Abstract

Localization is a fundamental technology embedded — often unbeknownst to users — in many devices and services. First, this book reveals how localization systems are driving modern society. The core focus is then on the Global Positioning System (GPS), which is constantly rising in importance due to its global availability and low receiver cost. Still, high energy consumption and susceptibility to fake or reflected signals are challenges for GPS receivers. The limited endurance of battery-powered GPS receivers can be addressed by snapshot receivers which require as little as one millisecond of received satellite signals to determine their location. Using short signals reduces the active time and thus the energy consumption of a GPS receiver drastically. But short signals reduce the received signal energy, which impairs the localization robustness. The collective detection maximum likelihood method performs well with short signals. Furthermore, a tiny and low power snapshot GPS receiver hardware design allows location tracking for months or years using a coin cell. Spoofed GPS satellite signals pose a threat to an increasing number of critical systems relying on GPS. Determining multiple likely localization solutions instead of only one enables correct receiver localization despite malicious signals. Finally, an experimental localization system is presented that leverages status messages transmitted by aircraft. It aims at combining the ubiquitous availability and low receiver cost of GPS with the high signal strength of local localization systems like those based on WiFi or LTE signals. As such, it gives the prospect of robust and possibly indoor localization without the high setup costs of short- range localization systems. This book is suitable for readers with a technical background, but no prior knowledge of localization systems. Readers familiar with GPS can skip the introductory chapters and directly dive into the advanced material.

Abstract

Wireless vehicular networks are to be deployed in both Europe and the USA within upcoming years. Such networks introduce a new promising source of information about vehicular environments to be used by cooperative advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). However, development and evaluation of such cooperative ADAS is still challenging. Hence, we introduce a novel methodology for their development and evaluation processes. It is applied to evaluate the fulfillment of requirements on position accuracy information within exchanged messages. Such requirements are only roughly defined and not sufficiently evaluated in field tests. This holds especially for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) optimized for maximum integrity of obtained positions. Such configuration is required to increase robustness and reliability of safety critical ADAS. We find that pure GNSS-based positioning cannot fulfill position accuracy requirements of studied ADAS in most test cases.

Abstract

High-precision and lane selective position estimation is of fundamental importance for prospective advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving functions, as well as for traffic information and management processes in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). User and vehicle positioning is usually based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which, as stand-alone positioning, does not meet the necessary requirements in terms of accuracy. Furthermore, the rise of connected driving offers various possibilities to enhance GNSS positioning by applying cooperative positioning (CP) methods. Utilizing only low-cost sensors, especially in urban environments, GNSS CP faces several demanding challenges. Therefore, this contribution presents an empirical study on how Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies can aid GNSS position estimation in urban environments, with the focus being solely on positioning performance instead of multi-sensor data fusion. The performance of CP utilizing common positioning approaches as well as CP integration in state-of-the-art Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) is displayed and discussed. Additionally, a measurement campaign, providing a representational foundation for validating multiple CP methods using only consumer level and low-cost GNSS receivers, as well as commercially available IEEE 802.11p V2X communication modules in a typical urban environment is presented. Evaluating the algorithm&rsquo s performance, it is shown that CP approaches are less accurate compared to single positioning in the given environment. In order to investigate error influences, a skyview modelling seeking to identify non-line-of-sight (NLoS) effects using a 3D building model was performed. We found the position estimates to be less accurate in areas which are affected by NLoS effects such as multipath reception. Due to covariance propagation, the accuracy of CP approaches is decreased, calling for strategies for multipath detection and mitigation. In summary, this contribution will provide insights on integration, implementation strategies and accuracy performances, as well as drawbacks for local area, low-cost GNSS CP in urban environments. Document type: Article

Abstract

CORE is a research project co-funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme. CORE"br" analyses the aspects related to the use of advanced technologies for the freight transport and the logistics, to"br" enhance the visibility and improve the security. The project implements various pilot demonstrations to prove and"br" make concrete verifications in real use cases and along European and intercontinental logistic chains. One of the"br" CORE’s pilot demonstrations concerns a solution integrating GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems)"br" technologies for tracking & tracing the intermodal transport of chemicals and gas throughout road-rail paths across"br" Europe. The developed solution is operated in real business cases/operations and evaluated through KPIs (Key"br" Performance Indicators). In this paper, first an overview of the role of GNSS technology for tracking & tracing"br" the transport of dangerous goods is given, then the CORE solution and demonstration, and the KPIs for the relevant"br" evaluation and assessment, are presented.

Abstract

The on-board positioning system provides not only the location estimation but also additional information about the certainty or quality of the provided estimation. Additionally, when developing the positioning system itself and evaluating the performance of the system, it is useful to thoroughly analyze the input parameter values used by the positioning system for each of the location estimates. A visualization platform based on Big-Data frameworks was highly demanded in this context and several alternatives were analyzed. This paper describes the approaches that have been tested and implemented, describes the difficulties and advantages of the alternatives and provides detailed steps for adapting the open-source Big-Data framework-based solutions to other application areas.

Abstract

Wireless vehicular networks are in the wake of mass deployment both in Europe and the USA. These networks introduce a new promising source of information about vehicular environments usable by cooperative advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). However, development and evaluation of such ADAS is still challenging. Thus, we propose a methodology for their development and evaluation process. It is applied to evaluate the fulfillment of requirements on position accuracy information within the communicated data sets. Accuracy requirements are only roughly defined and not sufficiently evaluated in real world environments. This holds especially for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) optimized for maximum integrity of obtained positions, which is required for safety critical ADAS to increase robustness and reliability. Our main goal is to determine whether position accuracy provided by GNSS is sufficient for cooperative ADAS. Thereby, we find that pure GNSS input cannot fulfill position accuracy requirements in most test cases.

Abstract

TRA 2018, 7th Transport Research Arena, Vienne, AUTRICHE, 16-/04/2018 - 19/04/2018; Cet article présente un résumé de l'état de l'art réalisé pour le projet EU STARS sur l'utilisation d'EGNOS dans le domine ferroviaire. GNSS is expected to help the railway system to be modernized. However, such localization applications requires a high level of accuracy and safety that deserve to use the best potential of satellite-based technologies. The augmentation systems, as the satellite-based augmentation system EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service), helps to increase the nominal performance. One of the tasks of the EU STARS project deals with the study of the usability of EGNOS in railway environments. EGNOS has indeed been developed driven by the requirements of civil aviation safety procedures in conditions for signal reception that differ from the railway ones. In this paper, after introducing the needs and the basic principles of these systems, we describe the limitations caused by the specificities of railways and some solutions perspectives proposed by the project.

Abstract

Two antenna designs are described that are both fully integrated into Fiber Metal Laminate fuselage panels. Full integration in this context means that the antennas are flush with the fuselage skin on the outside of the aero structure, while maintaining the structural properties of the FML panel. The antennas are designed to resonate at GNSS and at VHF frequency bands. Design considerations are discussed and preliminary results are presented.

Abstract

Future driver assistance systems will rely on accurate, reliable and continuous knowledge on the position of other road participants, including pedestrians, bicycles and other vehicles. The usual approach to tackle this requirement is to use on-board ranging sensors inside the vehicle. Radar, laser scanners or vision-based systems are able to detect objects in their line-of-sight. In contrast to these non-cooperative ranging sensors, cooperative approaches follow a strategy in which other road participants actively support the estimation of the relative position. The limitations of on-board ranging sensors regarding their detection range and angle of view and the facility of blockage can be approached by using a cooperative approach based on vehicle-to-vehicle communication. The fusion of both, cooperative and non-cooperative strategies, seems to offer the largest benefits regarding accuracy, availability and robustness. This survey offers the reader a comprehensive review on different techniques for vehicle relative positioning. The reader will learn the important performance indicators when it comes to relative positioning of vehicles, the different technologies that are both commercially available and currently under research, their expected performance and their intrinsic limitations. Moreover, the latest research in the area of vision-based systems for vehicle detection, as well as the latest work on GNSS-based vehicle localization and vehicular communication for relative positioning of vehicles, are reviewed. The survey also includes the research work on the fusion of cooperative and non-cooperative approaches to increase the reliability and the availability. Document type: Article