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.04
1285
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.19
1286
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.04
1287
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.40
1288
|  colspan='2'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.04
1289
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.18
1290
|-
1291
|  colspan='3'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Bending Time
1292
|  colspan='2'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.14
1293
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
1294
|  colspan='3'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.98
1295
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.41
1296
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.21
1297
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.24
1298
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.34
1299
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.24
1300
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.23
1301
|-
1302
|  colspan='3'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Strength
1303
|  colspan='2'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.14
1304
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.98
1305
|  colspan='3'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
1306
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.59
1307
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.27
1308
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.23
1309
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.39
1310
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.23
1311
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.29
1312
|-
1313
|  colspan='3'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Slope
1314
|  colspan='2'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.04
1315
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.41
1316
|  colspan='3'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.59
1317
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
1318
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.39
1319
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.06
1320
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.40
1321
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.06
1322
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.39
1323
|-
1324
|  colspan='3'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Quantity of fiber
1325
|  colspan='2'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.19
1326
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.21
1327
|  colspan='3'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.27
1328
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.39
1329
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
1330
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.07
1331
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.81
1332
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.06
1333
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.00
1334
|-
1335
|  colspan='3'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Sample weight
1336
|  colspan='2'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.04
1337
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.24
1338
|  colspan='3'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.23
1339
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.06
1340
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.07
1341
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
1342
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.06
1343
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.00
1344
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.04
1345
|-
1346
|  colspan='3'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|*RNF
1347
|  colspan='2'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.40
1348
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.34
1349
|  colspan='3'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.39
1350
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.40
1351
|  colspan='2'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.81
1352
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.06
1353
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
1354
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.07
1355
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.82
1356
|-
1357
|  colspan='3'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|Mass mortar
1358
|  colspan='2'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.04
1359
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.24
1360
|  colspan='3'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.23
1361
|  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.06
1362
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.06
1363
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.00
1364
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.07
1365
|  colspan='2'  style="border: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1
1366
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.03
1367
|-
1368
|  colspan='3'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|**Fiber Concentration
1369
|  colspan='2'  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.18
1370
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.23
1371
|  colspan='3'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.29
1372
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|-0.39
1373
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.00
1374
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.04
1375
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.82
1376
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.03
1377
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|1.00
1378
|}
1379
​
1380
​
1381
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">''* RNF: Relative number of fibers: (g fiber/g mortar/m fiber length); **Fiber concentration (g fiber/kg mortar)''</span>
1382
​
1383
==4 Conclusion==
1384
​
1385
The experiments and measurements carried out have shown the high importance of using systems capable of extending the amortization time of the breakdown of architectural structures. The use of natural fibers in this concept was stated from the great interest which can generate the definition of a new process of purification of many cellulose-based fibers from all other compounds (lignin, hemicellulose...). The Tripolium coupling DIC with intermittent organosolv process should have a large-scale technical and economic impact.
1386
​
1387
The use of fibers in seismic-resistant construction is all the more interesting as the fibers may have a rougher surface, more spread-out bending resistance and a longer breakage time. The random distribution of fibers within the mortar should particularly facilitate the widespread adoption of this process.
1388
​
1389
==5 Acknowledgment==
1390
​
1391
This research was carried out under the Kreative Habitat project, funded by the Interreg Sudoe program
1392
​
1393
==References==
1394
​
1395
:1. Silva FDA, Mobasher B, Filho RDT. Cracking mechanisms in durable sisal fiber reinforced cement composites. Cem Concr Compos 2009; 31:721–30.
1396
​
1397
:2. Mazars, J., 1986. A description of micro- and macroscale damage of concrete structures. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 25, 729–737.
1398
​
1399
:3. Bortolotti, L., 1988. Double-punch test for tensile and compressive strengths in concrete. IACI Materials Journal 85-M4, 26–32.
1400
​
1401
:4. Peled A, Bentur A. Fabric structure and its reinforcing efficiency in textile reinforced cement composites. Compos Part A 2003: 34: 107–18.
1402
​
1403
:5. Peld A, Sueki S, Mobasher B. Bonding in fabric cement systems: effects of fabrication methods. Cem Concr Res 2006: 36: 1661–71.
1404
​
1405
:6. Gencoglu M. Effect of fabric types on the impact behavior of cement based composites in flexure, Materials and Structures 2009; 42: 135–47.
1406
​
1407
:7. Zhu D, Gencoglu M, Mobasher B. Low velocity impact behavior of AR glass fabric reinforced cement composites in flexure. Cem Concr Compos 2009; 31 (6): 379–87.
1408
​
1409
:8. Peled A, Mobasher B. Tensile behavior of fabric cement-based composites: pultruded and cast. J Mater Civ Eng 2007; 19(4):340–8.
1410
​
1411
:9. Ardanuy M, Claramunt J, Toledo Filho RD. Cellulosic fiber reinforced cement based composites: a review of recent research. Constr Build Mater 2015; 79: 115e28.
1412
​
1413
:10. Santos SF, Schmidt R, Almeida A, Tonoli GHD, Savastano Jr H. Supercritical carbonation treatment on extruded fiber-cement reinforced with vegetable fibers. Cem Concr Compos 2015; 56:84e94.
1414
​
1415
<span id='_Hlk508940392'></span>
1416
:11. Yan L, Chouw N. Compressive and flexural behaviour and theoretical analysis of flax fiber reinforced polymer tube encased coir fibre reinforced concrete composite. Mater Des 2013; 52:801e11. 2013
1417
​
1418
:12. Filho JAM, Silva FA, Toledo Filho RD. Degradation kinetics and aging mechanisms on sisal fiber cement composite systems. Cem Concr Compos 2013; 40: 30e9.
1419
​
1420
:13. Savastano JH, Warden PG, Coutts RSP. Brazilian waste fibers as reinforcement for cement-based composites. Cem Concr Compos 2000; 22:379e84.
1421
​
1422
:14. Yan L, Chouw N. Dynamic and static properties of flax fiber reinforced polymer tube confined coir fiber reinforced concrete. J Compos Mater 2014; 48: 1595e610.
1423
​
1424
:15. Yilmaz, N. D., Powell, N. B., Banks-Lee, P., Michielsen, S., Multi-fiber needle-punched nonwoven composites: Effects of heat treatment on sound absorption performance. J. Ind. Text., 43(2), 231, 2013.
1425
​
1426
:16. Vijay Kumar Thakur., ManjuKumari Thakur andRaju Kumar Gupta Review: Raw Natural Fiber–Based Polymer Composites Int. J.Polym. Anal. Charact.19: 256–271, 2014.
1427
​
1428
:17. Williams, G. I.; Wool, R. P. “Composites from natural fibers and soy oil resins,” Applied Composite Materials. 2000, 7, 421–432.
1429
​
1430
:18. Yilmaz, N. D., Khan, G. M. A., Biofiber reinforced acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) composites. in: Handbook of Composite from Renewable Materials Volume 4: Functionalization, V. K. Thakur, M. K. Thakur, M. R. Kessler (Eds.), 211–251, Scrivener, Beverly, MA, USA, 2017.
1431
​
1432
:19. Aziz, M. A., Paramasivam, P., & Lee, S. L. (1984). New reinforced concretes. 3: Concrete reinforced with natural fibres. Guildford: Surrey University Press.
1433
​
1434
:20. Morton, J. H., Cooke, T., & Akers, S. (2010). Performance of slash pine fibers in fiber cement products. Construction and Building Materials, 24, 165–170.
1435
​
1436
:21. Ramakrishna, G., & Sundararajan, T. (2005). Studies on the durability of natural fibers and the effect of corroded fibers on the strength of mortar. Cement and Concrete Composites, 27, 575–582.
1437
​
1438
:22. Khan GMA, Yilmaz ND, Yilmaz K (2016) Okra bast fiber as potential reinforcement element of biocomposites: Can it be the flax of the future? In: Thakur VK (ed) Handbook of Composite from Renewable Materials. Wiley Scrivener.
1439
​
1440
:23. Panthapulakkal S, Sain M, Injection-molded short hemp fiber/glass fiber- reinforced polypro¬pylene hybrid composites— mechanical, water absorption and thermal properties, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 103, pp. 2432–2441, 2007.
1441
​
1442
:24. Panthapulakkal, S., Sain, M., Studies on the water absorption properties of short hemp-glass fiber hybrid polypropylene composites. J. Compos. Mater., 41(15), 1871–1883, 2007b.
1443
​
1444
:25. Faruk, O., Bledzki, A. K., Fink, H., Sain, M., Progress report on natural fiber reinforced composites. Macromol. Mater. Eng., 299(1), 9–26, 2014.
1445
​
1446
:26. Adekunle K, Akesson D, Skrifvars M. Biobased composites prepared by compression molding with a novel thermoset resin from soybean oil and a natural-fiber reinforcement. J Appl Polym Sci 2010; 116(3):1759–65.
1447
​
1448
:27. Hernandez-Olivares, F., Oteiza, I., & de Villanueva, L. (1992). Experimental analysis of toughness and modulus of rupture increase of sisal short fiber reinforced hemihydrated gypsum. Composite Structures, 22, 123–137.
1449
​
1450
:28. Mansur, M. A., & Aziz, M. A. (1982). A study of jute fiber reinforced cement composites. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, 4, 75–82.
1451
​
1452
:29. Ardanuy, M., Claramunt, J., García-Hortal, J. A., & Barra, M. (2011). Fiber-matrix interactions in cement mortar composites reinforced with cellulosic fibers. Cellulose, 18, 281–289.
1453
​
1454
:30. Pacheco-Torgal F, Jalali S. Cementitious building materials reinforced with vegetable fibers: a review. Constr Build Mater. 2011; 25:575–81.
1455
​
1456
:31. M. Ardanuy, J. Claramunt, J.A. García-Hortal, M. Barra, Fiber-matrix interactions in cement mortar composites reinforced with cellulosic fibers, Cellulose. 18 (2011) 281–289.
1457
​
1458
:32. B.J. Mohr, H. Nanko, K.E. Kurtis, Durability of kraft pulp fiber–cement composites to wet/dry cycling, Cem. Concr. Compos. 27 (2005) 435–448.
1459
​
1460
:33. B.J. Mohr, J.J. Biernacki, K.E. Kurtis, Microstructural and chemical effects of wet/dry cycling on pulp fiber–cement composites, Cem. Concr. Res. 36 (2006) 1240–1251.
1461
​
1462
:34. R.D. Tolêdo Filho, K. Scrivener, G.L. England, K. Ghavami, Durability of alkali sensitive sisal and coconut fibers in cement mortar composites, Cem. Concr. Compos. 22 (2000) 127–143.
1463
​
1464
:35. Mohr, B. J., Nanko, H., & Kurtis, K. E. (2005). Durability of kraft pulp fiber–cement composites to wet/dry cycling. Cement and Concrete Composites, 27, 435–448.
1465
​
1466
:36. Mohr, B. J., Biernacki, J. J., & Kurtis, K. E. (2006). Microstructural and chemical effects of wet/dry cycling on pulp fiber–cement composites. Cement and Concrete Research, 36, 1240–1251.
1467
​
1468
:37. Toledo Filho, R. D., Scrivener, K., England, G. L., & Ghavami, K. (2000). Durability of alkali-sensitive sisal and coconut fibers in cement mortar composites. Cement and Concrete Composites, 22, 127–143.
1469
​
1470
:38. Tonoli, G. H. D., Santos, S. F., Savastano, H., Delvasto, S., Mejia de Gutierez, R., & Lopez de Murphy, M. D. M. (2011). Effects of natural weathering on microstructure and mineral composition of cementitious roofing tiles reinforced with fique fiber. Cement and Concrete Composites, 33, 225–232.
1471
​
1472
:39. Li, X., Tabil, L.G. and Panigrahi, S. (2007) Chemical Treatments of Natural Fiber for Use in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Review. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 15, 25-33.
1473
​
1474
:40. A. K. Bledzki and J. Gassan, Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibers, Prog. Polym. Sci. 24, 221–274 (1999).
1475
​
1476
:41. Qin C, Soykeabkaew N, Xiuyuan N, Peijs T. The effect of fiber volume fraction and mercerization on the properties of all-cellulose composites. Carbohydrate Polymers 2008; 71:458–67.
1477
​
1478
:42. Savastano Jr., H., Warden, P. G., Coutts, R. S. P.: Ground iron blast furnace slag as a matrix for cellulose-cement materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2001, 23, pp. 389–397.
1479
​
1480
:43. Yan, L., Su, S., & Chouw, N. (2015). Microstructure, flexural properties and durability of coir fiber reinforced concrete beams externally strengthened with flax FRP composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 80, 343–354.
1481
​
1482
:44. Yan L., Chouw N., Experimental study of flax FRP tube encased coir fiber reinforced concrete composite column, Construction and Building Materials, 40, 1118, 2013.
1483
​
1484
:45. Iskhakov I., Ribakov Y., Holschemacher K., Mueller T., High performance repairing of rein¬forced concrete structures. Mater.Des., 44, 216, 2013.
1485
​
1486
:46. Ferrari, V.J., Hanai, J.B.D., Souza, R.A.D., Flexural strengthening of reinforcement concrete beams using high performance fiber reinforcement cement-based composite (HPFRCC) and carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP). Constr. Build. Mater., 48, 485–498, 2013.
1487
​
1488
:47. Dong, J., Wang, Q., Guan, Z., Structural behaviour of RC beams with external flexural and flex¬ural–shear strengthening by FRP sheets. Composites Part B, 44, 604, 2013.
1489
​
1490
:48. Kim, H.S., Shin, Y.S., Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams retrofitted with hybrid fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) under sustaining loads. Compos.Struct., 93, 802, 2011.
1491
​
1492
:49. Ceroni, F., Experimental performances of RC beams strengthened with FRP materials. Constr. Build.Mater., 24, 1547, 2010.
1493
​
1494
:50. Al-Amery, R., Al-Mahaidi, R., Coupled flexural–shear retrofitting of RC beams using CFRP straps. Compos.Struct., 75, 457, 2006.
1495
​
1496
:51. Grace, N.F., Ragheb, W.F., Sayed, G.A., Development and application of innovative triaxi¬ally braided ductile FRP fabric for strengthening concrete beams. Compos.Struct., 64, 521, 2004.
1497
​
1498
:52. Grace, N.F., Ragheb, W.F., Sayed, G.A., Development and application of innovative triaxi¬ally braided ductile FRP fabric for strengthening concrete beams. Compos.Struct., 64, 521, 2004.
1499
​
1500
:53. Lau, K.T., Zhou, L.M., Mechanical performance of composite-strengthened concrete structures. Composites Part B, 32, 21, 2001.
1501
​

Return to BESOMBES et al 2021a.

Back to Top
GET PDF

Document information

Published on 15/04/21
Accepted on 04/07/19
Submitted on 19/06/19

Volume 05 - Comunicaciones Matcomp19 (2021), Issue Núm. 2 - Caracterización analítica, numérica y experimental de los materiales compuestos. Materiales multifuncionales. Comportamiento de componentes estructurales., 2021
DOI: 10.23967/r.matcomp.2021.04.007
Licence: Other

Document Score

0

Views 14
Recommendations 0

Share this document

Keywords

• • •

claim authorship

Are you one of the authors of this document?

I am an author