Abstract

This chapter describes how the U.S. Department of Transportation (US DOT) defines a hazardous material as any substance or material capable of causing harm to people, property, and the environment. Dependence on hazardous materials is a fact of life in industrialized societies. There are thousands of different hazardous materials in use today. The United Nations sorts hazardous materials into nine classes according to their physical, chemical, and nuclear properties: explosives and pyrotechnics; gases; flammable and combustible liquids; flammable, combustible, and dangerous-when-wet solids; oxidizers and organic peroxides; poisonous and infectious materials; radioactive materials; corrosive materials; and miscellaneous dangerous goods, such as hazardous wastes. This first section of the chapter describes how the transportation of hazmats can be classified according to the mode of transport, namely; road, rail, water, air, and pipeline. The next section offers a high-level view of hazmat logistics literature. Section 3 contains a treatment of risk, the main ingredient of hazmat logistics problems that separate them from other logistics problems and section 4 deals with hazmat routing and scheduling problems. Section 5 focuses on models that combine undesirable facility location and hazmat transportation. The final section offers a critique of the existing literature and suggests directions for future research. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

This thesis deals with the study of current charging infrastructure availability in highways, as well as proposing optimal allocations for new stations. First, a Machine Learning model is trained in order to estimate the actual range of an electric vehicle. This model will be constructed using heterogeneous data sources and variables that influence the total autonomy, such as speed, temperature, degradation or elevation, among others. Second, this model is used in combination with geospatial data regarding French highway and charging infrastructure locations, in order to propose a methodology for analyzing the availability level of charging stations in highways for electric vehicles. Finally, an optimization framework is implemented to decide the opening of several charging stations inside a highway, providing as possible locations rest and service areas already built, and considering current highway operational charging points.

Abstract

The electrification of transport is considered to be a promising way for reducing negative environmental impacts. It has a high priority for many European nations but its dispersion is far behind expectations. One cause for this lag is the insufficient charging infrastructure. When charging infrastructure is established, the question arises where to place new charging stations and/or how to extend existing ones. We present the results of a study commissioned by the Asfinag (Austrian motorway operator) which addresses this question. Further we propose a method for an optimized siting and sizing of fast charging stations. The objective is to establish a fast charging infrastructure for battery electric vehicles on motorways to enable long distance trips beyond cruising ranges."br" Charging demand is estimated based on traffic flows between origins and destinations. Predicted penetration rates for battery electric vehicles for the years 2020 and 2025 are used to estimate a traffic demand, described by path flows, for battery electric vehicles. Path flows beyond maximum cruising range are selected, and a sub-route is determined, bounded by the first possible and latest necessary location for charging."br" Finally, a facility location problem is formulated in order make trips beyond maximum cruising range on motorways in Austria feasible. In the optimization problem, only rest areas are considered as possible locations for charging stations. Existing charging stations on motorways are included. In addition to determining locations, the number of CPs per charging station to be build is investigated.