== Abstract ==

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This discussion paper resulted in a publication in 'Transportation Research Part B: Methodological' , 2013, 53, 31-44. We analyse the behaviour of market participants in a multi-modal commuter network where roads are not priced, but public transport has a usage fee, which is set while taking the effects on the roads into account. In particular, we analyse the difference between markets with a monopolistic public transport operator, which operates all public transport links, and markets in which separate operators own each public transport link. To do so, we consider a simple transport network consisting of two serial segments and two parallel congestible modes of transport. We obtain a reduced form of the public transport operator's optimal fare setting problem and show that, even if the total travel demand is inelastic, serial Bertrand-Nash competition on the public transport links leads to different fares than a serial monopoly; a result not observed in a static model. This results from the fact that trip timing decisions, and therefore the generalized prices of all commuters, are influenced by all fares in the network. We then use numerical simulations to show that, contrary to the results obtained in classic studies on vertical competition, monopolistic fares are not always higher than duopolistic fares; the opposite can also occur. We also explore how different parameters influence the price differential, and how this affects welfare.

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== Original document ==

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The different versions of the original document can be found in:

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* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2013.03.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2013.03.003]

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* [http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2169964 http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2169964]

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* [http://hdl.handle.net/10419/87312 http://hdl.handle.net/10419/87312]

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* [http://papers.tinbergen.nl/12116.pdf http://papers.tinbergen.nl/12116.pdf]

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* [https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/199e3d51-b243-438c-a4c9-295ead43ccec https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/199e3d51-b243-438c-a4c9-295ead43ccec]

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* [https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/55008583-e4f6-4a54-8e27-82784a91c73d https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/55008583-e4f6-4a54-8e27-82784a91c73d]

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* [https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S019126151300043X?httpAccept=text/xml https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S019126151300043X?httpAccept=text/xml],

: [https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S019126151300043X?httpAccept=text/plain https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S019126151300043X?httpAccept=text/plain],

: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2013.03.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2013.03.003]

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* [https://ideas.repec.org/p/tin/wpaper/20120116.html https://ideas.repec.org/p/tin/wpaper/20120116.html],

: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019126151300043X https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019126151300043X],

: [https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/competition-in-multi-modal-transport-networks-a-dynamic-approach-2 https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/competition-in-multi-modal-transport-networks-a-dynamic-approach-2],

: [https://trid.trb.org/view/1252776 https://trid.trb.org/view/1252776],

: [https://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai%3Aresearch.vu.nl%3Apublications%2F199e3d51-b243-438c-a4c9-295ead43ccec https://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai%3Aresearch.vu.nl%3Apublications%2F199e3d51-b243-438c-a4c9-295ead43ccec],

: [http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/competition-in-multimodal-transport-networks(710a720d-a395-4e2e-9515-7b9418f5212f).html http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/competition-in-multimodal-transport-networks(710a720d-a395-4e2e-9515-7b9418f5212f).html],

: [https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:tin:wpaper:20120116 https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:tin:wpaper:20120116],

: [https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/87312 https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/87312],

: [https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2169964 https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2169964],

: [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019126151300043X http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019126151300043X],

: [https://www.worldtransitresearch.info/research/4865 https://www.worldtransitresearch.info/research/4865],

: [https://core.ac.uk/display/91249872 https://core.ac.uk/display/91249872],

: [https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/1516524295 https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/1516524295]

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DOIS: 10.2139/ssrn.2169964 10.1016/j.trb.2013.03.003

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