Abstract

Air emissions of shipping have decreased in SECA regions after 2015. Environmental impacts of regulation policies are identifiable and measurable, as a study from the port of Gothenburg recently exposed. In addition to emissions, it is important to understand how regulations and decisions, focusing on environmental sustainability, impact on the maritime business indicators such as transport costs and marginal revenues. When SECA decision was made, the oil and bunker prices were historically high. Prices were also highly volatile. Numerous studies estimated difficulties for shipping companies, and maritime transport dependent export companies. The oil price dropped dramatically in 2016 remaining at the same level till the early 2018. This empirical case study examines and simulates bunker price data in relation to different vessel speeds. The paper looks at how different speed and oil price combinations impact transport costs and export business. The results of this simulation can be summarized with the notion that the negative economic impacts of the oil price variation can be mitigated to some extent by using lower vessel speeds, thus slow steaming, on short sea shipping (SSS). However, variable relations are not straightforward and they require additional studies. Document type: Article

Abstract

The work reported here is a result of the EPSRC Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Hub research programme (Grant ref. EP/J016454/1). A core theme of the UK Government's new Industrial Strategy is exploiting opportunities for domestic supply chain development. This extends to a special ‘Automotive Sector Deal’ that focuses on the shift to low emissions vehicles (LEVs). Here attention is on electric vehicle and battery production and innovation. In this paper, we argue that a more straightforward gain in terms of framing policy around potential economic benefits may be made through supply chain activity to support refuelling of battery/hydrogen vehicles. We set this in the context of LEV refuelling supply chains potentially replicating the strength of domestic upstream linkages observed in the UK electricity and/or gas industries. We use input-output multiplier analysis to deconstruct and assess the structure of these supply chains relative to that of more import-intensive petrol and diesel supply. A crucial multiplier result is that for every £1million of spending on electricity (or gas), 8 full-time equivalent jobs are supported throughout the UK. This compares to less than 3 in the case of petrol/diesel supply. Moreover, the importance of service industries becomes apparent, with 67% of indirect and induced supply chain employment to support electricity generation being located in services industries. The comparable figure for GDP is 42%. Publisher PDF Peer reviewed Document type: Article

Abstract

Con la idea de que las prácticas cotidianas entre los inmigrantes mexicanos permiten construir y redefinir el espacio transnacional, como punto de partida, en este artículo se explorará la noción de la migración desde la perspectiva del transnacionalismo, en el marco de las tendencias contemporáneas del fenómeno migratorio en México. Al examinar las interacciones de los inmigrantes en el transporte público en San Diego, California, se buscará entender cómo se crean y recrean sus acciones. Este acercamiento desde un espacio social, permite analizar las interacciones específicas entre sociedades con historias y procesos de desarrollo diferentes. Based on the idea that everyday practices among Mexican immigrants allow the construction and redefinition of a transnational space, as a starting point, this article will explore the notion of migration from the perspective of transnationalism, within the framework of current tendencies in Mexican migration. Examining immigrant interactions in the public transportation system in San Diego, California, we will try to understand how they create and recreate their actions. This approach from a social space allows the analysis of the specific interactions between societies with different histories and development processe Document type: Article

Abstract

Public transport transforms urban communities and the lives of citizens living in them by stimulating economic growth, promoting sustainable lifestyles and providing a greater quality of life. Globally, the healthiest cities have one thing in common, a public and active transport network that does not depend on each person owning a personal motorised vehicle. Growing dependence on the automobile has created a multitude of problems, some of which public transport can help solve. Adverse social, environmental and health effects related to automobile emissions and car-dependency suggest that using public transport will result in a decrease in an individual&rsquo s carbon footprint, will lessen overall CO2 emissions, and will help to ease urban traffic congestion as well as encourage more effective and efficient land use. With many urban areas experiencing ongoing traffic problems, it is acknowledged that any sustainable long-term solution must entail a significant public transport element. The aim of this research study, conducted in November and December 2017, was to obtain essential baseline information on service user satisfaction levels with the existing public bus services in Galway City, Ireland. By measuring levels of satisfaction, it is possible to build our overall knowledge of the public transport network and thus identify improvements in the service that would lead to an increase in bus passenger numbers and result in reductions in the amount of cars on the roads. Results suggest deficiencies in public transport infrastructure, such as Dedicated Bus Lanes, and the lack of attention to customer services are hindering improvements in the public bus service. Document type: Article

Abstract

Social media require an efficient infrastructures of computer and communication systems to support a smart city. In a big city, there are several crucial dilemmas with a home and public space planning, a growing population, a global warming, carbon emissions, a lack of key resources like water and energy, and a traffic congestion. In a smart city, we expect an efficient and sustainable transportation, efficient management of resources and a better urban planning. In this paper, social media are proposed to support smart city with efficient computer infrastructure. Moreover, some methods are described to increase the availability and efficiency of an information infrastructure. Two criteria have been formulated to assign some key resources in a smart city system. The process of finding some compromise solutions from Pareto-optimal solutions has been illustrated. Metaheuristics o f collective intelligence, including particle swarm optimization PSO, ant colony optimization ACO, an algorithm of bee colony ABC, and differential evolution DE have been described due to smart city infrastructure improving. Other application of above metaheuristics in smart city have been also presented. Document type: Article

Abstract

The emergence of fully Automated Vehicles (AVs) is expected to occur in the next 10 to 30 years. The uncertainties related to AVs pose a series of questions about what the societal consequences of such technology are. Mainly, what are the consequences of AVs regarding accessibility? This paper uses Geurs and Van Wee’s definition of accessibility to give an exploratory answer to this question. Using a scenario-based approach which allows identifying critical decisions that will emerge shortly (or are already emerging) concerning automated travelling, this paper proposes that AVs have great potential to both seriously aggravate and considerably alleviate accessibility problems. A great deal will depend on how these critical decisions will be approached and the choices that will be made. This debate is most needed because existing research on AVs tends to focus on how to make them a commercially viable and safe technological enterprise, and on what their benefits and drawbacks are regarding variables such as carbon emissions, energy consumption, and total miles travelled. Narratives of this nature can be problematic, as they are unlikely to promote sufficient awareness about the real disruptive potential of AVs. It is crucial that stakeholders realise the extent to which—if the governance of AVs implementation processes is not taken very seriously, and the identified critical decisions are not carefully approached—these machines can materialise a dystopian mobility future. Document type: Article

Abstract

OpenStreetMap provides a valuable crowd-sourced database of raw geospatial data for constructing models of urban street networks for scientific analysis. This paper reports results from a research project that collected raw street network data from OpenStreetMap using the Python-based OSMnx software for every U.S. city and town, county, urbanized area, census tract, and Zillow-defined neighborhood. It constructed nonplanar directed multigraphs for each and analyzed their structural and morphological characteristics. The resulting data repository contains over 110,000 processed, cleaned street network graphs (which in turn comprise over 55 million nodes and over 137 million edges) at various scales—comprehensively covering the entire U.S.—archived as reusable open-source GraphML files, node/edge lists, and GIS shapefiles that can be immediately loaded and analyzed in standard tools such as ArcGIS, QGIS, NetworkX, graph-tool, igraph, or Gephi. The repository also contains measures of each network’s metric and topological characteristics common in urban design, transportation planning, civil engineering, and network science. No other such dataset exists. These data offer researchers and practitioners a new ability to quickly and easily conduct graph-theoretic circulation network analysis anywhere in the U.S. using standard, free, open-source tools. Document type: Article

Abstract

In this article, we propose to improve the efficiency of transport companies by managing information and advertising activities to promote material flow. In this research, within the framework of planning the supply of consumer goods in cities, we offer the following alternative supply schemes: the direct goods delivery and delivery through distribution centres. In order to choose a rational supply scheme as a criterion of efficiency it was proposed to use the total delivery cost including the information and advertising component. The research also provides the methodology for determining the maximum effect of advertising activities by road transport companies. In addition, an example of developed advertising packages with the minimum and maximum advertising costs is given. The measures proposed in the research will allow developing a program to stimulate demand for transport services and increase the competitiveness of road transport companies in the transport market. Document type: Article

Abstract

Traffic congestion is one of the most vexing city problems and involves numerous factors which cannot be addressed without a holistic approach. Congestion cannot be narrowly tackled at the cost of a city&rsquo s quality of life. Focusing on transport and land use planning, this paper examines transport policies and practices on both the supply and demand sides and finds that indirect travel demand management might be the most desirable solution to this chronic traffic ailment. The concept of absorption of traffic demand through the renaissance of streets as a way for traffic relief is introduced from two perspectives, with some examples from dense Asian urban contexts to demonstrate this. Firstly, jobs&ndash housing balance suggests the return of production activities to residential areas and sufficient provision of diverse space/housing options to deal with work-related traffic. The second approach is to promote the street as a multi-activity destination rather than a thoroughfare to access dispersed daily needs, and to advocate more street life to diminish non-commuting traffic. Based on this, suggestions for better transport planning policies are put forward. Document type: Article

Abstract

In Poland, similarly as in the entire Europe, the quality of air is shaped primarily by communal-living sources and road transport. Due to the steadily increasing share of city residents in the general population, the issue of providing clean air will become a more significant problem for human health over the years, and therefore a stronger incentive to intensify the research. Hence, the key challenge faced by a modern society is to limit the emissions of harmful substances in order to minimize the impact exerted by transport on air pollution and health. Increasingly stringent emission standards are imposed on car manufacturers while on the other hand, the problem of drivers is being ignored namely their awareness of possibilities to reduce the emissions and the ways in which they can help protecting also their own health and life by applying the rules related to the concept of eco-driving in practice. The aim of this paper is to present differences in perception of eco-driving principles in two random and nation-wide surveys: one carried out in 2015 and the other in 2017. Initial conclusions show a major increase (49.4% to 53.2%) of eco-driving awareness among respondents in 2017 when compared to 2015. Document type: Article