Abstract

WOS: 000245159300007 In this paper an analytical procedure taking into account the nonuniform outflow profile for hydraulic analysis and design of multiple outlets pipelines, is presented. Energy relations are improved based on the average friction drop approach with a simple exponential function, to express the nonuniform outflow concept. To determine friction head losses, the Darcy-Weisbach formula is used here; and the kinetic head change is considered whereas minor head losses are neglected. Several mathematical relationships are also derived for computing extreme pressure heads and their locations of occurrence along the pipeline. The presented method also provides specific lengths of the segments in which the different flow regimes occur along its length. This method simulates pressure and outflow profiles along trickle and sprinkler irrigation laterals and manifolds, as well as gated pipes. The presented technique was applied to several computational examples to clarify its precision for trickle and sprinkler lateral design and the analytical results were compared with those obtained using the numerical step-by-step method. The comparison test for the various design combinations indicated that, the proposed method is found to be sufficiently accurate in all design cases for both trickle and sprinkler lateral design. The analytical development is simple, direct, and easily adaptable to solve hydraulic design problems of various types of single-diameter mutiple-outlet pipelines in different flow regimes and uniform line slope cases. It is preferred to the numerical techniques which need large amounts of execution time and complex computer operations.

Abstract

WOS: 000256076400008 An important objective of a microirrigation system is to determine the proper operating inlet pressure head, ensuring the desired level of water application uniformity as well as the allowable pressure head variation along the multioutlet pipeline. This paper offers, simple, direct, but sufficiently accurate, relationships incorporating different microirrigation uniformity parameters, such as Christiansen uniformity coefficient, coefficient of variation of emitter discharge, and allowable pressure head variation, to determine the operating inlet pressure head (i.e., pressure head and outflow profiles) for multioutlet plastic pipelines. In this analysis some mathematical expressions were deduced to relate three uniformity parameters; then the operating inlet pressure head is simply reformulated by taking into account a multiplying factor alpha to the required average outlet pressure head, in terms of three uniformity parameters. Resulting, the influence of different uniform pipe slopes on the water application uniformity and the operating inlet pressure head for various emitter discharge exponents, was evaluated. In addition, to cover various design combinations an extensive comparison between the proposed equations and those of the previous studies was also presented. Examination of the results from this research indicated that, the performance of the proposed technique is sufficient in comparison to those of the recent analytical and numerical procedures.

Abstract

WOS: 000242429200004 Adequate hydraulic analysis of a multiple outlets pipelines is very important for the design and evaluation of irrigation systems. In this paper, an analytical direct design procedure for a single multiple outlets pipelines is presented. The proposed equations, taking into consideration the influence of local energy loss, are suitable for designing laterals and manifolds in both trickle and sprinkler irrigation systems, and can be applied for various types of outlet, different flow regimes, and uniform line slope ranges. In this analytical procedure, for any desired uniformity level and given design slope range with remaining known parameters, the pipe diameter and the pipe length can then be directly designed. For any desired uniformity level, the procedure also provides an opportunity to evaluate the influence of local energy loss, as well as the influence of different uniform line slopes on the pipe geometric characteristics (pipe size and length), and on the corresponding hydraulic variables (operating inlet pressure head, downstream end pressure head, and total energy loss). Comparison test with a revised step-by-step numerical method for various slope combinations indicated that the presented methodology produces sufficiently accurate results for various design cases in both trickle and sprinkler lateral design. The methodology is simple, easy to apply, and useful for hydraulic analysis and direct design of a multiple outlets pipelines in irrigation subunits.