== Abstract ==

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This paper contributes to recent academic debates on mobility and transport by exploring the emergence of innovative tram-based transport solutions in medium-sized and somewhat peripheral regions in Europe. More precisely, we argue that the profound transformations undergone by rail transport over the past two decades has contributed to weakening existing governance structures, thus opening numerous opportunities for new entrants, technical innovations and original forms of territorial cooperation. The comparative analysis of four mobility strategies (France, The Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom) demonstrates the ability of medium-sized cities to develop innovative transport solutions by adapting existing networks .

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== Original document ==

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The different versions of the original document can be found in:

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* [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00785568 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00785568]

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